Sea Power and MaritimeSea Power and Maritime Affairs Affairs

Lesson 5.3: The U. S. Navy, 1815-1860: Lesson 5.3: The U. S. Navy, 1815-1860: Power Projection and Technological Power Projection and Technological

RevolutionRevolution

Enabling ObjectivesEnabling Objectives

• EXPLAIN the effectiveness of the U.S. Navy as an EXPLAIN the effectiveness of the U.S. Navy as an instrument of Diplomacy.instrument of Diplomacy.

• DESCRIBE the state of naval technology and its DESCRIBE the state of naval technology and its evolution during Power Projection and Technological evolution during Power Projection and Technological Revolution.Revolution.

• DEFINE U.S. Naval policy as a reflection of the period of DEFINE U.S. Naval policy as a reflection of the period of 1815 – 1860.1815 – 1860.

• EXPLAIN the Wilkes and M. C. Perry expeditions and EXPLAIN the Wilkes and M. C. Perry expeditions and assess their importance to U.S Maritime interests.assess their importance to U.S Maritime interests.

• DESCRIBE the contributions of the U.S. Navy during the DESCRIBE the contributions of the U.S. Navy during the Mexican-American War.Mexican-American War.

1815-1860: A Period of Expansion1815-1860: A Period of Expansion

• Monroe Doctrine -- 1823Monroe Doctrine -- 1823– No European colonization or No European colonization or

intervention in the Americas.intervention in the Americas.

““Our manifest destiny is Our manifest destiny is to overspread the to overspread the continent allotted by continent allotted by Providence for the free Providence for the free development of our yearly development of our yearly multiplying millions.” multiplying millions.” - John L. O'Sullivan, 1845- John L. O'Sullivan, 1845

President James MonroePresident James Monroe

Reorganization of the NavyReorganization of the Navy

• Postwar Navy increases in sizePostwar Navy increases in size– Funding increase: Pride in War of 1812 Navy Funding increase: Pride in War of 1812 Navy

– Secretary of the Navy calls for “Board of Commissioners”Secretary of the Navy calls for “Board of Commissioners”

– Civilian secretary needs help managing larger NavyCivilian secretary needs help managing larger Navy

• Primary mission of the Navy = “Gunboat Diplomacy”Primary mission of the Navy = “Gunboat Diplomacy”– Protect expanding U. S. commercial interests overseas - Protect expanding U. S. commercial interests overseas -

“Showing the flag.”“Showing the flag.”

– Command of the sea: de-emphasizedCommand of the sea: de-emphasized

5

Permanent U.S. Navy SquadronsPermanent U.S. Navy Squadrons

• LT Matthew MauryLT Matthew Maury- Naval OceanographerNaval Oceanographer- ““Pathfinder of Seas”Pathfinder of Seas”- Cut transit from New York to Cut transit from New York to

San Francisco by 47 days.San Francisco by 47 days.- Saved mariners $2 million a Saved mariners $2 million a

year.year.

U.S. Navy and Scientific DiscoveryU.S. Navy and Scientific Discovery

• Wilkes Expedition, 1832-1842Wilkes Expedition, 1832-1842– Gathered significant amount of Gathered significant amount of

scientific knowledgescientific knowledge– Natural science collections Natural science collections

became basis of Smithsonian became basis of Smithsonian Institute collectionsInstitute collections

Problems in NavyProblems in Navy

• Rough, ignorant sailorsRough, ignorant sailors– Flogging commonFlogging common– Chief reward Chief reward grog (1/2 pint/man) grog (1/2 pint/man)

• Stagnation in officer corpsStagnation in officer corps• Dueling commonDueling common

– Stephen Decatur vs James BaronStephen Decatur vs James Baron– Outlawed in 1837 Navy Regs Outlawed in 1837 Navy Regs – Article 114 of UCMJArticle 114 of UCMJ

• Inadequate trainingInadequate training– 1842 USS 1842 USS SomersSomers incident incident – 1850- Flogging outlawed1850- Flogging outlawed– 1862- No more booze 1862- No more booze

United States Naval AcademyUnited States Naval Academy• United States Military United States Military

Academy at West Point 1802Academy at West Point 1802– Highly successful in training Highly successful in training

Army officersArmy officers

• Naval School at PhiladelphiaNaval School at Philadelphia

• Secretary of the Navy George Secretary of the Navy George Bancroft moves the Naval Bancroft moves the Naval School to Annapolis - 1845School to Annapolis - 1845

• Renamed Naval Academy in Renamed Naval Academy in 18501850

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The Navy as an Instrument of The Navy as an Instrument of DiplomacyDiplomacy

• U.S. expanded trading in U.S. expanded trading in PacificPacific

• Required ports in JapanRequired ports in Japan• Commodore Perry Commodore Perry

diplomacy results in Treaty diplomacy results in Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854.of Kanagawa in 1854.

• Opens Japanese portsOpens Japanese ports

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

• The evolution of naval technology:The evolution of naval technology:

Propulsion:Propulsion: Sail to SteamSail to Steam

Weapons:Weapons: Solid Shot to ShellSolid Shot to Shell

Armor:Armor: Wood to IronWood to Iron

Naval Technology: From Sail to Naval Technology: From Sail to SteamSteam

• USS Mississippi and USS Mississippi and USS Missouri, 1842USS Missouri, 1842– Steam powered paddle Steam powered paddle

wheelers.wheelers.

• USS PrincetonUSS Princeton, 1842, 1842– First “Screw” propeller First “Screw” propeller

warship.warship.– All machinery below All machinery below

decks.decks.– Deemed superior to the Deemed superior to the

paddlewheel.paddlewheel.

