Before 1500-Before 1500-18001800

Native Native American American

LeisureLeisure

Oral TraditionsOral Traditions

Native Americans have always had a deep respect for animals and nature and have long included them as the main “characters” in stories and legends passed down for generations.

These stories served as entertainment for tribes, usually including explanations for natural phenomena.

They often had morals, and also taught young tribe members about animals and nature and fostered a respect for the natural world.

Drawings/PaintingsDrawings/Paintings

Some Native American tribes used pictographs (ancient drawings or paintings) as a form of written communication and also a form of art.

They were often painted on tepees on clothing, and cave walls.

This allowed tribes to share and pass on stories and to record historical events.

GamesGames

Historically, games were an important part of Native American culture.

Some games were restricted to men, some to women, and some were open to all, including young and old.

There were games of chance and games of skill.

They were not always just for amusement, but also to learn and to gain or improve many skills and to hone the senses.

Games have been played for learning, entertainment and even for worship. They are a way of handing down tradition and knowledge to other generations.

Native American children (Sioux particularly) played games that aided in their future as a scout or hunter.

Games continued…Games continued…

Winners of games were highly respected in the tribe. Native Americans are thought to have invented a lot of team games or sports, including lacrosse.

These games often taught cooperation and encouraged social interaction within tribes and with other tribes. One early explorer who came to North America described seeing a game of lacrosse in which hundreds of players took part.

The stick game was played by the Iroquois tribe, and tested the throwing accuracy of tribe members.

The Iroquois and many other eastern tribes also played the rock game and it tested cleverness and skills in planning.

Adult Native Adult Native American Activities American Activities

On many occasions the Native Americans would buy alcohol from the Europeans after they had sold them the winters fur they had obtained in the forest and become highly intoxicated. As in modern society many people drink after a long hard day of work to relax, as so did the Indians.

Gambling was a form of entertainment enjoyed by adults.

Betting took place on many games of dexterity like the various ball games.

Gambling continued…Gambling continued…

There was one gambling game that was particularly popular: Bowl and Dice. The dice were circular discs made from bone or antler, with one side plain and one side ornamental. This game was simple in its play, yet complicated in the way the score was kept. The dice were tossed in a bowl, and sticks were awarded for getting five or six dice with the same side showing. Counting sticks of various sizes were awarded. These sticks were placed in piles, which kept track of how much they were worth. Bowl and Dice was often played in a large gaming house made from poles set in the ground and covered with tree boughs. Indians of New England played this game in the 1600s for animal skins, furs, kettles or axes.

CelebrationsCelebrations

The Pueblo Indians had feast day celebrations, which often include dances in brilliant attire and sacred rituals.

Celebrations were known to be carried out by many Native American Tribes and was even set on specific days such as holidays we have know

Indian Children LeisureIndian Children Leisure

Little Indian girls played with dolls that were fashioned from corn stalks, cattails, corncobs and other indigenous materials. Little girls decorated and beaded cradleboards and dolls' clothing. Girls also constructed dolls' mats and tiny wigwams, and in doing so, were being trained by their mothers.

Young boys had small bows, slings, spears and fishing equipment to play with. As the boys became older they learned to make these things for themselves and to use them for hunting small prey.

Indian Children Leisure Indian Children Leisure continued… continued…

There were many games but few toys in the Native American culture. The Buzzer was a toy and it was constructed of a circular piece of bone or antler with two holes in the center. It was threaded with a piece of sinew. The sinew was attached to small pieces of bone or wood that were used as handles. The child would grasp the handles and alternately pull and relax the sinew making the circular piece spin and buzz.

Native American children (Sioux particularly) played games that aided in their future as a scout or hunter. Feasts would be held for many reasons, which would include eating, dancing, and singing.

Colonial Colonial LeisureLeisure

Music/PoetryMusic/Poetry

The musical and poetic entertainment 13th century was about courtly love, troubadours, and minstrels, minnesingers, who sang and played for the people, high and low, across Europe.

They sang about King Arthur and Guinevere, Lancelot, Sir Gawain, Galahad. These are names that have not been forgotten. Imagine hearing about them for the first time from people who sang popular music of the day.

The Nibelungenlied was new in the 13th century. People like Walter von derVogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach were writing music and poetry.

Dante Alighieri wrote many masterpieces in the time period and created the visions of hell.

TheaterTheater

The theater was moving away from purely liturgical themes and purely moralizing to drama of "manners," meaning secular theater.

