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Science, Technology and Innovationin River Ecosystem Protection
Mazlin Bin Mokhtar1,2, Rahmah Elfithri1 & Lee Khai Ern1
1Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI)2Office of Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research and Innovation)
UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA (UKM)43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Rivers are a key part of our landscape. In their natural form they are a source of beauty.
They provide us with places of recreation and they host a great va-riety of fascinating freshwater plants and animals.
However, natural river landscapes are under threat from pollution and changes in land use.
Yet most rivers are within watersheds that are stressed to some extent by human activities including development, dams, or extractive uses.
Climate change will add to and magnify risks that are already present through its potential to alter rainfall, temperature, runoff patterns, and to disrupt biological communities and sever ecological linkages.
In addition, all over the world rivers are straightened, embanked and backed-up.
As a result diverse river systems become homogeneous, wetlands disappear and water birds, fish, amphibians and other water de-pending organisms become fewer or even extinct.
>> Need to protect our Natural River Ecosystem
Introduction: River Ecosystem Protection
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) in 2000
Initiated in 2001, the objective of the MA was to assess the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being and the scientific basis for action needed
To enhance the conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems and their
contribution to human well-being
Ecosystem services - provide clean water, food, forest products, flood control, and natural resources and the options to restore, conserve or enhance the sustainable use of ecosystems.
The assessment’s findings—that nearly two thirds of ecosystem services assessed were degraded.
Introduction: Ecosystem Services Approach
Supporting Nutrient Cycling Soil Formation Primary Produc-
tion Other
Provisioning Food Fresh Water Wood & Fiber Fuel Other
Regulating Climate Regula-
tion Flood Regulation Disease Regula-
tion Water Purification Other
Cultural Aesthetic Spiritual Educational Recreational Other
ECOSYSTEM SER-VICES
LIFE ON EARTH - BIODIVERSITY
Security Personel safety Secure Resources
Access Security from
Disasters
Basic material for good life Adequate Liveli-
hoods Sufficient Nutri-
tious Food Shelter Access To Goods
Health Strength Feeling Well Access to Clean
Air and Water
Good Social Relations Social Cohesion Mutual Respect Ability to Help
Others
Freedom of Choice and ActionOpportunity to be Able to Achieve What and Individ-ual Values Doing and Being
CONSTITUENTS OF WELL-BEING
Examined the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being
Science and Technologyinter-disciplinary & trans-disciplinary
Toshio Koike, 2015
Water Cycle Integrator
Toshio Koike, 2015
Water is a Keybridging between climate processes and societal benefits
Woody biomass plantations have high demand for water May draw tremendous amount of water from soil leading to substantial declines in
local ground-water levels Use of pesticides and herbicides that would contaminate the local water sources Water rights of local communities have limited protection, leading water insecurity
during drought period Good Example of Community-based Watershed Management for Sustainable Use
of Renewable Energy att Kampung Mudung Abun, Belaga District in Sarawak, Led by Indigenous Peoples Institute Malaysia Sarawak (IPIMAS).
Abun River catchment area is crucial water source for micro hydro project (20kW)
The micro hydro power system is locally owned, operated and maintained by the community for sustainable use of clean renewable electricity in the village.
Access of rural communities to water
Clean drinking water for remote villages in Cameron Highlands - Collaborations between Government, Private Sector and Local Community
As a result of littering, overfertilization and environmental influences the raw water sources in the Cameron Highlands are contaminated with virus and bacteria.
Major health affecting diseases - and as a chain reaction to less productivity, less income, less education for children and so on in remote villages of orang asli.
Started in 2010, Ministry of Rural and Regional Development developed The Malaysian Transformation Program to provide drinking water to the inhabitants of remote villages in Cameron Highlands.
Collaborations between Government (Ministry of Rural and Regional Development), Private Sector (Trunz Water Systems) and Local Community (Cameron Highlands Villagers).
Implementation of decentralised clean technology which works under harsh conditions and provides a long-term and sustainable solution.
Community water and pumping station was built in 22 villages and each station provides 15000 liter per day of free drinking water.
Source: http://www.trunzwatersystems.com/
Educates the young on keeping rivers clean by Responsible Care signatory companies and District Office through the Balok River Adoption Programme (BRAP), Kuantan
The BRAP was first mooted in 2007 with the objective to improve community awareness and perception towards chemical industries in the Gebeng industrial estate.
