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Science 7 Unit E: Planet Earth
Topics 1-3
Minerals, Rocks, and Erosion pp. 354-381
WORKBOOK
Name: _____________________________
1
Topic 1 Minerals pp. 354-360
Read pp. 354-355
_____________________ inorganic and naturally occurring solid material
o can be an _____________________ (pure substance) or a
_____________________ (two or more elements combined)
_____________________ natural material composed of one or more minerals
_____________________ thin outermost layer of Earth
Read “Did You Know” – p. 354
Read pp. 355-357
Properties Used to Identify Minerals
1) hardness
_____________________ compares the hardness of minerals used in geology
o 1 = softest (talc) – 10 = hardest (diamond)
o See Table 5.1 – p. 355
2) crystal formation
_____________________ building blocks of minerals
o there are six different crystal systems (See Table 5.2 – p. 355 )
have straight edges, flat sides, and regular angles
3) _____________________ light-reflecting properties of minerals (shininess)
4) color
5) _____________________ color of a mineral in powder form
6) _____________________ mineral characteristic of splitting along smooth, flat
planes (surfaces)
7) _____________________ ability of some minerals to break with rough or
jagged edges
2
Mineral Identification BLM 5-6
What to Do
Match the following descriptions with the correct terms provided by writing the letter
of the term in the blank space beside the description.
1. measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched A. cleavage
2. name given to the scale of hardness B. diamond
3. one of the softest known minerals C. fracture
4. hardest known mineral D. hardness
5. reflection of light from a mineral’s surface E. mica
6. colour left by powered mineral on unglazed porcelain F. lustre
7. tendency to break along smooth, flat surfaces G. Mohs
8. common mineral that breaks along smooth, flat surfaces H. quartz
9. tendency to break with rough or jagged edges I. streak
10. common mineral that breaks with rough or jagged edges J. talc
Read “Off The Wall” – p. 356
Read “Did You Know” – p. 357
Read “Cool Tools” – p. 360
3
Complete Topic 1 Review Questions – p. 360 #1-4
Please record your answers below or on an attached sheet of loose leaf.
4
Topic 2 Rocks and the Rock Cycle
pp. 361-372
Read p. 361
Rock Families
type of rock formation determines the family that a rock belongs to o Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic
1) Igneous Rock
forms when hot magma or lava cools and solidifies
_____________________ melted rock (liquid form) found below the
Earth’s surface
_____________________ magma that has broken through the Earth’s crust
types of igneous rock:
o _____________________ forms when magma cools and hardens
under the Earth’s surface
o _____________________ forms when lava cools on the Earth’s surface
Read “Word Connect” – p. 361
Read pp. 364-365
2) Sedimentary Rock
makes up about 75% of the rock on the Earth’s surface
formed by compacting layers of _____________________ (loose material
such as bits of rock, minerals and plant and animal remains)
_____________________ visible layers
most often formed in lakes and oceans
_____________________ happens when the weight and pressure of water
and other sediment form sedimentary rock
_____________________ occurs when minerals dissolve and act as a
natural cement to hold the sediment together
5
Read “Did You Know” – p. 365
Read pp. 366-367
3) Metamorphic Rock
formed below the Earth’s surface when extremely high pressure and heat
cause the original, _____________________ to change form
Read pp. 368-369
_____________________ naturally occurring process in which rocks continue
to change form over long periods of time
o See Figure 5.19 – p. 368
Read “Did You Know” – p. 369
Read pp. 371-372
Soil mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, mineral fragments, water, and air
_____________________ part of soil composed of dead plant matter
_____________________ dark-colored part of soil that is rich in nutrients
_____________________ can supply nutrients for plants
_____________________ description of characteristics for the different layers of a
particular soil
_____________________ removal of soil materials dissolved in water
_____________________ top layer that it contains humus and small grains of rock
the next layer contains little or no humus and minerals that have leached away from
the top layer
the bottom layer contains partly weathered rock and minerals leached from above
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Rocks and the Rock Cycle BLM 5-8
Vocabulary Check
What to Do Complete the following crossword puzzle using the clues provided on the following page.