The musical comedy, Jeu de Robin et Marion, by Adam de la Halle, dates from this time. The entertainment of the 13th century had something that earlier entertainment of the Middle Ages was lacking by comparison, which was new and exciting material, and lots of it.

In the early 18th century most towns did not have a purpose built theatre. Plays were staged in buildings like inns. The late 18th century theatres were built in most towns.

GamesGames

Colonial societies played a game called ninepins. Ninepins is closely related to our form of bowling with minor differences. Ninepins would be placed three in a row on the lawn and the object was to knock down all ninepins with a ball. The slope of the lawn made the game tricky.

Males & Females played competitive sorts like different forms of basketball.

Dangerous games were also a huge part of the times, such as knife and tomahawk throwing, running, and shooting.

But people of colonial times were also interested in healthy activities as well, such as walking, swimming, and horse racing.

The three most popular card games that people played during colonial times were piquet, euchre, and whist. Both Piquet and Euchre were introduced by the French and brought over to early colonial times where it was picked up immediately.

New Modern GamesNew Modern Games

A kind of cricket was played long before the 18th century but at that time it took on its modern form. The first cricket club was formed at Hambledon in Hampshire about 1750, which struck to colonists has another way to entertain themselves with their friends & family.

Horse racing was carried on for centuries before 18th century but at this time it became a professional sport. The Jockey Club was formed in 1727. The Derby began in 1780.

John Spilsbury made the first jigsaw puzzle in 1767. He intended to teach geography by cutting maps into pieces but soon people began making jigsaws for entertainment.

New ModernNew ModernGames continued…Games continued…

Late 18th century the circus became a popular form of entertainment.

Reading was also a popular pastime and the first novels were published at this time. Books were still expensive but in many towns you could pay to join a circulating library.

Cruel forms Cruel forms of Leisureof Leisure

Many people enjoyed cruel 'sports' like cockfighting and bull baiting. (A bull was chained to a post and dogs were trained to attack it). Rich people liked fox hunting.

Public executions were also popular and they drew large crowds.

Adult LeisureAdult Leisure

Smoking clay pipes was popular in the 18th century. As well as Taking snuff.

The colonists who were wealthy would go on back to their motherland, England, and vacation for a while.

Also in the 18th century rich people visited spas. They believed that bathing in and/or drinking spa water could cure illness. At the end of the 18th century wealthy people began to spend time at the seaside. (Again they believed that bathing in seawater was good for your health).

Children inChildren inColonial Societies Colonial Societies

Children in Colonies spent their leisure time playing marbles, spun tops, flew kites, and played tag.

Girls specifically played with dolls, they also liked to sing and play blind man’s bluff.

One popular outdoor game was rolling the hoop. Taking a big wooden hoop, the children would race each other from one point to another on the lawn. The object of the game was to see who could get to the finishing point fastest.

African African LeisureLeisure

TraditionalTraditional

The African slave communities in coastal Georgia practiced their traditional dance, song, and story to New World circumstances.

African Slaves also found reconnections in traditional arts such as woodworking, iron making, and weaving.

In America, slaves re-created African Instruments such as the banjo, and mastered the art of the European violin & guitar.

One of the most important developments of the 18th century was the invention of African American language. The two most important dialects were Gullah and Geeche.

Culinary ArtsCulinary Arts

African American culinary arts are responsible for such southern specialties as barbecue, fried chicken, black-eyed peas, and various greens including collard and mustard.

TermsTerms

Terms 1Terms 1stst submission submission

1.Lacrosse-Sport played with netted stick

2.Comedy-Humorus play, movie, book

3.Gambling- Betting, (Native Americans used goods)

4.Jousting- Medieval Tournament

5.Troubadours- medieval poet or singer

Terms 2Terms 2ndnd Submission Submission

1.Ninepins- Similar to bowling, Ninepins would be placed three in a row on the lawn and the object was to knock down all ninepins with a ball. The slope of the lawn made the game tricky.

2.Pictographs-An ideogram that conveys its meaning through its pictorial resemblance to a physical object.

4.Piqute- A old French card game that had only two players and 32 cards.

5.Cradelboards- The cradleboard provided a secure and safe environment for the small baby. The baby was kept in the cradleboard at all times. This helped to keep the child's backbone and legs straight, further strengthen the neck muscles, and provide an opportunity for the infant to be visually and emotionally stimulated by his environment and family. The child could be carried on his mother's back using a strap attached to the back of the cradleboard. This way, the mother could be free to work with her hands.

