Life in 19th Century Europe

March, 1815: Napoleon returned from exile on Elba

Supporters help him return to power Hundred DaysLouis XVIII flees into exile

June, 1815: Napoleon’s final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo

Exiled to St. Helena (island in the Atlantic)Napoleon died in 1821

Napoleon’s last Days

Created to establish peace and stability following the reign of NapoleonConvened in Sept, 1814Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia

were the main participantsDominated by Metternich, Chancellor of

AustriaP 572 for more on Metternich

Goal: restore and protect the balance of power

Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)

French territory restored to 1792 boundariesLost territories acquired by Napoleon

Monarchs restored to thrones of conquered territoriesLouis XVIII restored to throne of France

Kingdom of Netherlands created by uniting the Dutch Netherlands and the Austrian Netherlands

Prussia gained control of land along the Rhine RiverBritain and Russia also gained some landsSwitzerland recognized as an independent neutral stateGerman Confederation created in central Europe

Holy Roman Empire was officially dissolved during the reign of Napoleon

Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)

Conservatism: page 578-579Wanted to return to the days before the French

RevolutionSupported:

Strong monarchs rather than democratic governments Edmund Burke (British politician) was a major spokesperson

for conservativismTradition rather than changeReligion as a strong force in society

Favored by:Royal familiesChurch leaders

Important Conservatives: Metternich, Alexander I of Russia

Restoring Order

Liberalism: page 579-582Wanted to reduce the power of monarchsSupported:

Increased power for ParliamentConstitutional lawPersonal freedoms: press, speech, religionPrivate propertyFree market Economy

Liberals today tend to be oppositeFavored by:

Middle Class

Restoring Order

Reactions to Industrialization and social inequality, Socialist groups began to emerge.

Socialists often criticized the status quo and attacked private property as the root of social problems

Openly attacked laissez-faire economicsWorking conditions in factories and living

conditions among the poor led many to develop new theories on society, government, and economics.

Socialism

Utopian socialists were concerned with living conditions among the poor.

Called for a restructuring of society to create a more equal society

Utopian Socialism (p. 563-566)

Count Claude-Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825)Advocated for the creation of a social hierarchy based

upon productivity, those with the most useful skills would be at the top

Supported the use of science to make society betterCharles Fourier (1772-1837)

Believed history unfolds in cycles, the next cycle would be one of cooperation, harmony, and equality

Supported greater equality for womenEnvisioned a society organized into “phalanx”

communities. People would be organized based upon their personalities. The communities would live and work together to reach optimum productivity and harmony

Utopian Socialism

Etienne Cabet: 1788-1856Sought to apply the principles of Christianity to

help solve social problemsHe and some of his followers traveled to the

Americas to found utopian settlements in Texas and Iowa

Robert Owen: British industrialist and philanthropistBelieved education could help create a better

societySupported greater equality for women

Utopian Socialism

SocialismFlora Tristan: (1801-

1844) Advocated for more

equality for women See page 566 for more

info regarding Flora’s background and POV

Louis Blanc: (1811-1882) Called for more

government involvement in the economy (better wages, greater job opportunities, etc.)

Advocated for universal suffrage

Karl Marx Karl Marx (1818-1883)

Famous works: Communist Manifesto and Capital

Called his brand of socialism “Scientific Socialism”

Believed the working class (proletariat) were being exploited by the business owners (bourgeoisie)

Predicted a revolution in which the proletariat would rise up and over throw the bourgeoisie

His ideas are often associated with Communism

NationalismNationalism: pride and/or devotion to ones

culture and/or ones countryBecame popular in the 1800’sStarts during the time of NapoleonGrew after Napoleon’s defeat

Nationalism became a very important aspect of European society in the 1800’s and early 1900’sLeads to unification of Germany and ItalyLeads to intense pride within nationsLeads to conflict within empires as the various

ethnicities demand self-determination

RomanticismArtistic, literary, and musical movement in

the 1800’sEmphasized emotion, feeling, and

imaginationMoves away from the emphasis on logic that

was typical during the EnlightenmentCommon Characteristics:

Tragic figuresIndividualism and rebellion against middle

class valuesInterest in the Medieval period (Gothic

architecture, fairy tales, etc.)Fascination with the bizarre and unusual

Romanticism: ArtCommon

Characteristics: Helplessness of the

individual The power of nature

(storms, surging seas, dark forests)

Use of deep, rich colors

Wanderer Above the Sea and Fog

The Raft of the Medusa