7
Across
1. process in which layers of sediment are squeezed together by the weight of other
sediment and water
3. process in which minerals dissolve as water soaks into rock, forming a natural
cement that sticks the larger pieces of sediment together
6. type of rock formed from magma that has cooled and hardened below Earth’s
surface: for example, granite
11. type of sedimentary rock made from compacted mud
12. type of igneous rock with large crystals
13. processes by which rocks form and change
14. loose material, such as bits or rock, minerals, and plant and animal remains
16. mixture of minerals
17. one of two ways that sedimentary and igneous rocks can be changed into
metamorphic rocks (the other way is 10 Down)
Down
2. rock family that includes gneiss, slate, and marble
4. type of igneous rock that cools quickly
5. process of changing from a solid to a liquid
6. rock family that gets its name from the Latin word for fire
7. type of sedimentary rock made from particles of sand
8. process in which rocks are broken up and transported
9. process in which rocks are broken up
10. one of two ways that sedimentary and igneous rocks can be changed into
metamorphic rocks (the other way is 17 Across)
11. type of rock formed from fragments of igneous rock resulting from
weathering and erosion
15. hot, molten (melted) rock found below Earth’s crust
8
Complete Topic 2 Review Questions – p. 372 #1-6
Please record your answers below or on an attached sheet of loose leaf.
9
Topic 3 Erosion
pp. 373-380
Read pp. 373-374
Weathering
1) Mechanical Weathering
the physical break-up or disintegration of rocks
caused by rocks moving against each other, gravity, temperature change
_____________________ process caused when water in the cracks of
rocks expands and contracts from freezing and thawing and eventually breaks
the rocks apart
_____________________ process in which eroded materials (sediments)
are deposited and build up
2) Chemical Weathering
breakdown of rocks through chemical reactions
changes the chemical composition of the rock
Example: acid rain
3) Biological Weathering
the physical or chemical breakdown of rock caused by living organisms
Example: plant roots wedge into a crack and push the rock apart as it grows
10
Read pp. 376-378
Erosion movement of rock and mineral grains from one place to another
caused by glaciers, gravity, wind, and water
1) Glaciers
scrape along the surface of the rock
the rocks frozen in the glacier scrape along the bedrock
eroded sediments are pushed in front of the glacier and pile up along the sides
as the glacier melts, sediment is deposited in new locations
2) Gravity
causes landslides and rock slides
the abrasive action of the rocks sliding against each other results in sedimentation
3) Wind
picks up loose sediments
is abrasive when its particles strike rock
4) Water
the motion of water is one of the most powerful causes of erosion
the motion of the water picks up loose sediment and wears away shorelines
examples: rain, flowing rivers, floods, waves
_____________________ wearing down of rocks by wind, ice,
waves, and running water
Read “Across Canada” – p. 380
11
Erosion BLM 5-10
What to Do
Carefully read the instructions before answering each set of questions.
Cause or Effect
A cause is something that makes something else happen. An effect is what happens.
In the space provided, indicate whether each description is an example of a cause (C) or
an effect (E).
1. A house builder removes trees from a lot.
2. Topsoil is removed during a heavy rain.
3. Rainwater slows down.
4. Terraces are built on a hillside.
5. A person who is living on a hillside does not want the land to erode.
6. The shape of the land changes.
7. Sediments constantly move from place to place.
8. People who are building on a hill make the slope steeper.
9. The erosion process becomes faster.
10. Trees are planted in an area that was treeless.
11. The erosion process becomes slower.
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Erosion BLM 5-10
Continued
Mechanical or Chemical
In the space provided, indicate whether each description is an example of mechanical
weathering (M) or chemical weathering (C).
1. mosses growing on the surface of rocks, producing pits in the rocks
2. wedging of tree roots along natural joints in granite outcrops
3. limestone being dissolved by carbonic acid
4. oxidation of minerals that contain iron
5. animal burrows dug in rock letting in water and air
6. repeated freezing and thawing of water that cracks rock
7. action of water, salt, and an iron car fenders and panels
8. acids from plant roots breaking up rocks
9. small rock falling from a cliff
10. tree roots cracking the concrete foundation of a house
13
Complete Topic 3 Review Questions – p. 380 #1-4
Please record your answers below or on an attached sheet of loose leaf.
14
Complete Topics 1-3 Wrap-up – p. 381 #1-10
Please record your answers below or on an attached sheet of loose leaf.
1. Find the following key terms in the word search below.
rock minerals crust elements crystals leaching
lustre streak cleavage igneous lava topsoil
extrusive sediment compaction compost fertile alloys
T N E M I D E S S O R D
R S X F K G N I T P L W
I B U E O D C A J R I O
G R M R D O V Q O N O H
N O I T C A P M O C O H
E C N I L W O V R L P B
O K E L E M E N T U O G
U Z R E A M E A M S T L
S U A E V I S U R T X E
W O L L A A H T S R J A
F I S D G K L O V E G C
F O I T E M P L H A M H
G U M A G M A U O K R I
V I U S O G D Z K Y I N
A S D C R Y S T A L S G