In 2013, 7 Responsible Care signatory chemical companies co-organized and participated together with the Kuantan District Education Office and support of Swiss Garden Resort & Spa and TSD Printing & Supplies in the Balok River Adoption Programme (BRAP), Kuantan. BASF Petronas Chemicals Sdn Bhd, Eastman Chemical Company, W.R. Grace Speciality Chemicals Sdn Bhd, Kaneka (M) Sdn Bhd, Petronas Chemicals MTBE Sdn Bhd, Polyplastics Asia Pacific Sdn Bhd RP Chemicals (M) Sdn Bhd.
Promote and educate the younger generation on the importance of keeping the rivers clean. Through eco raft race, Balok river clean up, educational talks and exhibitions, fish release and mangrove tree planting initiatives.
Source: http://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2013/10/30/competi-tion-educates-the-young-on-keeping-rivers-clean/
Innovative storm water technology helps to clean up Klang and Gombak Rivers
Hydro International's Downstream Defender® vortex separator, an advanced stormwater technology, is helping to clean up Kuala Lumpur, a major river system in Malaysia.
Installed at strategic locations where drains and tributaries are discharging into the city's Klang and Gombak Rivers.
Widespread pollution prompted the Malaysian authorities to launch a project to improve 110kms of the river into a vibrant and liveable waterfront, moving from its current Class III – V to a Class IIb river clean enough for recreational use by the year 2020.
Proving a perfect solution to capturing the large amounts of polluted silts that run off Kuala Lumpur's highways and for providing 'first flush' protection in intense storm conditions.
Approved technology within the Malaysian government's Manual Saliran Mesra Alam Malaysia (MSMA) which has placed increased emphasis in Malaysia on the need for stormwater control at or near source, and improve run-off quality.
Source: http://www.hydro-int.com/us/products/stormwater
Area – A stretch of 110km Goal - is to bring the river from its current Class
III – Class V water quality (not suitable for body-contact) to Class IIb (suitable for body-contact recreational usage) by year 2020
Three phases River Cleaning , River Master Planning & Beutification River Development
Project time-frame: 2011 to 2014: River cleaning 2015 – Master Planning & Beutification.
Targeted to complete in 2019 It will enhance the livability and transform into
an economic and social hub.
River of Life (ROL) Project to Revitalise the Klang River Basin
http://www.aecom.com/Where+We+Are/Asia/_carousel/River+of+Life+project+wins+Award+of+Excellencehttp://www.myrol.my/index.cfm?&menuid=21
Kuala Lumpur `s Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART) project is designed with a concept of a regional flood detention pond, but at the same time it diverts the flood water to downstream and by-passes the flood prone areas in Kuala Lumpur city center.
9.7km long tunnel is also integrated with motorways tunnel to reduce traffic congestion problem.
It is a system that control the flood at source and at the same time preventing much sed-iment and gross pollutant from going downstream during its operation and is therefore very much in compliance to MSMA concept.
SMART has been proven to be effective in mitigating the Kuala Lumpur City center flood as per its designed objective. Its dual purpose function also reaps the benefit of transporting 35,000 vehicle per day in its traffic tunnel and helps to ease traffic congestion in Kuala Lumpur.
http://smarttunnel.com.my/
Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART) –Flood & Traffic Congestion Solution for KL City Centre
Kuala Lumpur City Hall (DBKL) installed new wastewater treat-ment plants (WWTP) installed as part of the River of Life pro-gramme, which aims to clean a 110km stretch of the Klang and Gombak rivers.
The plants built and are operating at the Pasar Harian Selayang, Pasar Jalan Klang Lama, Pasar Air Panas, Pasar Sentul and Pasar Borong Kuala Lumpur, and significantly improved the water standard there.
The plants, which adapted the Korean technology of Membrane Bio Reactor are able to reduce the contamination level in water from the wet markets that is directed into the rivers.
Plant to treat contaminated water from the wet markets to Class IIB level, where the quality of water is safe to be touched and can support marine life
Technology to Treat Dirty Water from Wet Markets- Part of ROL
Source: http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/citynews/greater-kl/article/more-wet-mar-kets-to-get-treatment-plants-for-better-water-quality/more-wet-markets-to-get-treat-ment-plants-for-better-water-quality
Slaughterhouse wastes are a potential reservoir of bacterial, viral, prion and parasitic pathogens, capable of infecting both animals and hu-mans.
