Second National Communication of Brazil to the United Nations Framework Convention

on Climate Change

Yokohama, August 22nd, 2011

Mauro Meirelles de Oliveira SantosMinistry of Science and Technology

“Develop, periodically update, publish and make available to the Conference of the

Parties national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and

removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol,

using comparable methodologies”Article 4.1(a)

Commitment of all Parties to the Convention

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

Annex I CountriesIndustrialized countries

Annual Inventories latest available year: 2009

Non-Annex I CountriesDeveloping countries

Periodic national inventories as part of their National Communications to the Convention

1st Inventory in 2004, covering

1990-1994

2nd Inventoryin 2010, covering

1990-2005BRAZIL

• General guidance

– Development of the Inventory follows the Guidelines for the Preparation of National Communications from Parties not Included in Annex I to the Convention, established by Decision 17/CP.8 of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on its eighth session, held in Delhi, India in October/November of 2002

Second National Communication

• Basic methodological guidance – IPCC– “Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National

Greenhouse Gas Inventories”, published in 1997; – “Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management

in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories”, published in 2000;

– “Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry”, published in 2003 (only recommended for non-Annex I Parties).

• Nevertheless– It takes into account methodological guidance

contained in “2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories”, published in 2006.

Second National Communication – Inventory

Greenhouse Gases:CO2Carbon Dioxide

Methane

Nitrous Oxide

Hydrofluorocarbons

Perfluorocarbons

Sulphur Hexafluoride

Indirect Greenhouse Gases

CH4

N2O

HFCs

PFCs

SF6

CO NOX NMVOCs

Inventory Guidelines: Gases

Energy

Fuel combustion

Fugitive emissions in the coal and oil

industry

Industrial Processes

Mineral products

Chemical industry

Metal production

Production and use of

CO2 CH4 N2O

CO2 CH4

CO2

CH4CO2

CO2 PFCs

HFCs SF6

Inventory Guidelines: Sectors

AgricultureEnteric fermentation

Manure management

Agricultural soils

Rice cultivation

Burning of agricultural residues

Land Use Change and Forestry

Forest and grassland conversion

Abandonment of managed lands

Change in soil carbon

Changes in forest and other woody biomass stocks

CO2

CO2

CO2

CH4

CH4 N2O

CH4

N2OCH4

N2O

CH4 N2O

Inventory Guidelines: Sectors

CO2

Waste

Solid waste disposal

Wastewater treatment N2O

CH4

CH4

Inventory Guidelines: Sectors

• In general, whenever there were more precise methodologies or emission factors in IPCC 2006 Guidelines they have been used instead of the 1996 IPCC Guidelines.

• The period 1990-1994 of the First Inventory was updated accordingly.

Use of IPCC 2006 Guidelines in the Second Brazilian Inventory

• Energy Sector– Civil aviation

Use of IPCC 2006 Guidelines in the Second Brazilian Inventory

• Industrial Sector (data collection from industry associations)

– Cement industry– Magnesium production

(new EF)– Iron and steel industry– Aluminium industry– Chemical industry

Use of IPCC 2006 Guidelines in the Second Brazilian Inventory

• Agriculture Sector– Nitrogen biological fixation –

studies were not found to corroborate N2O emission from this source, which leads to the some conclusion from IPCC 2006 GL: no N2O emissions from this source.

– The emission factor EF1 for N2O direct emissions from synthetic fertilizers, animal manure and agricultural residues was reduced from 1.25% to 1%, following national researches and accordingly to IPCC 2006 GL

Use of IPCC 2006 Guidelines in the Second Brazilian Inventory

• Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry Sector– Due to its importance in Brazil, the more precise approach

contained in LULUCF Good Practice Guidance 2003 was used, and a land based approach was used instead of the activity approach required by 1996 Guidelines.

– In LULUCF GPG 2003 the concept of “managed land” was present but it was further developed in 2006 IPCC GL: “Managed land is land where human interventions and practices have been applied to perform production, ecological or social functions”.

