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saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa
da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film
Georgian State University
saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa
Ziebani
#3 (56), 2013
ART SCIENCE STUDIES#3 (56), 2013
gamomcemloba `kentavri~
Tbilisi _ 2013
UDC(uak) 7(051.2)
s-364
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universiteti
saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #3 (56), 2013
saredaqcio sabWo
maia goSaZeandro enuqiZelia kalandariSvili
literaturuli
redaqtorebi
marika mamacaSvilimaka vasaZe
garekanis dizaini
levan dadiani
dakabadoneba
ekaterineoqropiriZe
gamomcemlobis
xelmZRvaneli
maka vasaZemaka vasaZe
krebulisaTvis mowodebuli
masala uzrunvelyofili unda
iyos Sesabamisi samecniero
aparatiT. Tan unda axldes
monacemebi avtoris samecniero
kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb qarTul
da inglisur enebze, agreTve
naSromis inglisurenovani
reziume.
krebulis stamburi gamocema
egzavneba sxvadasxva
saerTaSoriso kvleviT centrs.
naSromebi mogvawodeT da
cnobebisaTvis mogvmarTeT:
0102, Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblis
gamziri #40, saqarTvelos SoTa
rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universiteti,
II korpusi.
tel/faqsi: +995 (32) 2943728
mob: +995 (95) 305 060
+995 (77) 288 750
E-mail: [email protected]: www.tafu.edu.ge
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University
Art Science Studies #3 (56), 2013
Editorial GroupMAIA GOSHADZEANDRO ENUKIDZELIA KALANDARISHVILI
Literary EditorMARIKA MAMATSASHVILIMAKA VASADZE
Cover DesignLEVAN DADIANI
Book BindingEKATERINE OKROPIRIDZE
Head of Publishing HouseMAKA VASADZE
Materials supplied for the volume should be provided with corresponding scientifi c appliance. Paperwork concerning author’s academic qualifi cation and summary of work should be attached in Georgian and English languages.
Printed version of the volume is sent out to various international research centers.
Works should be supplied under the following contact:0102, Tbilisi, Davit Agmashenebeli Avenue #40Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State UniversitySecond Block
Tel/Fax: +995 (32) 2943728Mob: +995 (95) 305 060 +995 (55) 288 750E-mail: [email protected]: www.tafu.edu.ge
4
sarCevisarCevi
TeatrmcodneobaTeatrmcodneoba
Tamar bokuCavaTamar bokuCava
Tanamedrove saTeatro procesis zogierTi
tipologiuri da esTetikuri Taviseburebis
Sesaxeb 60-iani wlebidan dRemde ....................................11
Tamar quTaTelaZeTamar quTaTelaZe
giorgi wereTlis dramaturgia ......................................25
Tamar cagareliTamar cagareli
Seni sxeuli - samyaroa, Seni xma _
mTeli msoflios ena .....................................................................38
suliko (lamara) kirvaliZesuliko (lamara) kirvaliZe
qarTuli Teatri XIX saukunis
meore naxevris erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebel
moZraobaSi ...................................................................................................50
kinomcodneobakinomcodneoba
maia levaniZe maia levaniZe
sazogadoeba da pirovneba
miloS formanis filmSi `viRacam
gugulis budes gadaufrina~ ................................................63
lela oCiauri lela oCiauri
qarTuli kino gaRma napirze
gadasasvlelad ...................................................................................69
doqtorantTa doqtorantTa samecniero statiebisamecniero statiebi
maka vasaZemaka vasaZe
robert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana
nawili IV
`rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~ ...............................87
5
paata iakaSvilipaata iakaSvili
eTnikuri cenzura uxmo periodis
qarTul kinoSi ......................................................................................111
marika mamacaSvilimarika mamacaSvili
cvladi da ucvladi Rirebulebebi .........................123
laSa CxartiSvililaSa CxartiSvili
„liris“ geografia
„mefe liris“ scenuri interpretaciis ruka me-20 saukunis
meore naxevris evropul TeatrSi ...................................................138
nanuka xuskivaZenanuka xuskivaZe
msaxiobi _ pirovneba samsaxiobo
xelovnebaSi ............................................................................................145
6
CONTENTS
THEATRE STUDIES
Tamar BokuchavaON SOME TYPOLOGICAL AND AESTHETICAL PECULIARITIES OF COTEMPORARY THEATRICAL PROCESS FORM 1960-IES AND AFTER ......................................................161Tamar KutateladzeDRAMATURGY OF GIORGI TSERETELI ..................................163Tamar TsagareliYOUR BODY – IS A WORLD, YOUR VOICE IS A LANGUAGE OF WORLD ............................................................165Suliko (Lamara) KirvalidzeGEORGIAN THEATRE IN THE NATIONAL-LIBERATION MOVEMENT IN THE SECOND HALF OF XIX CENTURY(Historiography) ..............................................................................167
FILM STUDIES
Maia LevanidzeSOCIETY AND PERSONMilos Forman’s fi lm ‘One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest’ ..............................................................................170Lela OchiauriGEORGIAN CINEMATOGRAPHY READY TO MOVE ON THE OTHER BANK ............................................................171
UNIVERSITY’Ph.D PROGRAM
Maka VasadzeROBERT STURUA’S GEORGIAN SHAKESPEARIAN Part IV“What you will or Twelfth nights” .........................................175
7
Paata IakashviliTHREE LIVES ...............................................................................177 Marika MamatsashviliINVARIABLE AND VARIABLE VALUES ................................178Lasha ChkartishviliLEAR’S GEOGRAPHY“THE KING LEARS“ MAP OF SCENIC INTERPRATATION IN THE SECOND HALF OF 20S OF EUROPEAN THEATRE ...........................................179Nana KhuskivadzeACTER - THE PERSON IN THE ART OF ACTING ...................180
8
9
Teatrmcodneoba
10
11
Tamar bokuCavaTamar bokuCava
Tanamedrove saTeatro procesis Tanamedrove saTeatro procesis
zogierTi tipologiuri da esTetikuri zogierTi tipologiuri da esTetikuri
Taviseburebis Sesaxeb 60-iani wlebidan Taviseburebis Sesaxeb 60-iani wlebidan
dRemdedRemde1
`sadReisod, ara mxolod yoveli tradiciuli
erToblioba iqca babilonad, sadac erTmaneTs Seeria enebi
da gaqra saerTo rwmena, aramed dRes TiToeuli adamianic
aseTive babilonia, radgan misi arsebobis safuZvelSi
ukve aRar devs RirebulebaTa monoliTuri erToblioba~,
werda eJi grotovski werilSi `Teatri da rituali~,
romelic 1968 wels Tavisi mTavari speqtaklebis dadgmis
Semdeg gamoaqveyna.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom grotovskis werilis es citata
naTlad cxadyofs im realobas, romlis winaSec dadga
Tanamedrove Teatri da romlis wiaRSic unda moeZebna
mas Tavisi axali identoba. problema swored Teatris
ontologiuri statusis gadaxedvaSi, Teatris xelaxal
TviTdadgenaSi mdgomareobda. es TviTdadgena axali
kulturul-istoriuli realobis pirobebSi, masTan
mimarTebaSi unda ganxorcielebuliyo. es realoba
ki tradiciul RirebulebaTa da cnebaTa totaluri
gadafasebis process warmoadgenda. dasavleTis
filosofiurma da kritikulma azrovnebam gviani
modernisa da gansakuTrebiT postmodernis epoqaSi
dasavluri kulturis tradiciul msoflmxedvelobis
sabaziso debulebaTa gadasinjva ganaxorciela. maT
Soris gadaixeda adamianis anTropologiuri identobis
racionalisturi safuZvlebic, dairRva adamianis,
1 es naSromi avtorma saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da
kinos saxelmwifo universitetSi 2012 wels Catarebul konferenciaze
`XX saukunis saxelovnebo procesebi 1960-2000~ waikiTxa
12
rogorc mTlianobis xedva. gaCnda iseTi mimarTulebebi,
rogorebicaa scientizmi da transhumanizmi, romlebic
adamians ganixilaven rogorc tranzaciis procesSi myof
arss da ara rogorc Semdgar mTlianobas.
realobis, WeSmaritebis, enis adamianis, istoriis,
codnis, Tavad filosofiis cnebebi kritikis obieqti
gaxda. 1967 wels gamovida frangi filosofosisa da
kritokosis esse saxelwodebiT `avtoris sikvdili~.
bartis azriT mwerali teqstTan erTad ibadeba da
araviTari yofiereba ar gaaCnia arc manamde, arc mere.
faqtobrivad, mwerali mxolod erTgvari Camweria
(skriptoria), im informaciisa da mravlobiTi sazrisebisa,
romlebsac teqsti TavisTavad da upirovnod awarmoebs.
avtoris nivelirebis, misi `sikvdilis faqti~ dasavluri
logocentruli cnobierebis krizisis mauwyebelia.
`evropuli filosofiuri kosmogoniebisaTvis samyaros
formirebisa da Semdgomi ganviTarebis iseTi modelebia
damaxasiaTebeli, romlebic sawyisi subieqtis - kosmiuri
procesis momwyobis da iniciatoris fiqsirebasa da
gamoyofas gulisxmobs. amdenad, kosmogoniuri procesi
ganixileba rogorc mocemuli subieqtis mizandasaxuli
saqmianobis Sedegi da, Sesabamisad, sawyis mizansa da
gonivrul logikas eqvemdebareba”.1
avtoris sikvdili dasavluri cnobierebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli logocentrizmisa da sazrisis
mimniWebeli sawyisis princips auqmebs. teqsti adamianis
cnobierebis produqtad aRar ganixileba. am logikiT,
pirovneba, rogorc subieqturi mTlianoba, rogorc
kosmogoniuri procesis avtori da warmmarTveli,
TamaSgare mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. am garemoebam adamianis
anTropologiuri identobisa da mTlianobis problemac
wamoWra.
1 Можейко М.А. Смерть Автора, Новейший философский словарь, http://www.gumer.info/bogoslov_Buks/Philos/New_Dict/722.php
Tamar bokuCava
13
dasavleli adamianis identobis RerZis dekonstruqciam,
ra Tqma unda, Teatraluri xelovnebis Teoriuli
safuZvlebic Searyia da Teatri ontologiur krizisSi
Seiyvana. ra unda daupirispiros aseT viTarebas
Teatrma?
albaT, swored am kiTxvaze surda gaeca pasuxi
polonel reJisors eJi grotovskis, romelmac 1958 wels
ludovik fliaSenTan erTad qalaq opoleSi `13 rigis~
laboratoriuli Teatri daaarsa. grotovskis Ziebebi
e.w. Raribi Teatris mimarTulebiT warimarTa, romlis
centralur figurad swored adamiani, kerZod ki msaxiobi
iqca. rodesac werilSi ̀ Raribi Teatrisaken~ grotovski
Tavisi Teatraluri Ziebebis e. w. meTodologias aanalizebs,
is daaskvnis, rom misi qmedeba TeatrisaTvis araarsebiTis
uaryofisa da gamoricxvis principiT xorcieldeboda.
`Cven vcdilobT ganvTavisufldeT ekleqtizmisagan,
Teatris aRqmisagan, rogorc sxvadasxva xelovnebaTa
sinTezisa anu /veswrafviT/ imis zust gansazRvras, Tu ra
warmoadgens Teatris Taviseburebas, gansakuTrebulobas
da ar SeiZleba iyos dublirebuli sxva sanaxaobaTa
mier... Teatris arsad Cven msaxiobis sulieri da sasceno
teqnika migvaCnia~.1 Sesabamisad, grotovski gamoricxavs
misive gansazRvrebiT `mdidari Teatris~ ekleqtur
praqtikas, Teatris arss aSiSvlebs da msaxiobamde dahyavs.
Tumca is aqac gaurbis swavlebis, wvrTnis, xelobis raime
deklarirebul racionalur principebs da transis
teqnikebs SeimuSavebs, romlebic `msaxiobis yvela
sulieri da fizikuri Zalebis integraciasa da intimur-
instiqturidan `gasxivosnebisaken~2 aris mimarTuli.
grotovskis meTodi, rogorc TviTonve ambobs, miznad
isaxavs, rom msaxiobma `treiningisadmi winaaRmdegoba~
Sewyvitos, gaqres gansxvaveba Sida impulssa da
1 Гротовский Ежи, К Бедному Театру, Изд. «Артист. Режиссёр. Театр.», 2009.2 iqve;
Tanamedrove saTeatro procesis zogierTi tipologiuri
da esTetikuri Taviseburebis Sesaxeb 60-iani wlebidan dRemde
14
gamovlenil reaqcias Soris, esaa erTgvari ̀ via negativa anu ara CvevaTa dajameba, aramed winaaRmdegobaTa mocileba~.1
rac Seexeba Teatraluri gamomsaxvelobis kodur niSnebs,
grotovski aqac zedmetis mocilebis, mokveTis gziT midis.
mis mizans ar warmoadgens raime tipis cxovrebiseuli
realobis imitacia, adamianis tipiuri qmedebebisa da
reaqciebis asaxva. `Cven rols vagebT, rogorc niSanTa
sistemas, - wers igi, - romlebic imas aSiSvleben, rac
yoveldRiurobis niRabqveSaa damaluli. ai, isic, adamianis
qcevis dialeqtika~.2
grotovskis e.w. sistemaSi mniSvnelovani adgili
ukavia miTisa da umartivesi adamianuri viTarebebis Temas.
magram amas reJisori `raRac xelovnebis filosofiis~
meSveobiT ki ara, xelobis obieqturi kanonebis
meSveobiT aRwevs. `am TvalsazrisiT, wers grotovski,
sartrs daveTanxmebodi, imaSi rom `yovelgvari teqnika
metafizikisaken midis~. rac Seexeba teqsts, grotovskis
azriT, is warmodgenaSi Semodis ara gareSeE sazrisis
saxiT, aramed adamianis, aqtioris meSveobiT, intonaciiT,
bgeraTa SeTanxmebiTa da enis musikalobiT. miTis mimarT
reJisors specifikuri damokidebuleba aqvs, radgan
masSic is ukve mkvdradqceul formas xedvas, romelic
Tanamedrove adamianSi sruli moculobiT ar cocxldeba.
amitomac miTTan damokidebuleba grotovskis TeatrSi
miTTan konfrontaciis gziT xorcieldeba, radgan, misi
TqmiT, Tanamedrove adamians ukve aRar Seswevs Zala
`piradi simarTle universalur simarTlesTan gaaigivos~3.
maSin, rodesac Teatri ukve yalibdeboda, magram jer
kidev religiis wiaRSi arsebobda, is aTavisuflebda
sulier energias miTis sazeimo profanirebiT,
1 iqve;2 iqve;
3 Гротовский Ежи. К Бедному Театру, Изд. «Артист. Режиссёр. Театр.», 2009.
Tamar bokuCava
15
darRveviT. am energiis gamoTavisufleba Tanamedrove
epoqaSi kombinirebuli midgomiTaa SesaZlebeli, xdeba
miTis morgeba, masSi STagrZnoba da, amave dros, masTan
Signidan dapirispireba sakuTari piradi da istoriuli
gamocdilebis gamoyenebiT. `Tu udidesi TavdamblobiT
vaSiSvlebT sakuTar TavSi yvelaze faruls, idumals,
TiTqos mTlianad veZleviT da msxverplad gaviRebT
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi xelSeuxebels, cxovrebiseuli
niRabi imsxvreva.~1
`sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb warmodgenebTan am brZoliT,
Tavisi konkretulobiT, xelSesaxebobiT, cxovrebiseuli
niRbis moglejis mcdelobiT, TiTqmis fiziologiurobiT,
CemTvis Teatri TiTqmis yovelTvis asocirdeboda
provokaciasTan, sakuTari Tavis gamowvevasTan, am gziT
mayureblis gamowvevasTanac... aRqmis, xedvisa da gansjis
stereotipebis rRvevasTan, miT ufro ZlierTan da
sastikTan, radgan is adamianis organizmSi aisaxeba,
sunTqvaSi, sxeulSi, Sinagan impulsebSi; es tabus
darRvevis, transgresiis2 problemaa, rac saSualebas
gvaZlevs niRbis moglejiT gancdili Sokis meSveobiT
da sruli gaSiSvlebiT, gaxsniT, ganZarcviT – miveceT
raRacas, risi gansazRvrac TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, magram
imas, rac erossa da karitass3 moicavs~.4
miTTan konfrontaciis, miTis ganzrax profanaciis
grotovskiseul meTods kritikosebi sxvadasxva saxels
uwodebdnen _ `fesvebTan dajaxebas~, `dacinvisa da
gaRmerTebis dialeqtikas~, `RvTisgmobiT gamoxatul
religias da siZulviliT gadmocemul siyvaruls~. Cemi
azriT, grotovskis mizanswrafvas swored adamianis
1 iqve;2 transgresia _ subieqtis mier sazRvrebis gadalaxva, sazRvrebs
miRma gasvla; 3 caritas (lat.) - mowyaleba, samsxverplo siyvaruli;4 Гротовский Ежи. К Бедному Театру, Изд. «Артист. Режиссёр. Театр.», 2009.
Tanamedrove saTeatro procesis zogierTi tipologiuri
da esTetikuri Taviseburebis Sesaxeb 60-iani wlebidan dRemde
16
identobis legitimacia da yalbi danaSrevebisagan
ganTavisufleba warmoadgens. mas surs sicocxlis
ertianobis gancda daubrunos adamians da ideologiur
teqstTa tvirTqveS gaqrobisagan ixsnas.
`Teatrsa da ritualSi~ grotovski logikurad
agrZelebs da aviTarebs Tavis meTodologiasa da
Teatraluri xelovnebis miznebis miseul xedvas
ayalibebs. `Raribi Teatrisagan~ gansxvavebiT, mas aq
totaluri adamianis cneba Semoaqvs. faqtobrivad,
totaluri adamiani, ori figuris gaerTianebis Sedegia
– esaa koleqtiuri (gvarobrivi) da pirovnuli doneebis
gaerTianeba, ris Sedegadac miiReba mesame mTlianoba,
totaluri adamiani. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom grotovskis
dialeqtika winaaRmdegobaTa erTianobis miRwevas, balansis
aRdgenasa da umaRles sinTezs eswrafvis.
amasTan, grotovskis Teatri naTeli magaliTia imisa,
Tu rogor poulobs evropuli Teatri Tavisi sicocxlis
sawyisebs sxeulebrivis, mdablis, ̀ qvedas~ tradiciaSi, ris
Sesaxebac werda baxtini wignSi `fransua rable da Suas
saukuneebis xalxuri kultura~. qvemodan, sxeulebrividan,
fizikuridan cdilobs is adamianis anTropologiuri
mTlianobis ganxorcielebas. fizikuridan sulieris,
metafizikuris miRwevas. es procesi gare samyaroze
mimarTuli `fausturi~ zemoqmedebidan sakuTar Tavze
gadmorTviT, sakuTar Tavze produqtiuli ZaladobiT -
`sisastikis~ gziT xorcieldeba.
grotovskisTvis Teatri SeuZlebeli mTlianobis
miRwevis, aq da amwuTas yofierebaSi anTropologiuri
identobis problemis gadaWris SesaZleblobaa. Tu
misi Semoqmedebis pirvel etapebze is mayurebelTan
urTierTobis sakiTxsac did yuradRebas uTmobs, e.w.
paraTeatraluri periodSi Teatraluri sanaxaobis,
mayurebeli-msaxiobis dispoziciidan gadis da sxvadasxva
raodenobis adamianTa monawileobiT warmarTavs ukve
Tamar bokuCava
17
ritualad qceul praqtikas. ramdenadac cnobilia, swored
grotovskis Teatralurma praqtikam Cauyara safuZveli
Tanamedrove Teatraluri kulturis iseT fenomens,
romelsac saTeatro anTropologia ewodeba.
saTeatro anTropologia, rogorc damoukidebeli
swavleba 1980 wels euJenio barbam daafuZna. am swavlebis
TeoretikosTa Soris arian agreTve nikola savanareze,
riCard Sexneri da sxvebi. anTropologiuri skola
Teatris biologiur doneebs swavlobs, erTgvar ̀ teqnikaTa
teqnikebs~, romlebic yvela gansxvavebuli saTeatro
skolisa Tu teqnikebis saerTo safuZvlebs warmoadgens.
am SemTxvevaSic, muSaobis samizne aris ara mxatvruli
saxe, aramed msaxiobis zogadanTropologiuri `biosi~,
arayoveldRiuri `sxeulebrioba~. anTropologiuri
varjiSebis mizans e.w. sawyismieri gamomsaxvelobebis,
`pre-eqspresiuli~ mdgomareobebisa da daZabulobebis
miRweva warmoadgens. saxis, sxeulis, xelebis, moZraobis,
xmis elementuri Semadgenlebis, sivrceSi arsebobis
sawyisismieri principebi da sxv. barba am msaxiobebs
performerebs uwodebs aqtiorisagan gansxvavebiT, radgan
maTi moqmedebis veqtori sxeulis biologiuri sawyisebis
testirebaa Teatralur sivrceSi. aqtiori ki is subieqtia,
romelic mxatvruli saxis konstruirebaze muSaobs.
performersa da msaxiobs eJi grotovskic ganasxvavebda:
`performeri, - Tvlida is, - moqmedebis adamiania. es
is ar aris, vinc sxvis rols TamaSobs, is mocekvavea,
qurumi, meomari: is adamiania, romelic xelovnebis
kategoriaze maRla dgas. rituali – es aris performansi,
dasrulebuli moqmedeba, aqti. gadagvarebuli rituali –
es speqtaklia. me ar vapireb raime aRmoCenaTa gakeTebas,
me ubralod daviwyebul raRaceebs vixseneb. iseT Zvel
rameebs, rom esTetikuri kategoriebis mravalferovneba
maTdami gamousadegaria. me speqtaklis maswavlebeli
var. me performers vzrdi... es iniciacia da codnis
Tanamedrove saTeatro procesis zogierTi tipologiuri
da esTetikuri Taviseburebis Sesaxeb 60-iani wlebidan dRemde
18
motacebaa. performeri - es cxovrebis wesia. SeiZleba
mas codnis adamiani vuwodoT.. codnis adamiani flobs
qmedebas da ara ideebsa da Teoriebs... codna qmedebis,
keTebis tolfasia.
performers SeuZlia Tavisi sxeulis sicocxlis
gaxmovaneba (sicocxle, romelic erTiani nakadiT
moedineba, artikulirebuli unda iyos. ritualis mowmis
sicocxle ufro daZabuli xdeba. performeri xidebis
mSenebelia.
performerisTvis warmodgena – es aris gza... gza
sxeuli-da-arsidan sxeuli-arsisaken.