A quick, cost effective and safe disposal method is thus essential in order to reduce the risk of disease following animal slaughter.
Different methods for the disposal of such wastes exist, including com-posting, anaerobic digestion (AD), alkaline hydrolysis (AH), rendering, in-cineration and burning.
Technology implemented in the Department of Veterinary Service, Banting Slaughter House, has changed from previous ponding water treatment system to Two-stage Bioreactor Filters.
In aiming for better waste water treatment that is practical, easy to main-tain, economic is the base on system design development of Bioreactor filters
The system is effective with 90% decrease of pollute parameters and passed the effluent Stage A
Treatment alternatives of slaughterhouse wastes,and their effect on the inactivation of different pathogens
Removal Efficiency Using Two-StageBioreactor Filters
Installation of Water Treatment Plant
The ecohydrological approach is implemented by the use of constructed wetland as a natural water filtration treatment system to treat primary upstream inflow to the lake.
The wetland is to be complemented by riparian parks and gross pollutant traps
The wetlands and the lake have been developing an interesting urban ecosystem that has enhanced the ecosystem services in the areas.
Ecohydrology Approach for Putrajaya Lake and WetlandsManagement – Through Constructed Wetlands
UNESCO Ecohydrology Putrajaya Demo Site
Common reed - Leppironia articulata
ECOSYSTEM SERVICESOF PUTRAJAYA LAKE
REGULATING SER-VICES: Flood Mitiga-
tion
Normal water level After heavy down fall
CULTURAL SERVICES: Attraction for Recre-
ational Activities
• sightseeing via boat• lake cruising• fishing• bird watching• walking• cycling• jogging
SUPPORTING SER-VICES: The Cradle of
Life
PROVISIONING SER-VICES: Precious Water
As one of the major public research institutions of higher learning, which is modeled to champion the aspirations of the nation, UKM, in addition to teaching, has developed twelve research niche areas. These include the following:
1. Challenges for Nation Building, which has 4 clusters;
2. Regional Sustainable Development with 6 clusters;
3. Renewable Energy with 2 clusters;
4. Health Technology and Medicine with 7 clusters;
5. Climate Change with 2 cluster;
6. Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials with 4 clusters;
7. Biodiversity for Biotechnology Development with 3 clusters;
8. Content-based Informatics with 3 clusters;
9. Economics, Finance and Business;
10. Education and Civilization;
11. Politics and Security, and
12. Rural Transformation
Source: UKM Research Niche. http://www.ukm.my/v6/research-niches/
Initiatives by Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)
The objective is to render quality services to the public (rakyat) and to support the national sustainable development agenda through research and consultancies.
This philosophy has been captured in what is favourably called the UKM’s Tree of Knowledge & Innovation which is built upon the research niches identified above.
UKM Tree of Knowledge and Innovation
Source: Sharifah Hapsah S.H. S. (2013)
In pursuit of this noble objective, UKM has es-tablished what is referred to as ‘Living Labs’ to facil-itate activities in the research areas. These labs include: Langkawi Geopark Research Station (1st UNESCO
Global Geopark in Southeast Asia & Malaysia); Mersing Marine Ecosystem Research Station; Fraser’s Hill Montane Research Station; Lake Chini Research Station(Biosphere Reserve
Approach UNESCO); UKM Bangi Permanent Forest Reserve; and Langat HELP River Basin Initiative (1st UNESCO
HELP in Malaysia & 3 River Basin in SEA) Putrajaya Ecohydrology Demo Site (1st UNESCO
Ecohydrology Demo Site in Malaysia & 5 Projects in SEA)
Living Labs @UKM & Regional Initiatives
UNESCO HELPLangat River Basin
UNESCO Ecohydrology Putrajaya Demo Site
Langat Flood - Decision support system (DSS)Towards Integrated Water Governance
Source: Mohd Ekhwan Toriman et al, 2012
DSS- computer-based tools having interactive, graphical and modeling characteris-tic to address specific problems.
The intelligent decision support concept links 4 basic elements of water and land related issues and decision making (a) engineering expertise; (b) a systems approach; (c) Geographical Information System (GIS) and; (d) artificial intelligence.
