Science 2 Report

8/3/2019 Science 2 Report

1/92

Building Science II

- 0 -

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGNResearch Unit for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia

Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture

BUILDING SCIENCE II [ARC 3313]

Assignment 1:

Lighting and Acoustics Performance Evaluation and Design

HONG KONG DESSERT SHOP

BY:Chong Vui Lung 0907 P 74522Jonathan Lee 0907 P 74524Rehan Osman 0907 P 74443Stephen Feng 1007 P 11163Tan Yuet Lee 1007 P 50257


2/92

Building Science II

- 1 -

LIGHTING


3/92

Building Science II

- 2 -

Table of Content

1.0 Introduction

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Daylight

2.2 Artificial Light

3.0 Case Study

3.1 Methodology

3.2 Site

3.2.1 Concept and Function

3.2.2 Drawing

3.2.3 Photos

3.3 Data

3.3.1 Readings

3.3.2 Materials

4.0 Analysis

4.1 Windscreen Glare

4.2 Direct Artificial Lighting Glare

4.3 Waste of Energy

4.4 Reflectance Glare

5.0 Conclusion & Recommendation

5.1 The use of Electro Chromic Glazings

5.2 Lighting Layout

5.3 PSALI Method

5.4 Lighting Design

5.5 New Colours & Materials Selection

5.6 Automated Shading Devices with Daylight Control


4/92

Building Science II

- 3 -

1.0 Introduction

The aim of this project is to understand the characteristics of

lighting in a space through critical analysis and observation.

Identifying lighting issues were one of the objectives which wouldrequire new proposal to remedy the issues identified.

A case study was carried out to help anchoring a space to

analyse. Before going to the field, some background research had

been performed. Data, drawings, photo and required materials are

collected and prepared to assist in data analysing.

From all the data available, it should be enough to identify

problems. Calculations is done to assist in determining the

situation, standard guides are used as a sample of the optimum

lighting standard. Proposals would then be made to try remedy the

problems and display in graphic and technical calculations.


2.1 Daylight

Daylighting is the controlled admission of natural light into a

space through windows to reduce or eliminate electric lighting. By

providing a direct link to the outdoor illumination, daylighting helps

create a visually stimulating and productive environment for

building occupants, while reducing as much as one-third of total

building energy costs.

Daylighting is a key to good energy performance, as well as

occupant satisfaction, productivity and health. Its important to

distinguish between sunlight and daylight. In most situations, direct

sunlight brings excessive heat and light leading to visual and

thermal discomfort.

A good daylighting system must study the following building

elements in relation to the sunlight:


5/92

Building Science II

- 4 -

a) the orientation and space organisation

b) shape and size of glazing through which daylight will pass ( pass

through or penetrate)

c) internal ceiling wall, partition and floor surface properties

d) the colour contrast between windows and internal adjoining

walls and ceilings

e) protection from solar gain or glare afforded by external and

internal shading devices

f) optical, solar and thermal properties of windows.

Conventional and innovative daylighting systems that collect,

transport and distribute light deep into buildings and systems will

reduce the need for artificial lighting.

2.1.1 Daylight Factor

It is a numerical ratio used to describe the relationship between

indoor and outdoor daylight illuminances.

Fig 2.1.1a: Lighting zones created by different lighting level


6/92

Building Science II

- 5 -

Lighting zones are areas in the building that use daylight and electric

lighting jointly to provide luminance and link areas with the same

daylight distribution characteristics. Lighting design incorporated is

arranged based on the lighting zones to enhance the efficiency of the

lighting used.

Task Illuminance

(Lux)

Example of Applications

Lighting for infrequently used

area

Lighting for working interiors

Localised lighting for exacting

task

20

100

100

100

100

150

100

300

200

300-400

150

200

150

100

300-500

300

500

2000

Minimum service illuminance

Interior walkway and carpark

Hotel bedroom

Lift interior

Corridor, passageways

Escalator, tavellator

Entrance and exit

Inquiry desk

Infrequent reading and writing

General offices, shops and stores

Restroom

Restaurant, canteen, cafeteria

Bathroom

Toilet

Classroom, library

Museum and gallery

Proof reading

Detailed and precise work

Fig 2..1.1b: Guidance for recommended light level in different work

spaces


7/92

Building Science II

- 6 -

Principles in providing daylighting into the interior spaces

Fig 2.1.1c:(Source: Atmosphere in a Restaurant, Quinn, Thomas,Michigan State University, 1981)

- Allow daylight to enter interior to light space.

Use of tinted glass to prevent heat transfer through

window.

- Deploy appropriate lighting amount in consideration of

room height & user activities

Have required luminance and not over-sufficient lighting

to prevent heat gain and energy loss and higher

flexibility to adjust intensity (dimming). Use of lighting

zones to prevent too allow lights to be turned on in

spaces required only.

- Use appropriate lighting type.

The type of light can affect the ambience of the dining


8/92

Building Science II

- 7 -

Fig 2.1.1d: Actual louvers installation


9/92

Building Science II

- 8 -

Fig 2.1.1e: Different type of shading devices

2.1.2 Lighting Control Strategies

Time clocks and photocells, simple, reliable and cost-

effective methods of controlling lighting systems.

Occupancy sensors, sound and heat-sensing technology

used to detect the presence of people in a space and turn

lights off when spaces are unoccupied. They include delays

and logic systems to avoid false or too frequent turningoff of

light fixtures.

Dimming technologies include common manual dimming

switches as well as more sophisticated technology that

automatically reduce light output according to the availability

of daylight or other ambient light. While dimming of

incandescent lamps is common, dimming of fluorescent

fixtures can only be accomplished if they have ballasts

designed specially for dimming applications.

Daylighting controls adjust light output levels from fixtures

in perimeter areas next to windows or under skylights in

response to natural outdoor light entering the building.

Daylighting controls are available in continuous dimming and

stepped reduction models.

2.2 Artificial Light

Application of artificial light is unavoidable in current modern

living. It provides additional light to spaces where the amount of

light is not sufficient for certain specialized task. During night time,

every functions or activities would need artificial lighting to provide

necessary light.

LAMP TYPE PROPERTIES USAGEEnergyEfficiency

Incandescent Low initial cost, good colorrendering, instant on.

Auditoriums,Casino, Church

Poor,short live.


10/92

Building Science II

- 9 -

high heat output, highglare, easy failure, highoperating cost.

naves, historicalsetting, hair styling

Cold Cathode Small, customized-ableshape, many colors, low

glare, instant on at least50%.Required transformer, highinitial cost, high voltagecabling issue

Atrium, Casino,Facades, Lobbies,

Signage, danceclubs.

Fair,Long live.

Fluorescent Low heat output, goodcolor rendering, large arealighting, soft/diffuse,instant on at least 50%.Required Ballasts, highinitial cost, temperature

sensitive, difficult to dim,inconsistent low voltageselection

Art studios, gyms,concourse, filingroom, healthcarespace, library,laboratory,videoconferencing,

sidewalks,workbenches

Excellent,long life

Electrodeless Diffuse, good colorrendering, decorative.Need transformer for lowwattage, ballast for highwattage, limited

application, no warm tones

Low(w)- steplights, decorative,casino, dance clubHigh(w)- Atrium,gym, faade,

streets, sidewalk

Excellentefficiency,extremelylong life

Metal Halide Good color rendering,good optical control, sharpfocused.Required ballast, highinitial cost, difficult to dim,inconsistent low voltageselection

Concourse, studio,casino, healthcare,industrial plants,laboratories,parking lots,merchandising,machine room

Excellent,moderatelife

High PressureSodium

Good optical control,sharp focused.Monochromatic, highinitial

cost, non for low light, notsuitable for mostapplication.