Terms 3Terms 3rdrd Submission Submission

1.Snuff- ground or pulverized tobacco, which is generally insufflated or "snuffed" through the nose. It is a type of smokeless tobacco. There are several types, but traditionally it means Dry/European nasal snuff. In the United States and Canada, "snuff" can also refer to dipping tobacco, which is applied to the gums rather than inhaled.

2.Cricket- Bat-and-ball team sport. Many variations exist, with its most popular form played on an oval-shaped outdoor arena known as a cricket field at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard (20.12 m) long pitch that is the focus of the game. A game (or match) is contested between two teams of eleven players each. One team bats, and will try to score as many runs as possible while the other team bowls and fields, trying to dismiss the batsmen and thus limit the runs scored by the batting team. The striking batsman hitting the ball with his bat, running to the opposite end of the pitch and touching the crease there without being dismissed, scores a run. The teams switch between batting and fielding at the end of an innings.

3.Draughts-checkers is a group of abstract strategy board games between two players which involve diagonal moves of uniform pieces and mandatory captures by jumping over the enemy's pieces.

4.Backgammon- One of the oldest board games for two players. The playing pieces are moved according to the roll of dice, and players win by removing all of their pieces from the board. There are many variants of backgammon, most of which share common traits. Backgammon is a member of the tables family, one of the oldest classes of board games in the world.

5.Comedy-Humorous play, movie, book.

PeoplePeople

Dante AlighieriDante Alighieri

The man who created the visions of hell in his novels such as “Dante’s Inferno”. Born into a Florentine family of noble ancestry. Little is known about Dante'schildhood, but the city where he spent the first 38 years of his life was an important cultural and political center. Dante's mother, Bella degliAbati, died when he was seven years old. His father, Alighiero II, made his living by money-lending and renting of property. After the death of his wife he remarried, but died in the early 1280s, before the future poet reached manhood

Walter von Walter von derVogelweidederVogelweide

Walter von derVogelweide- He started to write about music and poetry in the 13th century and was the Greatest German lyric poet. Of knightly birth, Walther was educated at a monastery school and served masters in several courts. His poetry goes far beyond the artificial conventions followed by other minnesingers by introducing an element of realism. He emphasizes the virtues of the balanced life, in both the social and the personal spheres. More than half of his approximately 200 extant poems are political, moral, or religious; the rest are love poems, among them the popular "Unterder Linden."

William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare

William Shakespeare lived for 52 years. In just 23 years, between approximately 1590 and 1613, he is attributed with writing 38 plays, Famous Shakespearean sonnets and 5 other poems. He is the most widely read of all Authors and the popularity of the Life and Works of Shakespeare, in English speaking countries, is second only to the bible. Some of his most famous work are “Romeo and Juliet”, and “Hamlet”.

Edmund SpenserEdmund Spenser

Edmund Spenser was a English poet who was born in London around 1552. He is best known for The Faerie Queene, an epic poem and fantastical allegory celebrating the Tudor dynasty and Elizabeth I. He is recognized as one of the premier craftsmen of Modern English verse in its infancy, and one of the greatest poets in the English language. He was educated in London at the Merchant Taylors’ School and matriculated as a sizar at Pembroke college, Cambridge. Since 1591-1596 he had produced 20 pieces of literature.

John SpilsburyJohn Spilsbury

"For the purpose of teaching geography," John Spilsbury, a teacher in England, created the first jigsaw puzzle in the year 1767. Adhering his maps to flat hardwood, he used a fine saw to cut along the borders of the European countries, and the jigsaw puzzle was born. Hand-painted and made of wood, the puzzle was a map of England and Wales, with each county making up a separate piece.

Richard CumberlandRichard Cumberland

Richard Cumberland-Dramatic and miscellaneous writer Richard Cumberland was born February, 1732, and died May, 1811. The son of Dr. Denison Cumberland, Bishop of Kilmore, he was educated at Westminster and Cambridge, and was successively private secretary to Lord Halifax, Crown agent for Nova Scotia, assistant-secretary (and afterwards secretary) to the Board of Trade.

Multiple Choice Multiple Choice QuestionsQuestions

1.How did Native Americans obtain alcohol?