Sida adamiansa da gare adamians Soris iseTive
gansxvavebaa, rogorc casa da miwas Soris.~
es aris nawyvetebi 1987 wels prizSi gamomcemloba
`art-presis” mier gamoqveynebuli grotovskis gamosvlis
teqstisa, sadac grotovski idealuri moswavlis
– performeris Sesaxeb saubrobs. amave gamosvlaSi
grotovski Tavis Tavs maswavlebels uwodebs, xolo
sxeuli-arsis miRwevis sademonstraciod moxucebuli
gurjievis parizSi gadaRebul fotos ixsenebs. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom grotovski am gamosvlaSi Tavisi Teoria
erTgvar logikur dasasrulamde mihyavs.
anTropologiuri mimarTuleba XX saukunis meore
naxevris Teatris erT-erT nairsaxeobas warmoadgens.
grotovskis swavlebis SemTxvevaSi, is scdeba Teatris,
rogorc mxolod xelovnebis farglebs da egzistenciis
ganxorcielebis, anTropologiuri sisrulis miRwevis,
sxeuli-arsis ganxorcielebis gzebze saubrobs. masTan
Teatri es aris codna, romelic sxeuliT miiRweva. sxeuli,
gorotovskisTan, cnobierebis qimerebisagan gansxvavebiT,
adamianis erTaderTi sakuTrebaa, mxolod sxeulisa da
warmodgenis realobis gziT SeiZleba gaikvalo gza
metafizikisaken, sxeuli-arsisaken da Sida adamianisaken.
meoce saukunis 60-ian 70-ian wlebis evropuli
Tamar bokuCava
19
Teatris kidev erTi tipologiuri Taviseburebaa
multikulturli proeqtebis xvedriTi wilis zrda.
es globalizaciis moTxovnebze Teatris pasuxis
erTgvari demonstraciaa, Tumca es proeqtebic adamianis
zogadanTropologiuri Zirebis mignebis surviliTaa
nakarnaxevi. am mxriv, niSandobliv eqsperiments warmoadgens
piter brukis mier qalaq persepolisSi aTarqserqses
akldamasTan ganxorcielebuli proeqti `orgasti~,
romelic reJisorma ted hiuzTan erTad moamzada. am
proeqtisaTvis specialurad, Seiqmna axali ena, romlis
leqsikoni 2000 sityvisagan Sedgeboda da TiToeuls
mniSvneloba hqonda miniWebuli. es ena universalur
fuZiseul enad iyo miCneuli. meTodologiurad,
`orgastis~ enis Seqmnis e. w. meTodologia grotovskis
Ziebebs gvagonebs. 1971 wlis Taimsis literaturul
damatebaSi1 ted hiuzi ambobda: `warmoidgineT musika,
romelic miwaSia damarxuli ramdenime aTasi welia...
fuZiseuli, ara is srulyofilad struqturirebuli
raime, rasac Cven vicnobT rogorc musikas, swored egaa
risi amoTxrac Cven gvsurs, enisa, romelic im qvemo
dones ekuTvnis, romelzedac gansxvavebebi Cndeba~...
hiuzis interviu gvaCvenebs, rom iseve rogorc
grotovski, bruki da misi Tanamoazreebic fuZiseuli
anTropologiuri bazisis monaxvas, eswrafvian. Tuki
grotovski mdidari Teatris winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs,
bruki mkvdar Teatrs amxels. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tavis
eqsperimentul ZiebebSi bruki, iseve rogorc grotovski,
Teatris meSveobiT globaluri adamianis anTropologiuri
identobis aRmoCenas eswrafvis.
evropocentrizmis kritikis Taviseburi gamovlineba
iyo ariane mnuSkines mier 1985 da 1987 wlebSi da dadgmuli
speqtaklebi - `sazareli magram dausrulebeli istoria
norodom sihanoukisa, kambojis mefisa~ da `indiada anu
1 Hughes Ted. The Times literary supplement, 1 October, 1971.
Tanamedrove saTeatro procesis zogierTi tipologiuri
da esTetikuri Taviseburebis Sesaxeb 60-iani wlebidan dRemde
20
maTi sizmrebis indoeTi~. `sinahukSi~ mnuSkine ganzrax
cvlida aziuri samyaros aRqmis tradiciul stereotipebs
da moqmedebaSi CarTul evropul xasiaTebs sasacilod da
egzotikurad warmoadgenda.
evropul kulturaSi mimdinare movlenebze Teatris
reaqciis meore gamoxatulebad e.w. mxatvris Teatris
formireba SeiZleba miviCnioT. gansxvavebiT grotovskis
Teatrisagan, romelmac maqsimalurad ganZarcva
scena da centraluri adgili saTeatro procesis
erTaderT aqtiors – performers mianiWa, kantori
adamianis portrets `umdablesi sagnobrivis realobis~,
`kombinirebuli obieqtebis~, adamianis gamanekenebis da
usulo sagnebze personaJuli funqciebis gadanawilebis
meSveobiT qmnis. is igonebs kombinirebul formebs,
qmnis sagnisa da msaxiobis simbiozs, msaxiobis sxeuls
ganixilavs rogorc erTgvar bio-elements, romelic
SeiZleba kombinirebul iqnes nebismier saganTan Tu
nivTTan – fuTasTan, abazanasTan, kovzTan, karTan, magidasTan,
TojinasTan da sxv. msaxiobi, faqtobrivad, TiTqmis
rekvizitis doneze dadis, ar xdeba misi fsiqologiuri
mxaris gamovlena, individualur SefasebaTa rigis
demonstracia. kantoris SemoqmedebaSi xdeba sulisa
da sxeulis maqsimaluri distancireba, sasceno qmedebis
subieqturobisagan, cocxali sulisagan dacla, sxeulisa
da sulis gaTiSva. Tu grotovski sxeulis meSveobiT
cdilobs erTianobas miaRwios, kantoris TeatrSi
piriqiT xdeba, is TiTqos imis demonstracias axdens,
rom sulma miatova sxeuli, Tu ganvazogadebT, sulma
datova Tanamedroveoba da is formaTa ironiul TamaSad
aqcia. kantoris Semoqmedebis gansakuTrebiT saintereso
etaps warmoadgens misi `sikvdilis Teatris~ cikli.
ciklis pirvel speqtaklSi `mkvdari klasi~ scenaze
kantoris bavSvobis suraTebi Caivlis, klasis TiToeul
moswavles manekeni-oreuli hyavs. movlenebi scenaze
Tamar bokuCava
21
sizmareuli xilvasaviT viTardeba, maT msvlelobas
ki reJisori scenidanve adevnebs Tvalyurs udidesi
TanalmobiTa da tkiviliT ganmsWvaluli. speqtaklis
dasasruls uzarmazari damlagebeli – sikvdilis
simboluri gansaxiereba - klass alagebs, finalSi ki
mravalxmiani litania JRers – moswavleTa mier sakuTari
Tavis datirebis rituali. kantoris cikli dasrulda
speqtakliT `dRes Cemi dabadebis dRea~, romlis
repeticiaze reJisiori gardaicvala. sikvdilis Teatris
cikli erTgvari reqviemia, romelic tadeuS kantorma
evropul kulturasa da misi iluziebis msxvrevas didi
tkiviliT miuZRvna, Tavad misi gardacvaleba ki bolo
dadgmis saxelwodebasTan mimarTebaSi, erTgvar ironiul
da, amave dros, romantikul simbolod iqca.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom miuxedavad grotovskisa da
kantors Soris arsebuli gansxvavebisa, orive humanistad
da metafizikosad darCa, radgan maTi mizani sxvadasxva
saxiTa da sxvadasxva kuTxiT adamianis arsebobis
reabilitacias warmoadgenda. grotovskim sxeulis
gavliT miaRwia totaluri adamianis metafizikur
mTlianobas, Tundac myisiers, xolo kantorma scenaze
Tavisi fizikuri TandaswrebiTa da TanalmobiT sulieri
refleqsiis materializacia moaxdina. amdenad, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom isini jer kidev metafizikosebi arian, radgan
`yovelgvari humanizmi metafizikuria~.1
postdramatul TeatrSi, romelsac am terminisa da
amave saxelwodebis wignis (1999) avtori hans Tie lemani
tadeuS kantorsac miakuTvnebs, vfiqrob, viTareba, ZiriTadSi
icvleba. rogorc Cans, aq saqme ukve e.w. arahumanistur an
posthumanistur anTropologiasaTan SeiZleba gvqondes,
romelic uaryofs adamianis ucvlel metafizikur pirvel
saxes, ̀ sadac adamiani ukve aRar warmoadgens izolirebul
da samyaros Seudarebel gansakuTrebul elements, raRac
1 Хайдеггер М. Время и бытие. М.: Республика, 1993. С. 197.
Tanamedrove saTeatro procesis zogierTi tipologiuri
da esTetikuri Taviseburebis Sesaxeb 60-iani wlebidan dRemde
22
araCveulebrivi adamianuri arsiT dajildovebuls. is
garemoSia integrirebuli da im sistemis elements
warmoadgens, romlis nawilic aris Tavis garemosTan
erTad.~1 posthumanizmSi adamianis faqtoris gavrceleba
xdeba rogorc biologiur, ise teqnologiur sivrceebze.
adamiani erTgvar Ria, cvalebad, integralur sistemad
ganixileba. postdramatuli Teatris formebic adamianis
Sesaxeb anTropologiuri warmodgenebis Sesabamisad
yalibdeba. performanss, hefenings aRara aqvs pirobiTi
TeatrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ierarqiuli struqtura,
Sekruli narativi, droisa da sivrcis monaduri koncepcia,
rac adamianis Sesaxeb monadur, metafizikur warmodgenas
Seesabameba. aRar moqmedebs mTlianobis kanonebi,
romlebic evropuli azrs antikurobidan gasdevs. es
formebi procesualur, spontanur, iniciator-monawileTa
mier provocirebul, magram bolomde arakontrolirebad
xasiaTs atareben, axasiaTebT moqmedebis simultanuroba
da spontanurobis iluzia, aRqmisa da komunikaciis
Secvlili formebi, improvizaciuli xasiaTi, Tumca ar
aRZraven mizanmimarTul refleqsias da ar eqvemdebarebian
logikur interpretacias.
aris Tu ara postdramatuli Teatri saqarTveloSi? am
kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema erTmniSvnelovnad Znelia. robert
sturuas speqtaklebi `iakobis saxareba~ da `stiqsi~
dramaturgiuli pirvelwyaros gareSe Seiqmna, Tumca, maT
kompoziciasa da struqturaSi mainc arsebobs rogorc
moqmedebis ganviTarebis logikuri dramaturgiuli
principebi, ise `metafizikuri humanizmi~.
1 Ямпольский Михаил. Дегуманизация образа, Новое Литературное Обозрение, №109, 3. 2011.
Tamar bokuCava
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gamoyenebuli literatura:gamoyenebuli literatura:
Кобина Юлия Антропологизация духовных ценностей в 1. современной культуре Евгеньевна. Дис. канд. филос. наук: 09.00.13: Ставрополь, 2004 156 c. РГБ ОД, 61:04-9/391;http://www.dslib.net/religio-vedenie/kobina.htmlИванов В. От Ретеатрализации Театра к Театральной 2. Антропологии, «Антропологический подход в изучении драматургии» Российско-французская конференция. h t t p : / / w w w. n rg u m i s . r u / a r t i c l e s / a r c h i v e s / f u l l _ a r t .php?aid=100&binn_rubrik_pl_articles=298
Tanamedrove saTeatro procesis zogierTi tipologiuri
da esTetikuri Taviseburebis Sesaxeb 60-iani wlebidan dRemde
24
25
Tamar quTaTelaZeTamar quTaTelaZe
giorgi wereTlis dramaturgiagiorgi wereTlis dramaturgia
naSromSi gaanalizebulia XIX saukunis II naxevris
cnobili mwerlis, publicistisa da sazogado moRvawis,
n. avaliSvilis ,,scenismoyvareTa mudmivi dasis~ (1867)
wevris, giorgi wereTlis dRemde daubeWdavi dramebi:
,,ojaxis asuli~ da ,,daria~. agreTve piesa: `jibri~.
giorgi wereTlis dramaturgias laitmotivad gasdevs
brZola batonymuri Cagvrisa da qalTa uuflebobis
winaaRmdeg, qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworuflebianobis
idea. piesebi gamoirCeva publicisturi simwvaviT da
maTSi sustad, magram mainc ikveTeba ,,axali dramis~
sawyisi konturebi. originaluri dramaturgiis simwiriT
gamorCeuli qarTuli TeatrisaTvis giorgi wereTlis
dramaturgia saintereso SenaZens warmoadgenda.
giorgi wereTeli (fsevdonimi ,,Tergdaleuli~)
daibada 1842 wlis 14 maiss, zemo imereTis sofel
gorisaSi, aznaur eqvTime wereTlis ojaxSi. igi XIX
saukunis meore naxevris erT-erTi originaluri komediis
,,qorwineba imereTis Tavadisa~ avtoris _ oqropir
wereTlis Zmiswuli iyo. dediT adre daoblebuli giorgis
aRzrda ZiZam da mzrunvelma mamam ikisres. mSobliur
ojaxSi pirveldawyebiTi ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg, 1851
wels g. wereTelma swavla ganagrZo quTaisis gimnaziaSi,
sadac im xanebSi swavlobdnen _ akaki wereTeli, niko
nikolaZe, kirile lorTqifaniZe, nikoloz da besarion
RoRoberiZeebi. quTaisis gimnaziaSi swavlis mkacri
reJimi da iq gatarebuli wlebi aisaxa g. wereTlis
avtobiografiul moTxrobaSi ,,Cveni cxovrebis yvavili~
(daibeWda Jurnal ,,krebulSi~, 1872-1873).
giorgi wereTelma warmatebiT daamTavra quTaisis
gimnazia (1860), swavla peterburgis universitetis
26
sabunebismetyvelo fakultetze ganagrZo. is i. WavWavaZis
irgvliv Tavmoyril qarTvel studentTa garemocvaSi
aRmoCnda. peterburgSi rusul da evropul revoluciur-
demokratiul da utopiur moZRvrebebs gaecno, romlebmac
gansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSes misi radikalur-
demokratiuli msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze. g.
wereTeli dakavSirebuli iyo n. CerniSevskis Tanamoazre
rus, polonel da qarTvel studentebTan. 1861 wlis
Semodgomaze revoluciurad ganwyobilma studentebma
ruseTis TviTmpyrobeluri politikis sawinaaRmdego
farTomasStabiani saprotesto demonstracia moawyves,
masSi monawileobdaGg. wereTelic. amis gamo sxva
studentebTan erTad daapatimres da sasjels jer petre-
pavles cixeSi, Semdeg ki kronStadtis satusaRoSi
ixdida.
1863 wels, g. wereTeli samSobloSi dabrunda. muSaoba
daiwyo qarTuli enis pedagogad jer quTaisSi, Semdeg
Tbilisis n. jabadaris kerZo pansionSi, mogvianebiT
ki realur saswavlebelSi. igi iRvwoda skolebSi
mSobliuri enis swavlebis dasamkvidreblad da Tbilisis
universitetis dasaarseblad.
giorgi wereTlis warmatebuli literaturuli
debiuti Sedga i. WavWavaZis ,,saqarTvelos moambis~
1863 wlis # 5-Si gamoqveynebuli publicistur-
kritikuli statiiT ,,ciskars ra akakanebda?~. am
werilSi avtori gabedulad TanaugrZnobda axali Taobis
demokratiul ideebs da ibrZoda Jurnal ,,ciskris~
konservatiuli tendenciebis winaaRmdeg.Gg. wereTlis
saxels ukavSirdeba qarTuli da ucxouri mwerlobis
klasikosTa popularizacia, Jurnalistikisa da
literaturaTmcodneobis ganviTareba, rac miznad isaxavda
sazogadoebaSi ganaTlebis donis amaRlebas, Tvalsawieris
gafarToebas, TviTSegnebis amaRlebasa da erovnuli
siamayis gaRvivebas. swored g. wereTlis redaqtorobiT
Tamar quTaTelaZe
27
gamoica SoTa rusTavelis ,,vefxistyaosani~ (1867–1868),
g. erisTavis ,,Txzulebebis~ ortomeuli, d. guramiSvilis
,,daviTiani~ (p. umikaSvilTan erTad, 1870). manve daafuZna
gazeTi ,,droeba~ (1866), ,,sasoflo gazeTi~ (1869),
Jurnali ,,krebuli~ (1871), sadac ibeWdeboda qarTvel
da ucxoel klasikosTa nawarmoebebi, qarTuli xalxuri
sityvierebis nimuSebi, istoriuli, literaturuli,
eTnografiuli, publicisturi statiebi, feletonebi da
werilebi. ,,krebulSi~ agreTve gamoqveynda Targmanebi: i.
WavWavaZisa da i. maCablis _ Seqspiris ,,mefe liri~, a.
wereTlis _ molieris ,,skapenis oinebi~, g. wereTlis
- goeTes ,,egmonti~.
1873 wels, g. wereTeli evropaSi gaemgzavra da
,,krebulis~ gamocema gadaabara k. lorTqifaniZes.
1874 wels, Gg. wereTlis TaosnobiTa da monawileobiT,
SveicariaSi Catarda amierkavkasiisa da daRestnis
xalxTa kongresi, sadac wamoyenebul iqna amierkavkasiis
federaciuli respublikis Seqmnis idea. sazRvargareT
yofnisas, g. wereTeli daqorwinda niko nikolaZis daze –
olimpiada iakobis asulze, romelic im dros SveicariaSi
swavlobda. 1891 wels, g. wereTeli samSobloSi
dabrunda da olimpiada nikolaZis gardacvalebis Semdeg
daqorwinda mixeil TumaniSvilis qaliSvilze _ anastasia
TumaniSvilze, Jurnal ,,jejilis~ damfuZnebelsa da
redaqtorze.
1893 wels g. wereTlis redaqtorobiT dafuZnda
Jurnali ,,kvali~, sadac TanamSroblobdnen: a. wereTeli,
vaJa-fSavela, i. gogebaSvili, s. mgalobliSvili, n.
lomouri, e. ninoSvili. ,,kvalsa~ da ,,iverias~ Soris
warmoqmnili polemikisas 1898 wels ki, Jurnali ,,mesame
dass~ gadasca. g. wereTeli gardaicvala 1900 wlis 12
ianvars, dakrZalulia didubis panTeonSi.
giorgi wereTeli kritikuli realizmis
warmomadgenelia. ,,XIX saukunis qarTuli literaturis
giorgi wereTlis dramaturgia
28
erT-erT SedevrSi ,,mgzavris wignebi~, anu ,,kikoliki,
Cikoliki da kudabzika~ (1866-1870),1 asaxa batonymobis
gauqmebis winaperiodis socialur-politikuri
viTareba. avtorma amxila batonymuri urTierTobis
Sedegad adamianis fizikuri da sulieri gadagvareba,
moxeleTa korufciuli saqmianoba, karierizmiT
ganmsWvaluli, mxolod pirad keTildReobaze mzrunveli
fsevdointeligencia, Tavadaznaurobis dakninebuli
mdgomareoba. al. xaxanaSvili werda: ,,mgzavris wignebi~,
anu ,,kikoliki, Cikoliki da kudabzika~, mZafri satiraa
Tanamedroveobaze... satiruli maTraxi, romelic man
gaiRo qarTuli sazogadoebis naklovanebaTa gasakicxad,
Cveulebrivi saSualeba ar iyo im drois Cvens
mwerlobaSi~.2
saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis miwuruls ganviTarebuli
movlenebi STambeWdavad aisaxa agreTve g. wereTlis
romanSi ,,pirveli nabiji~. igi ,,pirveli romania qarTul
literaturaSi, sadac moqmedeba imier-amierSia gaSlili~.3
(daibeWda quTaisSi gamocemul literaturul krebulSi
,,cda~, 1889-1891). ,,pirvel nabijSi~ avtori xatavs
saqarTveloSi kapitalizmis damkvidrebis logikur
Sedegebs, burJuaziasa da Tavadaznaurobas Soris
warmoqmnil konfliqts. romani asaxavs TavadaznaurTa
gaRatakebis, dacemisa da zneobrivi gadagvarebis suraTs.
igi uCvenebs swavlaze gulacruebuli axali Taobis
TavadiSvilTa yofas, mejlisebiTa da banqoTi maT
gatacebasa da kriminalizacias. avtori amxels ruseTis
biurokratiuli aparatis korufciul, danaSaulebriv
qmedebebs, marTlmsajulebis sisastikes, mfarvelisa da
dausjelobis sindromis Camoyalibebas.
qarTvel 60-ianelTa msgavsad, g. wereTelic did
1 axali qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. II, Tb., 2010, gv. 161;2 xaxanaSvili, al. ,,qarTuli sityvierebis istoria~, 1918, gv. 226;
3 axali qarTuli literaturis das. wig. gv. 167.
Tamar quTaTelaZe
29
mniSvnelobas aniWebda Teatrs eris sulieri aRzrdis
saqmeSi da sinamdvilis ,,Seuferavad~ gadmocema miaCnda
mwerlobis miznad. igi eswrafvoda, Tavadac aqtiuri
monawileoba mieRo qarTuli Teatris aRdgenasa da mis
efeqtur funqcionirebaSi. g. wereTeli iyo n. avaliSvilis
xelmZRvanelobiT formirebuli qarTuli Teatris
ganaxlebisaTvis mebrZoli ,,scenismoyvareTa mudmivi
dasis~ (1867) wevri da monawileobda g. jafariZisa
da n. beklemiSevis ,,maikosa~ da g. erisTavis ,,Zunwis~
dadgmebSi. g. wereTels garkveuli Rvawli miuZRvis
qarTuli Teatris repertuaris gamdidrebaSic. man
Targmna goeTes ,,egmonti~ da Sileris ,,vilhelm teli~
(romlis erTi nawilic daibeWda 1868 wlis ,,droebaSi~).
manve Seqmna sami originaluri, Tanamedroveobis
umZafresi problemebis amsaxveli dramaturgiis nimuSi:
,,jibri~ (dawerilia 1870, daibeWda 1870 wlis Jurnal
,,krebulis~ # 2-Si, pirvelad daidga 1871) da dRemde
daubeWdavi dramebi: ,,ojaxis asuli~ (dawerilia 1874,
daidga 1880 wlis 13 Tebervals) da ,,daria~ (dawerilia
1880, daidga 1880).G
giorgi wereTlis dramaturgias leitmotivad gasdevs
brZola batonymuri Cagvris da qalTa uuflebobis
winaaRmdeg. ,,jibri~ avtoris mier formulirebulia
rogorc komedia, Tumca mas kritikosebi umTavresad
tragikomediad an dramad miiCneven. piesa warmoaCens
saglexo reformis winaperiodSi arsebul tradiciul
batonymur urTierTobebs, Tavadaznauruli ojaxis
dakninebisa da dacemis process. ,,jibris~ moqmedeba
zemo imereTis mebatone bekiCas ojaxSi mimdinareobs.
konfliqti umTavresad gacxadebulia bekiCas
Sinaymebis, dilavardisasa da mgelias brZola-jibrSi
privilegirebuli mdgomareobisa da sargebliani adgilis
mosapoveblad. pirveli maTgani gamdelis movaleobas
asrulebs, xolo meore – mouravisas.
giorgi wereTlis dramaturgia
30
,,jibris~ personaJebis saxelebi simboluria.
dilavardisas saxeliT avtori migvaniSnebs batonis
ojaxs Sewiruli axalgazrda qalis silamazeze. mgelias
saxeliT ki, fariseveli mouravis mtaceblur xasiaTze.
bekiCas mojamagire kikola qarTul komediografiaSi
cnobili enamoswrebuli da moxerxebuli msaxuris
tradiciuli tipia. piesaSi igi dilavardisas mgelias
siZulvils Caagonebs, xolo mgelias dilavardisas
winaaRmdeg aqezebs. ,,wamkidebelo wahkide, orives Tavi
wawyviteo~1 _ aseTia kikolas samoqmedo programa, rac
misTvis warmatebuli finaliT mTavrdeba. piesis bolos
dilavardisasa da mgelias Soris gaCaRebul Cxubs, sadac
gakapasebuli msaxurebi umowyalod amxelen erTmaneTs
wlebis ganmavlobaSi maT mier Cadenil TaRliTobebSi,
Seeswreba batonic. ganrisxebuli bekiCa brZanebs,
daapatimron misi ojaxis mZarcveli mgelia, gaaZevon
ukve xandazmuli dilavardisa da kikolas gadaabaron
misTvis saocnebo mouravoba.
Seubralebeli da gulqva mebatone bekiCa, mojamagireebis
umowyalo eqspluataciasTan erTad, moparuli cxenebis
gayidviTac mdidrdeba da ymaTa mkvlelobazec ar
ambobs uars. sakuTari borotmoqmedebis nakvalevs
igi ,,naCalnikTan~ garigebebiT agvarebs. g. wereTlis
mier TavadaznaurTa kriminalizaciis mxilebasTan
erTad, kritikis maxvili mimarTulia korumpirebuli
biurokratiis winaaRmdegac.
,,jibri~ tragikomediis Janrs uaxlovdeba. igi
dawerilia gamarTuli saliteraturo eniT, Tumca masSi
uxvadaa imeruli dialeqtic. kolizia eqspoziciur
nawilSivea gamokveTili, konfliqti sustad viTardeba.
personaJTa xasiaTebi ar aris sakmarisad qmediTi. piesa
gadatvirTulia vrceli monologebiT, rac aferxebs
movlenebis dinamikur ganviTarebas.
1 Jurn. krebuli, 1871, gv. 59.
Tamar quTaTelaZe
31
giorgi wereTlis ,,jibri~ 1870 wels, dawerisTanave
warmoudgeniaT saCxeris raionis sofel gorisaSi.
sayuradReboa sofel argveTSi, iaSvilebis ojaxSi
Semonaxuli afiSa, Sedgenili paolo iaSvilis papis,
iosebis mier. Ees afiSa gvauwyebs, rom g. wereTlis
,,jibri~ argveTSi 1874 wels daudgamT.1 1876 wels
,,droebaSi~ dabeWdili recenzia gvamcnobs, rom ,,jibri~
sofel baxvSic warmoudgeniaT da quTaisSic, msaxiob e.
ioselianis benefisze 1881 wlis 25 ianvars.
giorgi wereTlis ,,jibrs~ gamoqveynebisTanave
gamoexmaura qarTuli kritika. s. mesxi maRal Sefasebas
aZlevda komedias da werda: ,,g. wereTlis ,,jibri~
namdvili suraTia maSindeli Cveni cxovrebisa... karga
xania ar dawerila iseTi dramatuli Txzuleba,
romelic SeZlebda mayureblis gacinebasTan erTad,
mis dafiqrebasac... ai, amnairi jibri dabada CvenSi im
senma, romelsac Cven batonymobas veZaxdiT~.2 n. nikolaZe
SeniSnavda: ,,am komediaSi Cven namdvil, Seuferavad cocxal
nacnobebs vxedavT simarTliT gamoxatulebs... Cvens
Tvalwin ixateba maTi namdvili xasiaTi~.3 ,,jibrSi~ arc
somexi vaWaria da arc ,,ruseTume~ moarSiye axalgazrda.