Storage Very longlife

Table 2.2a: Different Lamp Types (Steffy, 2008)

There are various lamp types in the market with different

properties (refer to Table 2.2a). Different task or function require

different lamps. Lately, energy efficiency has become another trend

when come to choosing lamps.


11/92

Building Science II

- 10 -

A proper design with lighting and architecture intention in mind is

important, without it the optimum lighting standard could not be

achieved even though having the correct lamp. There would be

different considerations or criteria in designing lamps in the space

than daylight, such as amount of light, uniformity, glare, colour,

directionality and so on. (Coaton & Marsden, 1997)

In general, there are three installation lighting system types

which involved different lamps and lighting system to accommodate

different functions. (Pritchard, 1999)

Fig 2.2b: 3 Installation Types of lighting system (Coaton & Marsden

1997)

Material surface reflectance properties will also affect lighting

quality. High reflectance surface could reflect light and create

excessive light or unwanted glare, therefore, selection of material


12/92

Building Science II

- 11 -

for ceiling, floor, wall, openings and furniture should take into

account as well. (Pritchard, 1999)

Fig 2.2c: CIBSE recommended range of reflectance & luminance

Fig 2.2d: Birch Wood pivoted panel

Excessive light would cause unwanted glare which cause

discomfort on the eyes. There are ways to determine the glare

angle assisted by calculations. From height, layout to designing of

the lamps could solve the glare issues.


13/92

Building Science II

- 12 -

Fig 2.2e: Critical angle for glare calculations (Pritchard, 2008)

Fig 2.2f: Glare shields (Coaton & Marsden, 1997)

3.0 Case Study

3.1 Methodology

3.1.1 Research Approach

Measurements and data recording were taken on various period

of time - morning, afternoon and night in the Hong Kong Dessert

Shop. It is taken on different hours of the day in order for the

comparison to take place. A gridline system is introduced to recorddata on different assigned location with the interval of 2m and 3m

apart.


14/92

Building Science II

- 13 -

Fig 3.1.1a: Position of Digital Light Meter

3.1.2 Equipment

A Digital Light Meter model Lutron LX-101 was used to obtain

the light intensity of the Hong Kong dessert shop. This equipment

provides precise reading which has accuracy about 5% and

wider range.


15/92

Building Science II

- 14 -

Model: Lutron LX-101

Figure 3.1a: Digital Light Meter

model Lutron LX-101

Features :

Sensor used the

exclusive photo diode &

multicolor correctionfilters, spectrum meet c.

I. E. Standard.

Separate light sensor

allows user to take

consumption.

Measurements of an

optimum position.

Precise and easy

readout, wide range. High accuracy in

measuring

Lcd display can clearly

read out even of high

ambient light.

Compact, light-weight,

and excellent operation.

Lcd display provides low

power

Lsi-circuit use provides

high reliability and

durability.

Built-in low battery

indicator.

The Lux meter is a hand-held device to measure the intensity ofluminance in any given area, Intensity of luminance has an SI unit

of Lux, lx. The lux meter has two parts; the body and the light

sensor. The light sensor is covered with a white integrating sphere

which diffused light that enters through its minute hole. The light

sensor is held at waist height in each of its reading.


16/92

Building Science II

- 15 -

Camera also used as a tool to capture the photography of

lighting condition inside and outside dining area of the dessert

shop. Observation and recording on site from each of the members

in the group also plays a important role in collecting precise and

collective data and information.

3.2 Site

The shop chosen was Hong Kong Dessert located at No. 57,

Jalan SS15/8A, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan. It

occupied an end lot with exterior dining on the side lane between

shop lots. SS15is an established residential and commercial

precinct of Subang Jaya. It is one of the most famous and well-

known precincts in the vicinity where it is labeled as the heart of

Subang Jaya. The neighborhood of SS15 comprises residential and

commercial properties.

Hong Kong Dessert was surrounded with cafes; there is one

caf next to it, a tea caf above it and Asia Caf located just across

the road opposite the shop. It was facing a main road with constant

traffic nearby a busy junction and parking lots just outside the five

foot way.

Fig 3.2a: Location of Hong Kong Dessert Shop


17/92

Building Science II

- 16 -

3.2.1 Concept and Function

Hong Kong Dessert was a cafeteria that sells a variety of

dessert, such as soup, stew milk, sogo, pudding, custard, mixed

juice and so on. The food are not necessary filling like rice or otherfast food chain.

User target of the shop was aimed towards teenagers to young

adults, due to its location near several educational facilities. The

design of shop was also tailored towards the trends that would

attract these targeted user groups.

Fig 3.2.1a: Major setting of interior

Hong Kong was their conceptual atmosphere where they

wanted to bring into the shop. With the huge painting of Hong Kong

cityscape at the centre of the wall surrounded by arrangement of

tables which are close together.

The concept of the shop design was to create a bright and

welcoming atmosphere for customer while enjoying the dessert. It

was supposed to be cosy, warm and welcoming. The selection of

lights warm tone matched the concept of warm.


18/92

Building Science II

- 17 -

3.2.2 Existing Lighting Condition of the Dessert Shop

Fig 3.2.2a: Existing artificial lighting in the shop


19/92

Building Science II

- 18 -

Lighting used in the dessert shop are mainly general lighting,

ambient lighting and aesthetic lighting. Ambient lighting is used to

light up every surface evenly and to mimics the sun and fills the

space with even amounts of light. It radiates a comfortable level of

brightness. Ideal ambient lighting is accomplished by overlapping

the illumination from properly positioned fixtures arranged in a

symmetrical plan.

Fig 3.2.2b: Ambient lighting in the outdoor dining area

Aesthetic lighting is used mainly to highlight the drawings of

dessert and Hong Kong City painting on the wall. This type of

lighting are able to create dramatic and enlighten the effect of the

painting thus creating a more artistic environment.


20/92

Building Science II

- 19 -

Fig 3.2.2c: Aesthetic lighting in the shop

General lighting is mainly used as to create a comfortable and

safe environment for the spaces. It provides adequate level of light

throughout the interior dining space without dark spots or shadows,

as well as balancing the tone of the lights to work with other light

sources such as aesthetic lighting.

Fig 3.2.2d: General lighting in comparison with aesthetic lighting the

shop


21/92

Building Science II

- 20 -

Fig 3.2.2e: Specifications of the lighting used

FLUORESCENT LAMP

8W/12W 12v fluorescent lamp overalldimensions.

SPECIFICATION

Model No. 8W 12W

Supply Voltage Vdc 12 12

Voltage Range Vdc 10 to 15 10 to 15

Current A 0.5 0.7

Watts W 8W 16W

Lumens Lm 350 600

Frequency KHz 40 40

OptimumTemp.