– Using this definition anthropogenic emissions have been estimated for all forest land and native non-forest vegetation (Grassland) contained in Indigenous Lands and in the National System of Protected Areas (Law 9985/2000), except the Private Reserves of Natural Heritage – RPPN, for which little adequate information is available. All remaining native vegetation is classified as Unmanaged Land, with no associated emissions.

Use of IPCC 2006 Guidelines in the Second Brazilian Inventory

• Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry Sector

Use of IPCC 2006 Guidelines in the Second Brazilian Inventory

• Waste Sector– The methane generation

parameter k for first order decay method is better indicated in IPCC 2006 GL, for tropical conditions.

– N2O emission factor for residue incineration is introduced in IPCC 2006 GL and was used.

– The methane conversion factor – MCF for various types of wastewater treatment was better presented in IPCC 2006 GL.

Use of IPCC 2006 Guidelines in the Second Brazilian Inventory

Guidelines for Inventories: Principles

Comparability (common methods)

Consistency (time series)

Completeness (all gases and sectors)

Transparency (methods and data)

Accuracy (best estimates)

• Contribution from:– 600 Institutions– 1,200 Experts

• Sectoral Coordinating Entities

• General Coordination: CGMC/MCT

• Quality Control and Quality Assurance Procedures– Verification of adequacy of the methodology– Transparent background reports– Review by experts not involved in inventory development– Public consultation through MCT's website (Apr-Sep 2010)

The National Inventory: Organization

Energy

Agriculture

Land Use

Waste

Industrialprocesses

E&E and MME

EMBRAPA-MAPA

FUNCATE / INPE-MCT

CETESBABIQUIM, ABALSNIC, IABr, etc.ANEEL (SF6)

The National Inventory: Coordinating Institutions

Biomes and Satellite Imaging Coverage

Land Use429 imagesResolution: 30 m

• Interpretation for each year:- 429 satellite images

- 198 images for the Amazon - 118 images for the Cerrado

• Classes identified:- Forests (Primary, Planted, Secondary)- Grassland (pastures)- Agricultural areas- Wetlands (rivers, lakes and reservoirs)- Settlements- Other

Land Use Interpretation

Number of polygons identified

Total: 7,581,333 polygons

Amazon: 4,309,538 polygons- 3,959,837 polygons under 25 ha

Cerrado: 1,119,600 polygons- 776,801 polygons under 25 ha

Other biomes: 2,152,695 polygons- 1,712,695 polygons under 25 ha

Land Use Interpretation

For every polygon:– Data base

• Biome• Municipal boundaries• Vegetation map (plant physiognomies)• Soil type• Land use in 1994• Land use in 2002.

– Carbon stock changes between 1994 and 2002• Forest (function of biome, vegetation profile and location)• Agriculture (function of culture, provided by IBGE, and management)• Soil Carbon (gain or loss depending on transition)

Land Use Interpretation

0

0..5

1

1..5

2

2.5

3

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Net Emissions in CO2eq

Land Use and Forestry

Agriculture and Livestock

Industrial Processes

Waste Treatment

Energy

GHG emissions - evolution

2.192 Gt CO2e

Net emissions, in CO2e

Gt

The use of Brazilian Inventory

• Compliance with UNFCCC – comparability with other countries• Internal consequences:

– Public awareness on Climate Change, mitigation options

– Law Nº 12.187 – 29/12/2009• Article 12. To achieve the objectives of the National Policy on Climate

Change, the country will adopt, as a voluntary national commitment, actions to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, in order to reduce from 36.1% to 38.9% its projected emissions by 2020.

• This includes 80% reduction in Amazonia deforestation and 40% reduction in Cerrado deforestation (emissions from these two biomes represented circa 90% of LULUCF Sector in 2005); actions in agriculture as of pasture recovery; actions in energy sector as of energy efficiency and expansion of hydroelectricity, biofuels and other renewable sources.

• Sectorial policies are now been discussed

www.mct.gov.br/clima

Other languages

Thank you!

mmeirelles@mct.gov.br www.mct.gov.br/clima