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SCIENCE 1206 – UNIT 2CHEMISTRY
UNIT OUTLINE● CHEMISTRY TERMINOLOGY
– GENERAL TERMS– PERIODIC TABLE
● BOHR DIAGRAMS
● ATOMS versus IONS
● NAMING COMPOUNDS
– IONIC, MOLECULAR, ACIDS● CHEMICAL REACTIONS
– BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS– 5 TYPES of REACTIONS
IMPORTANT TO KNOW . . .
● You will get a PERIODIC TABLE!!!
● It is your best friend for this unit!
● You will need it each and every day.
● Take care of it, cherish it, appreciate it!
CHEMISTRY TERMINOLOGY
● MATTER– DEFINITION:
● Anything that has mass and volume (takes up space).
– What is not matter?● Energy
– In chemistry, we often discuss microscopic matter, such as atoms, ions, elements, and compounds.
CHEMISTRY TERMINOLOGY
● MASS– The amount of matter an object contains,
measured in grams, g.
3 STATES OF MATTER
● SOLID– Definite volume and shape
● LIQUID– Definite volume, indefinite shape
● GAS– Indefinite volume, indefinite shape
3 STATES OF MATTER
● Chemistry Subscripts– (s) - solid
– (l) - liquid
– (g) - gas– (aq) – aqueous, dissolved in water
3 STATES OF MATTER
WHAT IS CHEMISTRY? ● DEFINITION:
– The study of the properties and chemical changes/reactions of matter.
● So, chemistry matters
● Examples of chemical reactions:
– Rusting– Burning/Combustion
TWO TYPES OF CHEMISTRY
● PURE CHEMISTRY– Theoretical work that involves DESCRIBING known
substances and DISCOVERING new compounds for research purposes.
● APPLIED CHEMISTRY– Practical work that involves searching for USES
for known substances.
PHYSICAL PROPERTY
● A QUALITY or CHARACTERISTIC of a substance that can be observed WITHOUT a chemical reaction.
● Examples of Physical Properties– State of matter– Hardness– Colour– Malleability– Ductility– Odor– Solubility– Brittleness– Conductivity– Melting Point and Boiling Point
PHYSICAL PROPERTY
Examples of Physical Properties● Odor● Solubility● Brittleness● Conductivity● Melting and Boiling Pointng Point
PHYSICAL CHANGE● A change in state of matter of a
substance.● Examples of Physical Changes:
– Melting/fusion – SOLID to LIQUID– Freezing – LIQUID to SOLID– Evaporation – LIQUID to GAS– Condensation – GAS to LIQUID– Sublimation – SOLID to GAS– Deposition – GAS to SOLID
● Ex: H2O(s) H2O(l)
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
● A BEHAVIOUR of a substance that can only be observed when a CHEMICAL CHANGE is taking place.
● Example:– Magnesium ribbon burning– 2 Mg(s) + O2(g) 2 MgO(s) + light energy
– The chemical property is that light is given off when magnesium is burned.
CHEMICAL CHANGE
● A change in which ONE OR MORE NEW SUBSTANCES is formed.
● Example:– Iron Rusting
4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Fe2O3(s)
INDICATORS OF A CHEMICAL CHANGE
● Basically, a chemical change has occurred if the change is DIFFICULT TO REVERSE.
● However, there are many good indicators of a chemical change.
● Observe the following pictures, and take a guess at what is happening to indicate a CHEMICAL CHANGE.
CHEMICAL CHANGE INDICATORS
● COLOUR CHANGE
CHEMICAL CHANGE INDICATORS
● BUBBLES OF GAS
CHEMICAL CHANGE INDICATORS
● SOLID (PRECIPITATE) FORMATION
CHEMICAL CHANGE INDICATORS
● HEAT/LIGHT GIVEN OFF
MATTER FLOW CHART
PURE SUBSTANCE● Made up of only ONE TYPE OF ATOM or
ATOM COMBINATION
● Stays the same in response to a physical change
PURE SUBSTANCE● Example:
– O2
– H2O
● TWO TYPES:– Element– Compound
TYPES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
● ELEMENT– A pure substance that CANNOT be broken down
into a simpler substance by a CHEMICAL CHANGE.
– It is made up of 1 TYPE OF ATOM.
– Element SYMBOLS are always written with the first letter UPPERCASE and the second letter LOWERCASE.
– Element NAMES are always written in LOWERCASE letters.
ELEMENT
– Examples:● Na - sodium● Li - lithium● Ar - argon● W – tungsten● K – potassium● C – carbon● Ag - silver
TYPES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
● COMPOUND– A pure substance that CAN be broken down into its
elements with a CHEMICAL CHANGE.
– It is made up of two or more different elements are chemically joined together in fixed proportions.
COMPOUND
– Examples:
● NaCl● C
12H
22O
11
● CH4
● H2O
MIXTURE
● Contains 2 or more pure substances● TWO TYPES:
● HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE– AKA SOLUTION– Have only one visible phase throughout
– Examples: ● air, apple juice, salt water
MIXTURE
● HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE– Contains 2 or more visible phases
throughout– Examples:
● Soil, soup, fruitcake
DIATOMIC MOLECULES● There are 7 elements that are diatomic, or found in
pairs, in their natural state.● These are:
– H2 (g) Also P
4 (s) and S
8 (s)
– O2 (g)
– F2 (g) Memory tool: P.S., HOFBrINCl
– Br2 (g)
– I2 (g)
– N2 (g)
– Cl2 (g)
● REACTANTS– Starting Materials in a chemical reaction
● PRODUCTS– New substances formed in a chemical
reaction● CHEMICAL REACTION
– Reactants go to form Products– Example:
– C(s) + O2(g) CO
2(g)
WHMIS
● Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System– Canada's hazard communication standard
● Requires that all containers of WHMIS controlled products must have:– A Label illustrating the effects of the product – Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Sheet
WHMIS Symbols
MSDS – MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET