Scientific revolution 1500-1800 a.d

7/29/2019 Scientific revolution 1500-1800 a.d.

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The Scientific Revolution

and the Enlightenment(15001800)

Submitted by Anchal,Anmol & Anubhuti


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During the first half of the 1700s, philosophers emphasized the use of

reason. They thought that people should use reason to free themselves

from ignorance and superstition and thereby

become enlightened. They were convinced that enlightened people

could perfect themselves and society. Thus, the eighteenth century is

known as the Enlightenment or Age of Reason.

The scientific method is a threefold approach to scientific

study.

First, careful experiments and observations are made.

Second, reason is used to interpret the results of the

experiments and observations. Third, mathematics rather than logic or reasoning from

principles, is used to prove

scientific theories.

The Scientific Method


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Copernicus Nicolas Copernicus, a Polish mathematician and astronomer,

played a central role in developing the scientific

method.

Copernicus used mathematical calculations to show that Ptolemy

was wrong on two crucial points.

First, Copernicus said that the earth was not stationary but that it

Turned on its axis once a day .

Second, he declared that the earth was not the center of the universe.

He argued that the planets revolved around the sun in perfect circles.

Copernicus Theory

Ptolemy

Ptolemy taught that the earth was the center of the universe

and

the sun and the other planets revolved around it in perfectcircles.


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Galileo Galilei

Through the telescope, Galileo saw that the moon had a rough

surface broken by jagged mountains.

He discovered that the planet Jupiter had four moons, which

no one had seen before.

The sun was seen to be imperfect because it had dark,

changeable spots on its surface.

Galileos discoveries showed that the universe was very

Different from what ancient philosophers had taught Galileo Galilei1564-1642

When Galileo announced his discoveries in the early 1600s,

the conflict between the traditional thinking and the new

science broke into the open.An outspoken man, he did not hesitate to defend his views.

He made powerful enemies when he humiliated his critics in public.

These enemies convinced the Catholic Church to condemn

the teachings of Copernicus and to forbid Galileo from

defending his new ideas.


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An English mathematician, Sir Isaac Newton, built on the

work of many earlier scientists.

Among Newtons most important contribution was the law

of gravity. It states that there is a force of attraction between

objects that increases as objects move closer together.

Newtons law explains mathematically how the moons gravity

causes tides on earth and how the suns gravity keeps the planets

within their orbits. Newton is said to have discovered gravity after he saw an apple

fall. His law explains that an apple falls to the

ground because it is attracted by the earths gravity.

Isaac Newton

Newtons work had many effects.

Navigators and mapmakers used his mathematics to make more precise charts.

Calculus was used to improve weapons such as guns and cannons.

Later, inventors improved on Newtons ideas and developed such practical

devices as the steam engine.

Newtons Effect


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Further Discoveries

In 1609, Kepler announced that the planets move in another kind of

orbit, called an ellipse.

Johannes Kepler

1571-1630


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The age of the scientific revolution was also

the age of the baroque style in art. The

term baroque was invented by eighteenth

century critics who regarded seventeenth

century art as a corruption of Renaissance art. The dominant notes of baroque were a sense

of tension and conflicts of man and

environment etc.

The most typical product of baroque

architecture was royal palace: VERSAILLESin France.

THE CULTURE OF SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

The Baroque Style in Art


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Early in the seventeenth

century operas were theoriginal creation.

The union of dramaticaction and simple music

style was a great popularsuccess.

The dramatic conflicts ofthe action and theemotive power of the

music suites the taste ofthe period.

Operas-that originated in Italy

It includes elements likeacting, drama, scenery,

costumes, and sometimes

dance.


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Seventeenth- Century Thought About Man

These conceptions may be convenientlysummed up under three heads:

The radical thinkers of the seventeenthcentury were coming to think of society asan organization of independent individuals.

Idea of relativism in times was born andgrew. What had been the right behavior ofromans was perhaps not right in other

times.

individualism

relativism


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The leading thinkers of the seventeenth century were

predominantly rationalistic. Reason was the faculty thatdistinguished man from the beast, & the triumphs of

seventeenth-century science proved that reason would be

trusted & so the conclusion was drawn that the man of

reason could know & understand the world into which hewas born if he made the right use of his mind.

rationalism


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The Enlightment

It was the philosophical, intellectual and

cultural movement. Known as the

The task that the leading thinkers of the

eighteenth century set themselves was topopularize the method and natural scienceand to apply these methods and principlesto god, man and society.

It is basically the dawn of the age of lightafter a long night of darkness.

The age of reason.


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Scientific revolution 1500-1800 a.d