C 20

Temp. Range C -10 to +40

Weight Kg 0.28

COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMP

Also known as compact fluorescentlight or energy saving light

Advantages

High Luminous Efficacy

Average Life time 6,000 hours

Flicker free rapid start up

Optional Color Temperature

Warm White-2700K; CoolWhite-

4200K; Daylight-6500K

Save 80% energy

Color Rendering Index(Ra)>82

Even glow

Reduced size

Efficient and uses low energy-i/5of power compared to

incandescent Low output heat

Long life span-last up to 13times longer to incandescent

Disadvantages

Diffused

Needs a ballast

Gradually brighten-5mins toreach optimum brightness


22/92

Building Science II

- 21 -

Type (code) Colour rendering Colour temperature(K)

Compact fluorescent lamps (FS) good 2,7005,000

High-pressure mercury lamps(QE)

fair 3,3003,800

High-pressure sodium lamps (S-)

poor to good 2,0002,500

Incandescent lamps (I) good 2,700

Low-pressure sodium lamps(LS)

monochromatic yellowcolour

1,800

Low-voltage tungsten halogenlamps (HS)

good 3,000

Tubular fluorescent lamps (FD) fair to good 2,7006,500

Tungsten halogen lamps (HS) good 3,000

Fig 3.2.2f : International Lamp Coding System (ILCOS)

HALOGEN SPOTLIGHT Input: 230V AC

Mounting: Track Mount

Lamp Type: PAR38 100W MAX

Control Gear: Magnetic or electtomic

HID ballast 230V 100W

Surface Finish: White/Black/Grey

powder coating

Adjustable direction: Gimbal

Main Material: Aluminium

Diffuser: 3.0MM tempered center-frost

glass

Minimum Distance to Illuminated

Object: 50cm


23/92

Building Science II

22

Fig 3.2.2g : General Lighting- Compact Fluorescent Lamps

Fig 3.2.2h : Aesthetic Lighting- Halogen Lamp

3.2.3 Materials

Type Material Colour Texture Reflection factor

Wall Concrete,

Brick wall

Painted Smooth 30-45%

Glass Panels

Wall

Smooth, Reflecting,

Transparent

90-95%

Floor Tiles Light Brown,

Various Color

Slightly rough,

smooth

15-30%

Ceiling Plastered

ceiling &

Asbestos

White & Black Smooth 70-85%

Furniture Plastic Chair Black Smooth 10-20%

TImber Chair

& Table

Brown Smooth 60-80%


24/92

Building Science II

23

Materials Surface Area, S

Brick wall, painted 65.89

Glass, large panels 29.2

Timber table 24

Floor Tiles on Concrete 67

Concrete ceiling 67

Plastic chair 12.25

Human 20 (average)

Fig 3.2.3a : Table showing type of materials, reflection factor and surface area

Fig 3.2.3b : Interior Ceiling


25/92

Building Science II

24

Fig 3.2.3c: Exterior Ceiling

Fig 3.2.3d : Wall

Fig 3.2.3e: Flooring Tiles


26/92

Building Science II

25

Fig 3.2.3f : Timber furniture

Materials used have various reflectance value thus creating

different reflectance value. Ideal reflectance value will help permits

sufficient daylight into the interior spaces by allowing diffused

lighting thus reducing the need of artificial lighting. In fact, the ideal

reflectance value for ceiling in the dessert shop would be in the

range of 70-80%. Whereas, the ideal reflectance value for flooring

and wall would be 20-25% and 50-70% respectively. It is so as

darker color would help to absorb reflected light and lessen the

generation of glare problem.

3.2.1 Photos

Fig 3.2.1a: Outside the shop Fig 3.2.1b: Exterior Dining


27/92

Building Science II

26

Fig 3.2.3c: Interior dining Fig 3.2.3d: Towards Kitchen

3.3 Data

3.3.1 Readings

Morning- 10am

Afternoon- 2pm

Night- 8.30pm

Fig 3.3.1a: Sky Condition During Data Collection


28/92

Building Science II

27

Fig 3.3.1b: Morning Luminance level in different assigned spots

ter Reading- Morning

A B C D E

1

2 T: 750, E: 360 T: 290, E: 260 T: 450, E: 270

3 T: 600, E: 450 T: 220, E: 230 T: 265, E: 270

4 T: 430, E: 255 T: 196, E: 210 T: 225, E: 250

5 T: 380, E: 245 T: 225, E: 250 T: 210, E: 240

6 T: 330, E: 245 T: 210, E: 198 T: 240, E: 320

7 T: 215, E: 186 T: 210, E: 305

T= Table level, E= Eye level

Average indoor iluminance Level, Ei = 235.33, Outdoor illuminance= 3124


29/92

Building Science II

28

Fig 3.3.1c: Afternoon Luminance level in different assigned spots

ter Reading- Afternoon

A B C D E

1

2 T: 998, E: 450 T: 300, E: 300 T: 500, E: 350

3 T: 578, E: 320 T: 232, E: 242 T: 280, E: 272

4 T: 465, E: 225 T: 205, E: 232 T: 233, E: 265

5 T: 400, E: 255 T: 200, E: 228 T: 223, E: 264

6 T: 315, E: 245 T: 223, E: 207 T: 228, E: 308

7 T: 220, E: 202 T: 286, E: 315


Average indoor iluminance Level, Ei = 260.83 , Outdoor illuminance= 3345


30/92

Building Science II

29

Fig 3.3.1d: Night Luminance level in different assigned spots

ter Reading- Night

A B C D E

1

2 T: 30, E: 27 T: 151, E: 161 T: 166, E: 180

3 T: 35, E: 29 T: 120, E: 150 T: 156, E: 186

4 T: 66, E: 40 T: 128, E: 174 T: 155, E: 183

5 T: 85, E: 70 T: 178, E: 218 T: 224, E: 273

6 T: 83, E: 95 T: 186, E: 257 T: 230, E: 317

7 T: 170, E: 197 T: 205, E: 280


Average indoor iluminance Level, Ei = 172.4, Outdoor illuminance= 25


31/92

Building Science II

30

Fig 3.3.1e: Lighting Contour Diagram-Morning


32/92

Building Science II

31

Fig 3.3.1f: Lighting Contour Diagram- Afternoon


33/92

Building Science II

32

Fig 3.3.1g: Lighting Contour Diagram- Night


34/92

Building Science II

33

3.3.2 Daylight Factor

The daylight factor is defined as :

DF =

x 100(%)

Morning DF = x 100(%)

= 7.53 %

Afternoon DF = x 100(%)

= 7.80 %

Where,

Ei = illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoors working plane

Eo = simultaneous outdoor illuminance on a horizontal plane from an

unobstructed hemisphere of overcast sky

Zone Daylight Factor (%) Distribution

Very bright >6 Thermal + Glare problem

Bright 3-6 Good

Average 1-3 Fair

Dark 0-1 Poor

Fig 3.3.1e: Daylight Factor and its illuminance distribution

Based on the studies of daylight factor, it is shown that morningdaylight factor is approximately 7.53% while afternoon daylight factor

show the value of 7.8%. As a matter fact, based on the table given above,

average daylight factor 3-6% generally give the impression of generous

daylighting (except on a dull day or evening), while an average


35/92

Building Science II

34

3.3.2 Materials and texture

Floor

Fig 3.3.2a: textured grey ceramic tiles on interior

Fig 3.3.2b: tiles on exterior dining and five foot way in front

Wall

Fig 3.3.2c: Painted walls with posters


36/92

Building Science II

35

Ceiling Furniture

Fig 3.3.2d: Ceiling Fig 3.3.2e: Furnitures

4.0 Analysis

4.1 Exterior Glare

Fig 4.1a: Plan


37/92

Building Science II

36

As most of the faades facing exteriors are full height glass, it

provides huge exposure to the outside view. The advantage of

using glass was able to capture view outside, but the disadvantage

of it would be bringing in too much light.

Fig 4.1b: Exterior Glare

Especially during afternoon time, the front part of the shop was

white out with daylight. There are a row of 45 parking lot in front of

the shop, which also causes windscreen glare into the interior.

Fig 4.1c: Diagrammatic windscreen glare section


38/92

Building Science II

37

4.2 Direct Artificial Lighting Glare

Fig 4.2a: Interior Lighting

Different lamp designs are used in the shop. Inside the shop,

there are two types of lamp designs, a cylindrical down light and

spot light. Both lamp design do not have proper diffuse casing for

the bulb, therefore create direct lighting which cause strong

reflections and glare. On the other hand, the pendant lamps at the

exterior dining area have a globe shade with a wire mesh metallic

casing on the outside which provide a better diffuser than the

interior ones.

Fig 4.2b: Exterior Lighting

The exterior pendant lamp is a better lamp design than interior

in terms of direct lighting glare. Especially there are television in the

shop hanging below the ceiling requires people to look up. At the

critical angle, most of the positions much further from the television

tends to have expose to the direct down light glare.


39/92

Building Science II

38

Fig 4.2c: Section with seats position towards tv

Fig 4.2d: Artificial Lighting glare


40/92

Building Science II

39

4.3 Inefficient Energy

Fig 4.3a: Current Lighting Circuit Layout

The shop was not energy efficient in terms of artificial lighting

usage during the day. There are only 3 lighting circuit controlled by

3 different switches, 1 for exterior and 2 for interior. But they are not

zoned to optimize the usage during day time causing excessive

lighting level at some area and waste of energy.


41/92

Building Science II

40

Fig 4.3b: Current Lighting Layout

The current installation type for interior is general which spread

in a linear layout without following the circulation route or furniture

arrangement. But the grouping of lighting suggests otherwise, more

spotlights are found above reception and the feature poster or

painting art, which show a trace of localized installation type.


42/92

Building Science II

41

By comparing the exterior lighting layout with interior, exterior

showed to be more general than the interior layout. There is only a

line of hanging light with lamp shades. The exterior dining use the

same lighting for both circulation and task.

4.4 Reflectance Glare

Different materials has different light reflectance value, the

shinier the surface, the higher reflectance value. At the same time,

different colour has different light reflectance value as well,

depending on its colour warmth, hue and brightness.

Fig 4.4a: Reflecting furniture and painting.

The surfaces of the laminated tables are smooth, hard and shiny

which create reflectance glare from the lighting above. The glare is

will caused discomfort for the patrons especially when they are

savouring the food.

Fig 4.4b: Colour triangle


43/92

Building Science II

42

The wall colours are yellow with light green. Yellow being the

brightest primary colour has a rather high reflectance value and is

also one of the primary colours that makes green. On the other

hand, most of the exterior wall has full height glass faade with full

exposure to the outside. There are also a few big paintings hung on

the wall around the walls. Those were printed poster panels on matt

finish with minimal reflectance.

5.0 Conclusion & Recommendation

5.1 The use of Electro Chromic Glazings

Due to its concept and function, the Hong Kong Dessert Shop

are using glass panels wall for the front and side facade design in

order to permit higher level of visual connectivity to the passerby.

However, by using glass panels it allow higher daylight penetration

which eventually create the problem of glare. As a matter of fact, in

order to solve the problem of glare while using glass panels for the

facade, electro chromic glazing should be utilised.

The Smart glass is electrically switchable glass or glazing which

changes light transmission properties when electricity (or UV light in

some cases) is applied, as well as making the glass change its

appearance from transparent to opaque/dark. They effectively

reduce the light transmission by up to 80%, making them an

effective way to reduce the temperature of a room, it also reduces

the transmission of UV rays by up to 95%, something regular

windows almost dont do at all. Furthermore, their ability to turn

opaque/dark removes the need for blinds of any kind.

Fig 5.1a: Ability to switch the visible transmittance from 60%-4%


44/92

Building Science II

43

In order to achieve visibility and daylight penetration without

creating glare problem, smart glass can be used as it can solved

the problem of glare in the interior spaces. When the glazings were

in the minimize glare mode the interior spaces would permit lesser

daylight thus reducing the problem of glare which is as shown

above.

Fig 5.1b: Electrochromic glazings

Electrochromic glazing will be able to change their color and

light transmission properties when an electric charge is applied.

The property changing effects dont require a constant supply of

electricity, and when the electricity is let out (by a switch) the effect

is reversed and the glass returns back to normal. Thus, it can be

monitored and change based on different preference and period of

time.


45/92

Building Science II

44

5.2 Lighting Layout

Artificial lighting layout could be modified to suit the operating

time of the shop and also prevent excessive light during day time.

The arrangement of lighting should be evenly spread out to achieve

optimum energy efficiency and lighting level.

Referring to the recommended lighting level, restaurant and

cafeterias would require around 200 lumens. Energy saving

compact fluorescent bulb was chosen due to its low operating cost

and energy efficiency.

Table 5.2a: Standard Maintenance factor

(http://www.erco.com/guide_v2/guide_2/simulation_95/lamp_lumen

_2716/images/eur_erco_lamp_lumen_intro_1_1_.jpg)

ROOM INDEX

L = 11.7 m

W = 6.5 m

H = 2.2 m

RI = 11.7 6.5

RI = L W 2.2 ( 11.7 + 6.5 )

H(L+W)

RI = 76.05

40.04


46/92

Building Science II

45

RI = 1.899

Ideal Reflectance factor for restaurant:

Ceiling = 50% Wall = 30% Floor = 10%

Table 5.2b: Utilization Factor extract from Room Index

(http://www.lightsbylinea.co.za/media/technical/Utilisation-

factor_table.jpg)

Lamp selected: Compact fluorescent lamp, 7 watt, 290lm/watt

(http://www.linanwindow.com/light/)

LUMEN METHOD

N = nos of lights N = 200 67

E = 200 lox 2030 0.83 0.43

A = 67 m

F = 2030 N = 13400

MF = 0.83 724.51

UF = 0.43

N = 18.495 = 18


47/92

Building Science II

46

Fig 5.2c: Plan

Suitable installation type that responds to the needs of space

could also benefit the different zoning of the dining area. A proper

localized installation type is proposed which would focus the

lighting base on activity area instead of artwork on the wall.

The exterior dining area does not have any lighting problem

during day time, but they could use more lighting during night time.

Local installation type could enhance the lighting level during the

night without redesigning the existing light. Local gave the same

priority for both circulation and activity, therefore two different

systems. The existing lighting could maintain for circulation and

instead of wiring lamps, candles could be placed on each table to

provide additional light.


48/92

Building Science II

47

5.3 PSALI Method

PSALI method was applied to come out with a better circuit layout

to suit different time of the day.

Fig 5.3d: Contour for Morning, Noon and Night

During day time, the exterior lighting shouldnt be turn on at all.

The only darkest corner at zone A should be the only one lighting

circuit that was on if necessary.

As evening comes, zone B could be turn on when required. The

only time when all lightings are use is during night time.

5.4 Lighting Design

Lamp design should be properly designed to avoid direct

exposure to human eye. Direct viewing towards the source of bulb

causes glare and discomfort the eyes. There are several ways to

avoid the problems by adding components like reflectors, which

main intention was to reflect and spread the light in a controlled


49/92

Building Science II

48

angle but it provides a kind of shield at an angle which was prone to

eye contact.

Fig 5.4a: Different designs of lamp (Pritchard, 1999)

Other components like lamp shade, cover or frosted surface

casing that could diffuse the concentration of light source. It is

suppose to encase the bulb to prevent direct visual exposure forthe eyes.


50/92

Building Science II

49

Fig 5.4b: Different lamp shades and its exposure

http://www.furnitureinfashion.net/images/ivory-ceiling-light-shade-lmh020.jpg

http://www.comparestoreprices.co.uk/images/eg/eglo-lighting-aero-

modern-ceiling-light-with-a-curved-white-glass-shade.jpg

Fig 5.4c: Application of both lamp designs for each zone


51/92

Building Science II

50

5.5 New Materials Selection

In order to achieve the appropriate lighting levels and effects

necessary for custom dessert shop lighting, it is essential to select

materials with the ideals reflection factor to avoid glare problem andto provide a soothing environment for the patrons. Color and

texture of ceiling, wall, flooring and furniture selection should be

revolving around the ideal environment for the patro and it should

act as anchors around which the lighting design system is

developed.

Ideal Reflectance factor for restaurant:

Ceiling = 50% Wall = 30% Floor = 10%

REFLECTION FACTORS OF SURFACES COLOURS AND M ATERIALS

ColorsRef lect ionfactor%

MaterialRef lect ionfactor %

Black 3-7 Dark wood 10-25

Dark b lue 5-15 Dark br icks 15-25

Dark brown 10-20 Grani te 15-25

Dark red 10-20 Pale br icks 30-50

Dark green 10-20 Clear wood 30-50

Pale brown 30-40 Opaque aluminum 55-60

Light red 30-50 Burn ished stee l 55-65

Light b lue 40-55 Whi te marb le 60-70

Pink 45-55 Pol ished aluminum

Light green 45-65 Aluminum 80-85

Beige, l ightye l low

50-75Mirror , s i lver-p la tedglass

80-90

Fig 5.5a: Table of Reflection Factors

The colour scheme chose need to meet the needs of partially

sighted people and its vital that colours not only complement each

other but also provide a good level of contrast. Above highlighted

colors and materials can be utilised as alternative to replace the

existing condition in order to reduce the glare problem with enough

daylight penetration.


52/92

Building Science II

51

Fig 5.5b: Simulation of different colors for the wall

Fig 5.5c: Simulation of different colors for the flooring


53/92

Building Science II

52

5.6 Automated Shading Devices with Daylight Control

During certain period of time, the dessert shop may have

various preference of daylighting penetration to the interior, thus,

mechanical shading systems such as blinds or shades can bemotorized and controlled by occupant action or by sensors and

building controls.

Fig 2.3a: Section showing how the louvers work

During periods that could produce unwanted outside thermal

gain and glare problem, the louvres can be positioned at a steeper

angle reduce the daylight penetration into the dessert shop. The

advantage of this shading device is the optimal usage of passive

sun energy.

Fig 2.3a: Illustrations showing the automated blinds system

Smart controls on the automated blind systems keep direct sun out

of the space, reducing glare and cooling loads.


54/92

Building Science II

53

REFERENCE

Coaton, J.R & Marsden, A.M. (1997). Lamps and Lighting(4th edition). Arnold

: London.

Pritchard, D.C. (1999). Lighting (6th edition). Addison Wesley Longman :

England.

Verges, M. (2007). Light in Architecture. Page One : Singapore.

Steffy, G.R. (2008). Architectural Lighting Design(2nd edition). John Wiley :

New York.

Wilhide, E. (2004). Lighting : Creative Planning for Successful Lighting

Solutions. Ryland Peters & Small : London & New York.


55/92

Building Science II

54

ACOUSTIC


56/92

Building Science II

55

1.0 Introduction

2.0 Literature Review2.1. Sound Behavioural

2.1.1 Sound Reflection2.1.2 Sound Absorption

2.1.3 Sound Diffusion2.1.4 Sound Diffraction

2.2. Room Acoustic2.2.1 Sound Pressure Level, SPL2.2.2 Total Sound Absorption of a room, A2.2.3 Reverberation Time, RT2.2.4 Noise

3.0 Case Study3.1. Methodology

3.2. Site

3.2.1 Concept and Function3.2.2 Drawing3.2.3 Photos

3.3 Data Collection3.3.1 Readings3.3.2 Materials

4.0 Analysis and Calculation4.1 Interior

4.1.1 Total Noise Level4.1.2 Total Absorption of a Room4.1.3 Reverberation Time

4.1.4 Transmission Loss4.1.5 Total Sound Level after Transmission Loss

4.2 Exterior (outdoor seating area)4.2.1 Noise4.2.2 Total Absorption4.2.3 Reverberation4.2.4 Transmission Loss4.2.5 Total Sound Level after Transmission Loss

5.0 Issue and recommendation5.1 Interior5.2 exterior (outdoor seating area)

6.0 conclusions

7.0 References


57/92

Building Science II

56

1.0 Introduction

In our daily lifetime, acoustic environment has become an imperative factor in order to provide

comfortable spaces we occupy often, including both residential and commercial spaces. As

such, acoustical environment prompts to numerous design solutions. Some of the reasons

are:-

1. The perceived complexity of architectural acoustics

2. Many architecture programs are facing shortage of coverage of the topic area.

3. The peoples amazing ability to overlook less than desirable acoustical situations

4. Most building codes do not require good acoustic.

5. Green building rating systems does not define it as a key element.


58/92

Building Science II

57


Acoustic Content

In architecture or in interior design acoustics are concerns with the control ofsound in spaces. It is to preserve and enhanced desired sound and reduce oreliminate the unwanted or disturbing sound that interfere with the activities.Acoustic can also be described into few points:

- The branch of physics that deals with the production, control,transmission, Reception, and effects of sound

- The total of sound especially as produced in an enclosed space- The scientific study of sound, especially of its generation, transmissionand Reception.

Sound can be transmitted into three different ways which is reflection,reverberation and even dispersion.

Reflection

Reflection is responsible for many interesting phenomena. Echoes are thesound of your own voice reflecting back to your ears. The sound you hearringing in an auditorium after the band has stopped playing is caused byrefection off the walls and other objects. In nonrectangular halls, the soundone hears consists of directly radiated sound and reflected sound.

Ceilings and sidewalls can be shaped or they can be fit with objects that

create early reflections landing in the seating area. Balcony facings andbalcony ceilings can provide substantial early reflections. Pillars (especially


59/92

Building Science II

58

big, hollow fake ones) can be placed in special locations along the sidewallsto cause early reflections. They are also good for catching upper rear wallreflections and side scattering them. Softly rounded soffits placed high on thesidewalls provide a second set of early reflections, the open space above thesoffits can be used for up lighting.

ReverberationA reverberation often occurs in a small room with height, width and lengthdimensions of approximately 17maters or less.

Defined as the time taken for a sound to decay by 60dB from its

original level. It is measured in the unit, Seconds, s, using the

formula:-


60/92

Building Science II

59

Sound absorption

As energy will not disappear, sound absorption is the change of sound energy

to other form, usually heat when it passing through a material or strike a

surface.

Sound absorption reduces the reflectance of sound when it reaches a surface,

and it can be used as sound insulation. This is the main factor needed to be

concern for controlling a room acoustics, especially to control reverberation.

Every material has their own absorption level, which is known as the

absorption co-efficient. The value of this absorption are expressed as a ratio:-


61/92

Building Science II

60

Illustration: The absorption affects the level of transmission of

sound through a medium

Floor Materials 125 Hz250 Hz500 Hz1000 Hz2000 Hz4000 Hz

concrete or tile 0.01 0.01 0.15 0.02 0.02 0.02

linoleum/vinyl tile on concrete 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02

wood on joists 0.15 0.11 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.07

parquet on concrete 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.07

carpet on concrete 0.02 0.06 0.14 0.37 0.60 0.65

carpet on foam 0.08 0.24 0.57 0.69 0.71 0.73

Seating Materials 125 Hz250 Hz500 Hz1000 Hz2000 Hz4000 Hz

fully occupied - fabric upholstered 0.60 0.74 0.88 0.96 0.93 0.85

occupied wooden pews 0.57 0.61 0.75 0.86 0.91 0.86empty - fabric upholstered 0.49 0.66 0.80 0.88 0.82 0.70

empty metal/wood seats 0.15 0.19 0.22 0.39 0.38 0.30

Wall Materials 125 Hz250 Hz500 Hz1000 Hz2000 Hz4000 Hz

Brick: unglazed 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07

Brick: unglazed & painted 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03

Concrete block - coarse 0.36 0.44 0.31 0.29 0.39 0.25

Concrete block - painted 0.10 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.08

Curtain: 10 oz/sq yd fabric molleton 0.03 0.04 0.11 0.17 0.24 0.35



Fiberglass: 2'' 703 no airspace 0.22 0.82 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99Fiberglass: spray 5'' 0.05 0.15 0.45 0.70 0.80 0.80

Fiberglass: spray 1'' 0.16 0.45 0.70 0.90 0.90 0.85

Fiberglass: 2'' rolls 0.17 0.55 0.80 0.90 0.85 0.80

Foam: Sonex 2'' 0.06 0.25 0.56 0.81 0.90 0.91

Foam: SDG 3'' 0.24 0.58 0.67 0.91 0.96 0.99

Foam: SDG 4'' 0.33 0.90 0.84 0.99 0.98 0.99

Foam: polyur. 1'' 0.13 0.22 0.68 1.00 0.92 0.97

Foam: polyur. 1/2'' 0.09 0.11 0.22 0.60 0.88 0.94

Glass: 1/4'' plate large 0.18 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02

Glass: window 0.35 0.25 0.18 0.12 0.07 0.04

Plaster: smooth on tile/brick 0.013 0.015 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

Plaster: rough on lath 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.03Marble/Tile 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02


62/92

Building Science II

61

Sheetrock 1/2" 16" on center 0.29 0.10 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.09

Wood: 3/8'' plywood panel 0.28 0.22 0.17 0.09 0.10 0.11

Ceiling Materials 125 Hz250 Hz500 Hz1000 Hz2000 Hz4000 Hz

Acoustic Tiles 0.05 0.22 0.52 0.56 0.45 0.32

Acoustic Ceiling Tiles 0.70 0.66 0.72 0.92 0.88 0.75

Fiberglass: 2'' 703 no airspace 0.22 0.82 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99Fiberglass: spray 5" 0.05 0.15 0.45 0.70 0.80 0.80

Fiberglass: spray 1" 0.16 0.45 0.70 0.90 0.90 0.85

Fiberglass: 2'' rolls 0.17 0.55 0.80 0.90 0.85 0.80

wood 0.15 0.11 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.07

Foam: Sonex 2'' 0.06 0.25 0.56 0.81 0.90 0.91

Foam: SDG 3'' 0.24 0.58 0.67 0.91 0.96 0.99

Foam: SDG 4'' 0.33 0.90 0.84 0.99 0.98 0.99

Foam: polyur. 1'' 0.13 0.22 0.68 1.00 0.92 0.97

Foam: polyur. 1/2'' 0.09 0.11 0.22 0.60 0.88 0.94

Plaster: smooth on tile/brick 0.013 0.015 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

Plaster: rough on lath 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.03Sheetrock 1/2'' 16" on center 0.29 0.10 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.09

Wood: 3/8" plywood panel 0.28 0.22 0.17 0.09 0.10 0.11

Miscellaneous Material 125 Hz250 Hz500 Hz1000 Hz2000 Hz4000 Hz

Water 0.008 0.008 0.013 0.015 0.020 0.025

People (adults) 0.25 0.35 0.42 0.46 0.5 0.5

Table of Absorption Co-efficient from http://www.sengpielaudio.com/calculat

Even dispersion

Sound is more pleasing if it is evenly dispersed, with no prominent echoes, nosignificant dead spots or live spots in the auditorium. This even dispersionis usually achieved by avoiding any focusing surfaces and avoiding large flatarea which reflect sound into the listing area. Sometimes it is desirable to addsome anti-focusing surfaces.


63/92

Building Science II

62

Room Acoustic

The quality of sound will based on how well the sound can be controlled, by

either enhance wanted or eliminate unwanted sound to achieve certain level

of satisfactory, depending on the usage of the enclosed space. Factors such

as room layout, placing of furniture, room context, noise source, sound

insulation, types of materials installed, etc., are all affecting the acoustic of a

room.

Sound Pressure Level, SPL

It is the logarithmic measure of the effective sound pressure of a sound,

relative to a reference value. It is measured in unit, decibels, dB, using the

formula:-

Where,

Total Sound Absorption of a room, A

The sum of the absorptions provide by each surface in the room. It is

measured in the unit, m sabins using the formula:-

Where,

Effective Absorption of Surface = Area of Surface, S x Absorption

Co-efficientof surface,

7 tips of architectural Acoustic


64/92

Building Science II

63

Watch out for sound reflections. Straight surfaces reflect sounds back into thecentral space making sound clarity muddy.

Select acoustical treatmentcarefully. Different materials absorb soundfrequencies differently. Make sure your acoustical treatment are absorbing the

right sound frequencies

Diminish echoeswhen necessary. Be aware that sound travelling within 30milliseconds of each other are perceives with echo. A sound travelling afterthe 30 milliseconds threshold becomes echoes of the original sound.Dont let other building systems get in the way. Noise controlis important tokeep in check as other building systems (like HVAC system) operate. Keepsuch clashing noises to a minimum.

Keep objects or other obstructionout of the way. Objects that obstruct thesound path can block high frequency sounds. (Low frequency sounds can

bend around the objects)

Get good pattern control. Make sure sound systems for a room get goodsound coverage. This will prevent feed back and other sound distortions.For out of the way listening areas get distributed sound systems. Such delay-fill speakers operate with an electronic delay so the sound matches and issynchronized.

The acoustic performance can be improved by using mechanical or thebuilding components itself such as wall, ceiling, floor, furniture etc. below aresome example of building components that could improve the acousticperformance of a building.

Curtain wallA curtain wall is define as thin, usually aluminium-frame wall containing in-fillsof glass, metal panels or thin stone. The framing is attached to the buildingstructure and does not carry the floor or roof loads of the building.The acoustic performance of curtain wall is primarily a function of the glazingmass and composition, and the quality of the internal seals to stop airleakage. Sound insulation of curtain walls can be improved by installing

attenuating infill and making constructions as airtight as possible.The parameters to control the acoustics performance of a glazed wall are:- glass thickness-air infiltration-type of glass(annealed, laminated, etc)- type of spacer-insulating glass fins-air space between glass lites- type of glass fill-edge effects-glass size


65/92

Building Science II

64

Acoustic PanelsAcoustic panels can be used in a variety of areas- stadiums- galleries- restaurant- cafes- lecture theatres- schools- kindergartens- cinemas-

Acoustic panels, super sound panels, super sound panel LF, super soundpanel IS are acoustical design specialise in acoustic panelling products whichallow users to reduce echoing or reverberation in their home, office orentertainment venue.

Features and benefits of acoustic panels

- Panel have 2400mm by 1200mm standardised sizing- Panels can also be customized to requirements- Range of finishes include fabrics, powercoat and timber- can be custom suited in size to suit buyers needs

- increased acoustic performance- improved acoustic absorption


66/92

Building Science II

65

- can be applied to walls, ceiling and a range of other surfaces- have an NRC rating of up to 1.0- High performance over a range of sound spectrums including low frequency


67/92

Building Science II

66

Furniture

Furniture can make a huge difference to the acoustic performance of a room.The usual rules apply of hard furnishing reflecting sound and soft furnishingsabsorbing sound apply. However, furniture containing acoustic foam will have

a far higher acoustic property than furniture without, meaning that acousticfurniture can solve acoustic problems in area where traditional acoustictreatments are not possible.

The restaurant by Koichi Takada Architects is a sample of a good acousticperformance in a building or area. The aim is to change the way we eat andchat in restaurants. The acoustic quality of restaurants contributes to thecomfort and enjoyment of a dining experience.They have experimented with noise levels in relation to the comfort of diningand the ambience a cave like environment can create. The timber profiles

generate a sound studio atmosphere, and a pleasant noise of diningconversation, offering a more intimate experience as well as a visuallyinteresting and complex surrounding.The series of acoustic curvatures were tested and developed with computermodelling and each timber grain profile has been translated and cut fromcomputer-generated 3-D data, using Computer Numerical Control (CNC)technology.Architects: Koichi Takada ArchitectsLocation: Maroubra, Sydney, AustraliaProject Team: Koichi Takada, Robert ChenConstruction: Bonar Interiors

Project Year: 2009Photographs: Sharrin Rees & KTA (under construction)


68/92

Building Science II

67


69/92

Building Science II

68

3.0 Case Study

3.1 Methodology (Method of taking measurement)

Figure 1: IdB device

The Sound meter is a hand-held device to measure the sound power level inany given area is measured in the unit of dB. The lux meter has two parts; thebody and the light sensor. The light sensor is covered with a white integratingsphere which diffused light that enters through its minute hole. The lightsensor is held at waist height in each of its reading.