,,jibris~ personaJebi qarTul dramaturgiaSi axali
adamianebi arian.... ,,jibri~ oqropir wereTlis komediis
,,qorwili imereTis Tavadisa~ Semdeg, pirveli dramatuli
nawarmoebia, romelSic aisaxa imereTis batonymuri
cxovrebis dacema da daknineba~,4 – werda a. gaCeCilaZe.
giorgi wereTlis 4-moqmedebiani drama ,,daria~ jer ar
dabeWdila. igi inaxeba saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnul
centrSi. piesa exmianeba 70-ian wlebSi qalTa pirovnuli
TavisuflebisaTvis gaaqtiurebul moZraobas. rogorc
1NgaCeCilaZe a. Jurn. ,,sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1960., #6;2 ,,droeba~, 1871, #40;
3 gaCeCilaZe a. ,,XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris literaturuli Zie-
bani~, Tb., 1988., gv. 25;
4 gaCeCilaZe a. das. naSromi, gv. 83.
giorgi wereTlis dramaturgia
32
cnobilia, swored im xanebSi gamovidnen sazogadoebriv
asparezze pirveli feministuri talRis warmomadgeneli
saxelovani qarTveli mandilosnebi: pelo nacvliSvili,
ekaterine meliqiSvili, kato da olimpiada nikolaZeebi da
olRa guramiSvili. maT umaRlesi ganaTleba SveicariaSi
miiRes. qalebis aseTi ,,siTamame~ ki, saqarTveloSi ar
iyo popularuli. maT miznebs umTavresad TanaugrZnobda
axali Taoba _ g. wereTeli, s. mesxi da n. nikolaZe.
giorgi wereTeli mtkiced icavda qalisa da
mamakacis Tanasworuflebianobis ideas da misi ,,dariac~
qalTa emansipaciis periods asaxavs. piesaSi naCvenebia
qalTa uuflebo mdgomareoba. maTi swrafva ganaTlebis
misaRebad da im droisaTvis uswrafesad mosagvarebel
problemad aRiarebuli qarTuli Teatris aRdgenis, misi
aqtiuri, progresulad moazrovne kadrebiT Sevsebis
aucileblobis rwmenac.
piesis mTavari moqmedi gmiriD daria apirebs
peterburgis universitetSi swavlasa da samsaxiobo
moRvaweobas.Dmis miznebs TanaugrZnobs axali Taobis
warmomadgeneli, peterburgis universitetis studenti
erekle omaniZe. axali Taobisagan gansxvavebiT, dramaSi
warmodgeniliAufrosi Taoba kvlav cdilobs moZvelebuli
tradiciebis ganmtkicebas. isini eswrafvian qaliSvilebis
karCaketili cxovrebis wesis uzrunvelyofas maTi mdidar
an ganaTlebul sasiZoebze gaTxovebiT. darias mSoblebi, -
levan da irine margiselebi, qaliSvilis Canafiqrs ojaxis
Seuracxyofad miiCneven da ZaliT aTxoveben SeZlebul
daviT giJberiZeze. ,,ded-mamis ganusazRvreli uflebebis
gamo TviTmkvlelobas, iZulebuliTi qorwineba varCie,
xolo daviTi winaaRmdegi ar iyo Cemi peterburgSi
gamgzavrebis~, _ acxadebda daria mogvianebiT.
meore moqmedebidan piesaSi Semodis paraleluri
siuJeti. darias naTesavma qaixosro Savgulelma ver SeZlo
Tavisi asuli efemia misTvis sasurveli sasiZosaTvis,
Tamar quTaTelaZe
33
ereklesaTvis mieTxovebina da ganrisxebulma dariasTan
saeWvo megobrobaSi dasdo mas brali. Seqmnili situaciiT
isargebla giJberiZis dedinacvalma. man axalgazrda col-
qmars Soris urTierToba daZaba da rZals sawamlaviT
mouswrafa sicocxle. piesis bolos darias unebisyofo
qmari acnobierebs, rom misi coli feodaluri ojaxis
moZvelebuli tradiciebis msxverpli gaxda. ,,diax, Cven
movkaliT daria~, - wuxs igi da aRiarebs sakuTar
danaSauls.
,,dariaSi~ g. wereTelma qarTul mwerlobaSi
pirvelma asaxa pirovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli
qalis saxe. marTalia, g. erisTavma ,,SeSlilSi~ tasos
saxiT ukve dagvixata protestanti qarTveli qali,
magram taso ibrZoda qorwinebis vaWrobis obieqtad
gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg. misTvis jer kidev ucxo iyo
sazogadoebriv asparezze gamosvlis mtkice survili
da mebrZoli suliskveTeba, rac damaxasiaTebelia
dariasaTvis. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ,,dariaSi~ Seqmnilia
maWanklis axali saxe. maWankali spiridoni dakninebuli
da gadagvarebuli aznauria, romelic yvela damamcirebel
xerxs mimarTavs Tavisi samaWanklos misaRebad. igi d.
kldiaSvilis solomon morbelaZis winaparia.
piesa moklebulia winaaRmdegobaTa simZafres,
fabulis sxart ganviTarebas, kolizia ar aris sakmarisad
gamokveTili da konfliqtic nela viTardeba. vrceli
dialogebi didaqtikuri paTosiTaa gajerebuli. xasiaTebi
sqematuria da piesac kompoziciurad daSlilia.
giorgi wereTlis ,,darias~ Semonaxul xelnawers Tan
axlavs reJisoruli SeniSvnebi, moqmedi pirebis zogadi
daxasiaTeba, scenis gaformebis Canaxatebi da rolebis
ganawilebis sia. speqtakli pirvelad 1880 wlis 8
dekembers warmoudgeniaT Tbilisis sazafxulo TeatrSi.
masSi monawileobdnen qarTuli scenis korifeebi: k.
yifiani, m. safarova, v. abaSiZe, k. mesxi, e. gabaSvili
giorgi wereTlis dramaturgia
34
da n. orbeliani. gazeT ,,droebis~ 1880 wlis #260-Si
gamoqveynebul recenziaSi, publikaciis avtori maRal
Sefasebas aZlevda mesame da meoTxe moqmedebas.
giorgi wereTlis ,,ojaxis asulis~ xelnaweri
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumSia daculi. avtorma
piesas komedia uwoda. kritikosebma m. duduCavam da a.
gaCeCilaZem ki igi samarTlianad ,,miakuTnes dramas~.1
piesa asaxavs qarTuli ojaxis degradacias, axali Taobis
sixarbesa da fuqsavatur yofas. igi exmianeba ,,axali
dramisaTvis~ popularul memkvidreobiTobis princips.
,,ojaxis asulSi~ moqmedeba mimdinareobs meqrTameobis
gamo samsaxuridan gaZevebuli Cinovnikis _ domenti
gordelaZis ojaxSi. misi asuli efemia SeZlebul
,,stolonaCalnik~ rostom Rlontze apirebs gaTxovebas
da ocnebobs momavali ojaxis evropul yaidaze mowyobas.
efemias umziTvod gaTxovili debis, elenesa da makrinesagan
gansxvavebiT, igi mSoblebisagan kategoriulad moiTxovs
mziTevs. misi sixarbe da sijiute ki, mSobliur ojaxSi
ganviTarebuli dramatuli movlenebis inspiratori xdeba.
efemias agresiiT gaxelebuli efemias debi da siZeebic
axali kanoniT imuqrebian, rac maT mziTvis gamosaZalad
xelsayrel pirobas uqmnis. ojaxSi damkvidrebul
ayalmayals ganridebuli efemias banqos moTamaSe,
mdidari sacolis maZiebeli ,,polkis adiutanti~ Zma_
grigoli ki, saxelmwifo Tanxebis miTvisebisaTvis
datusaRebuli, Svelasa da patiebas SesTxovs mSobels.
Tavzardacemuli ojaxis ufrosi acnobierebs, rom ver
SeZlo Svilebis Sromismoyvare adamianebad aRzrda.
sazogadoebaSi pativayrili, meqrTame mamis STamomavloba
memkvidreobiTobis msxverpli gaxda.
kolizia dasawyisSive Casaxulia, Tumca konfliqti
arasakmarisad viTardeba, piesa daSlilia, personaJebi
umoqmedoa, xasiaTebi ar aris gamokveTili. ivane maCabeli
1 saluqvaZe S. ,,giorgi wereTeli~, Tb. 1967., gv. 75.
Tamar quTaTelaZe
35
g. wereTlis ,,ojaxis asuls~ ,,sxvadasxva naWrisagan
Sekeril sabans adarebda da sust, um nawarmoebad
miiCnevda~.1 miuxedavad amisa, originaluri dramaturgiis
simwiriT gamorCeuli qarTuli TeatrisaTvis g.
wereTlis ,,ojaxis asuli~ mainc saintereso SenaZens
warmoadgenda. masSi kvlav vxvdebiT msaxur-SeyvarebulTa
saxeebs. amjerad tradiciul wyvils qmnian moaxle
gogo da fostalioni. piesa mkafiod ganicdis rogorc
winamorbedi komediografiis, ise mwerlis Tanadroul,
XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebis dramaturgiaSi mimdinare
procesebis gavlenas.
pirvelad 1880 wels, giorgi wereTlis ,,ojaxis
asuli~, kote yifianis sabenefisod, dramad warmoudgeniaT
mudmivmoqmedi Teatris scenaze. speqtaklSi saxelovani
qarTveli msaxiobi grigolis rols asrulebda. dadgmaSi
monawileobdnen agreTve qarTuli scenis korifeebi: m.
safarova, n. gabunia, v. abaSiZe. rogorc presa iuwyeboda,
warmodgenis dRes Teatri xalxs ver itevda. dramaturgi
ramdenjerme gamoiwvies scenaze da mquxare taSiT
daajildoves. imave 1880 wels, g. wereTlis ,,ojaxis
asuli~ daidga quTaisis TeatrSic. warmodgenas daeswro
piesis avtoric. mTavar rolebs asrulebdnen: kote mesxi
da efrosine kldiaSvili. speqtaklma didi mowoneba
daimsaxura. ,,droebis~ recenzenti 1880 wlis # 39-
Si werda, rom g. wereTeli bravos ZaxiliT samjer
gamoiyvanes scenaze.
XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, g. wereTeli agrZelebs
g. erisTavis kritikuli realizmis tradiciebs da
misi piesebic realur faqtebs efuZneba. Gg. wereTels
aRiareben rogorc realistad, ise naturalistad,
Tumca Tavad, ,,Seulamazebel realizms~ miakuTvnebda
Tavis Semoqmedebas. giorgi wereTlis dramaturgia
gamoirCeva publicisturi simwvaviT. garda amisa, masSi
1 saluqvaZe S. das. wig. gv. 80.
giorgi wereTlis dramaturgia
36
sustad, magram mainc ikveTeba ,,axali dramis~ sawyisi
konturebi. v. gunia werda: ,,g. wereTlis piesebs etyoba
cxovrebis codna, Tanamedrove senis Segneba~.1 rogorc a.
gaCeCilaZe SeniSnavs: ,,g. erisTavis komediebSi asaxulma
TavadaznaurTa Sinagani rRvevis, gayrisa da davis
procesma, g. wereTlis dramebSi axali saxiT iCina Tavi~.2
SoTa saluqvaZe miiCnevs, rom ,,g. wereTeli cremlnarevi
sicilis mimdevaria... qarTveli ganmanaTlebeli Cveni
xalxis yvela ubedurebis wyarod batonymobas miiCnevda
da cdilobda xalxs sakuTari ubedureba Seecno~.3
Teatri g. wereTels miaCnda eris sulieri cxovrebis
mniSvnelovan sferod, sinamdvilis asaxvis garkveul
formad, ,,grZnoba-gonebis mwvrTnelad~. ,,scena unda
iyos sazogadoebis Skola, mwvrTneli da mamxilebeli
naklulevanebisa da ara misi Semaqcevari samasxarao
oxunjobiTa~4 werda igi. iseve, rogorc qarTvel
60-ianelTa liderebi, g. wereTelic gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas aniWebda Tanadrouli problemebis amsaxveli
erovnuli dramaturgiis Seqmnas da kritikulad iyo
ganwyobili qarTul scenaze axali evropuli dramaturgiis
damkvidrebis tendenciisadmi. ,,gveyo amdeni gadmokeTebuli
da ucxo xalxis cxovrebidan amoRebuli drama-komediebis
cqera, Cveni sazogadoeba imaTgan verafers did magaliTs
ver miiRebs, radgan ucxo cxovreba daSorebulia Cvens
yofa-mdgomareobisagan~,5 _ werda g. wereTeli da misi
Sexedulebebi mravalmxriv enaTesaveba iliasa da akakis
Tvalsazriss axali evropuli dramaturgiis Taobaze.
magram aq mainc unda aRiniSnos, rom Cveni sasiqadulo
moRvaweebis es pozicia, axali dramis ideur-esTetikuri
1 gunia v. qarTuli Teatri, 1889., gv. 84-85;
2 gaCeCilaZe a. das. naSromi, 1960., gv. 83;
3 saluqvaZe S. das. wig. gv.73; 4 ,,kvali~, 1893., #2;
5 axali qarTuli literaturis das. wig. gv. 147.
Tamar quTaTelaZe
37
tendenciebis miuRebloba, aSkarad ver uwyobda xels
qarTuli dramaturgiis ganviTarebas, mis organul
dakavSirebas zogadkacobriul problemebTan da maTi
warmosaxvis axal xerxebTan. Tumca, isic unda iTqvas,
rom ganaxlebis es procesi Seuqcevadi xasiaTisa iyo da
igi mogvianebiT, marTalia, met-naklebi warmatebiT, magram
mainc gamovlinda qarTuli dramaturgiis genezisSi.
giorgi wereTlis dramaturgia
38
Tamar cagareliTamar cagareli
Seni sxeuli - samyaroa, Seni xma _ mTeli Seni sxeuli - samyaroa, Seni xma _ mTeli
msoflios enamsoflios ena
rogorc cnobilia, Zvel indoeTSi, msaxiobad kurTxeva
Semdegi sityvebiT iwyeboda: `Seni sxeuli _ samyaroa,
Seni xma _ mTeli msoflios ena~.
mogexsenebaT, rom indoelTa fuZe religia moicavda
magiasa da msxverplSewirvas, mravalricxovan legendebs,
miTebs sxvadasxva RmerTebze, ritualebs, locvebsa da
sagaloblebs, romelTac TandaTan iwerdnen. ase Seiqmna
veda, rac sanskritze niSnavs codnas. veda induri
literaturis uZvelesi Zeglia. igi aerTianebs sakulto-
saRvTismetyvelo literaturas, umTavresad _ himnebis
krebuls. vedebis ritualebi _ sakulto ceremoniebi
_Seicaven dramatuli warmodgenis elementebs. eseni iyo:
cekvebi cecxlis garSemo avi sulebis gansadevnad, qalTa
cekva qorwinebis ceremonialis dros, samgloviaro,
bunebis, amindis da sxva. swored es ritualuri
cekvebi miaCniaT mecnierebs induri dramis sawyisad.
esaa ZiriTadad oTxi veda – (sxvagvarad – samhita anu
gulaxdiloba):
a) qebaTa codna _ yvelaze arqauli da mniSvnelovania
rigvedebi, dawerilia sxvadasxva saleqso sazomiT da
dayofilia 10 ciklad (mandalad). aqaa aTasze meti
qeba anu himni RvTaebaTadmi. Sedgenilia daaxloebiT
3000 wlis winaT (qarTulad, giorgi axvledianma 1914
wels Targmna ori qeba: `dasabami nivTTa~ da `cisa da
dedamiwisadmi~.)
b) Samanveda (simReraTa veda. Saman _ simRera). es veda
Seicavs sanoto niSnebs, rac saintereso xdeba induri
musikis istoriis TvalsazrisiT.
g) iajurvaveda (samsxverplo veda) _ msxverplSewirvis
39
dros warmosaTqmeli formulebi da locvaTa teqsti,
xSirad prozauli, romelsac komentarebis saxe aqvs;
mogvianebiT maT daemataT:
d) aTharvaveda, romelic Seicavs magiur formulebs
da Selocvebs, gamoirCeva xalxuri xasiaTiT.
SedarebiT gvianaa Seqmnili:
1. brahmana (axsna-ganamrteba), 2. araniaka (tyis
wigni), 3. upaniSadebi (komentarebi) da bolos danarTis
saxiT 4. sutra (sityvasityviT: Zafi, samarTi, Targi).
Samhita, brahmana, araniaka da upaniSadebi miCneulia
RmerTis _ brahmas _ sityvad, mis RvTaebriv gamocxadebad.
maT erTianobaSi ewodebaT Sruti (mosmenili, gagonili),
misi sapirispiroa sutra _ politikuri xasiaTis teqsti
da kanonTa krebuli.1
brahma aris samyaros suli, romlisaganac Sedgeba
yoveli da romelic yvelgan sufevs realurad da
arsobrivad. brahma samyaroSia da samyaro brahmaSi.
esaa panTeisturi Tvalsazrisi, rasac efuZneba indusTa
kosmologia.
brahma moiazreba viSnusa da SivasTan erTad. esaa
trimurti, rac enaTesaveba erTarseba-samebis qristianul
dogmats.
trimurti sanskritze niSnavs samebas. trimurtis
gamosaxavdnen samTavian arsebad: SuaSi brahma, marjvniv
viSnu da marcxniv Siva.
davubrundeT brahmas, samyaros Semqmnels, swored
misi TxovniTa Tu brZanebiT Seuqmnia bharatas, indoeTSi,
Teatri daaxloebiT Zv. welTaRricxviT II-I saukuneebSi:
`maSin miTxra RmerTma (brahmam) es aris samavara - rac
Seqmnilia Cems mier _ ai is warmodgena, romelic unda
gaaTamaSo _ es asuldgmulebs da axarebs RmerTs~. RmerTs
surs warmoadginos da gaaTamaSos misi Seqmnili. ̀ is rac
exeba RmerTs, aranair kritikas ar eqvemdebareba da is
1 induri eposi `bhagavadgita~. mTargm: Cxenkeli T. TvaraZis r.
winasityvaobiT; red: aleqsiZe e. Tbilisi; nakaduli, 1963.
40
rac ekuTvnis RmerTebs, saukeTeso da ganumeorebelia.~1 Teatris mizani gamoikveTa: RmerTebis kultis
damkvidreba, amitomac dasis valdebuleba Tavad bharatam
daakanona, rom msaxiobebs daecvaT ara marto teqstis
yoveli niuansi, romelic warmoadgenda warmodgenis
safuZvels: religiuri motivebi, religiuri teqstebi
ritualiT aRvsili, romelic warmodgenisas, ZiriTadad,
JestikulaciiT unda yofiliyo gamoxatuli.
RmerTebi Tavad CaerTnen axal xelovnebSi:
Siva asrulebda mZafr da Smag cekvas – tandavas.
parvati _ misi meuRle _ naz da vnebian cekva
lasias.
viSnu Txzavda leqsebs da maT warmodgenis dros
kiTxulobda.
Semdeg bharatas daevala, es RvTiuri veda ufro
ubralo da xalxisTvis misawvdomi yofiliyo.
Zv.w.aR. II-I saukuneebSi (savaraudod, Zv. w. aR II –
ax. w. aR II) indoeTSi Seqmnila indur-sanskrituli
monografia, romelic ekuTvnis bharata-natia sastras,
gaaCnda gamorCeuli, sagangebo misia, rogorc qurums
da ara RvTaebas, raTa saZirkveli Seeqmna saTeatro
praqtikis Teoriuli gansjisTvis. `natiaveda~ - ase
ewodeba V vedas da sityvasityviT qarTulad iTargmneba,
rogorc gulaxdiloba Teatralur xelovnebaze. pirveli
oTxi vedidan _ saRmrTo wignebidan _ bharata msgavsi
elementebis amokrebiT da SerwymiT qmnis V vedas,
romelsac erTianobaSi `natiasastra~ ewodeba. avtori
Teoriuli gansjaniT/traqtatiT `natiasastra~ (sansk.:
Nātyaśāstra) safuZvels uyris sanaxaobriv kulturas
da perspeqtivis miniWebiT induri klasikuri Teatris
tradiciasac moiazrebs. induri Teatri xom, mkacri
dadgenili, dogmaturi imperativiT Camoyalibda da misi
1 The Vedanta-Sutras, or Brahma Sutras: With Commentary. Translated by George Thibaut. Republished by Forgotten Books 2008;.
Tamar cagareli
41
ganviTarebac ucvleli kanonebis Sesabamisad yalibdeboda,
romlis safuZvelic adamianTa damTmenoba, morCileba da
sruli simSvide iyo. sanacvlod, religia anu oficialuri
ideologia mas netar imqveyniur cxovrebas hpirdeboda,
romelzec zrunva adamianis amqveyniuri arsebobis erT-
erT umTavres momentad iqca.
Zveli induri arsi da gasaRebi, cneba kompleqsuri
gonebrivi aqcia, qmedeba ese igi ̀ raza,~ romelic Sedgeba
sami fazisgan: 1. scenaze gansaxierebuli emociebi, 2.
esTetikuri bgeradobis gamowveva mayureblis gulSi da
3. gonebrivi gaTavisuflebis bednierebis mdgomareoba.
`Cven gagvaCnia ori termini, imisaTvis rom aRvweroT
adamianis qceva: lokadharmi niSnavs qcevas (dharmi) yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi (loka); naTiadharmi ki qcevas cekvisas (naTia)~, _ vkiTxulobT traqtatSi.
mocekvave/msaxiobi Zvel indoeTSi RmerTis mier
warmogzavnilad iTvleboda da amitomac TiToeuli
maTganis ikirTxeboda ritualis Sesrulebis win:
`ANGIKAM BHUVANAM YASYA VACHIKAM SARVA VANGMAYAM AHARYAM CHANDRA TARADI TAM VANDE SATTVIKAM SIVAM~ _ `Seni sxeuli _
samyaroa, Seni xma _ mTeli msoflios enaa, varskvlavebi
da mTvare gicavs Sen, Sen Sivas mier xeldasmuli da
dalocvili xar.~1
cekva, sayovelTao rwmeniT, magiis erT-erTi
uZvelesi formaa. yoveli rokva es aris gardasaxvaTa
pantomima (rasac xSirad niRabic esaWiroeboda),
romelmac mocekvave zearsebad unda gadaaqcios. cekvis
ritmuli da eqstatiuri moZraobani mraval kulturaSi
samyaros wrebrunvasTan aris asocirebuli. TiToeuli
moZraoba, Jesti, simboluri mniSvnelobisaa da xSirad
gandobilTaTvisaa gasagebi. cekva casa da miwas akavSirebda,
1 The Vedanta-Sutras, or Brahma Sutras: With Commentary. Translated by George Thibaut. Republished by Forgotten Books 2008; P.:52
Seni sxeuli - samyaroa, Seni xma _ mTeli msoflios ena
42
samyaros harmonias gamoxatavda. am kosmiuri funqciis
yvelaze mkafio magaliTia induisturi panTeonis `didi
triadis~ erT-erTi warmomadgeneli Siva _ `RvTaebrivi
mocekvave~, romlis dafdafis xmac da rokvac samyaros
morig gaRviZebas da misave ritmSi amoZravebas moaswavebs,
magram, misganve momdinare ngrevasac. ar aris gasakviri,
rom swored Sivas samSobloSi _ indoeTSi Camoyalibda
ritualuri cekvis klasikuri kultura: induistebi
Tvlian, rom samyaro Sivam swored Tavisi kosmiuri
cekvis dros Seqmna. samxreT indoeTSi ver naxavT taZars,
romelSiac `natarjas~ (`mocekvave Sivas~) brinjaos
gamosaxuleba ar iyos. am saTayvanebeli RvTaebis cekvebis
sakraluri Sinaarsi gansakuTrebuli STambeWdaobiT
aRibeWda Sivasadmi miZRvnili taZris – Cidibaramis _
bareliefSi, romelSic saukunod gaqvavda Sivasa da misi
RvTaebrivi meuRlis parvatas sakraluri rokvis as rva
(108) sacekvao poza. swored am `qvis qoreografias~
emyareba induri klasikuri cekvis msoflioSi uZvelesi
skola _ `baxrat natiani.~ induri plastikis ena sami
komponentisagan Sedgeba: esaa `patana~ (Patahna) _ poza, `mudra~ (sansk.Mudra `bednierebis momtani~) _ xelis
simboluri Jesti an sxeulis poziciaa induizmSi,
tantrizmSi, iogasa da budizmSi, romelic Sesabamisad
religiuri, ritualuri, tradiciuli da sxva
mniSvnelobis gamomxatvelia. arsebobs uamravi mudra,
romelTa mniSvneloba ubralo misalmebis (namaste-mudra) Jestidan dawyebuli indoeTis klasikuri
cekvis bharatnatiamisa da iogas asobiT poziciazea
gavrcelebuli da `abxinaia~ (Abkhinaya) _ mimika. am urTulesi enis wyalobiT indoel mocekvaves SeuZlia
urTulesi dramatuli teqstis gadmocema.
traqtatis Tanaxmad, warmodgena oTx formaSi Warbobs:
cekva da musika, qmedeba, sityva da poezia, romlis
Sinaarsic ZiriTadad gamoixateboda Jestikulaciis eniT
Tamar cagareli
43
anu vizualurad, rasac Semdeg mohyveboda emociebi,
gamowveuli Semsruleblis mier.
TxzulebaSi gamokveTilia dramis formis
kanonzomiereba, romlis Tanaxmadac, dramis Temebia
_ `adamianis zneoba~ da `msoflios wabaZva~. dramis
forma ganisazRvreba `sruli~ da erTmoqmedebiani
dramiT, da dramatul formebs asxvavebs moqmedebiTa
da gmirebis vinaobis mixedviT. gansazRvrulia agreTve
cxra tipi gmiri qalisa, romlebic ZiriTadad indras
wargzavnilebi arian da romelTac gaaCniaT mxolod da
mxolod `mudra.~ yoveli drama bharatas kanoniT unda
damTavrdes _ harmoniulad, rac sanskritis dramaSi
tragizmis uadgilobas ganmartavs. Teatris mizani
gamoikveTa: RmerTebis kultis damkvidreba, amitomac
dasis valdebuleba bharatam daakanona, rom msaxiobebs
daecvaT ara marto teqstis yoveli niuansi, romelnic
warmoadgenen dramis safuZvels: religiuri motivebi,
ritualiT aRvsili religiuri teqstebi, amave dros _
Jestikulacia. induri sasceno xelovneba prioritets
vizualur mxares aniWebda, romlis safuZvelzec
aRmocenda erovnuli klasikuri cekvis oTxi skola:
bharat-natiami, katakali, kaTaki da manipuri. Sesabamisad,
induri saTeatro kvlevis obieqts warmoadgens cekva,
qmedeba da musika, rac sanskrituli dramis cnebaSia
Caqsovili: ̀ nataka~ _ ̀ natia~ _ ̀ nat~ da niSnavs cekvasa
da erTi rolis TamaSs. dramis Sinaarsis, kompoziciis
gadmocemisTvis, mocekvave Jestebis mravalferovan ̀ enas~
iyenebs, mimikiTa da samsaxiobo xelovnebis CvenebiT,
romelsac abhinaia (Abhinaya) ewodeba, gamoixateba
msaxiobis udidesi donis ostatoba. arsebobs abhinaias
oTxi tipi:
1. angika abhinaia (Āṅgika Abhinay) dakavSirebulia
sxeulis moZraobasTan da mis nawilebTan (xelebi, fexebi,
mxrebi, mkerdi), sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, sacekvao pa.