• Iron claddingIron cladding

• Had not changed since the Spanish Had not changed since the Spanish ArmadaArmada– Cast iron, smooth bore, solid shot muzzle Cast iron, smooth bore, solid shot muzzle

loader.loader.– 300 yds effective range 300 yds effective range – 2500 yds max2500 yds max

• Improvement in accuracy and range.Improvement in accuracy and range.– Rusty solid shot Rusty solid shot – Imperfect spherical shotImperfect spherical shot– Causing loss of expanding gases in Causing loss of expanding gases in

smooth bore gunssmooth bore guns

Naval Technology: From Solid Naval Technology: From Solid Shot to ShellShot to Shell

• 1844: USS 1844: USS Princeton Princeton ordnance ordnance demonstrationdemonstration– ““Peacemaker” improperly Peacemaker” improperly

reinforced cannon.reinforced cannon.– Explosion kills Secretary Explosion kills Secretary

of War, SECSTATE, SECNAV!of War, SECSTATE, SECNAV!– U.S. naval ordnance development U.S. naval ordnance development

suspended for 20 years.suspended for 20 years.

Naval Technology: From Solid Naval Technology: From Solid Shot to ShellShot to Shell

• John DahlgrenJohn Dahlgren• ““Father of Modern Naval Father of Modern Naval

Ordnance”Ordnance”• Dahlgren gun adopted by Dahlgren gun adopted by

NavyNavy• Bottle shaped gun, better Bottle shaped gun, better

accuracy and rangeaccuracy and range• Navy resisted new rifled Navy resisted new rifled

cannon bore and non -cannon bore and non -spherical shells through Civil spherical shells through Civil war.war.

Naval Technology: From Solid Naval Technology: From Solid Shot to ShellShot to Shell

• French ironclad frigate French ironclad frigate GloireGloire - 1859 - 1859– 36 guns in broadside36 guns in broadside– 5,600-tons displacement5,600-tons displacement– Wooden hull with iron armor platingWooden hull with iron armor plating

• British ironclad battleship British ironclad battleship WarriorWarrior - 1860 - 1860– 40 guns in broadside40 guns in broadside– 9,000-tons displacement9,000-tons displacement– Iron hull with iron armor platingIron hull with iron armor plating

Naval Technology: From Wood Naval Technology: From Wood to Ironto Iron

The Mexican American War The Mexican American War 1846-18481846-1848

• Due to Westward Due to Westward expansion:expansion:– Texas declares Texas declares

independence from Mexico independence from Mexico in 1836.in 1836.

– Texas became part of U.S. Texas became part of U.S. in 1845in 1845

– Border dispute with Mexico Border dispute with Mexico (Nueces vs. Rio Grande)(Nueces vs. Rio Grande)

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• U.S. Navy establishes command of the seaU.S. Navy establishes command of the sea– Blockade and capture of Mexican ports and cities.Blockade and capture of Mexican ports and cities.– John Sloat and Marines capture cities in California John Sloat and Marines capture cities in California

claiming it for the United States.claiming it for the United States.• Combined Army-Navy operations at Vera CruzCombined Army-Navy operations at Vera Cruz

– Home Squadron under Commodore M.C. PerryHome Squadron under Commodore M.C. Perry– Amphibious landing including MarinesAmphibious landing including Marines

Mexican-American WarMexican-American War

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Battle of Vera CruzBattle of Vera Cruz

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• General Winfield Scott marches to Mexico CityGeneral Winfield Scott marches to Mexico City– Accompanied by a regiment of MarinesAccompanied by a regiment of Marines

• Marines in the Battle of ChapultepecMarines in the Battle of Chapultepec– ““The Halls of Montezuma”The Halls of Montezuma”

Mexican-American WarMexican-American War

Conclusion: 1815-1860Conclusion: 1815-1860

• Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo - 1848Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo - 1848– Rio Grande established as Texas-Mexico borderRio Grande established as Texas-Mexico border– California, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, parts California, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, parts

of Colorado and Wyoming.of Colorado and Wyoming.– Western United States ceded from Mexico ($15M)Western United States ceded from Mexico ($15M)

• Navy grew in earlier years, but professionalism Navy grew in earlier years, but professionalism and technology remained relatively stagnant after and technology remained relatively stagnant after 18501850

• Bases on Pacific coast of US and access to Bases on Pacific coast of US and access to foreign portsforeign ports

• Combined operations during war with MexicoCombined operations during war with Mexico• People lost interest in the Navy over the yearsPeople lost interest in the Navy over the years

Battle History VideoBattle History Video

• Chapter 1 "Born Into Chapter 1 "Born Into War", Time 09:02 - War", Time 09:02 - 12:52 12:52

Enabling ObjectivesEnabling Objectives

• EXPLAIN the effectiveness of the U.S. Navy as an EXPLAIN the effectiveness of the U.S. Navy as an instrument of Diplomacy.instrument of Diplomacy.

• DESCRIBE the state of naval technology and its DESCRIBE the state of naval technology and its evolution during Power Projection and Technological evolution during Power Projection and Technological Revolution.Revolution.

• DEFINE U.S. Naval policy as a reflection of the period of DEFINE U.S. Naval policy as a reflection of the period of 1815 – 1860.1815 – 1860.

• EXPLAIN the Wilkes and M. C. Perry expeditions and EXPLAIN the Wilkes and M. C. Perry expeditions and assess their importance to U.S Maritime interests.assess their importance to U.S Maritime interests.

• DESCRIBE the contributions of the U.S. Navy during the DESCRIBE the contributions of the U.S. Navy during the Mexican-American War.Mexican-American War.

24QUESTIONS? Next time: The Civil War

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