A) Traded Fur B) Stole it C) killed for it D) Begged for it

2.Why Did Native Americans praise so highly on the animals around them?

A) Because they feared them B) They respected them C) They were their’ pets

D) It was their law

3.What is unique about how Indians pass down information over generations of time?

A) Nothing B) All done orally C) They had pictographs D) By music

4.What was the musical and poetic entertainment of the 13th century about?

A) Anger B) Envy C) Abhorring D) Courtly Love

5.What game was invented by the Indians and is widely known and played today?

A) Soccer B) Golf C) Tennis D) Lacrosse

6.Dante entertained the known world with what?

A) Poetry B) Boxing C) Visions of Hell D) Visions of peace

Multiple Choice Multiple Choice Questions continued…Questions continued…

7.The theater was moving away from purely liturgical themes and purely moralizing to what in the 13th century?

A) Action B) Drama C) Comedy D) Horror

8. The Iroquois and many other eastern tribes played what game in order to improve cleverness and skills in planning?

A) The Maze Game B) The Rock Game C) The Fire Game D) The Water Game

9.Which one does not apply to European 13th century leisure?

A) Sleeping B) Archery Contest C) Hunting D) Jousting Tournaments

10. Native Americans played games for leisure and other reasons, which one doesn’t apply?

A) Learning B) Entertainment C) Effort D) Worship

11. What activity was most popular for men and women doing together?

A) Hunting B) Boxing C) Drinking D) Running

Multiple ChoiceMultiple ChoiceQuestions Questions continuedcontinued… …

12.Young Indian Boys played with all of the following except?

A )Cradleboards B) Slings C) Spears D) Small bows

13. Native Americans held feasts for special occasions, which would include all of the following except?

A) Singing B) Fighting C) Dancing D) Eating

14.African American culinary arts are responsible for all of the following southern specialties except?

A) Barbecue B) Fried Chicken C) Black-eyed peas D) Mash Potatoes

15. Recreation for men involved many of the spectator sports, all of the following are correct except for?

A) Baiting B) Fishing C) BoxingD) Cockfighting

16. All of the following were the most popular card games played during the colonial period except?

A) Piquet B) Euchre C) Whist D) Wolf

Multiple Choice Multiple Choice Questions continued… Questions continued…

17. African Slaves found reconnections in traditional arts in America, which of the following is incorrect?

A) Playing Games B) Woodworking C) Iron making D) Weaving

18. Colonial societies played a game called ninepins, which is similar to what modern game?

A) Bowling B) Soccer C) Fishing D) Lacrosse

19. Colonists did all of the following for recreation except?

A) Weaving B) Watch Operas C) Played Board Games D) Gamble

20.In America, slaves re-created African instruments such as which of the following?

A) Banjo B) Violin C) Guitar D) Piano

21.Which of the following is a traditional game played in colonial society?

A) Chess B) Bull Baiting C) The Rock Game D) Jigsaw

Multiple ChoiceMultiple ChoiceQuestions continued…Questions continued…

22.Richard Cumberland wrote all of the following except?

A) The Choleric Man B) The summers Tale C) The clouds D) The Natural Son

23.Who created the Jigsaw puzzle?

A) Harry Potter B) John Spilsbury C) Richard Cumberland D) Thomas Jefferson

24. Backgammon is played between how many players?

A) 5 B) 3 C) 2 D) 4

25. Cricket is what kind of sport?

A) Soccer B) Baseball C) FootballD) Tennis

26. What is snuff?

A) Tobacco B) A game C) A City D) Food

Multiple ChoiceMultiple ChoiceQuestions continued…Questions continued…

27. Draughts is similar to what game?

A) Checkers B) Chess C) BackgammonD) Tennis

28. Where were most plays staged during the early 18th century?

A) Theatre B) Inns C) Town hall D) Gardens

29. The Jockey Club was formed in what year?

A) 1720 B) 1726 C) 1724 D) 1727

30. What year did Richard Cumberland die?

A) 1811 B)1810 C) 1809 D)1812

Multiple ChoiceMultiple ChoiceQuestions AnswersQuestions Answers

1.A 11.C 21.A

2.B 12.A 22.D

3.B 13.B 23.B

4.D 14.D 24.C

5.D 15.B 25.B

6.C 16.D 26.A

7.B 17.A 27.A

8.B 18.A 28.B

9.A 19.A 29.D

10.C 20.A30.A

ReferencesReferences

References continued…References continued…