Seni sxeuli - samyaroa, Seni xma _ mTeli msoflios ena
44
2. vaCika abhinaia (Vāchika Abhinaya) _ verbaluri
aqti, sacekvao aqtis Sesrulebis dros musikis fonze
wamRereba/locva.
3. aharia abhinaia (Āhārya Abhinaya) _ grimi,
kostiumi, Semsruleblis morTuloba, ris gareSec,
iTvleboda, rom gamomsaxvelobiTi forma ar iqneboda
srulyofili.
4. satvika abhinaia (Sāttvika Abhinaya) _ `satva~ sityvasityviT iTargmneba, rogorc, sisufTave, niSnavs
srulyofilebas da emociis gulwrfel gamoxatvas,
romelsac mocekvave scenaze ganicdis: Sinagani emociiT
gamowveuli JrJolva da amis Sedegad kanze egreT
wodebuli `WianWvelebis~ dayra, Sublze oflis
wveTebi, xmis cvalebadoba, saxis feris Secvla, kankali,
cremlebi da ase Semdeg, anu realuri, cxovrebiseuli
mdgomareobidan gamomdinare msgavsi reaqciebi. mocekvavis
ZiriTadi samsaxiobo ostatoba (abhinaia) Seadgens cxra
mTavar xasiaTsa (navarasas) da emociis Sedegad gamowveul
ormocdaaTamde vizualuri efeqtis gamoxatulebas.
Sringara (Shringara) – siyvaruli
hasia (Hasia) – mxiaruleba
karuna (Caruna) – mwuxarebavira (Vira) – heroizmirudra (Rudra) – siZulvili, rogorc abstraqtuli
SegrZneba
adbhuta (Adbhuta) – gakvirvebabhaianka (Bhaianca) – SiSibibhasta (Bibhasta) – siZulvili, rogorc
ganpirovnebuli persona
Santa (Shanta) – simSvidenatia sastra mocekvavis sxeuls eqvs ZiriTad, eqvs
meorexarisxovan da Tormet patar-patara nawilad
yofs:
ZiriTadi nawilebi anu angaa (Anga):
Tamar cagareli
45
Tavi, mklavebi, torsis ZiriTadi nawili, weli,
mkerdi, terfi.
meorexarisxovani anu pratangaa (Pratanga):muceli, beWi, xelebi, zurgi, fexis kunTebi da
wvivebi.
patar-patara nawilebi anu upanga (Upanga):Tvalebi, warbebi, wamwamebi, Tvalis gugebi, cxviri,
loyebi, nikapi, tuCebi, ena, kbilebi, yba, saxe.
msaxiobis urTulesi amocana xdeba swored zemoT
CamoTvlili sxeulis nawilebis koordinirebuli marTva,
romelsac mocekvave udidesi Sromisa da varjiSis Sedegad
aRwevs. traqtatis mixedviT, arsebobs warmodgenis ori
tipi: `sukumara~, ese igi `nazi da mgrZnobiare~ cekva da
`avida~ – `damangreveli, brZoliseburi~, sadac mxolod
mamakacebi monawileobdnen.
bharata bevrTagan gamoyofs cekvis or formas: ̀ lazia~
_ qalebis faqizi, sasiyvarulo cekva da `tandava~
an `tandavu~ _ RmerTis sadidebeli sacekvao forma,
Zalismieri, mkacri cekva mamakacebisa, romelic Seiqmna
induri RmerTis SivasTvis da Tavdapirvelad, anu Seqnis
dRidan am cekvas Turme, induri miTologiis Tanaxmad,
Siva asrulebda. Sivas tandava energiuli cekvaa, romelic
warmoadgens Seqmnis, SenarCuneba/Senaxvis da aRorZinebis
ciklis wyaros.
esaa ilustrirebuli alegoriuli cekva, romelic
moicavs mudmivi energiis xuT ZiriTad gamovlinebas:
`Shrishti~ _ creation, evolution _ Seqmna, ganviTareba `Sthiti~ _ preservation, support _ SenarCuneba, dacva `Samhara~ _ destruction, evolution _ ganadgureba,
evolucia
`Tirobhava~ _ illusion _ iluzia
`Anugraha~ _ release, emancipation, grace _
gaTavisufleba, emansipacia, madliereba.
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom tandavas cekvis dros
Seni sxeuli - samyaroa, Seni xma _ mTeli msoflios ena
46
yuradReba gamaxvilebulia kidurebis anu xelebisa da
fexebis siZliereze, radganac cekvis Sesrulebisas
ZiriTadi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia xelebisa da fexebis
moZraobaze, sadac TiToeul Jestikulacias Tavisi niSani
gaaCnia, rac erTobliobaSi qmnis zemoT CamoTvlil xuT
ZiriTad gamovlinebas.
traqtatis avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs iseT
ritualze, rogoricaa odisi, romelic Semdgom
saTeatro xelovnebaSi cekvis formiT damkvidrda. odisi
induri klasikuri rva cekvidan erT-erTia. es cekva
Seiqmna aRmosavleT indoeTSi, orisis saxelmwifoSi.
arqeologiuri gamokvlevebidan irkveva (bhubaneSbaras
maxloblad, udaugris mTaze, aRmoCenilia I aTaswleuliT
daTariRebuli bareliefi, sadac moixsenieba da
gamokveTilia cekva odisi), rom odisi istoriulad
yvelaze Zveli cekvaa. induri klasikuri Teatris
traqtat _ `natiasastraSi~ cekva odisi moixsenieba
paralelurad meore saxeliT – `odra-magadhi~ (Odra-Magadhi).1
cekva odisi induri klasikuri cekvebisgan
gansxvavdeba sami damaxasiaTebeli niSniT: esaa sxeulis
nawilTa erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli moZraobebi. Tavis,
mkerdisa da menjis moZraoba qmnis kvadratul pozicias.
es moZraoba cnobilia (chauka) Caukas saxeliT. odisis
cekvis tradicia indoeTis sam skolaSi arsebobda:
maharaSi (Mahari), nartakiSi (Nartaki) da gotipuaSi
(Gotipua). es skolebi dafuZnebulia qalTa monastrebTan.
am cekvas asrulebdnen religiur dResaswaulebze da
cekva miiCneoda, rogorc wminda rokva, romelic induri
poeziis, dafuZnebuli locvaze, interpretaciaa. mas
Semdeg, rac britaneTma daipyro indoeTi, cekva odisi
mefis sasaxleSi gadaitanes da amave dros, ramdenadac
ucnaurad ar unda mogveCvenos, saxelmwifo donis
1 Бхарата Муни. Натяшастра, Издательство: Натфиз Кр.Саратов. 2005. с.:14.
Tamar cagareli
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sasamarTloebi am cekvis SesrulebiT ixsneboda.
cekva odisi musika odisis akompanementiT sruldeba.
musika odisi esaa oTxi klasis musikis sinTezi:
dhruvapada (dhruvapada), Citrapada (chitrapada), Citrakala (chitrakala) da panCali ( panchal).
miuxedavd imisa, rom induri Teatris kostiumebi
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rogorc sakmaod mdidruli
da mravalferovani, odisis sacekvao kostiumebi mainc
gamoirCeva Tavisi mdidrulobiTa da mravalferovnebiT
yvela sxva danarCenisagan. Zvirfaseuloba Sesrulebulia
filigrinirebuli oqroTi da vercxliT, romlis
damuSavebac sakmaod Zviri jdeba. kostiumi Sekerilia
yvelaze Zvirfasi atlasiT da naqargi ki xeliTaa
damuSavebuli, rac TavisTavad sakmaod Zviri samuSaoa.
swored amgvari kostiumiT Semosili, saocrad
gulSiCamwvdomi musikis fonze unda Sesruldes cekva
odisi. amitomac pasuxismgebloba didia da Sesabamisad
mocekvaveTa varjiSic did drosa da energias moiTxovs,
radganac maTi sxeulis TiToeuli nawili unda iyos
moqnili, elastikuri, plastikuri, raTa mayurebelma
gaigos da igrZnos im dramis Sinaarsi, rasac warmoadgenen
odisis mocekvaveebi. induri sacekvao xelovnebis
ganxilvisas, indur traqtatSi, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia
agreTve balis cekvebis sakmaod Zvel tradiciaze, romelic
agreTve kunZul balis macxovrebelTa religiurobis
gamoxatulebaa. balis cekva sam tradiciul kategoriad
iyofa: barongi (Barong), legongi (Legong) da kesaki (Kecak). droTa ganmavlobaSi mas daemata epikuri
warmodgenebi, iseTi, rogorebicaa mahabharata da ramaiana.
gansakuTrebuli religiuri dResaswaulebisas, soflis
taZrebSi ki warmoadgendnen cekva-dramis specialur
warmodgenas: miTiuri personaJis, jadoqar rangdas
(Rangda – borotebis gansaxiereba) brZolas barongTan
(Barong – lomi an drakoni, sikeTis gansaxiereba).
Seni sxeuli - samyaroa, Seni xma _ mTeli msoflios ena
48
yovelive es ki sruldeba cekviT, plastikiT. TiToeul
maT JestikulaciaSi gamoxatulia personaJis xasiaTi,
ganwyoba, xolo dramis Sinaarsi gadmocemulia cekviT.
balis cekvebi ZiriTadad gamelanis ritmze iyo da
aris agebuli. esaa musikaluri instrumentebis erTiani
kompleqti, romlis damkvrelebsac gamelanebi ewodebaT.
bharata yuradRebas amaxvilebs Teatris msaxiobis/
mocekvavis niWze, risi gamomuSaveba misi azriT
SesaZlebeli iyo tahaniT anu `winaaRmdegobis gawevis
unariT~. igive koncefcia udevs safuZvlad Cinur Teatrs.
imisaTvis rom aRniSnon msaxiobis ostatobis done, amboben,
rom mas gaaCnia kun-fu, rac Cinurad sityvasityviT
niSnavs `winaaRmdegobis gawevas~. dasavleTSi, msaxiobis
donis gamosaxatavad SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT termini:
`gaZlebis unari.~ momavali indoeli msaxiobebi,
gansakuTrebiT momavali mocekvave gogonebi, dedebisgan
ukve Zalian patara asakidan, rogorc xelobas, ise
swavlobdnen cekvas da ukve 10-11 wlisani profesionali
mocekvaveebi xdebodnen. mravalsaxeobrivi Sinaarsis mqone
mimikis gamoxatva saxeze, TvalebSi, xelis, mkerdisa Tu
barZayis, fexebis koordinireba, urTierTSeTanxmebiTi
moZraoba da am moZraobiT dramis Sinaarsis gamoxatvaa.
ai esaa induri Teatris damaxasiaTebeli tradiciuli
niSan-Tviseba.
bharata aRniSnavs Teatris anu `saTamaSo saxlis~
mizansac, rom moemsaxuros, rogorc veda oTxive varnas.
momsaxurebaSi Sedis: garToba, aRzrda da garkveuli
msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibeba, religiur-didaqtikuri
msoflgageba. aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZleblad mimaCnia
aRvniSno, rom es aris Cvenamde moRweuli pirveli
Zegli, sadac ikveTeba ara marto repertuaris Sinaars,
aramed mayurebelTa da artistTa Soris damyarebul
urTierTobaTa zemoqmedebis formebi. amasTanave, sanaxaoba
gamiznuli iyo yvela fenisaTvis, rogorc codnis (veda)
Tamar cagareli
49
gavrcelebis saxeoba. aseTi varna indoeTSi oTxi wodeba
iyo: brahmanebi anu qurumebi _ umaRlesi fena, Satriebi
anu meomarTa klasi, vaiSeri _ rigiTi TanamoZmeni,
Sudrebi _ Temis msaxurni. Zvel indoeTSi saTeatro
saxilveli imarTeboda samlocveloebSi an mis gverdiT,
specialurad agebul SenobebSi, mogvianebiT ki ukve mefis
sasaxleebSi. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom `natiaSastraSi~
yuradReba gamaxvilebulia `saTamaSo saxlis~ Senobaze,
romlis agebac brahmam ubrZana saRmrTo ostats viSva-
karmans (Vishvakarma),1 rac qarTulad niSnavs yvelafris
Semsrulebels, yvelafris Semqmnels. is warmoadgenda
arqiteqturisa da mSeneblobis ostatis RmerTs.
indoelTa azriT, igi gaxldaT universaluri arqiteqtori,
romelmac daaproeqta da Seqmna samyaros arqiteqtura.
es magaliTic sakmarisia imis warmosadgenad, Tu raoden
didi mniSvneloba hqonda Teatrs Zvel indoeTSi.
aqedan gamomdinare, ar unda gagvikvirdes is faqti,
romelsac traqtatidan vigebT, rom didi yuradRebiTa
da pativiscemiT sargeblobdenen sanaxaobis monawileni/
Semsruleblebi da, raRa Tqma unda, Tavad warmodgenis
avtori da damdgmeli. `natiasastraSi~ gamokveTilia,
Tanamedrove eniT rom vTqva, e. w. specialuri muxli
Teatris dacvisa, radganac `saTamaSo saxls~ gaaCnia
is privilegia, rom igi ideologiis gavrcelebis
sayovelTao da masStaburi saSualebaa. Seiqmna kanoni
scenis ostatebis dasacavadac.
amrigad, saSualeba gveZleva davaskvnaT, rom indoeTSi
ukve xdeboda samarTlebrivi aqtis ganxilva, miuxedavad
dogmaturi sasceno Semoqmedebisa, Teatri saxelmwifo
instituti xdeba.
1 Бхарата Муни. Натяшастра, Издательство: Натфиз Кр.Саратов. 2005. с.:32.
Seni sxeuli - samyaroa, Seni xma _ mTeli msoflios ena
50
suliko (lamara) kirvaliZe,suliko (lamara) kirvaliZe,
istoriul mecnierebaTa
doqtori profesori
qarTuli Teatri XIX saukunis meore qarTuli Teatri XIX saukunis meore
naxevris erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel naxevris erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel
moZraobaSimoZraobaSi
saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba
yovelTvis iqcevda qarTveli istorikosebis yuradRebas.
mkvlevarTa yuradReba umTavresad gamaxvilebuli iyo
XIX saukunis meore naxevris erovnuli moZraobis
azvirTebisadmi, magram specialuri monografia am periodis
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaze dReisaTvis mainc
ar dawerila. CvenTvis sayuradRebo masalebs am mimarTebiT
vxvdebT im mkvlevarTa naSromebSi, romlebic ikvleven
XIX saukunis qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris istoriasa
da qarTveli inteligenciis erovnul profils.
mkvlevarTa yuradReba, romelic XIX saukunis
socialuri da erovnuli brZolis sakiTxebs exeba,
erovnuli moZraobis medroSis _ ilia WavWavaZis
cxovrebasa da moRvaweobas eqceva. magram ZiriTadi
sakiTxi _ qarTveli xalxis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraoba _ rogorc samarTlianad aRniSnavs profesori
ak. surgulaZe, Tavidanve erTgvar CrdilSi moeqca. kvlav
kvlevis sagnad darCa, Tu ra wyaroebiT sargeblobda
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba XIX saukunis
meore naxevarSi, ra iyo misi specifikuri niSan-Tvisebani, ra
roli Seasrula qarTveli xalxis erovnuli SekavSirebisa
da sulieri amaRlebis saqmeSi. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom
qarTveli xalxis erovnuli gamoRviZebisTvis erTgvari
dadebiTi roli unda Seasrulos qarTulma Teatrmac. am
mimarTulebiT kvleva ki qarTveli istorikosebis mier
ar warmoebula.
51
XIX saukunis meore naxevridan saqarTvelos ideur
cxovrebaSi dawyebuli am rTuli moZraobis raobis axsna
unda veZioT erovnuli moZraobis mamamTavris _ ilia
WavWavaZis da misi saxelovani TanamebrZolebis _ ak.
wereTlis, n. nikolaZis, g. wereTlis, i. gogebaSvilis,
vaJa-fSavelas, s. mesxis, s. mgalobliSvilisa da sxvaTa
TxzulebebSi, sadac ganmartebulia qarTveli xalxis
upirvelesi saWirboroto sakiTxebi da mocemulia maTi
gadawyvetis saSualebebi. sul sxva saqmea da axleburad
saWiroebs gaazrebas, Tu ramdenad sworad iyo gagebuli
eris ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis daniSnuleba da
rogori iyo gza am misiis Sesasruleblad. am mxriv
Cveni yuradRebis centrSi eqceva qarTvel samocianelTa
erT-erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli _ giorgi
wereTeli, romelmac Seajama Tavisi TaosnobiT
dawyebuli erovnuli moZraobis Sedegebi da moaxdina
Tavisi dasobrivi klasifikacia. giorgi wereTlis mier
warmodgenili Sefaseba didxans iyo gabatonebuli
qarTul istoriografiaSi.
giorgi wereTelma XIX saukunis meore naxevris
sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba ,,liberaluri
axalgazrdobisa~ da ,,progresul-demokratiul~ dasebad
gaTiSa.
Jurnal ,,kvalSi~ N#46, 1887w. statiaSi _ ,,kita
abaSiZe da Cveni axalgazrdoba` giorgi wereTeli werda:
,,qarTuli literaturis xanas Cven im periods vuwodebT,
romelic saqarTveloSi batonymobis ganTavisuflebis
wina wlebidan iwyeba, saxeldobr, 1861 wlidan, rodesac
ilia WavWavaZem axali xmauri atexa jer kidev ,,ciskarSi~
da gars Semoikriba Tavisi sakuTari wre. am wreSi moqmed
pirebad iyvnen ilia WavWavaZe _ rogorc meTauri, p.
nakaSiZe, g. yazbegi, i. poltaracki, mix. yifiani, g. Ciqovani,
al. savaneli da sxvebi~.1
1 Jurn. `kvali~ N#46. 1887w. kita abaSiZe da Cveni axalgazrdoba
gv. 17.
52
suliko (lamara) kirvaliZe
g. wereTlis aRniSvniT, ,,am cocxalma moZraobam sul
erTi weliwadi gaatara~. „saqarTvelos moambem~, rogorc
maSindelma axali Taobis Jurnalma, erT weliwads
icocxla, masTan erTad dalia suli i. WavWavaZis axali
Taobis wremac, romlis wevrebmac axali saxelmwifo
samsaxuri moZebnes. es jgufi, g. wereTlis azriT,
sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas 70-iani wlebis miwuruls
daubrunda, magram 1887 wels Jurnal „iveriis~ gamosvlis
dRidan axali aRaraferi SemouTavazebia.
1866 wlidan gamoCnda meore dasi. es dasi Sejgufda
da SekavSirda krebul „droebis~ redaqciaSi. am dasis
namdvili warmomadgenlebi iyvnen: n. nikolaZe, g. wereTeli,
s. mesxi, k. lorTqifaniZe da p. umikaSvili. amaTve
SeuerTda gankerZoebulad moRvawe poeti ak. wereTeli.
es meore dasi progresul-demokratiuli mimarTulebis
mimdevari iyo.
miuxedavad imisa, rom g. wereTlis aseT klasifikacias
imdroindeli progresulad moazrovne sazogadoebis
umravlesoba ar iziarebda, g. wereTlis dasebis Teoria
mainc sakmaod gamZle aRmoCnda.
XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da XX saukunis
dasawyisSi daiwyo XIX saukunis meore naxevris
ideuri memkvidreobis kritikuli Sefaseba. gaCaRda
sxvadasxva partiebs Soris polemika, romelic Seexo
erovnul sakiTxebsac. erovnuli burJuazia gamovida
socfederalistebis damcvelad. federalistebis erT-
erTi lideri _ al. jorjaZe werda: ̀ farTo inteligencia,
romelic Semdgari iyo umetesad Tavad-aznaurobisagan
da xalxs daSorebuli iyo, ver Seasrulebda eris
ganmaTavisuflebis misias. misi azriT, axali Taoba
Tavis daniSnulebas mxolod maSin Seasrulebda, roca
samarTlianad daafasebda Zveli Taobis naanderZevs,
aRadgenda qarTul vinaobas da erovnuli warmatebisaTvis
53
gamosadeg TariRad iqceoda~.1 jorjaZe ar eTanxmeboda
ilia WavWavaZis ekonomikur programas, ilaSqrebda mis
mier wamoyenebuli wodebaTa Serigebis winaaRmdeg da
wodebaTa Soris ganxeTqilebis mizezs TviT am wodebis
wyobasa da Sinagan arsebaSi xedavda.
XIX saukunis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
sakiTxebs exeba kita abaSiZe. naSromSi aRniSnulia, rom
iliasa da akakis moRvaweobaSi erovnul sakiTxs uWiravs
gansakuTrebuli adgili. kita abaSiZe aRniSnavs, rom ilia
WavWavaZis meTaurobiT daibada didi azri da survili
eris wylulisa da tkivilis gankurnebisa. ilia „Tavs
dastrialebs Tavis samSoblos, rogorc misi oTaraanT
qvrivi Tavis ganZsa da anderZsa da Tavis ojaxs aravis
SearCenen xolme, javrs erisas, tyuilubralod aravis
daeCagvrinebian~.2
rogorc naSromidan Cans, kita abaSiZes erovnuli
konsolidaciisaTvis brZola keTilSobilur saqmed
miaCnda. misi azriT, wodebaTa Soris Catexili xidis
gamrTeleba ucxo Zalis mier Cagrul xalxs marTlac
sWirdeboda, raTa Tavi fizikuri gaqrobisagan gadaerCina.
magram kita abaSiZes mainc es brZola miaCnda politikur
romantizmad, romelsac ganwmenda eloda. amave naSromSi
kita abaSiZe akaki wereTels miiCnevda erovnuli moZraobis
did moamaged, romlisTvisac samSoblos trfiali mxolod
maSin aris poeziis sagani, roca samSoblo gansacdelSia.
akakisaTvis samSoblo momxibvleli da gulwarmtaci
satrfoa, _ acxadebs kita abaSiZe. Cven migvaCnia, rom
kita abaSiZis mier qarTveli samocianelebis SefasebaSi
bevri marTebuli da misaRebi azria gamoTqmuli, bevric
sadavo da sakamaToa, romelsac Cveni kvlevis dros did
yuradRebas davuTmobT da saTanado adgils mivuCenT.
erovnuli moZraobis sakiTxebs exeba n. Jordania,
1 jorjaZe al. TxulebaTa tomi 2, Tbilisi, 1960, gv. 117 2 etiudebi XIX saukunis literaturis istoriidan, Tbilisi 1962,
gv. 213
qarTuli Teatri XIX saukunis meore
naxevris erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi
54
suliko (lamara) kirvaliZe
romelic federalistebis Sexedulebebs akrikitebs. n.
Jordania cdilobs daasabuTos azri imis Sesaxeb, rom
XIX saukunis meore naxevramde erovnuli moZraoba
saqarTveloSi ganuviTarebeli iyo, amas imiT adasturebs,
rom presa iZulebuli iyo demokratiuli azrebi eqadaga
ara xalxis demokratiisaTvis, aramed „erTi muWa~
Tavadaznaurebisa da aristokratiisaTvis. is Tavis ideebs
ver agebinebda maT, visac elaparakeboda.
p. geleiSvilma naSromSi „ilia WavWavaZe, rogorc
poeti da publicisti~ ilia WavWavaZe reaqciuli
Tavadaznaurobis ideologad miiCnia, qarTvel
samocianelTa mTeli keTilSobiluri saqmianoba ki
xalxisadmi mtrul moZraobad gamoacxada.
gr. gorgaZem narkvevebSi Tergdaleulebi, romelTa
warmomadgenlebi ZiriTadad Tavadaznauruli wridan
iyvnen gamosuli, TavadaznaurTa ideologebad gamoacxada.