The structure of DSS for Sustainable Langat River Basin Management
Development of a Local Hydromulching (Bio Engineering) Technologyfor Erosion and Sediment Control of the UKM Campus Watershed
Source: Rahmah Elfithri et al, 2013
The development of an Erosion and Sediment Control (ESC) model for the UKM Campus watershed includes localised technology, information and communication system, as well as awareness and community participation for the greening and rehabilitation of UKM Campus.
Mulching is a method of closing the exposed soil with no ground cover plants using organic materials, sawdust, rice husk and also coconut husk as a fibres for effective management of erosion and landslides.
Bioengineering solutions will not only be green in appearance, but in the long term may be cheaper to maintain due to the flexibility of vegetation in following ground level movements as compared to hard concrete structures.
Integrated Storm Water Management - Development of Floating Treatment Wetlands (FTWs)in Alur Ilmu, UKM Bangi Campus
Source: Lee Khai Ern et al, 2015
Integrated Storm Water Management approaches are used to manage Alur Ilmu. Floating Treatment Wetlands (FTWs) comprise of certain species of
emergent/buoyant plants. Phytoremediation process. FTWs can be specifically designed or they can be retrofitted into river and
drainage systems. Potentially, FTWs can be used in river and drainage systems for:
Domestic wastewater treatment Metals treatment Agricultural waste treatment Habitats Tourism
System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
Source: Anizan Isahak et al, 2013
Agroecological principles has been implemented in SRI which emphasize the preservation of ecosystem and biodiversity to water saving and chemical-free through this technique.
SRI is a remarkable innovation in farming techniques that changing the management of the plants, soil, water and nutrients utilized in paddy rice production.
• The empowerment through workshops, conference, seminars and training to promote paddy cultivation through SRI methods as well as trained the farmers.
• Community building through cooperatives and social enterprises, it can encourage students and communities for entrepreneurship.
• Exposure visits and skills or expert exchanges. SRI product- Organic fragrant rice. ( Less water, less input). RM4/kg ~ USD 1.30
Renewable Energy for Energy and Water Nexus in Practice
UKM Green Technology Innovation Park
Catfish Thermal-Solar As-sisted Drying System in Arau, Perlis
Solar Powered Real-Time Water QualityMonitoring System with GSM Technology
Algae based technology for zero waste pro-cesses using native strains for palm oil waste
water treatment
ECOSYSTEM DISCOVERY JOURNEY (EDJ)MODULEs
Ecosystem Discovery Journey Modules Series has been developed and delivered through number of programs which involved students, teachers, community and industry at large.
The module is developed as an aid in community outreach program, learning for change program towards conserving ecosystem
Towards sustainable utilisation of natural resource while educating the interest and self-relationship to nature and the environment.
Role of University to Face Sustainability Challenges
“Sustainability science is an emerging field of problem-driven, interdisciplinary scholar-ship that seeks to facilitate interventions that foster shared prosperity and reduced poverty while protecting the environment. The field is defined by the problems it ad-dresses rather than the disciplines it employs. It draws from multiple disciplines of the natural, social, medical and engineering sciences, from the professions, and from prac-tical field experience in business, government, and civil society.” (Harvard University, 2012)
Sustainability science is a vital part of the solutions to the sustainability challenges we face. It promotes as such cross-disciplinary coordination, and requires global coopera-tive effort to advance understanding of the dynamics of human-environment system. (UNESCO, 2013)
Brought together key stakeholders and scientists to discuss the current status of sus-tainability science, globally, and in the Asia-Pacific region including challenges of Post-2015 Development Agenda, Environmental Sustainability in the ASEAN, and experi-ences in implementing Sustainable Science policies.
Conclusion
Education is main part to tail of our efforts to protect and restore river ecosystem.
Many examples to attract people. Many activities are supported by goverments, donors, private sectors, NGOs. Many River restoration projects conducted with few elements to share best
practices with teachers. Boost knowledge on the river ecosystem functions and values. Use different methods and tools. Seek to transform innovative initiatives of education and capacity building to
schools curricula.
STI for Nexus of Water, Energy, Food & Climate
Sustainability Science for SDGs & for the Future that We Want
THANK YOU
TERIMA [email protected]/elfi [email protected]
