Chapter 1 Chemistry: the Science of Matter

Section 1.1The Puzzle of Matter

ObjectivesClassify matter according to its

composition Distinguish among elements,

compounds, homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures

Relate the properties of matter to structure

ChemistryInvestigates and explains the structure,

composition, and behavior of matter (how it is made and organized)

It is the WHAT, HOW, and WHY of stuff

Composition and Behavior

But what is matter?Matter is anything that takes up space and has

mass.

…and what is mass?Mass is the measure of the amount of matter

that an object contains.Question: What is the SI unit for mass?

Properties of MatterProperties describe the characteristics and

behavior of matter

How do I determine the properties of matter? Examine it Manipulate it (burn it, dissolve it, mix it) Take measurements

The Macroscopic View of Matter

Macro – prefix – what does it mean?

If you can touch, feel, smell, taste or see it, you are viewing matter from a macroscopic

perspective

The Submicroscopic View of MatterSubmicro – prefix – what do you think it

means?SubmicroscopicSo small that you can’t see it with a powerful

microscope!You are “viewing” the world of atomsNo one has ever seen a single atom, but there

is indirect evidence that supports its existence

Models in ChemistryGive an example of how a model is used?A scientific model is a thinking device that

helps you: 1) Understand and explain the observed

behavior of matter 2) Predict behavior that has yet to be observed  Must be supported by experiments

Models in ChemistryWhat do the football team, school choir,

chemistry class, and U.S. Congress have in common?

All composed of people. In the same way aspirin and sucrose have the same kinds of

atoms.

Classifying MatterQUALITATIVE: Observation without

measurementEx: Strong girl, blue dress, Tall man

QUANITATIVE: Observation with measurements

Ex: 100 lbs., 5 dresses, Man is 6 ft. tall

Pure substance or a mixture?PURE SUBSTANCE: Matter that has the

same fixed composition and properties (element or compound)

MIXTURE: Combination of two or more substances in which the basic identity if each substance is not changed - composition is variable

Pure SubstancesELEMENTS: Substances that cannot be

broken down into simpler substances (simplest form of matter)There are ~117 elements, 92 occur naturally

on Earth

COMPOUNDS: Chemical combinations of two or more elements, joined together in fixed proportions with a unique set of properties

MixturesCan be separated through physical processes –

name a phsyical process PHYSICAL CHANGE: A change in matter that

does not involve a change in the identity of the individual substances Examples: freezing, melting, evaporating, cutting

 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: characteristics matter

exhibits without any change in its identityExamples: solubility, melting point, density

Mixtures2 Types of mixtures:Heterogeneous: a mixture with different

compositionsHas clear and distinct regions, called

phases.

Homogeneous: a mixture that is the same throughout (constant composition) also called a SOLUTION

Solutions can have water, gases, solids

Mixtures (cont)ALLOYS: solid solutions that contain metals

and sometimes nonmetals. No water!Ex: Stainless Steel (Fe, Cr, Ni), Brass (Cu and

Zn)

Mixtures (Cont)Aqueous solutions: Contain water.

Solute: The substance that is dissolved.Solvent: The substance that dissolves the solute.

Example: In Kool-Aid what is the solute and what is the solvent?

  

Graphic OrganizerDraw on board

Graphic Organizer

Organizing elementsPeriodic table organizes elements and provides

chemical information. Periodic tables in textbook on p. 90-91, back

cover. Chemical symbols are universal shorthand- 1 or

2 letter symbols.Ex: O (oxygen) -corresponds to English nameCu (copper)- corresponds to Latin name (cuprum)

CompoundsMore than 10 million compounds (Common compounds on p. 30)

FORMULA: Combination of chemical symbols that shows which elements and how many make up a compound Ex: H2O (water), C12H22O11 (Sucrose)

Group Activity:Pure vs. CompoundHomogeneous vs. Heterogeneous

Grouping/Sorting Matter ActivitySugar and SandSalt and Water Sulfur (S)Stainless SteelMilkSpaghetti and meatballs

ActivityOrganize the matter from the list below

into 2 categories~ PURE and MIXTURE Granola Dihydrogen MonoxideSugar UraniumSterling Silver InkAir Natural GasDiamonds Bronze 

 

ActivityNow…

Separate your PURE matter into elements and compounds.

ActivityNOW…

Separate your MIXED matter into homogeneous and heterogeneous.