TergdaleulTa moRvaweobaSi gorgaZem ver dainaxa is didi
erovnuli brZola, romelic mTeli xalxis interesebs
Seesabameboda. marTalia, avtori did adgils uTmobs
d. yifianis, i. WavWavaZis, ak. wereTlis Rvawls eris
interesebis dacvaSi, magram aRniSnul moZraobaSi mainc
erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraoba dakninebulad
aris warmodgenili.
simon xundaZe jansaRi poziciebidan Seexo ilia
WavWavaZisa da misi mimdevrebis damsaxurebas erovnuli
moZraobis winaSe. man amxila yalbi Sexeduleba imis
Sesaxeb, rom TiTqos ilia arasodes yofila aramcTu Tavad-
aznaurebis winaaRmdegi, aramed batonymobis mospobis
momxrec. mas mxolod surda, rom batonymobisaTvis ufro
lmobieri da humanuri xasiaTi mieca. simon xundaZem am
SromaSi gviCvena ilia WavWavaZis socialur-politikuri
programis samarTliani xasiaTi. marTalia, aRniSnul
naSromSi aris rigi sakiTxebisa, romelTac simon
xundaZe araswori poziciebidan ixilavs, magaliTad,
55
TergdaleulebSi ver xedavs erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraobis ideologias, magram aRniSnul naSroms didi
mniSvneloba aqvs erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
sakiTxis Sesaswavlad.
profesori pr. ratiani naSromSi: „TergdaleulTa
sazogadoebriv-politikuri Sexedulebis klasobrivi
bunebis gagebisaTvis~ da „ilia WavWavaZe, moRvaweoba
da azrovneba~ samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom ilia
WavWavaZe da qarTveli samocianelebi socialuri
ukuRmarTobis winaaRmdeg da amasTanave koloniuri
Cagvris winaaRmdeg dausrulebel brZolas eweodnen.
erovnul sakiTxs maT moRvaweobaSi gansakuTrebuli
adgili uWiravs saqarTveloSi batonymobis gauqmebis
Semdeg. prokofi ratiani erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebel
moZraobas saqarTveloSi 60-70-ian wlebSi ixilavs,
rogorc carizmisa da ruseTis koloniuri politikis
winaaRmdeg brZolas, xolo 80-ian wlebSi ki saqarTvelos
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis amocanad saxavs
ruseTis saxelwifos farglebSi brZolas qarTveli
xalxis erovnuli uflebebis mosapoveblad. fiqrobs,
rom amis Sesabamisad unda Secvliliyo qarTveli xalxis
erovnuli lozungi: Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudneso,
prokofi ratianma ilia WavWavaZe da TergdaleulTa
politikuri moZraoba ZiriTadad marqsizmis poziciidan
ganixila, riTac man Tavdapirvel logikur azrovnebas
azri daukarga.
profesorma leo gorgilaZem naSromSi: „qarTuli
sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis istoriidan~ vrclad
mimoixila TergdaleulTa ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
Sexedulebani da isini Tavis drois revoluciur movlenad
da glexTa ideologiis gamomxatvelad miiCnia. profesori
i. anTelavam naSromSi „sazogadoebriv-politikuri
moZraoba da sazogadoebrivi azris istoriidan
saqarTveloSi~ l. gorgilaZis mier gamoTqmuli azri
ilia WavWavaZis glexTa ideologad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb
qarTuli Teatri XIX saukunis meore
naxevris erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi
56
suliko (lamara) kirvaliZe
mecnierulad swor da damajereblad CaTvala. igive azri
gaiziara v. sifraSvilma naSromSi `rusi-revolucioner-
demokratebisa da TergdaleulTa ideuri urTierToba~.
sifraSvili iziarebs im Tvalsazriss, rom ilia
WavWavaZe 60-ian wlebSi specialurad gamoemgzavra
saqarTveloSi ajanyebis mosawyobad, magram male
darwmunda saqarTveloSi mebrZoli Zalebis ar arsebobaSi
da amitom ajanyebaze xeli aiRo da mxolod ideur-
politikuri brZola gaaCaRao. sifraSvilis azriT,
ilias jgufma win wamoswia erovnuli problema da mas
dauqvemdebara klasobrivi brZolis sakiTxi, riTac es
jgufi ascda swor gzas.
profesori a. kikviZe „saqarTvelos istoria XIX
- XX s.s naw.2~ iziarebs profesor l. gorgilaZis
azrs TergdaleulTa dasebad dajgufebis Sesaxeb,
meore dasis aRmoCenebis sakiTxad miiCnevs 1866 wels
da fiqrobs, rom pirveli da meore dasi erTmaneTs
scildebodnen erovnuli wamyvani Zalebis gagebis
sakiTxSi. rac Seexeba socialur sakiTxs, _ wers abel
kikviZe, orive dasi ufro miuaxlovda kapitalizmisagan
gamowveuli drois moTxovnilebas da iwyo samrewvelo
amxanagobebisa da rigi warmoebaTa daarsebis propaganda.
aseve, kapitalisturi progresis gezisaken miuTiTebda
qarTvel xalxs ilia WavWavaZec, Tumca es iyo memamuluri
meurneobis kapitalizmSi gadazrdis gza. abel kikviZis
es Tvalsazrisi gaiziara profesorma iuri kaWaravam.
iuri kaWarava naSromSi „socialur-politikuri
cxovrebis gansakuTrebuli pirobebi da glexTa
revoluciuri moZraobis Taviseburebani saqarTveloSi~.
erovnul moZraobaSi Tergdaleulebs miiCnevs burJuaziisa
da gaburJuizebis gzaze damdgar ideologebad.
profesori iuri kaWaravas meore naSromSi _ „qarTuli
istoriografiis sakiTxebi~ erovnul moZraobaSi
proletariatis gamoCenisas, Tergdalelulebi gamoriyul
Zalad miiCnia, romlebmac iwyes TanamSromlobis
57
propaganda da xeli aiRes brZolis revoluciur
meTodebze. aqve minda SevniSno, rom ilias mxedvelobidan
ar gamorCenia da is udides rols aniWebda qarTul
scenas erovnuli moZraobisa da ganviTarebis da agreTve
erovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRlebis saqmeSi.
profesori mixeil gafrindaSvili naSromSi _
„qarTveli ganmanaTleblebi~ gamoTqvams azrs, rom
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi XIX saukunis
60-70-ian wlebSi mTavar rols qarTveli ganmanaTleblebi
asrulebdnen. exeba ra s. mesxisa da g. wereTlis erovnul
programas, profesor iuri kaWaravas miaCnia, rom giorgi
wereTlisa da sergei mesxis erovnuli programis mTavari
motivia ruseTis meSveobiT saqarTvelos mTlianobis
aRdgena da dacva, qveynis Semdgomi demokratizacia,
saqarTveloSi rusebis mier kolonizaciis Sewyveta,
qarTveli xalxisTvis moqalaqeobrivi uflebebis miniWeba,
saxelmwifo dawesebulebaSi qarTuli enis SemoReba da
skolebSi qarTuli enis swavleba, qarTuli kulturis
xelSeuxebloba.
niko nikolaZe, gafrindaSvilis azriT, erovnul
sakiTxs meorexarisxovan sakiTxad acxadebda, Tumca,
mkacrad akritikebda rusifikacias da eqspluatacias.
pativcemuli mkvlevaris azri Cven aramarTebulad
migvaCnia, radgan cnobilia, Tu rogori aqtiurobiT
ebrZoda niko nikolaZe katkovsa da mis momxreebs,
romlebic Seuracxyofdnen qarTvel xalxs da maT
erovnul moZraobas.
profesori zaqaria SveliZe naSromSi „revoluciuri
xalxosnuri moZraobis istoriidan saqarTveloSi~
XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis damdegs exeba erovnul
moZraobaSi Tergdaleulebisa da misi medroSis ilia
WavWavaZis msoflmxedvelobis sakiTxs. miaCnia, rom
XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebis Tergdaleulebi erovnul
moZraobaSi liberalebis gzas adgnen da am droidan ilia
WavWavaZis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelma Tvalsazrisma
qarTuli Teatri XIX saukunis meore
naxevris erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi
58
suliko (lamara) kirvaliZe
dakarga winandeli demokratiuli Sinaarsi. z. SveliZes
qarTveli didi moazrovneebi: niko nikolaZe, i. jabadari,
e. ioseliani, g. yifiani, an. furcelaZe separatizmis
mowinaaRmdegeebad miiCnda. avtoris azriT, isini wminda
imperializmis xazis gamtareblebi iyvnen. pativcemuli
avtoris es Tvalsazrisi kvlav Tanamedroveobis
poziciidan unda iqnas Seswavlili.
profesor vaxuSti kotetiSvils naSromSi „qarTuli
literaturis istoria XIX saukuneSi~ aRniSnuli aqvs,
rom ilias moRvaweobaSi erovnuli sakiTxi moicavda mis
mTel samoqmedo programas, romliTac datvirTuli iyo
ilias „mgzavris werilebi~.
mkvlevarma pavle ingoroyvam TxzulebaTa sruli
krebulis pirvel tomSi, ganaviTara azri, rom
saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas
axali Sinaarsi misca iliam, roca samwerlo asparezze
gamosvlisTanave ori sabrZolo mizani daisaxa _ brZola
eris Tavisuflebisa da brZola socialuri Cagvris
winaaRmdeg.
profesori m. duduCava 1960 wels gamoqveynebul
narkvevSi „ilia WavWavaZis esTetika~ miuTiTebda, rom
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi Tergdaleulebma
yvelaze xelgaSlilad moixades xarki. isini aRWurvilni
iyvnen mebrZoli demokratiuli ideebiT. mamia duduCava
TergdaleulTa Rvawls sxvadasxva kuTxeebis dakavSirebisa
da amaTSi erTobis grZnobis gaRviZebisaTvis „mTliani
eris Teoria~ uwoda da samarTlianad miiCnia, rom
„Tu ilias SemoqmedebaSi Warbobs glexTa sakiTxi, misi
gadawyvetisadmi miswrafeba, es imitom, rom glexoba
mosaxleobis udides umravlesobas Seadgenda~.
profesori daviT gamezardaSvili „ilia WavWavaZe
axali qarTuli literaturis fuZemdebeli~ ixilavs
erovnuli mTlianobis mniSvnelobas socialuri Cagvris
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.
s. bocvaZe naSromSi „s. mesxi da 60-80-iani wlebis
59
qarTuli presa~ midis im daskvnamde rom Cvenma saxelovanma
mamuliSvilebma: ilia WavWavaZem, iakob gogebaSvilma
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi mTavar amocanad
miiCnies, rom erovnuli problemis mogvarebasTan iyo
dakavSirebuli eris yvela sakiTxi, maT Soris socialuri
sakiTxis gadawyvetac.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura:
Jordania n. nawerebis krebuli erovnuli sakiTxebis •
Sesaxeb, Tb. 1922w.
xundaZe s. socializmis istoria saqarTveloSi t. 1, Tb. •
1927w.
gorgaZe gr. sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi saqarTveloSi •
batonymobis gadavardnis Semdeg, Tb. 1928w.
ratiani pr. TergdaleulTa sazogadoebriv-politikuri •
Sexedulebis klasobrivi bunebis gagebisaTvis, Tb. 1965w.
ratiani pr. ilia WavWavaZe, moRvaweoba da azrovneba, Tb. •
1965w.
gorgilaZe l. sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba da •
sazogadoebrivi azris istoriidan saqarTveloSi, Tb.
1972w.
SveliZe z. rusi-revolucioner-demokratebisa da •
TergdaleulTa ideuri urTierToba, Tb. 1962w.
kikviZe ab. saqarTvelos istoria XIX -XX s.s. naw 2, •
Tb. 1959w.
kaWarava i. socilur-politikuri cxovrebis •
gansakuTrebuli pirobebi da glexTa revoluciuri
moZraobis Taviseburebani saqarTveloSi, Tb. 1959w.
kaWarava i. qarTuli istoriografiis sakiTxebi, wigni 2, •
Tb. 1962w.
gafrindaSvili v. qarTveli ganmanaTleblebi, Tb. 1966w.•
kotetiSvili vax. qarTuli literaturis istoria XIX •
saukuneSi, Tb. 1959w.
gamezardaSvili d. ilia WavWavaZe axali qarTuli •
literaturis fuZemdebeli, Tb. 1957w.
statiis stili daculiastatiis stili daculia
qarTuli Teatri XIX saukunis meore
naxevris erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi
60
61
kinomcodneoba
62
63
maia levaniZe maia levaniZe
sazogadoeba da pirovnebasazogadoeba da pirovneba
miloS formanis filmSi `viRacam miloS formanis filmSi `viRacam
gugulis budes gadaufrina~gugulis budes gadaufrina~
sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis urTierTqmedebis
procesi yvelaze mwvaved Caketil sivrceSi vlindeba, iq,
sadac sazogadoeba samarTlianobis saxeliT agresiulad
cdilobs sistemaSi moaqcios adamianis, pirovnebis
Tavisufali neba. miloS formanis `viRacam gugulis
budes gadaufrina~ pirveli amerikuli namuSevaria,
sadac `socialisturi sivrcidan~ wamosuli reJisori
cdilobs alegoriulad mogviTxros im samyaroze, sadac
adamianebi gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis, xasiaTis da
cxovrebis stilis gamo idevnebian, sadac individualizmi,
protestantizmi danaSaulTan asocirdeba. swored amitom
masTan ufro mwvaved dgeba adamianisa da sazogadoebis
urTierTobis, urTierTzegavlenis problema.
Tu formanis biografias gadavxedavT, vnaxavT, rom
CexeTSi moRvaweobis periodSic reJisors popularoba
filmebma: `qera qalis sasiyvarulo Tavgadasavali~
(1965 w.) da `mexanZreTa mejlisi~ (1967 w.) moutana.
satiruli Janris nawarmoebebi praRis gazafxulis
movlenebs asaxavda, ris gamoc filmebi CexeTis cenzuram
akraZala.
samSobloSi arsebuli rTuli politikuri situacia
gaxda is ZiriTadi mizezi, romelmac aiZula reJisori
daetovebina qveyana. amerikaSi _ axal Tavisufal,
demokratiul sivrceSi reJisori TiTqos cdilobda
distanciidan gaeazrebina sakuTari qveynis problemebi,
masStaburi, zogadsakacobrio problemebis WrilSi
moeqcia is, esaubra imaze, rac misTvis yvelaze nacnobi
da axlobeli iyo. formanis amerikuli namuSevrebi:
64
`viRacam gugulis budes gadaufrina~ (1975), `Tma~
(1979), `valmonti~ (1989), `xalxi lari flintis
winaaRmdeg~ (1996) da sxva Caketili sazogadoebisa
da meamboxe gmiris urTierTobis, urTierTzegavlenis
problemis irgvliv moZraoben.
1970-iani wlebis dasawyisi amerikul kinoSi `axali
holivuduri kinos~ Camoyalibebis periodia, sadac is
Temebi da ganwyobebi, romlebic cota xnis win arc
ki iyo ekranze, TandaTanobiT meinstrimi xdeba (seqsi,
Zaladoba, hipebi, uxamsi leqsika da sxva). swored am
cvlilebebma xeli Seuwyo miloS formanis damkvidrebas
holivudSi da saSualeba misca emuSava iseT saintereso
msaxiobebTan, rogorebicaa: jek nikolsoni, luiza
fletCeri da sxvebi. pirveli amerikuli filmi `viRacam gugulis
budes gadaufrina~ ken kizis romanis ekranizaciaa.
zogadad formanis Semoqmedebas Tu gadavxedavT, misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli xdeba literaturuli namuSevris
Tavisufali interpretacia. amis magaliTad SegviZlia
moviyvanoT Tundac `valmonti~, romelsac formani
laklos `saSiSi kavSirebis~ mixedviT iRebs. erTi
gmiris TvaliT danaxuli istoria, axla, SeiZleba iTqvas,
tragikul Seferilobas iZens. sazogadoebis msxverpli,
adamiani, iZulebulia, angariSi gauwios sazogadoebriv
azrs da marionetad qceulma uari Tqvas sakuTar
grZnobebze. valmonti iseTive msxverplia garemoebebis,
rogorc filmis `viRacam gugulis budes gadaufrina~
gmiri makmerfi. Tumca gansxvavebulic, vinaidan makmerfi
ibrZvis da ewireba, valmonti ki TamaSis wesebs ver
arRvevs da TviTganadgurebamde midis.
rogorc zeviT aRvniSne, 1968 weli CexeTSi studentTa
aqtiur gamosvlebs sabWoTa jarebis mier CexeTis
teritoriis xelaxali okupacia mohyva. formani Caketili
sivrcidan Tavisufal, demokratiul qveyanaSi miemgzavreba.
maia levaniZe
65
iq, sadac Tavisufali sityva, demokratiuli Rirebulebebi
qveynis ZiriTad mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgens, Tumca,
evropuli qveynidan danaxuli saocnebo samyaro arc ise
idealuria. aqac gansxvavebulad moazrovneni, isini, vinc
ver eguebian saxelmwifo struqturebis mier dadgenil
normebs, sazogadoebisTvis miuRebeli arian. sazogadoeba
iseTive Caketili da konservatiulia, rogorc iq,
CexeTis, gansxvavebul garemoSi. `viRacam gugulis
budes gadaufrina~ am samyaros mikromodelia, sadac
adamianebi xSirad demokratiul Rirebulebebs sakuTari
Zalauflebis dasamkvidreblad iyeneben, manipulireben da
sxvebisTvis gausaZlis samyaros qmnian.
Txrobis procesSi miloS formani cdilobs, ar
daakonkretos dro. kadrSi asaxuli berlinis kedlis
movlenebi, albaneTSi rasobriv niadagze momxdari
konfliqti da sxva drois faqtorebis aqcentirebiT
reJisori problemas masStaburs xdis. filmSi am
faqtorTa mravalferovani aqcentirebiT asociaciebi
Cndeba axlo warsulis movlenebTan: 50-iani wlebis
makartizmis xanasTan, 60-ianelebis studentur amboxTan
(yovelgvari akrZalvebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli) da 60-
ianelebis amboxis Sedegad aRmocenebul 70-ianelTa
konformizmTan.
filmSi Txroba sami gmiris _ makmerfi, eqTani reCedi reCedi
da indieli _ da indieli _ irgvliv igeba. reCedis urTierToba kirgvliv igeba. reCedis urTierToba klinikis
binadrebTan rTuli, despoturia. misi zrunva sakuTari
nebiT `datyvevebuli~ pacientebis gamojanmrTelebaze
iluziaa, vinidan eqTani yoveldRiuri jgufuri SexvedriT
ufro da ufro cdilobs maTSi gaamwvavos arsebuli
kompleqsebi da fsiqologiuri problemebi. reCedisTvis
es erTdroulad saavadmyofos keTildReoba da sakuTari
egos dakmayofilebis mcdelobaa. saavadmyofos mTavari
eqimis ndoba eqTani reCedis mimarT ganukirTxaobis,
absoluturi Zalauflebs iluzias uqmnis mas.
sazogadoeba da pirovneba
miloS formanis filmSi `viRacam gugulis budes gadaufrina~
66
saavadmyofoSi erTferovani dRis ganrigi, rutinuli
garemo, TiToeul pacients garkveul CarCoSi aqcevs,
sadac mas ar SeuZlia sakuTari survilebis dakmayofileba,
arCevanis gakeTeba. eqTan reCedisgan gansxvavebiT makmerfi
cdilobs maTSi warsuli SegrZnebebi gaaRviZos, raTa Tavi
sazogadoebis srulfasovan wevrad igrZnon. TiToeuli
maTgani gaaRviZos, aamoZraos da aRmoaCinos sadRac
dakarguli, uaryofili `me~. dakarguli, uaryofili `me~.
rendel patrik makmerfirendel patrik makmerfi cixesa da fsiqiatriul
saavadmyofos Soris arCevans akeTebs. ramdenime Tve
fsiqiatriulSi, Tundac ramdenime weli, misTvis
procentulad ufro met TavisuflebasTan asocirdeba,
vidre cixe. pirvelive kadrebSi policielebis mier
xelborkilebisgan gaTavisuflebuli is Sinaganad
Tavisufldeba. TiTqos ukve erTi nabijia miznamde
da am mizans mondomebiT uaxlovdeba. saavadmyofos
xelmZRvanelsa da ramdenime eqspertTan urTierToba
misTvis saintereso, azartulia. am dros, is TiTqos
garkveul zRvarze _ sigiJisa da normalurobisa _
cdilobs darCes, raTa miiRos sasurveli Tavisufleba.
auzSi laRad mocurave makmerfi sanitars niSnis mogebiT
esaubreba _ ramdenime dRe da is Tavisufali iqneba. da
swored aq pirvelad dgeba uxeSi realobis winaSe. is
xvdeba, rom miRebuli `Tavisufleba~ iluzorulia. is
iseTive tyvea am samyarosi, rogorc sxva pacientebi,
romlebsac ukve yovelgvari protestis grZnoba aqvT
dakarguli. romlebic mieCvivnen sxvaTa brZanebiT, sxvaTa
nebiTa da gadawyvetilebiT arsebobas da mxolod sakuTari
dafaruli gancdebis rTul samyaroSi arseboben.
filmis siuJetis ganviTarebis pirvel etapze
moqmedeba ufro qaoturi, laRi da Tavisufalia, rasac
Semdgom epizodebze ver vityvi. daugegmavi, xSirad
azartuli dapirispireba, TamaSi Segnebul protestSi
gadaizrdeba. agresiulad cdilobs makmerfi Caketili
maia levaniZe
67
sivrcis garRvevas da ewireba kidec.
makmerfisa da sxva pacientebis urTierToba
erTdroulad TanagrZnobiT, interesiT, axlis Secnobis
surviliTaa gamsWvaluli. saavadmyofos gatacebuli
avtobusiT qalaqSi mogzauroba, tbaze Tevzaoba
garkveuli droiT abrunebs maT realur samyaroSi. es
mSvenieri gancda pacientebisTvis droebiTia. is isev
Cveuli rutiniT icvleba, vinaidan wlebis manZilze
eqimi reCedis mier SemuSavebuli ganrigi, gamomuSavebuli
Cvevebi maTi yoveldRiurobaa, romlis darRvevac maT ar
SeuZliaT.
saavadmyofoSi mowyobili Ramis wveulebiT, darbeuli
oTaxebiT da reCedis gakicxvis sceniT reJisori xazs
usvams mmarTveli Zalis survils, sakuTari wesebis
upirobo aRiarebis da morCilebisa. eqTani reCedi,
romelic swored am Zalis simboloa, Cumi agresiiT
cdilobs sxvebis damonebas. filmis erT-erT epizodSi
ymawvili kaci (bili) Tavis istorias yveba, axalgazrda
momxiblel qalze, romelic uyvarda da dedaze, romelmac
moaxerxa sakuTari kompleqsebis zegavleniT masSi
danaSaulis grZnoba, garkveuli SezRudvebi gaeRviZebina.
filmis dasawyisSi moTxrobili istoria xdeba is iaraRi,
romliTac reCeds surs gauswordes bils _ daamciros,
daaSinos. aiZulos, gasces meamboxe.
makmerfisa da reCedis dapirispireba ori gansxvavebuli
msoflmxedvelobis Widilia. makmerfisTvis cxovreba
grZnobaTa, emociaTa samyaroa, sadac wesrigi damangreveli,
miuRebelia, xolo reCedisTvis samyaro sruli wesrigia,
sadac yoveldRiuroba erTi Sinagani wesiT regulirdeba
da piradi gancdebi, grZnobebi umniSvnelo xdeba.
erTaderTi adamiani, romelTanac SeuZlia urTierToba,
romelic mdumared akvirdeba mimdinare movlenebs,
makmerfisa da reCedis Cum oms da romelSic nel-nela
iRviZebs protestisa da Tavisuflebis mopovebis survili,
sazogadoeba da pirovneba
miloS formanis filmSi `viRacam gugulis budes gadaufrina~
68
es indieli `beladia~`beladia~. .
Tavisufal miwaze,Tavisufal miwaze, Tavisufali suliTa da
gansxvavebuli tradiciebiT mcxovrebi amerikis indieli
tomebis warmomadgeneli `beladi~, romlis Rirsebac
Selaxes, tradiciebi SezRudes, daangries da dadgenil
normebSi moaqcies, protestis formad dumils irCevs.
swored dumiliT cdilobs misTvis agresiul garemoSi
adaptirebas. TiTqosda is elodeba makmerfis msgavs
gmirs, rom iwamos sakuTar TavSi arsebuli Zala. filmis
finalur scenaSi beladi gaqcevis gadawyvetilebas
iRebs. makmerfis sawolTan Camomjdari TvalebanTebuli
Cumad umxels megobars _ `me sakuTar TavSi mTas
vgrZnob~, magram makmerfi ukve gatexilia sazogadoebis,
mmarTveli Zalis mier. beladi mxolod ramdenime wuTis
Semdeg SeniSnavs mis mdgomareobas da xvdeba, rom is
sulierad aRar arsebobs. beladisTvis miuRebelia
damorCilebuli, Tavisufali sulis, meamboxe makmerfis
monobaSi arseboba. sulis gareSe darCenili daucveli
sxeulis arsebobas xelovnurad wyvets beladi da garbis.
finalur kadrSi garRveuli kedeli, erT-erTi pacientis
`gamarjvebis yiJina~, moRerebuli muSti gaiJRerebs,
rogorc adamianebis Sinagan samyaroSi Tavisuflebisken
swrafvis simbolo, romelic TiToeul CvenganSi, TiTqmis
instinqtis donezec ki Zalze Zlieria.
maia levaniZe
69
lela oCiauri lela oCiauri
qarTuli kino gaRma napirze qarTuli kino gaRma napirze
gadasasvleladgadasasvlelad
xelovnebis esa Tu is nawarmoebi yovelTvis atarebs im
drois niSnebs, rodesac isini iqmneba, dawyebuli avtoris
moqalaqeobrivi poziciidan, saTqmelidan mxatvruli
gadawyvetis Taviseburebebamde, formis siaxlemde,
mimarTulebis TavisTavadobamde da a.S. erT-erTi
dargi, romelic „mowodebulia~ asaxos da gaaanalizos
problemebi, sakiTxebi, faqtebi Tu movlenebi, is, rac
sazogadoebaSi xdeba _ kinematografia, magram, Tu
dokumenturi kino, ZiriTadad, mainc istoriis Tanmdevi
procesia, mxatvrul kinos kidev erTi „kanoni~ aqvs – is
Sefasebisas distancirebas unda axdendes da mis axal
xatebs qmnides, garkveuli drois gasvlisa da momxdaris
„gadaxarSvis~ Semdeg.
axali dro da viTareba, TavisTavad, axali garemoebebis
Seqmnis pirobebs gansazRvravs. SeiZleba, swored amitom,
wlebis ganmavlobaSi (iqneb sxva mizeziTac) qarTul
kinoSi, TeatrSi, literaturaSi, iSviaTi gamonaklisis
garda (magaliTad, goga xaindravas „ocnebebis sasaflao~,
romelsac „pirdapiri reportaJi sabrZolo moqmedebebis
epicentridan~ SeiZleba vuwodoT), afxazeTis omisa da misi
Sedegebis, omgadaxdili adamianebisa da maTi samSoblos
bedis Sesaxeb araferi Seqmnila. maSin, rodesac aseTi
qmedeba bevri ramis gamoa mniSvnelovani, moqalaqeobriv
poziciasa Tu adamianuri gulistkivilis gamoZaxilze
rom araferi vTqvaT.
„reJisors, kinomsaxiobebs, scenaris avtorebs, filmis
yvela Semqmnels, Tavisi nawarmoebiT, raRacis Tqma surs
CvenTvis. maTi filmi _ mayureblebisadmi gagzavnili
werilis msgavsia. magram imisTvis, rom gzavnili
70
amoicno, saWiroa misi enis codna. Semdeg Cven mogviwevs
enis bunebis sxvadasxva aspeqtTan Sexeba im doziT,
ra doziTac es kinos mxatvruli arsis Sesacnobad
dagvWirdeba~.1
afxazeTis omis Semdeg 20 weli gavida. am omma
da mis Semdgomma periodma, saqarTvelos teritoriuli
mTlianobis darRvevam, iZulebiT gadaadgilebulma,
mSobliur saxlebs mowyvetilma aTasobiT adamianma,
asobiT daRupulma mebrZolma Tu mSvidobianma moqalaqem
Cveni qveynis istoriaSi, piradi Tu koleqtiuri
istoriiT, erT-erTi utragikulesi furceli
Caweres.
movlenebma, romlebic saqarTveloSi (da ara marto
saqarTveloSi – kavkasiaSi) sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis
Semdeg da misi reanimaciis mcdelobebisa Tu sxva
mizezebiT, meoce saukunis 90-ian wlebSi ganviTarda
(samoqalaqo Tu omebi teritoriuli mTlianobisTvis:
saqarTveloSi – ara mxolod afxazeTsa da Sida qarTlSi
_ CeCneTSi, yarabaRsa Tu kavkasiis sxva respublikebSi),
romlebmac am qveynebSi mniSvnelovani, radikaluri
cvlilebebi gamoiwvies, ramac samyaro „konfliqtis
zonebad~ dahyo _ radikalurad da pirvel rigSi,
swored adamianebis, sazogadoebebis cxovreba Secvales,
maT bedze, awmyosa da momavalze iqonies gavlena.
am xnis ganmavlobaSi daibada da gaizarda, Camoyalibda
axali Taobebi _ aqeTa da gaRma napirebze, romlebsac
am urTierTobis, erTad cxovrebis istoria ar hqoniaT
da ar ician, ra xdeboda maSin, vidre samyaros omi
gaxleCda. is, vinc yovelives momswrea, mouSuSebel
tkivils atarebs da erTi _ mTavari imediT cxovrobs
_ Sin dabrunebis imediT!
pirveli nabijebi am mimarTulebiT mxolod bolo
1 Лотман И., Семиотика кино и проблемы киноэстетики, Таллин, изд. Вести Таамат 1973, ст.3
lela oCiauri
71
6-7 welia gadaidga _ qarTvelma reJisorebma da
dramaturgebma „gabedes~, „dumili daarRvies~ (Tumca
mTavari _ „Wirveuli~ _ dumilis damTavrebamde
jer Soria) da 90-ian wlebSi afxazeTSi ganviTarebuli
movlenebis, omisSemdgomi istoriebisa da am kuTxiT,
Cveni samSoblos momavlis problemaze „alaparakdnen~.
amis dasturad SeiZleba CavTvaloT TeatrSi, ramdenime
wliT (2005) adre ganxorcielebuli _ Temur CxeiZis
„zRva, romelic Soria~, guram odiSarias piesaze (samefo
ubnis TeatrSi, soxumis Teatris dasis monawileobiT)
da filmebi – levan TuTberiZis „gaseirneba yarabaRSi~
(2005), vano burdulis „konfliqtis zona~ (2009),
giorgi ovaSvilis „gaRma napiri~ (2009), giorgi
sixaruliZis „bambaziis samoTxe~ (2010) da zaza uruSaZis
„mandarinebi~ (2013), romlebic 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi,
maTSi asaxuli movlenebidan aTze meti wlis Semdeg da
erTi-meoris TanmimdevrobiTa Tu paralelurad Seiqmna.
rodesac moqmedeba ukve dasrulebulia, dasrulebulia
uSedego mogzauroba da filmi mTavrdeba, ekranze
warwera Cndeba _ sul ramdenime sityviani - „vuZRvni
Cems samSoblos~ da es, TiTqos, „banaluri~, „plakaturi~,
„Cveulebrivi~ fraza kvlav dasawyisSi gabrunebs,
rogorRac amTlianebs da kravs yvelafers, rac moxda,
Semdeg „Tavisive~ CarCoebs arRvevs da axal masStabSi,
ganzomilebaSi gadadis.
am warweriT mTavrdeba giorgi ovaSvilis mxatvruli
filmi „gaRma napiri` (2008-2009), romelSic
moTxrobilia afxazeTidan devnili patara biWunas
istoria. igi dedasTan erTad cxovrobs, mama omis dros
afxazeTSi darCa. Tedos bedi, Sesabamisad, im omis, im
Zaladobis, koSmaris (romelic Zalian ginda, rom ara
realoba, aramed sizmari iyos) yvela niSans atarebs,
romelic saqarTvelom gadaitana; Tedos cxovreba ki,
romelic momxdaris, arsebuli viTarebis Sedegia, qveynis
qarTuli kino gaRma napirze gadasasvlelad
72
istoriis gagrZelebaa, romelsac Zaladobam, agresiam,
siZulvilma bevri daakargvina.
rodesac bavSvebs ufrosebi veRar icaven, rodesac
maTze aRaravin fiqrobs an, saerTod, aRaravin hyavT
amqveynad, isini iZulebuli xdebian, sakuTar Tavze TviTon
izrunon, moZebnon TavSesafari, arsebobis saSualeba,
amisTvis ki, iqurdon, danaSauli Caidinon. Semdeg
isini cixeSi xvdebian, TviTonve xdebian moZaladeebi,
sadRac kvlav garbian da kvlav rCebian marto, umweo da
miusafari. sasowarkveTili Tedo ki, rodesac CaTvlis,
rom erTaderTi gza aqvs, romelic ixsnis da Svebas
moutans _ afxazeTSi midis, gaRma napirze, am „napiris~
realobas gaurbis, midis iq, sadac mama eguleba, midis
mis, saxlis sapovnelad, maSin, rodesac da sadac aravin
eZebs da aravin elodeba.
Tedo midis da iwyeba misi, TiTqos jojoxeTSi
mogzauroba (romelic, aravin icis, ramden xans
grZeldeba), mdinaris erT da meore mxares, ulamazesi
bunebiT garSemortymul ganadgurebul da dacarielebul
samyaroSi, ganadgurebul qalaqebSi, ucxo Tu gaucxoebul
adamianebTan _ keTilebTan, borotebTan, maTTan, visac
saxe jer kidev ar daukargavs da maTTan, vinc mkvlelad,
moZaladed qceula. simartove sivrceSi Cakarguli Tedos
xvedria.
„esqatologiuri molodinis moxsnis kvalobaze xdeba
kosmosis (yofierebis) TavisTavadobis, TviTmyofobis
reabilitacia. es sofeli (saeculum), romelic iyo
xidi RvTis sasufevelSi gadasasvlelad, amieridan
xdeba myari sadguri, sadac adamiani mkvidrdeba im
iluzoruli rwmeniT, rom sabolood damkvidrebulia
am miwaze. miuxedavad warmavlobis yoveldRiuri mware
gamocdilebisa, igi aRar ganicdis Tavs mgzavrad,
wuTisoflis stumrad (es gamoTqma sityvis masaladRa
SerCa enas); waSlilia principi `kidec da arc~. es
lela oCiauri
73
sofeli aRar aris gansacdeli, es sofeli erTaderTia;
icvleba mimarTeba sikvdilis faqtTan: maradiul
cxovrebaSi gadamyvani xidi (es sofeli, sawuTro) axla
Tavad aris samudamo samyofeli. maradiuli cxovreba
xidze. saSualebaTa miznad qceva, roca aRar Cans saboloo
mizani. sxva Tvalsazrisi adamianis aRsasrulze, Tu ara
rogorc mis xorciel-sulier ganadgurebaze, sekularul
adamians ara aqvs. da dRemde awvalebs adamians, romelic
qristianad Tvlis Tavs: aris iq rame?~1
giorgi ovaSvili gviambobs, Tu ra moxda maSin,
rodesac omma adamianebi erTmaneTs daaSora, orad gahyo
da samyaro Suaze gaxliCa; rodesac dairRva mSvidoba da
aman adamianebis cxovreba iseve daangria, rogorc maTi
saxlebi, quCebi Tu qalaqebi; rodesac qveyanaSi sazRvari
gaevlo, romelic dRes erT xidze gadis.
es mdinare, es xidi Tu sazRvari sazogadoebis, qveynis
istorias hyofs orad. Suaze hyofs Tedosa da bevri
adamianis (ara mxolod maTi, vinc afxazeTidanaa devnili
da arc uSualod maTi, vinc TedosaviT, devnilobaSi
gaizarda da Zveli cxovreba _ bavSvoba, saxli Tu
mSobliuri qalaqi, sofeli, asakidan gamomdinare,
bundovnad an saerTod ar axsovs) hyofs or napirad, or
nawilad _ omamde da omis Semdeg, rodesac yvelaferi
daingra da rodesac adamianebi erTmaneTs daSordnen,
rodesac maT erTmaneTi dakarges, dakarges normaluri
(elementaruli) cxovrebis pirobebi; dakarges ufleba
_ ar etanjaT, rodesac bavSvoba, siTbo, siyvaruli,
mzrunveloba maTi sinamdvilidan sadRac gaqra.
swored es xidi udevs win Tedosac, sanam meore
napirze gadava, gamyofi da amave dros, „am~ da „im~
cxovrebis, warsulisa da awyos damakavSirebeli. es
xidic, engurze, iseve, rogorc mTeli filmi, rogorc
ambavi erTdroulad realuricaa da metaforulic,
1 kiknaZe z., istoriuli xedi, varskvlaviani ca, 24 saaTi, 21.01. 2011
qarTuli kino gaRma napirze gadasasvlelad
74
iseve, rogorc adamianebi (zRapris idumal, „jadosnur~
personaJebs rom gvagoneben) _ gaRma Tu gamoRma napirze.
isini qmnian wres bavSvis garSemo, misi cxovrebis
ganuyofeli nawili Tu SemTxveviTi Tanamgzavrebi arian,
reJisoris mier ostaturad awyobil mikrosamyaroSi,
sadac yvelas Tavisi da erTmaneTs gadajaWvuli bedi da
tragedia aqvs _ afxazsac da qarTvelsac.
SiSis, daZabulobisa da avis molodinis SegrZneba
Zlierdeba da daZabulobis (ara mxolod ambidan,
aramed sareJisoro gadawyvetidan, Txrobis stilidan,
movlenaTa ganviTarebis jaWvidan gamomdinare) SegrZneba
izrdeba. mayurebeli qvecnobierad, Camoyalibebuli
stereotipebidan gamomdinare, elis gansacdels, rac
Tedos xids iqiT SeiZleba elodes. aq TiTqos yovel
nabijze xifaTia Casafrebuli, TiTqos yovel wuTs grZnob,
raRac moxdeba, rac ufro Rrmad Sedis Tedo mSobliur
mxareSi. midis iq, sadac aravin elodeba da aRaravin
xvdeba, naxevraddangreuli, carieli da gaZarculi,
fanjrebCamsxvreuli binis garda, sadac ramdenime wlis
win, misi ojaxi cxovrobda; iq, sadac carieli saxlebi,
carieli quCebi, mkvdari qalaqebi, nisli da erTeuli,
kantikuntad, aqa-iq Semxvedri adamianebia.
„daujerebeli~ istoriaa, TiTqos zmanebasaviT,
datvirTuli emociurad da saTqmeliT, Tumca, esaa
Tedosa da masTan erTad Cveni mogzauroba, Cveni
ocnebisken svla, mcdeloba, vipovoT mama _ mSoblebi
_ saxli da miuxedavad imisa, rom mTavari gmiris
survili ausrulebeli rCeba, mizani miuRweveli
_ es mainc gamarjvebaa, am patara bavSvis, romelmac
TiToeuli Cvenganis nacvlad Sin dabruneba itvirTa;
gviCvena, ra SeiZleba gaakeTos adamianma samSobloSi
Tu samSoblos dasabruneblad. ucnauri da saocari
tragizmiT gajerebulia es istoriac, daundobelica da
SemaSfoTebelic, Semzaravi gulaxdilobiT, pirdapirobiTa
lela oCiauri
75
da simarTliT, araadamianurobisa da adamianis sulieri
gaZlebis SesaZlo zRvarze rom meryeobs... da amave dros,
esaa albaT, erT-erTi yvelaze keTilSobili da imediani
istoria, romelic saqarTvelos uaxlesi warsulis,
albaT erT-erT yvelaze umZimes, erT-erT yvelaze
dramatul movlenebs ukavSirdeba.
„erTi da igive arseba usasrulod sxvadasxva
movlenaSi SeiZleba gamovlindes. amitomac SesaZlebelia,
rom ararsebuli da SeTxzuli movlenac imave arsebas
amJRavnebdes, rac agreTve sinamdvilis arsebas Seadgens…
yovelive amis mixedviT, gasagebia, Tu, saxeldobr,
raSi gamoixateba sinamdvilis xelovnebiseuli asaxvis
specifika – xelovnebis nawarmoebi ki ar asaxavs, aramed
mTlianad Tu nawilobriv mainc Txzavs movlenebs,
anu konkretul adamianebs, maT garemomcvel nivTebs,
maT saqciels, ambavsa da Tavgadasavals; magram am
SeTxzuli movlenebis arsebis saxiT, anu am SeTxzuli
cxovrebis ganmgebeli idealisa da Sesabamisi tipuri
mizandasaxulobebisa da tendenciebis saxiT imaves
uCvenebs, rac namdvil cxovrebas ganagebs, mis arsebas
Seadgens da rasac, maSasadame, xelovneba ki ar Txzavs,
aramed swvdeba da asaxavs~1.ra SeiZleba uwodo qarTveli dedis ambavs, romelic
mravali welia, erTaderTi ocnebiT cxovrobs _ ipovos
Svilis saflavi da daitiros?! da meore mxriv, ra
SeiZleba uwodo afxazi dedis amdenivexnian molodinsa
da martoobis amdenivexnian, aseTive gaZlebas _ ipovos
Svilis mkvlelis deda da am mkvlelobisTvis patieba
aTxovninos?! an, SeiZleba damSvidde, gaTavisulde
mtanjveli mogonebebisa Tu dacarielebuli awmyosgan
an bolos da bolos Seeguo faqts, rom adamianebma
axloblebTan, SvilebTan, saxlTan, sixarulismomgvrel
1 kakabaZe z. saubari xelovnebis Temaze, http://burusi.wordpress.com/2011/07/10/zurab-kakabadze/
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yoveldRiurobasTan erTad erTmaneTi dakarges da
erTad gatarebuli wlebi warsulSi, Tavadve gavlebul
zRvarsmiRma darCaT?! siyvaruli da sikeTe ki, romelic
maT Soris arsebobda _ siZulvilma da SurisZiebis
survilma Secvala?!
afxazeTis omis Semdeg didi droa gasuli.
saqarTvelos romeliRac qalaqSi, am omis Sedegad
devnilebi cxovroben _ yofili maswavlebeli _ elene,
misi yofili moswavleebi da omSi daRupuli Svilis,
ratis megobrebi _ leqso da laura.
swored elene eZebs Svilis saflavs (romelic sadRac,
afxazeTSia), magram uSedegod. xangrZlivi wvalebis Semdeg,
igi rogorRac ukavSirdeba afxaz axalgazrdas, baTus,
romelic micvalebulebiT „vaWrobs~ da misi daxmarebiT,
am saflavs poulobs. ucnauri bedisweris wyalobiT,
rati baTus daRupuli Zmakacis mkvleli aRmoCndeba da
rogorc Semdeg irkveva, sarisko saqmianobis mTavari mizani
_ swored „elenes~ povnaa. ambis tragizms kidev metad
amZafrebs faqti, rom ratis saflavi swored am afxazi
axalgazrdas, alxasis gverdiTaa, cxedris sanacvlod ki,
alxasis deda (romelic am saflavebs ramdenime welia
uvlis, erTs _ siyvaruliTa da monatrebiT, meores _ boRmiTa da molodiniT) elenesTan Sexvedras iTxovs.
molodinis aRsrulebis droc dgeba da dedebi xvdebian
erTmaneTs.
aseT ucnaur da emociurad mZime istorias gviambobs
dramis reJisori, giorgi sixaruliZe, Tavisi pirveli
kinonamuSevriT _ „bambaziis samoTxe~, romelic nino
sadRobelaSvilis scenariT gadaiRo da romelic
ramdenime wlis win, quTaisis lado mesxiSvilis
saxelobis saxelmwifo TeatrSi warmoadgina.
mniSvnelovania isic, rom „bambaziis samoTxe~
mxolod afxazeTSi TiTqmis ori aTeuli wlis win
ganviTarebul movlenebsa da maT Sedegebs ar asaxavs.
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giorgi sixaruliZe zusti misamarTebis miuxedavad,
ambis, problemis ganzogadebas axdens. amave dros, rasac
akeTebs, ra ambavsac da ra konteqstSic mogviTxrobs,
aris marTlac mniSvnelovani simboluri xidi, romelic
SeiZleba qarTvel da afxaz sazogadoebas (sazogadoebas!!!)
Soris realuradac kvlav gaidos.
esaa Tanamedrove (Tumca, albaT, arc mxolod
Tanamedrove da arc mxolod konkretul movlenebTan
dakavSirebuli) drama. filmis gmirebi (da isinic, visac
personaJebi simbolurad asaxiereben) erTi warsulidan (da
aramarto erTi, zRvispira qalaqidan) modian. maT odesRac
uyvardaT erTmaneTi... magram Semdeg, rac moxda, rogorc
aseT SemTxvevebSi xdeba nebismier qveyanaSi, pirvel
rigSi, adamianebis cxovreba, es kavSirebi, es qalaqebi
da rac mTavaria, siyvaruli daangria. rasac siZulvili
da gaucxoeba, angariSsworebis gamanadgurebeli survili
da SurisZiebis aRsrulebisken swrafva mohyva.
„tragedia – stilis yvelaze didi skolaa.
is ufro adamianuri dramis interpretacias
gvaswavlis, vidre am dramis gadatanas.
tragediis did epoqebSi adamianebma SeZles mieRwiaT
arsebobis tragikuli xedvisaTvis da SeiZleba
erTaderTjer is ar iyo Teatri, romelic cxovrebis
imitacias akeTebs, aramed sicocxle, romelmac
Teatrisagan miiRo Rirseba da WeSmaritad meomruli
suli. amgvarad, am epoqebSi da am urTierTgacvlaSi
scenasa da samyaros Soris realizdeba stilis erTianoba,
romelic nicSes sityvebiT gansazRvravs kulturas.
imisaTvis, rom daimsaxuros tragedia, sazogadoebis
koleqtiurma sulma unda miaRwios kulturis garkveul
safexurs da ara codnis kulturas, aramed stilis
kulturas.
yalbi kulturiT dazianebul masebs SeuZliaT sakuTar
bedSi dramis simZime igrZnon: isini kmayofildebian
qarTuli kino gaRma napirze gadasasvlelad
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dramis dones da avrcoben dramatizmis SegrZnebas
TavianTi cxovrebis uwvrilmanes movlenebamdis. dramaSi
maT xiblavT egoizmis siWarbe, romelic sababs aZlevs
usasrulod moTqvamdnen sakuTari ubedobis umniSvnelo
detalebamdis da es, sxvaTa Soris, aqrobs yovelgvar
pasuxismgeblobas~.1 amave dros, omma bevri adamianis bedi gaaerTiana da
bevric, vinc erTmaneTTan iyo dakavSirebuli da erTmaneTi
uyvarda, daaSora erTmaneTs. maTi gzebi, pirvelad, Soreul
warsulSi gadaikveTa, jer maSin, rodesac mSvidoba iyo,
Semdeg, meored, omis dros da axla kvlav ikveTeba,
oRond sruliad sapirispiro mxares. isini, SemTxveviT
Tu gamiznulad, kvlav xvdebian erTmaneTs, erTmaneTisken
midian, elian am Sexvedras, raTa sabolood aRasrulon
mTavari, rac SeiZleba, rom adamianebma erTmaneTs
gaukeTon _ apation da erTad, erT enaze, xmaSewyobili
simReriT, amisken yvelas mouwodon. erTmaneTisken savali
gzebi ipovon da sazRvari, romelic odesRac gaivlo,
rogorc baTum da leqsom, rogorc elenem da afxazma
dedam, swored erTmaneTis daxmarebiT, erTad gadalaxon.
gadalaxon Rvinis SesmiT, tyviaCagdebuli fialidan,
afxazuri „nanaTi~ da SvilebisTvis patiebis TxovniT _
yvela uZilo RamisTvisa da marto gatarebuli dRisTvis,
yvela omisTvis... siZulvilisTvis. magram, sanam es
moxdeba, maT rTuli da grZeli gza aqvT gasavleli da
ar ician, ra eliT mis dasasruls.
istoriis safuZveli mravali wlis win, soxumSi
datrialebuli tragediaa. magram, vin daTvlis, ramdeni
aseTi istoria iyo im omSi, ramden dedasa Tu mamas
moukles Tvalwin Svili da ramden Svils dauxvrites
Tvalwin deda Tu mama; ramdens moukles Zmakaci am omSi
da ramdenma cocxladgadarCenilma dado fici, rom Surs
1 barti r. kultura da tragedia, http://lib.ge/book.php?author=1368&book=8548
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iZiebda am sikvdilisTvis.
mravali „pirdapiri~ niSnisa Tu konkretikis
miuxedavad, filmSi yvelaferi ganzogadebulia. rogori
konkretulica da drois, realobis ama Tu im movlenis
amsaxvelic unda iyos ambavi, reJisori Slis droisa
Tu geografiuli ganzomilebebis sazRvrebs. erTi,
Tundac ramdenime adamianis bedi saerTo saTqmelamde,
saerTo problemamde zogaddeba. konkretuli istoria im
tragediis metaforad warmodgeba, rac afxazeTSi moxda
da saerTod, rac omma, ngrevam, siZulvilma, Zaladobam
da sisastikem SeiZleba moutanos adamianebs. da imis
metaforadac, rac Sendobas, Rirseul saqcielsa da
saboloo jamSi, kacTmoyvareobas mosdevs. ris winaSec
ukan ixevs yvela da yvelafri SeiZleba daviwyebas
mieces. mxolod maSin SeiZleba, rom Svili mogiklan
da Sen SegiZlia apatio. SegiZlia muxlebze daemxo
dedis winaSe, romelsac Senma Svilma Svili moukla
da sanacvlod, didi xnis lodinis Semdeg, uari Tqva
miznis aRsrulebaze da kvlav mosavlelad miabaro
saflavi, romelSic „mkvlelica~ da msxverlic erTad
ganisveneben. „swored is Tviseba, rom niSnebi ar arseboben, rogorc calkeuli, danawevrebuli movlenebi, aramed
asaxiereben organizebul sistemebs, warmoadgens enis
ZiriTadi mowesrigebulobis mizezs. Tumca, semantikuri
mowesrigebulobis garda, ena gulisxmobs kidev sxva,
kerZod, sintaqsur mowesrigebulobasac. maT miekuTvneba
calkeuli niSnebis TanmimdevrobiTi SeerTebis wesebi,
romlebic Seesabameba am enis normebs. enis aseTi, sakmaod
farTo aRqmiT, erTiandeba sazogadoebaSi moqmedi
komunikaciuri sistemebis mTeli wre. kiTxva _ „aqvs Tu
ara kinos Tavisi ena?~ _ sruliad sxvagvarad daismis:
„gvevlineba Tu ara kino komunikaciur sistemad?~ _
magram, mgoni, amas aravin eWvobs~.1
1 Лотман И. Семиотика кино и проблемы киноэстетики, Таллин, изд. Вести Таамат 1973, ст.7
qarTuli kino gaRma napirze gadasasvlelad
80
giorgi sixaruliZis filmSi pirveli epizodebidanve
igrZnoba faruli Tu aSkara daZabuloba _ wyvdiadis
meufeba, pirvel rigSi, adamianebis sulebi rom moucavs da
mosvenebas ar aZlevs maT, romlebic, erTi mxriv, Zvirfas
danakargs ganicdian da meore mxriv, usiyvarulobas.
elene, jer kidev axalgazrda qali, dards moutexavs
da moxucs hgavs. sulieri daavadeba xSirad ereva.
leqsoc warsulis, omis kvals, rogorc Sinaganad, saxezec
atarebs _ wonasworobadarRveuli da adgildakarguli,
galoTebuli, nerviuli da saxenaiarevia. calxela baTuc
am omisa da Zaladobis msxverplia da iZulebulia, akeTos
is, risi keTebac ar unda. icxovros ise, rasac misi
buneba ewinaaRmdegeba. niJarebis gamyidvelic msxverplia
da sasowarkveTili, saxlTan siSorisa gamo...