Range : 30 dB 120 dB

Range Display Resolution : 1 dB

Linearity :+/- 1.5 dB

Weight : 150 grams

3.2.4 Noise Source


70/92

Building Science II

69

Illustration: Shop Lot, Road and Asia Caf

One of the unwanted noises is from the road in front of the shop. Due to the

traffic congestion at that area, it enhances the noise level from the road.

There are also three air conditioning outdoor units located at the side lane,

which mounted on the external wall. The air conditioning outdoor units also

produce unwanted noise, which affect the outdoor dining area of the site.

Asia Caf is operating at 24/7, attracted many people to that area. It is located

just opposite the Hong Kong Dessert Shop, and created the unwanted noises.


71/92

Building Science II

70

Illustration: Shop Layout Plan and Unwanted Noises

There are three unit of air conditioner, located evenly on the layout to cover

the whole area. As a result the air conditioners also produce the unwanted to

the area.

3.2.5 Speaker


72/92

Building Science II

71

Wall mounted speaker, LBG-5088, CCC approve.

There are 6 Ling Ba brand speakers installed at this shop. The type of modelis LBG-5088. These models are provided with flexible matching. This enables

changing over from 100 Volt adaptations to low voltage operation.

Model LBG-5088

Rated power 60W

Line voltage 100V

Sensitivity 88db

FREQ. RESP 90-20KHZ

Dimension 417*289*255mm

Material HIPS

Figure: All speakers installed at the ceiling level in the room


73/92

Building Science II

72

Illustration: Location of speaker

3.3 Data


74/92

Building Science II

73

3.3.1 Readings

11.00am sound off no operation low traffic


75/92

Building Science II

74

11.30am sound on - no operation low traffic


76/92

Building Science II

75

3.00pm medium operation - heavy traffic


77/92

Building Science II

76

4.0 Analysis and calculation

Sound TransmissionThe sound transmission that happened between the interior and exterior is directly throughthe opening entrance and glass panel which both Air borne sound transmission and structureborne sound transmission were created.

Illustration : sound transmission diagram

Sound AbsorptionSound absorption in the interior is relatively poor due to the material that is applied on thewall, ceiling and floor finishes.

Sound ReflectionThe sound reflection is high due to the material surface and finishes of the interior are all highreflectivity smooth solid elements. Secondly is because of the furniture are all solid materielsuch as timbers and plastics.

Noise

The noise source are mainly from the sound of people walking along the five foot way andsound of vehicles from the main road. Most of the noise can be categorize to be air borne dueto the wide opening at the entrance.


78/92

Building Science II

77

Illustration : Noise Contour Diagram

The highest noise level is the entrance area with highest reading of 82 decibel and this is theplace nearest to the noise sources. The second highest noise is the exterior sitting area withthe highest reading of 78 decibel due to the air conditioner compressor attached on the wallnext to the sitting area.


79/92

Building Science II

78

4.1 Interior

4.1.1 Noise

Basically, the HongKong Desrt Shop is located at the corner lots where right oppositethe asiacafe which is the most happening food court in SS15. Most of the noise sources are

created from there as well as the main road between the asiacafe and HongKong DesertShop. The noise sources are divided into,

1. ActivitiesPeoples activities along the five foot way and the asiacafe generate noise.

2. TrafficThe crowded traffic in front of the shop due to the asiacafe is one of noisesources.

3. Mechanical PlantsNoise source from mechanical plants basically created by the air conditioner andspeakers.

4.1.1 Total Noise level

Where,

Five Foot way Sound Power,

Air Conditioner Sound Power, Iac

Table top sound power, In


80/92

Building Science II

79

Total Noise Sound Power, I

I= + += ( ) + ( ) + ( )= 4.4389 x Total Noise Level

= 86.4727 db

4.1.2 Total Absorption of a Room

Illustration: interior Section and materials absorption co-efficient

Illustration : Section of interior and five foot way show the noise transmission.

The reading for the five foot way is an average of 85+ decibel during the peak hour wheremore people walking around and noise of traffic as well as the noise from mechanical plants.The reading at the entrance is around average 81db and getting lower inside. There is minorloss of sound wave transmission due to the sound wave travel through large glass panel

which is been absorbed, reflected and loss of energy through time.

Glass, large panelsSound absorption co-efficient0.04 at 500Hz

Floor tiles on concreteSound absorption co-efficient0.15 at 500Hz

Brick wall, paintedSound absorption co-efficient0.02 at 500Hz

Concrete ceiling, rough finishSound absorption co-efficient0.04 at 500Hz

Timber tableSound absorption co-efficient0.08 at 500Hz

85 db

81 db 78 db

Plastic chairSound absorption co-efficient0.12 at 500Hz


81/92

Building Science II

80

Materials Absorption Co-efficient,

Surface Area, S EffectiveAbsorption, S

Brick wall, painted 0.02 65.89 1.317

Glass, large panels 0.04 29.2 1.168

Timber table 0.08 24 1.92

Floor Tiles on Concrete 0.15 67 10.05

Concrete ceiling 0.04 67 2.68

Plastic chair 0.12 12.25 1.47

Human 0.42 (per person) 20 (average) 8.4

Total absorption, A = 1.977+1.168+1.92+10.05+2.68+1.47+8.4= 33.665

4.1.3 Reverberation Time

= 0.96s


82/92

Building Science II

81

4.1.4 Transmission Loss

Transmission loss is to calculate how much sound level is reduces when it passesthrough the glass panel from exterior to interior.

(

)

Where,

InteriorTotal glass panel surface area facing outside, with glass panel height, 2.5m = 29.2m(Glass panel SRI = 26db)

( )

Total wall surface area facing exterior, with wall height, 2.5m = 10m(Brickwall SRI = 42db)

( )

( )


83/92

Building Science II

82

4.1.5 Total Sound Level after transmission LossCalculate the sound level of noise that transmit through structure bond from outside to theinterior using the highest reading obtained from the exterior = 85db

Sound level after transmission loss,85db 41.825db = 43.1748db

According to the reading obtained, the sound level for interior is 81db, which is much higherthan 43.1748db that is calculated due to the big opening of the entrance which enable thesound transmit through directly as shown as diagram below.

Illustration : opening entrance allow noise to transmit into interior directly


84/92

Building Science II

83

4.2 Exterior (outdoor seating area)The noise source for outdoor seating area basically comes from the compressor

which attached to the wall of the next door building and the people walking beside the seatingarea.

Illustration : Section showing the noise source comes from air conditioner compressor and people walking

Illustration : photo shows the air conditioner compressor attached on next door building and people walking.


85/92

Building Science II

84

4.2.1 Noise

Air con compressor sound power, Ie

Human Conversation Sound Power, Ih

Total Noise Sound Power, I

Total Noise Level


86/92

Building Science II

85

4.2.2 Total Absorption

Illustration :section shows the material absorption co-efficient

Materials Absorption Co-

efficient,

Surface Area, S Effective

Absorption, S

Glass, large panels 0.04 24.25 0.97

Timber table & chair 0.08 12 0.96

Floor Tiles on Concrete 0.15 33 4.95

Plasterboard ceiling 0.04 29 1.16

Human 0.42 (per person) 20 (average) 8.4

Total Absorption, A = 0.97 + 0.96 + 4.95 + 1.16 + 8.4

= 16.44

Glass, large panelsSound absorption co-efficient0.04 at 500Hz

Floor tiles on concrete

Sound absorption co-efficient0.15 at 500Hz

Timber table & chair

Sound absorption co-efficient0.08 at 500Hz

Plasterboard ceilingSound absorption co-efficient0.04 at 500Hz


87/92

Building Science II

86

4.4 Element Affecting Space Acoustic

WallThe interior wall is built with material of brick wall with painting finishes and full height glasspanel between interior and exterior. Sounds from exterior are transmit into interior easily

CeilingThe interior ceilings are made of concrete with rough finishing. The concrete are high soundreflective but low sound absorption co-efficient. The outdoor seating area ceilings are made ofplasterboard. The plasterboard ceilings are high reflective but medium sound absorption co-efficient.

FloorThe interior floor finishes are tiles. Tiles have high sound reflective and medium soundabsorption. The floor finishes has cover 1/6 of the entire volume surfaces of the space andhas been one of the surface where most reflective sound wave happens.

Opening entranceThe entrance without doors are the major issue of noise transmitted from outside into interior.

FurnitureThe furniture inside the desert shop is timber and plastic which have medium sound reflectiveand medium sound absorption.


88/92

Building Science II

87

5.0 Issue and recommendation

5.1 InteriorAccording to the data collected during case study, the highest sound level inside thedesert shop was 83db. As the recommended noise criteria limit for restaurant type was40 45 and obviously the desert shop had exceeded its limit by twice the amount it

supposed to be. The major issue is the opening entrance which allow the noise transmitdirectly from outside into inside. The simple recommendation to solve the problem ispropose a glass door for the opening in order to filter the noise from outside as well asprovide sunlight to interior.

stration :proposed 2 new glass doors for the entrance


89/92

Building Science II

88

Estimated Transmission Loss with 2 new glass doors installed

Transmission loss is to calculate how much sound level is reduces when it passesthrough the glass panel from exterior to interior.

( )

Where,

Interior

Total glass panel surface area facing outside, with glass panel height, 2.5m = 29.2m

Total glass door surface area with height, 2.1m = 7.2m(Glass panel SRI = 26db)

( )

Total wall surface area facing exterior, with wall height, 2.5m = 10m(Brickwall SRI = 42db)

( )

(

)

Estimated Total Sound Level after transmission LossCalculate the sound level of noise that transmit through structure bond from outside to theinterior using the highest reading obtained from the exterior = 85db

Sound level after transmission loss,

85db = 42.4425dbThe estimated sound inside the desert shop with 2 new glass doors is around 42db which is

under the noise criteria limit of 40 45.


90/92

Building Science II

89

5.2 Exterior (outdoor seating area)The main noise sources for the outdoor seating area are from the air conditionercompressor and the people walking along the alley. To solve the problem, a partitionwall is recommended in order to segregate the seating area from outside.

stration :section shows the planter box between outdoor seating area and alley.

stration :plan shows the planter box between outdoor seating area and alley.


91/92

Building Science II

90

stration :rendered perspective shows the planter box between outdoor seating area and alley.

6.0 Conclusion

The majority material usage in the HongKong desert shop is all high sound reflectivevalue structure. It is very effective in reflecting the noise from the outside only if there is lessair-bond transmission is allowed. Thus, reduce the air-bond transmission with simple solutionby install the glass door on both opening entrance. As for the outside seating area, the noisefrom the mechanical and human activities can be filter by the planter box.


92/92

Building Science II

6.0 References

John Wiley & Sons (1992). Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings 9th

Edition.Anonymous (n.d.). Retrieved 18

thMay 2011 from

http://electronics.wups.lviv.ua/KREM_literatura/hyperphysics/hbase/sound/reflec.htmlCustom Audio Designs (2008). Retrieved 20 th May 2011 from

http://www.domesticsoundproofing.co.uk/soundproofing/soundbarriermat.htmThink Quest (n.d.). Retrieved 18

thMay 2011 from

http://library.thinkquest.org/19537/Physics6.htmlSound Smart (n.d.). Retrieved 20

thMay 2011 from http://www.soundsmart.ca/sound-

absorptiorn.aspx

Coaton, J.R & Marsden, A.M. (1997). Lamps and Lighting(4th

edition). Arnold : London.Pritchard, D.C. (1999). Lighting(6

thedition). Addison Wesley Longman : England.

Robert S, Guariento N, 2009, Building integrated photovoltaics:

a handbook, springer, Switzerland

Lehman M L, 2005, Design tips for best architectural acoustics, retrieved fromhttp://sensingarchitecture.com/649/7-design-tips-for-best-architectural-acoustics/ at 30september 2011

The Physics Classroom, nd, Behavior of Sound Waves, retrieved fromhttp://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/u11l3d.cfm at 29 september 2011

3D news, 2009, Acoustic sofa furniture design, retrieved fromhttp://3dnews.wordpress.com/2009/10/19/acoustic-sofa-furniture-design/at 30 september2011

Kick style, 2009, Stylish acoustic panels for sound optimization in the office, retrieved fromhttp://kickstyle.me/2009/01/stylish-acoustic-panels-office-sound-optimization/at 30 september2011

Treffinger S, 2009, prepared for take off, retrieved fromhttp://www.interiordesign.net/article/486150-Prepared_for_Takeoff.phpat 30 september 2011

Vigener N, 2010, building envelop design guide-curtain wall, retrieved fromhttp://wbdg.org/design/env_fenestration_cw.phpat 30 september 2011

Acoustical design, nd, Acoustic Panels from Acoustical Design, retrieved fromhttp://www.infolink.com.au/c/Acoustical-Design/Acoustic-Panels-From-Acoustical-Design-p14182at 30 september 2011

Saieh N 2010 Cave Restaurant / Koichi Takada Architects retrieved from
http://sensingarchitecture.com/649/7-design-tips-for-best-architectural-acoustics/http://sensingarchitecture.com/649/7-design-tips-for-best-architectural-acoustics/http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/u11l3d.cfm%20at%2029%20september%202011http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/u11l3d.cfm%20at%2029%20september%202011http://3dnews.wordpress.com/2009/10/19/acoustic-sofa-furniture-design/http://3dnews.wordpress.com/2009/10/19/acoustic-sofa-furniture-design/http://kickstyle.me/2009/01/stylish-acoustic-panels-office-sound-optimization/http://kickstyle.me/2009/01/stylish-acoustic-panels-office-sound-optimization/http://www.interiordesign.net/article/486150-Prepared_for_Takeoff.phphttp://www.interiordesign.net/article/486150-Prepared_for_Takeoff.phphttp://wbdg.org/design/env_fenestration_cw.phphttp://wbdg.org/design/env_fenestration_cw.phphttp://www.infolink.com.au/c/Acoustical-Design/Acoustic-Panels-From-Acoustical-Design-p14182http://www.infolink.com.au/c/Acoustical-Design/Acoustic-Panels-From-Acoustical-Design-p14182http://www.infolink.com.au/c/Acoustical-Design/Acoustic-Panels-From-Acoustical-Design-p14182http://www.infolink.com.au/c/Acoustical-Design/Acoustic-Panels-From-Acoustical-Design-p14182http://www.infolink.com.au/c/Acoustical-Design/Acoustic-Panels-From-Acoustical-Design-p14182http://wbdg.org/design/env_fenestration_cw.phphttp://www.interiordesign.net/article/486150-Prepared_for_Takeoff.phphttp://kickstyle.me/2009/01/stylish-acoustic-panels-office-sound-optimization/http://3dnews.wordpress.com/2009/10/19/acoustic-sofa-furniture-design/http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/u11l3d.cfm%20at%2029%20september%202011http://sensingarchitecture.com/649/7-design-tips-for-best-architectural-acoustics/

Documents

Science 2 Report