Tumca, yvelafrisda miuxedavad, cxovreba mainc
grZeldeba. esec xom realobaa. mTavari ambis paralelurad,
Cveulebrivad miedineba da reJisori mis yoveldRiur
ritms, epoqis arsebobas araerTi detaliTa Tu niuansiT
gamokveTs. da radganac cxovreba grZeldeba, mas SeuZlia,
viRacas kvlav moutanos bedniereba. es xazi lauras
personaJSi ikveTeba, romelic, erTi mxriv, warsulsa da
qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobebis simbolod ikiTxeba.
rogorc irkveva, igi alxasTis Seyvarebuli yofila,
visgan datovebul beWedsac baTu mravali wlis Semdeg
gadascems. amJamad, ki, lauras cxovrebaSi axali megobari
_ giorgi Cndeba, romelsac elene ratis uwodebs da
amiT, iseve, rogorc leqso, TiTqos aRiarebs mas.
baTu da leqsoc mravali wlis Semdeg xvdebian.
odesRac isinic icnobdnen erTmaneTs, xSirad iyvnen
erTad da axla kvlav erTad arian, svamen TasiT,
romelSic tyviaa Cagdebuli da es Taviseburi rituali,
maT Soris arsebul da TiTqos gadaulaxav bariers
ucbad CamoSlis.
„abaSiZe, arCaia, aCba, gogoxia, danelia, Tarba~... _
kiTxulobs filmis erT-erT yvelaze dramatul epizodSi,
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Tavisi Zveli mowafeebis warmosaxviT sias, romeliRac
saklaso oTaxSi (sadac mas araferi esaqmeba), Rrma
sulieri krizisis mdgomareobaSi myofi elene. SeiZleba
am siidan _ qarTul da afxazuri gvarebs monacvleobiT
rom aerTianebs, bevri aRarcaa amqveynad. an, SesaZloa,
odesme isinic kvlav Sexvdnen „jadosnur mxareSi~
erTmaneTs.
moqmedeba kulminaciisken midis. isedac daZabuli da
daWimuli (rogorc adamianebis nervebi) atmosfero ufro
da ufro imuxteba. bolos gadamwyveti da mTavari wami
dgeba. elene im, mTavar, sazRvars gadadis da Svilis,
amdeni xnis nanatr, saflavs uaxlovdeba. man yvelaze
sastiki xarki unda gaiRos _ patieba unda iTxovos
imisTvis, rac ar Caudenia... marTalia, es scena sul
ramdenime wams grZeldeba, magram usasrulo Cans... da
uecrad, am daZabuli lodinis Semdeg elene patiebas
sTxovs ara dedas, romelic amas daJinebiT imeorebs,
aramed ratisa da alxass, Svilebs, imisTvis, rom dedebma
maT gareSe iswavles cxovreba... da alxasis dedac sTxovs
patiebas, imisTvis, rom adamianebi gaurbian erTmaneTs,
rom erTmaneTis moZebna ezarebaT, amdeni xnis siCumisTvis
sTxovs patiebas... ori, gaubedurebuli da mZime tvirTiani
qali patiebas imitom iTxovs, rom swored maT – dedebma
da mamebma Svilebi gansacdelisgan, verc omisa da verc
sikvdilisgan ver daifares.
uecrad elene kidev erT da gamaognebel
gadawyvetilebas iRebs _ „xeli gauSvi, Cemi Svili
aq darCeba, _ eubneba igi saflavis amosaTxrelad
niCabmomarjvebul baTus da aCerebs, _ es ratis saxlia,
ratis samoTxea, Cveni yvelasi, _ da Semdeg alxasis
dedas, orazrovani sityvebiT mimarTavs, _ droebiT Sen
gitoveb. me male davbrundebi~.
„nu vifiqrebT, rom es abstraqtuli da konteqsts
mowyvetili midgoma sruliad usargebloa. magaliTad,
iudauri Teologia katafatikur meTods saerTod ar
qarTuli kino gaRma napirze gadasasvlelad
82
scnobs. swored es uZevs safuZvlad paradoqsebiT
datvirTul Seudarebel ebraul iumors. magram miwieri
cxovreba mxolod sicil-xarxariT ar aSendeba _ viciT,
sad xdeboda aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, rom xalxi
sakuTar samzareuloebSi dascinoda gareT gamefebul
gapartaxebas. es xalxi marTalic iyo, magram realobis
aRsawerad, masSi swori orientaciisaTvis sulac ar
aris sakmarisi WeSmaritebis codna _ arsebiTia is, Tu
sakuTriv romeli WeSmariteba viciT: jer arasodes
yofila, rom liftSi gaWedili kvanturi meqanikis
meSveobiT gamosuliyos gareT~.1
„bambaziis samoTxis~ naxva da amaze dafiqreba
aucilebelia, Tundac imitom, rom xidebi, romlebic
odesRac afxazeTsa da danarCen saqarTvelos Soris
Caingra da saqarTvelos Tavisi miwa moglija _ aRdges
da yvelam, visac jer kidev axsovs (da Zalian bevrs
axsovs), rogor cxovrobdnen qarTvelebi da afxazebi (Tu
afxazeTSi mcxovrebi sxva erovnebis adamianebi) omamde
erTad, rogor uyvardaT erTmaneTi, rogor megobrodnen,
rogor swavlobdnen erTmaneTis gverdiT, rogor pativs
scemdnen erTmaneTs _ mSvidobiani momavlisken mimarTon
mzera.
es filmi kidev erTi da mniSvnelovani gzavnilia
afxazebisken, romelic, imedia, ara ubralod, rogorc
adresatebamde, aramed, pirvel rigSi, maT gulebamde,
cnobierebamde miaRwevs. maTac unda naxon „bambaziis
samoTxe~, raTa gaigon, ras fiqroben qarTvelebi
movlenebze, rac afxazeTSi _ yvela Cvenganis samoTxeSi
_ omis dros ganviTarda; rogor afaseben am yvelafers,
ras ganicdian da ras grZnoben dRes, im tkivilebsa da
danakargebze, rasac wlebia atareben ara mxolod sakuTari
Tavis, aramed afxazebis gamoc, maTTan mimarTebaSi da im
warsulisa (omamdeli Tu omisdroindeli) da momavlis
1 ladaria n., samSoblos dasacavad daRvril sisxlsac ki Segnebis
natamali ar moaqvs. 24 saaTi, 10. 02. 2013.
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gamo, romelic erTi iyo da yvelafris miuxedavad, kvlav
erTia. simboluri saflavi, sadac ori axalgazrda _
qarTveli da aseve, qarTveli-afxazi _ erTad, gverdigverd
ganisvenebs, Serigebisa da erTiani miwis _ Cveni yvelas
samoTxis _ metaforaa, romelic gviyvars, gvenatreba
da romelic male, aucileblad dagvabrunebs.
rodesac „bambaziis samoTxes` naxav, aucileblad
gangiaxldeba yvela tkivili, rac afxazeTs ukavSirdeba da
Wrilobebi, romlebic ver xorcdeba, isev Tavidan ixsneba.
Senc, elenesa da alxasis dedis msgavsad, gadixar gzas,
romelzec ukve mravali welia, Sens qveyanasTan erTad
dgaxar; gadadixar „gaRma napirze~ romelic arasodes
migitovebia; gadixar im sazRvarsac, romelic jer kidev
winaa, romelic gasavleli gaqvs da ici, aucileblad
unda gaiaro. radgan Cven bevri gvaqvs gasaxsenebelic,
mosayolic da erTmaneTisTvis saTqmelic.
rodesac omi iwyeba, is SeiZleba aRarasodes damTavrdes
da gansakuTrebiT maTTvis, visi gzebic erTxel ukve
gadaikveTa, visSic sikeTe da siyvaruli siZulvilma da
mrisxanebam Secvala da vinc sasowarkveTaSi Cavarda.
am gamanadgurebeli grZnobebisgan TavdaRweva ukve
SeuZlebelia. SurisZiebis grZnoba yvelafers jobnis
da faravs _ sikeTesac, romelsac adamianebi jer kidev
atareben, gaunelebel siyvaruls cocxlebisa da albaT
ufro metad gardacvlilebis mimarT, sakuTari warsulis
mimarT, rasac mTeli ZaliT eWidebian da rac aZlebinebT,
rom ar SeiSalon... magram, rogorc ki erTxel ityvi
mSvidobaze uars, gadaabijeb zRvars, romelic warsuls
omisSemdgomi cxovrebisgan mijnavs, svlas iqiTken iwyeb,
sadac araferia.
sanam isev iqneba omi, romelic yvelafers spobs
da angrevs, romelsac aTasobiT adamianis ufleba _
icxovros normaluri, mSvidi da mSvidobiani cxovrebiT,
Zaladobrivad aravin da araferi dakargos _ ewireba,
qarTuli kino gaRma napirze gadasasvlelad
84
yovelTvis iqneba warsulis ukan dabrunebisa da axali
tragediis, axali SurismaZieblebis gaCenis, axali
danaSaulis Cadenis, axali msxverplis saSiSroebac.
da swored imitom, rom, rac moxda, aRarasodes
ganmeordes, arc erT adamians ar mouwios sakuTari
saxlidan wasvla da masTan damSvidobeba, arc erT dedas
ar darCes Svilis saflavi (rogorc mSobliuri miwis
metafora) sxvis anabarad, aRaravin iyos iZulebuli,
SurisZiebis surviliT iarsebos da am grZnobam
gaaZlebinos; swored imitom, rom uari Tqva omze da
sabolood daemSvidobo iaraRs „Senianisa~ da ara mtris
winaaRmdeg, yvela biliki, yvela gza da saSualebaa
mosaZebni gaRma napirze gadasasvlelad, gamyofi xidis
SemaerTebel xidad gadasaqcevad.
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doqtorantTa
samecniero statiebi1
1 naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelebis rekomendaciiT.
statiebis stili daculia
86
87
maka vasaZe,maka vasaZe,
Teatrmcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,
xelmZRvaneli _ prof. mixeil kalandariSvili
robert sturuas qarTuli Seqspirianarobert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana
nawili IVnawili IV
`rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~`rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~
robert sturuam Seqspiris komedia `rogorc
geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~ rusTavelis TeatrSi
2001 wels ganaxorciela. Seqspirologebis azriT,
es aris `hamletamde~ dawerili Seqspiris pirveli
periodis bolo mxiaruli komedia. Seqspirisdroindel
inglisSi Sobis meTormete Rame Sobis Semdgomi, zamTris
dResaswaulebis dasasruli gaxldaT, am meTormete
Rames naTlobis Ramesac uwodeben. amboben, rom Seqspirma
pirvelad es piesa mayureblis winaSe swored am meTormete
dRes iTamaSa. es aris mxiaruli, raRac TvalsazrisiT,
SeiZleba, cinikuri, `situaciebis komedia~. robert
sturuas interpretaciiT komedia rusTavelis Teatris
scenaze tragifarsad iqca. warmodgena ironiiT, sevdiT,
xumrobebiT da imavdroulad udidesi sevdiT aris savse.
piesa xelaxla Targmnes robert sturuam da lili
fofxaZem da speqtaklis koncefcias moarges. garda amisa,
warmodgenaSi reJisorma komediis msvlelobaSi CarTo
saxarebis siuJetebi, paraleluri scenebi erTimeoreSi
moulodnelad gadasuli. bolo periodSi dadgmul
speqtaklebSi sturuas TiTqos aRar ainteresebs adamiani-
personaJebis piradi, wvrilmani problemebi. igi adamians
TiTqos ufro maRal kosmiur ganzomilebaSi xedavs da
klasikur piesebTan mimarTebiT, erTi SexedviT, sruliad
moulodnel istoriebs gadaxlarTavs xolme. ase moxda
am SemTxvevaSic, rodesac `rogorc geneboT, Sobis
meTormete Rames~ Caaqsova saxarebis epizodebi. speqtakli
88
iwyeba qristes SobiT da mTavrdeba golgoTiT, jvarcmiT.
reJisoris mier SemoTavazebuli mxatvruli xerxi _
adamianTa codvebisaTvis jvarcmuli qristes cxovrebis
Cveneba vnebebiT aRsavse codvilTa fuWi cxovrebiseuli
oromtrialis fonze _ komediis intrigas srulebiT ar
amZimebs. am xerxiT robert sturuam komediis siuJeti
sul sxva rakursiT, sxva mxridan daanaxa mayurebels.
robert sturua postmodernisti xelovania.
aqedan gamomdinare igi sazrdoobs sxvadasxva epoqis
kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mimdinareobebiT da
kravs maT erT mTlianobaSi. robert sturuas sareJisoro
enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva Teatraluri
Janrisa Tu mimarTulebis erT speqtaklSi gaerTianeba.
gansakuTrebuli sicxadiT es gamoCnda ̀ meTormete RameSi~.
aq, am speqtaklSi, Suasaukneebis Teatridan dawyebuli,
yvela Janrs amoicnobT: liturgikul dramas, mirakls,
misterias, farss, pastorals, ̀ komedia delartes~ msgavs
bufonadas... reJisorisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Janruli,
gamiznuli ekleqtika, SeiZleba iTqvas, polistilistika
am speqtaklSic erT mTlianobaSia Sekruli.
scenuri xelovnebis magiuri mimzidvelobis
saidumloeba Zneli amosaxsnelia. gansakuTrebiT Znelia,
rodesac uyureb robert sturuas momnusxvel, karnavalur
speqtaklebs, romelTa zemoqmedeba mayurebelze
SeiZleba SevadaroT federiko felinis filmebs.
sturuas speqtaklebi, iseve rogorc felinis filmebi,
erTdroulad aris karnavaluri, sanaxaobiTi, mxiaruli,
sevdiani, Rrma filosofiuri azriT gamsWvaluli,
romelTa miRma arsebobs uzarmazari Seucnobadi samyaro.
varskvlavebiT da angelozebiT moWedili ca `meTormete
RameSi~ _ kosmosis aRmniSvneli simbolo _ erTdroulad
gizidavs da Tanac gaxsenebs, Tu ramdenad daSorebulia
Cveulebrivi mokvdavi irealur samyaros. scenaze ki
TamaSdeba adamianuri vnebebiT aRsavse tragi-komedia,
maka vasaZe
89
codvilTa sevdis momgvreli karnavali.
Seqspiris am komediisagan, adre, albaT, arasodes
Seqmnila ase filosofiurad gajerebuli, sasacilo da
amave dros tragizmiT aRsavse speqtakli. mayurebeli
keTilganwyobili xarxariT ajildoebs malvolios
(zaza papuaSvili) yovel sabaleto pas da idiotiviT
dakreWil kbilebs, mTrTolvare grafinia olivias
(lela alibegaSvili) sasiyvarulo SeSlilobas da
zigzagisebur siaruls, agreTve eqscentrulobas misi
moaxle qalisa (nanuka xuskivaZe), wiTuri takimasxarisa,
patara CiraRdnisa, romlis wiaRidan ismis kapasi wripina
xma.
speqtakli, iliriis, Seyvarebuli hercog orsinos
monologis nacvlad, iwyeba Suasaukuneebis stilizebuli
misteriiT _ `xarebis~ epizodiT. ufro sworad, jer
mariamis ̀dawindvis~ scenaa. iwyeba speqtakli da mayureblis
Tvalwin ulamazesi sanaxaoba iSleba (mxatvari gogi
aleqsi-mesxiSvili). scenografia ar aris gadatvirTuli
dekoraciebiT. scenaze daqanebuli samkuTxa sibrtyea,
romelzedac TeTri tiloa gadaWimuli. scenis siRrmeSi,
ukana kedelze varskvlavebiT moWedili ca moCans.
samkuTxa sibrtyis kideebSi TeTri, sakraluri kravebi
da sxvadasxva feris buStebi aris ganlagebuli. scenis
SuagulSi Camokidebulia TeTri tiloebi, romlebic
ialqniani gemis da zRvis asociacias badeben mayurebelSi.
scena naxevrad Cabnelebulia, ufro sworad, mkrTalad
aris ganaTebuli. scenaze mariami da iosebi dganan.
iosebi mariams dawindavs. amis Semdeg scenis siRrmeSi
sami angelozi Cndeba, romlebic amcnoben mayurebels
mariamTan mTavarangeloz gabrielis gamocxadebas, da
rom, masze suliwminda gadmovida da Ze RvTisa SeeZineba.
zevidan nel-nela eSveba mTavarangelozi da mariams
axarebs RvTismSoblobas.
mayurebels uCndeba kiTxva, ratom gadaxlarTa
robert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana
nawili IV `rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~
90
reJisorma saxarebis siuJetebi Seqspiris am komediasTan.
SeiZleba es Tavad piesis saTauridan gamomdinareobs.
robert sturuas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi surda
siuJetebis ganxorcieleba saxarebidan. `meTormete
Ramem~ amis saSualeba misca. Sobis meTormete Rames
sxvadasxva saxis gasarTobebs da xumrobebs igonebdnen
da gaiTamaSebdnen xolme da ratomac ar SeiZleba amas
yvelafers daematos siuJetebi saxarebidan? robert
sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia tragedias
Sexedos ironiulad, tragediis scenaze ganxorcielebisas
Caaqsovos komikuri elementebi, mis gmirebs CamoaSoros
paTeturoba da dauaxloos isini dRevandelobas. mas
agreTve ZaluZs udardeli, ̀ situaciebis komedia~ aqcios
Rrma, filosofiuri datvirTvis mqone tragi-farsad.
ase moxda am dadgmaSic, rodesac msubuqi, mxiaruli
komedia Seazava saxarebis siuJetebiT. `xarebis~
epizodis Semdeg, iqve, kostiumebis zezeurad gamocvliT,
warmarTobidan qristianobaSi da piruku gadaxtom-
gadmoxtomiT (rac saerTod damaxasiaTebelia adamianis
meryevi bunebisaTvis), gmirebi eZeben TavianT siyvaruls,
bednierebas, svamen, mRerian, imedebs ebRauWebian, gegmebs
awyoben, cuRlutoben, xan cirkis msaxiobebs emsgavsebian,
xan bawarze gamobmul marionetebs. robert sturuas
`meTormete Rame~ es aris ̀ Teatri TeatrSi~. am cxovreba
_ TeatrSi, cxovreba _ balaganSi, adamiani-Tojinebis,
adamiani-niRbebis, adamiani-jambazebis balaganuri amaoebis
miRma naTlad Cans sxva, kerZod ki, ganwiruli adamianis
gancdebi.
`meTormete Ramis~ karnavalur-misteriuli Tu
farsul-mirakluri samyaro, sadac personaJebi xan
zesknelidan gvevlinebian angelozis uzarmazari TeTri
frTebiT (am frTebs, zogjer, miwier adamianebsac aTxoveben
xolme), xan qvesknelSi eSvebian da ise qrebian, rogorc
zRvis talRa qviSaSi (lurji abreSumis priala qsovili
maka vasaZe
91
wyaros wylis simsubuqiT Caiwriteba da gaqreba mSvenier
violasTan erTad), xan ki, piriqiT, saswaulebrivi Zala
`iqidan~ aRmoacenebs xolme TvalismomWrel, brWyviala
naZvis xes, romlis irgvliv karnavals marTaven komediis
gmirebi, bibliuri personaJebi da, maT Soris is saxedaric,
romelmac ierusalimSi Seiyvana macxovari~1.
robert sturuam speqtaklSi saxarebidan CarTuli
siuJetebi warmoaCina, rogorc oliviaze (lela
alibegaSvili) unugeSod Seyvarebuli hercog orsinos
(levan berikaSvili) sasaxlis karze TavSesaqcevad
gaTamaSebuli speqtakli-maskaradi. personaJebi xSirad
mimarTaven zecas da warmoTqvamen sityvebs `RmerTi~,
`bediswera~. emorCilebian ra zemdgom Zalas, isini
ibrZvian siyvarulisTvis, ver itanen erTmaneTs, xlarTaven
intrigebs, uxariaT, itanjebian. scenaze SigadaSig
erTgvari `taxtrevani~ moZraobs zevidan qveviT da
piriqiT, romliTac mogzauroben saxarebis personaJebad
gadacmuli speqtaklis gmirebi. imavdroulad zogierTi
personaJi efeqturad amoZvreba miwidan, rogorc
qvesknelidan da isev eSveba masSi.
robert sturuam `meTormete RameSi~ Seqmna
daxlarTuli, sabediswero peripetiebi, romlebic Tavis
morevSi iTreven speqtaklis yvela personaJs. am xerxiT,
eqstremaluri situaciebis SeqmniT, man moqmed pirTa
uxilavi mxareebi da maTSi momxdari metamorfozebi
ufro naTlad warmoaCina. speqtaklSi ostaturad
aris gadaxlarTuli saxarebis siuJetebi sasiyvarulo
intrigebTan. am yvelafers ki efeqturobasTan erTad
Tavisi azrobrivi datvirTvac aqvs. rogorc ukve aRvniSne,
speqtakli iwyeba `xarebiT~, finali ki `golgoTis gza~
da qristes jvarcmaa. saxarebis epizodebma, codvili
adamianebisaTvis jvarcmuli qristes cxovrebiseuli gzis
1 gurabaniZe n. rogorc genebos, maria! J. `Teatri da cxovreba~. 2001. #2. gv. 9.
robert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana
nawili IV `rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~
92
Cvenebam, romlebic gadaxlarTulia piesis personaJebis
cxovrebiseul peripetiebSi, moulodneli rakursi
mianiWa piesis siuJets.
`nu ganikiTxavT _ naTqvamia bibliaSi da aq ar
ganikiTxaven, ar Zraxaven codvebisa da cuRlutobisaTvis,
Tavqariani da daufiqrebeli qmedebebisaTvis. aq TiTqos
Sen TavTan pirispir gtoveben, gibiZgeben ra im azrisaken,
rom RmerTi ki ara (yovel SemTxvevaSi, amqveyniur
cxovrebaSi), Tavada xar Seni Tavis msajuli~1.
mTeli speqtaklis ganmavlobaSi bibliuri personaJebi
kvlav da kvlav mogvevlinebian scenaze da saRvTo werilis
kvaldakval gviyvebian iesos ambavs, dawyebuli dabadebidan,
dasrulebuli jvarze gakvriT. es epizodebi xSirad iWreba
piesis siuJetis qsovilSi. sturua TiTqos cdilobs
aCvenos ori samyaros paraleluri arseboba ara marto
scenaze, aramed Tavad adamianSi. erTi realuri, miwieri
arsebobaa, realuri samyaroa, meore ki _ metafizikuri
_ sadac yvelafers Tavisi WeSmariti Rirebuleba aqvs.
adamianebs imdenad iTrevs amqveyniuri amaoeba, rom isini
veRar amCneven, veRar xedaven im sxva, sulier samyaros.
robert sturuam speqtaklSi gaaerTiana es xiluli da
uxilavi samyaro. mayurebels kidev erTxel mouwoda,
SeCerdes, gamoeTiSos amqveyniur amaoebaTa-amaoebas,
Caixedos sakuTar sulSi da cotaxniT mainc dafiqrdes
WeSmarit Rirebulebebze. yvelafer amas ki xels uwyobs
gogi aleqsi-mesxiSvilis sada, daxvewili, efeqturi
scenografia da gia yanCelis STambeWdavi musikaluri
gaformeba. mxatvrul gaformebaSi zedmiwevniT lakonuria
ferTa gama. speqtaklSi mTeli scena aris amoqmedebuli _
scenis maRla damagrebuli Zelebis, saorkestro ormos,
scenisa da darbazis gamyofi parapetis CaTvliT. scenis
siRrmeSi, ukana kedelze xan varskvlavebiT moWedili ca
1 SurRaia n. ara mSvidobiT, maxvilad movel! J. ̀ Teatri da cxovreba~.
2001. #2 gv. 5.
maka vasaZe
93
moCans angelosebis gamosaxulebebiT, xan ki es ca qreba
da scenaze rCeba samyaro, rogorc uzarmazari, TeTri
udabno. robert sturuas sxva speqtaklebis msgavsad, am
dadgmaSic mxatvrobis da musikis ena harmoniulad aris
Serwymuli reJisoris saTeatro, sareJisoro enasTan, rac
mTlianobaSi qmnis, araCveulebriv, sulis amaforiaqebel
da dasafiqrebel sanaxaobas.
keTili iumori, ironiuli qveteqsti, nebismieri saxis
aluziebi, triukebi, oinebi, msaxiobTa TamaSisaTvis,
improvizaciisaTvis Seqmnili Tavisufleba ki ar cvlis,
aramed piriqiT, amZafrebs movlenebis arss. yvelaferi
es ki gakeTebulia sanaxaobiTobis SerwymiT Rrma
filosofiur azrTan. robert sturuas speqtaklSi
adamiani iwvevs mayureblis TanagrZnobas. adamiani Tavad
qmnis mis garSemo arsebul samyaros, avsebs da alamazebs.
reJisori ganwyobas da Sinagan mdgomareobas TiTqos
arafrisgan qmnis, minimaluri dekoraciiT, ganaTebiT da
gia yanCelis musikiT, SigadaSig qoralis gamoyenebiT.
sturuas sxva speqtaklebis msgavsad, am dadgmaSic
ostaturad da efeqturad aris Sesrulebuli sanaxaobiTi
formebi. lurji atlasis naWeri, romelic mayurebelSi
zRvis asociacias iwvevs, SeiZleba violasTan (nino
kasraZe) erTad moulodnelad gaqres scenis xvrelSi
(ormoSi, lukSi), amave ormodan, aseve moulodnelad
Cndebian scenaze jambazi, an herode. efeqturia e. w.
taxtrevniT saxarebis Tu piesis personaJebis atyorcna
zecisken da miwaze daSveba. yvelaferi es ki minimaluri
dekoraciis gamoyenebiT xdeba. reJisori TiTqos xazs
usvams, rom am samyaroSi araferia mudmivi, miTumetes,
sagnebi. sagnebi sxvadasxvagvaria, maTi Secvla advilad
SeiZleba, WeSmariteba ki erTia da mudmivi.
`magram roca im ironiiTa da sevdiT, xumrobebiTa
da udidesi tkiviliT gamsWvaluli warmodgenis (sadac
yvela Teatraluri Janrisa da mimarTulebisaTvis
robert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana
nawili IV `rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~
94
moiZebna adgili), msaxiobTa STagonebuli TamaSiTa, Tu
speqtaklis uCveulo stiliT gamowveuli aRfrTovaneba
odnav mainc dacxreba, mixvdebiT, Tu ra TamaS-TamaSiT,
iolad Segvityues speqtaklis sivrceSi, WeSmaritebisaken
mimaval gzaze rom gaveyvaneT, mis miRma ki Seulamazeblad
gamoCndeba adamiani iseTi, rogoric aris~1.
robert sturuas speqtaklSi, iseve rogorc
piesaSi, moqmedeba `zRaprul~ iliriaSi viTardeba. es
aris samyaro, sadac Tavi mouyriaT mbrZaneblebsa Tu
qveSevrdomebs, brZen takimasxarebsa da sulel brZenebs,
e. w. raindebs, romlebsac raindobis araferi scxiaT,
loTebs, romlebic SigadaSig `brZnul~ gamonaTqvamebs
wamoisvrian xolme. aq erTmaneTi uyvarT, sZulT, erTmaneTs
amasxaraveben. aq TiTqmis yvela personaJi Tavis patar-
patara speqtakls dgams, am speqtaklebis reJisorebi
da Semsruleblebi ki Tavad arian. speqtaklSi CarTul
epizodebs saxarebidan, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, oliviaSi
unugeSod Seyvarebuli hercogi orsino dgams, raTa
guli gadaayolos. olivias ki Tavis samflobeloSi Zmis
daRupvis gamo gadaWarbebulad Teatralizebuli glova
aqvs gamocxadebuli. gemis boboqar zRvaSi daRupvis
Semdeg gadarCenili viola cezariod moevlineba hercog
orsinos, violas moaxle maria (nanuka xuskivaZe), masxara
(goga gvelesiani), violas loTi biZa ser tobi (guram
saRaraZe) da `raindi~ ser endru malvolios (zaza
papuaSvili) gasamasxaravebel speqtakls dgamen, Tavis
speqtakls dgams TviT malvolioc... mokled, speqtaklSi
yvela sakuTar patara, TavSesaqcev maskarads dgams.
`dawindvisa~ da `xarebis~ epizodis Semdeg scena
TandaTan naTdeba, Sua scenaze lurji atlasis naWeria
dafenili (SemdgomSi mayurebeli xvdeba, rom es lurji
atlasi zRvis simboloa), romlis qveSidan viola
gamoZvreba. viola dabneuli da ususuria, ar icis, sad
1 SurRaia n. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 3.
maka vasaZe
95
moxvda, gaocebuli iyureba aqeT-iqiT. masTan erTad aris
masze uimedod Seyvarebuli kapitani (Temiko WiWinaZe).
rodesac viola gaarkvevs, Tu sad moxvda da imasac
Seityobs, rom iliriis mmarTveli erTob momxibvleli
hercogi orsinoa, gadawyvets mis karze samsaxuris
dawyebas da orsinos gulis monadirebas. hercogis karze
samsaxuris dasawyebad ki mas mouwevs kacad gardaqmna.
viola lurj qsovilze dgeba da ormoSi Casrialdeba,
TiTqos zRvis talRam STanTqa. Semdeg scenaze Cndebian
olivias msaxuri maria, viTomda masxaras mxrebze Semdgari,
buStiT xelSi. mariasac masxaras kostiumi acvia, Tavze
ki adevs pariki, romelic zRarbis eklebs mogvagonebs.
es ori personaJi TiTqos Sua saukuneebis `komedia
del artes~ mxiaruli bufonadidan mogvevlinnen. isini
avanscenisken moemarTebian, erTmaneTs emasxaravebian,
Semdeg mayureblebs SeamCneven, Cerdebian da mayurebels
Tavs ukraven, gvamcnoben, rom warmodgena iwyeba da misi
avtorebi ki isini arian. nel-nela uaxlovdebian ormos,
romelSic viola gauCinarda, jer SigniT iWyitebian,
mere ki, TiTqos TokebiT viRacas eqaCebian, Rrmulidan
amodis cezariod gadacmuli viola da iwyeba mis mier
Cafiqrebuli speqtakli. kapitanma is hercog orsinos
karze unda waradginos. isini violas Canafiqris mixedviT
yvelaferze moilaparakeben da epizodi mTavrdeba kapitnis
sityvebiT; `ki batono, Tqven cvedani xarT da me ki
munji~. cezario-viola da kapitani scenidan SeTqmuli-
gamarjvebulebis nabijebiT miabijeben da gadian scenidan.
scenaze maria, masxara da ser tobi Semodian, ser tobi
gorgolaWebze damagrebul did yanws moasrialebs
ise, rogorc patara bavSvebi asrialeben xolme Tokze
mobmul usayvarles saTamaSoebs. mariasa da ser tobis
dialogidan mayurebeli igebs, rom olivias, Zmis daRupvis
gamo glova aqvs gamocxadebuli, xolo mxiarulebisa da
smis moyvaruli ser tobi am ambiT Zalian ukmayofiloa,
robert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana
nawili IV `rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~
96
_ vis gaugia aseTi zRvargadasuli glovao, _ acxadebs
ser tobi, yvelafers Tavis sazRvari aqvso. maria ki mas
gamousworebel beber loTs, uwodebs, Tanac ayvedris _
Seni bralia yvelaferi...
Seqspiris piesebSi masxarebs, pampulebs, enamaxvil
adamianebs Tavisi gansakuTrebuli niSa aqvT damkvidrebuli.
am masxarebs mis sxvadasxva piesebSi gansxvavebuli
datvirTva aqvT, isini brZenni, filosofosebi, cxovrebis
av-kargianobaze mofiqrali personaJebi arian, zogjer
ki mxiaruli takimasxarebi, romlebic dResaswaulebriv-
karnavalur, saxaliso ganwyobilebas qmnian scenaze.
swored aseTebad warmoaCina robert sturuam maria,
masxara da, nawilobriv, ser tobi da ser endru `Sobis
meTormete RameSi~.
`Seqspirs gansakuTrebiT uyvars Tavisi masxarebi,
pampulebi, enamaxvili angalebi, gamTamaSebelni, gadacemis
ostatebi, isini misi STamagonebeli moednisa da
bazrobebis Teatris personaJebi arian, dResaswaulebriv-
karnavaluri, saxaliso ganwyobilebebis Semqmnelni,
romelTac sakuTari cxovreba daukargavT da mis povnas
am saxaliso zeimebSi an sxvaTa naklovanebebis komediur
gaTamaSebaSi cdiloben~1.
robert sturuas speqtaklSi personaJebi cuRlutoben,
oinbazoben, xandaxan daufiqreblad moqmedeben, rogorc
Tavqarian adamianebs sCveviaT, magram isini ar ganikiTxaven.
adamiani am dadgmaSi TanagrZnobas iwvevs. speqtaklSi
mayurebels TiTqos sakuTar TavTan pirispir toveben, rom
Cafiqrdes sxvadasxva cxovrebiseul Rirebulebaze...
speqtaklSi waSlilia zRvari realursa da irealurs
Soris. aq yvelaferi dasaSvebia. qali kacad iqceva da
SavebSi Cacmuli viola-cezario, xan frTebiTa da xan
ufrTeboT, naTeli da keTilSobili arseba Tanaarsebobs
kuziani masxaras, Tu wiTelTmiani, maxinji marias
1 gurabaniZe n. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 10.
maka vasaZe
97
cinizmTan, romelic amave dros WeSmaritebad qceuli
sisulelea. aqve arian cxovrebis azrdakarguli raindi
ser endru (zurab Saria) da loTobaSi am cxovrebis
azris maZiebeli ser tobi (guram saRaraZe). robert
sturuam speqtaklis msvlelobisas isini raRac momentebSi
gamofituli papiemaSes Tojinebad warmogvidgina.
siuJeturi realiebi dadgmisaTvis mxolod mizezia
imisa, rom warmoaCinos Cveni arsebobis sxva mxare.
mayurebeli amas sabolood finalSi xvdeba. manamade
ki gafacicebiT adevnebs Tvalyurs iliriaSi mcxovreb
adamianTa amwuTier, moCvenebiT garegnul yofas.
mayureblis winaSe mSvenieri iliriaa _ varskvlavebiTa
da angelozebiT moxatuli ca. aqeT-iqiT mimobneuli
amaRelvebeli saaRdgomo kravebiT da nairferadi
buStebiT. ukidegano TeTri sivrciT, romelzec
drogamoSvebiT cisferi zRva airekleba, masze moSriale
romantikuli TeTri afrebiT. sxvadasxvagvarad morTul-
mokazmulia am qveynis binadarTa lamazi samosi. maTi
metyveleba da plastikac Taviseburi da uCveuloa.
amasTanave mayureblisTvis nacnobi da axlobelia maTi
survilebi, vnebebi, intrigebi, tkivili, sixaruli... levan
berikaSvilis hercog orsinos oliviasgan uaryofili
siyvarulic yvelas dasanaxad gamotanili grZnobaa. esec
TiTqos mis TavSesaqcevad gamogonili erT-erTi TamaSia.
levan berikaSvili ganasaxierebs qaliviT mgrZnobiare
naz Seyvarebuls, mozRvavebuli grZnobebisagan gulic
ki SeiZleba wauvides. mas uyvars olivia, magram amave
dros izidavs cezariod gadacmuli viola. igi TiTqos
Sinaganad, gumaniT grZnobs, rom cezario sinamdvileSi
qalia. erT epizodSi orsino da cezario ealersebian
kidec erTmaneTs. aseve, sxvebis dasanaxad TamaSobs
olivia daRupuli Zmis zRvargadasul glovas. lela
alibegaSvilis olivia xan melanqoliuria, xan Wirveuli,
xolo rodesac moulodneli siyvaruli daatydeba Tavs,
robert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana
nawili IV `rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~
98
igi am erTgvarad gaqvavebul monotonur garegnul garss
gaarRvevs da gaafTrebuli iwyebs brZolas am siyvarulis
mosapoveblad. olivia TiTqos cdilobs ZaZebSi damalos
Tavisi dauokebeli vnebebi. magram, rogorc ki viola-
cezario gamoCndeba mis cxovrebaSi, es vnebebi gaarRvevs
mis garegnulad mkacr pozas, raRac momentSi igi muSts
icems gulSi, raTa siyvaruliT mZlavrad aZgerebuli
daaokos da daaSoSminos. olivias uimedo siyvaruli
mayurebelSi sibralulisa da TanagrZnobis magier sicils
iwvevs, radganac es siyvaruli, sinamdvileSi qalisadmi
mimarTuli, absurduli da komikuria. garegnuli da
Sinagani pompezurobis magaliTia zurab Sarias ser
endru, e. w. raindi, romelic sinamdvileSi TagviviT
mSiSaraa. robert sturuam sxvebTan erTad speqtaklSi
Semoitana herodes personaJi. baCi leJavas herode _
mosulelo, nayrovanebas gadayolili, wingamogdebuli
`RipiT~, Senelebuli moZraobebiT, idiotis STabeWdilebas
tovebs. reJisorma igi adamianis da imperiis msxvrevisa
da gaxrwnis simbolod warmoaCina.
bedisweram swored am samyaroSi gadmoisrola
cxovrebis gzaze axalfexSedgmuli, gamoucdeli,
sufTa da gulwrfeli viola. nino kasraZis violaSi
Zlieria momavlis rwmena, amitomac mas sjera, rom
misi tyupiscali sebastiano (daTo gociriZe) gangebam
masaviT gadaarCina boboqar zRvaSi daRupvas. vinaidan
nino kasraZis violas warmoudgenlad miaCnia, rom am
saocar da mSvenier samyaroSi SeiZleba arsebobdes
mwuxareba, Seityobs Tu ara kapitnisgan, rom iliriis
mmarTveli ubrwyinvalesi hercogi orsinoa, rogorc
aRvniSne, maSinve gadawyvets mis karze samsaxurs da,
Tu SeZlebs, misi gulis monadirebasac. hercogis karze
samsaxuris misaRebad ki iZulebulia mamakacis samosSi
gamoewyos. nino kasraZisaTvis pirveli ar gaxlavT aseTi
saxis metamorfoza (kacad gadacmas vgulisxmobT). aseTi
maka vasaZe
99
gamocdileba man jer kidev sadebiuto rolSi miiRo,
rodesac iTamaSa keTili Sen te da boroti Sui ta robert
sturuas speqtaklSi `seCuaneli keTili adamiani~. misi
cezario garegnuli manerebiT da plastikiT Sui tas,
xolo Sinagani bunebiT Sen tes mogvagonebs. es Serwyma
mSvenivrad gamouvida nino kasraZes. igi zedmiwevniT kargad
flobs stils, mis TamaSSi aris faqizi emociurobac.
swored nino kasraZis violaSi yvelaze metad SeigrZnoba
im sxva samyaros arseboba da masTan miaxloebis cda.
es daxlarTuli peripetiebis morevi speqtaklis
danarCen gmirebsac CaiTrevs. eqstremaluri situaciebi
ki personaJTa uxilav mxareebs gamoavlens, warmoaCens
maTSi im metamorfozebs, romlebic am situaciebma
gamoiwvies.
robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
piesaSi aqcentebis gadaadgileba. speqtaklSi _ ̀ rogorc
geneboT, anu Sobis meTormete Rame~ _ reJisorma
aqcentebi iseTnairad Secvala, rom moqmedebis mTavari
da mamoZravebeli gmirebi: malvolio_zaza papuaSvili,
maria _ nanuka xuskivaZe, masxara_goga gvelesiani da ser
tobi _ guram saRaraZe arian.
ser tobi belCi guram saRaraZis SesrulebiT usargeblo
yofisagan da siberisagan Tavis dasaRwevad xsnas Rvinosa
da sxvadasxva saxis garTobaSi eZebs. amis xazgasasmelad
reJisorma scenaze pirveli gamoCenisas igi gorgolaWebze
damagrebuli, Tokze gamobmuli yanwiT warmoaCina. es
gaxlavT renesansuli personaJi, romlisTvisac ucxo ar
aris cxovrebaze `filosofiuri~ msjelobebi, romelsac
sxva araferi darCenia, garda imisa, rom cxovreba arcTu
ise uwyinari xumrobebiT gaixalisos. ser tobi cdilobs
Tavisi loToba gaamarTlos da ambobs: `es qveyana
fxizelma xalxma daangria~. igi mayureblis Tvalwin
TandaTan gardaiqmneba wvrilman gaiZverad. misi pirveli
msxverpli ser endru egiuCikia, romelsac ser tobi
robert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana
nawili IV `rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~
100
Tavisi diswulis, olivias, xels hpirdeba, amis sanacvlod
ki cdilobs, rac SeiZleba meti fuli dascinclos
zRvargadasul RreobebSi dasaxarjad. swored igi ubiZgebs
Tavis megobar-Tanameinaxeebs malvolios winaaRmdeg
`SeTqmulebis~ mowyobas. speqtaklSi ser tobi da ser
endru ganuyreli wyvilia. robert sturuam maTi arsis
gamosavlenad raRac momentebSi isini marionetebis msgavs
arsebebad warmoaCina. saorkestro ormodan amoizrdebian
ser tobis da ser endrus sxeulebi da marionetebiviT,
arabunebrivad moZraoben, TiTqos maT viRac marTavs,
aTamaSebs. am epizodebSi, maTi xma firzea Cawerili. maTi
dialogi filosofianarevi absurdia. `Tu gvianobamde ar
daiZine, aRar daiZino, adre adgomaSi CageTvleba. adre
adgoma ki janmrTelobis sawindaria~. anda: `Tu guliT
ginda, SeuZlebels umegobrodac SeZleb~, an, `siyvaruli
gaqra, ocnebebi _ daasamares~, an kidev, `Cveni cxovrebis
arsia Wama da sma, sma da Wama~. ra SeiZleba mosTxovo am
marionetebad qceul adamianebs, romelTa cxovrebis arsi
absurdamdea dayvanili.
robert sturuas da nanuka xuskivaZis maria `komedia
del artes~ groteskuli personaJia. biWurad Cacmuli,
wiTeli atlasis pantalonebSi da bzinvare mosacmelSi
gamowyobili, romelsac Tavs zRarbisebri pariki umSvenebs.
misi moZraobebi eqscentrikulia, musikis ritmze agebuli
mkveTri, xazgasmulad Teatraluri qmedebebiT, SigadaSig
ucnauri wamoZaxilebiT. erTi SexedviT, es roli TiTqos
mTlianad garegnul efeqtebzea agebuli. nanuka xuskivaZem
rolis am garegnul formas adamianuri siTbo da azri
SesZina. igi ar gaxlavT komikuri Tojina_ marioneti,
aramed mxiaruli, cocxali masxaraa. maria srulebiTac
ar fiqrobs, rom mis mier gaTamaSebul intrigas
aseTi Sedegi SeiZleba mohyves. `me, batono, yoveli
TiTis wverze, TiTo xumroba maqvso~ _ ambobs maria.
marTlac, marias xelT upyria intrigis Zafi. swored
maka vasaZe
101
misi ideaa olivias msgavsi xelweriT malvoliosadmi
sasiyvarulo werilis miwera. formis simkveTriTa da
xasiaTis cxovelmyofelobiT nanuka xuskivaZis maria
bunebrivad erwymis robert sturuas, am speqtaklSi
SemoTavazebul, karnavalur stils. reJisoris mier
msaxiobisTvis SeTavazebuli farsul-groteskuli forma
nanuka xuskivaZis SesrulebiT ki ar anelebs, aramed
amZafrebs efeqturobas. swored marias mier mofiqrebuli
intrigis meSveobiT xdeba malvolios provocireba da
misi ampartavneba saerTo TavSesaqcev komediad iqceva.
`sasiyvarulo werilis~ wakiTxvis Semdeg saxecvlili
malvolio _ zaza papuaSvilis yoveli gamoCena sul
sxva, komikurobiT da, raRac TvalsazrisiT, tragizmiT
aRsavse atmosferos qmnis scenaze. marias muqara _ `Tu
eg qveynis sasacilo ar gavxade, maSin neba gaqvT ifiqroT,
rom loginSi gamarTulad wola ar SemZlebiao~ _
zedmiwevniT aRsrulda. aseT Sedegs Tavad ̀ SeTqmulebic~
ki ar elodnen. maria speqtaklSi uaRresad mniSvnelovani
funqciis matarebelia. amas kargad grZnobs msaxiobi da
reJisoris mier dasmul amocanas mSvenivrad arTmevs
Tavs. intrigis CaxlarTvaSi mas partniorobas uwevs goga
gvelesianis _ brZeni, cinikuri, bedisagan daCagruli,
garegnulad kuziani _ masxara. misi `sisulele xom
mzesaviTaa da Tavs dastrialebs dedamiwas~. masxaras
usmenen, endobian, magram ar ujereben. misi Tavisufleba
marionetad qceuli adamianis Tavisuflebis tolfasia.
robert sturuas masxarebi erTmaneTs avseben, erTad
moqmedeben da erTad qmnian komikur intrigas. nanuka
xuskivaZis marias Tavisi, gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba
aqvs speqtaklis sxva personaJebTan _ masxarasTan, ser
tobisTan, ser endrusTan, oliviasTan da gansakuTrebiT
malvoliosTan. masxaras igi Tavis Tanaswor partniorad
aRiqvams. guram saRaraZis ser tobis mimarT ki
moridebulobis, gadaWarbebuli, komikurobamde misuli
robert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana
nawili IV `rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~
102
pativiscemis grZnoba aqvs, vinaidan swored ser tobia
am intrigis Tavi da Tavi da marias STamagonebeli. igi
kargad xedavs da aanalizebs am personaJebis `SecdomaTa
komedias~. uimedod Seyvarebuli, vnebaaSlili olivias
gancdebs, ser tobis udardelobis, TavaSvebuli Rreobis
Sedegebs. maria erTgvarad tragikuli personaJic aris,
mas xom aravin aRiqvams qalad. swored SurisZieba aris
marias mamoZravebeli motivi malvolios winaaRmdeg
intrigis SeTxzvisa, radganac TviT malvolioc ki
ar aRiqvams mas qalad. finalisken, roca marias mier
SeTxzuli `sasiyvarulo werilis~ Sedegebi naTeli
xdeba, roca aRmoCndeba, rom mosulelo malvoliosac
gaaCnia Rirsebis grZnoba, marias sinanulis da monaniebis
gancda daeufleba. im momentSi misi sinanuli da monanieba
alalia, WeSmaritia, magram mayurebeli xvdeba, rom maria
meore wuTs isev Caidens aseTive `codvas~, radgan mas
sxvanairad ar ZaluZs, aseTia misi buneba.
adamiani, robert sturuas dadgmaSi, iwvevs
TanagrZnobas. TanagrZnobas iwvevs mosulelo,
ampartavani malvolioc, romelic Tavisive qedmaRlobis
msxverpli xdeba. malvolio reJisoris CanafiqriT da
zaza papuaSvilis brwyinvale Sesrulebis, virtuozuli
improvizaciebis wyalobiT speqtaklis mTavar gmirad
iqca. robert sturuam violas, olivias, orsinos
da sebastianos Tavgadasavali ki ar gadaswia ukana
planze, aramed malvolios personaJi kidev ufro
gaamravalferovna.
`vinaa sxva, Tu ara maria, avtori provocirebisa,
romelic malvolios pativmoyvareobas da TviTdajerebas,
saerTo TavSesaqcev komediad aqcevs, ̀ Segdebul~ werilze
gamoabams da `moedanze~ gamoiyvans, rogorc pampulas,
romlis erTi gamoCenac ki sul sxva atmosferos
qmnis?1~.
1 gurabaniZe n. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 11.
maka vasaZe
103
zaza papuaSvilis kudabzika malvolio TeTri
marmaSebiT, ustabaSis medalioniT, kverTxiT xelSi,
TiTiswverebze, msubuqad dafarfatebs scenaze.
malvoliosTvis umTavresia, misi saTayvanebeli
qalbatoni olivia kargad grZnobdes Tavs da yoveli
misi umniSvnelo survilic ki dauyovnebliv aRsruldes.
olivia, sinamdvileSi ki maria, Tavis werilSi malvolios
mosTxovs, misi gulis sabolood mosanadireblad,
daiviwyos naTesavebi, megobrebi, axloblebi da
xelmeored iSvas. ampartavani da qedmaRali malvolio
mzad aris yvela gawiros _ `arc naTesavebs daindobs,
arc _ megobrebs, bolos da bolos xelmeored xom
unda iSvas~. rac mTavaria, satrfos moTxovniT mis
saxeze suleluri Rimilia mudam gamosaxuli. malvolio
Seyvarebulia Tavis qalbatonSi, magram siyvarulis garda,
oliviasadmi mis swrafvaSi sxva mamoZravebeli motivic
arsebobs _ Zalauflebisaken swrafva. realurad olivia
malvoliosTvis e. w. `tramplinia~ didebisaken mimaval
gzaze. sinamdvileSi igi garSemomyofTa damonebaze da
yovlis SemZle mmarTvelis statusze ocnebobs.
araCveulebrivi saxierebiT, xatovnad, bufonadisa da
farsis elementebis gamoyenebiT ganaxorciela robert
sturuam malvolios maxeSi gabmis scena.
naxevartonebSi ganaTebul scenaze Semodian
TeTr saRamurebSi gamowyobili SeTqmulebi _ maria,
masxara, ser tobi da ser endru. isini eZeben adgils
malvoliosadmi marias mier olivias saxeliT dawerili
sasiyvarulo werilis mosaTavseblad. bolos, maria am
werils avanscenis erT-erT kuTxeSi daagdebs, ise, viTom
olivias es werili SemTxveviT dauvarda. SeTqmulebi
imalebian, raTa Tvalyuri adevnon malvolios reaqcias
werilis povnis Semdeg. scenaze SandliT xelSi
msubuqi, baleronis nabijebiT Semodis malvolio.
iwyebs monologs: `mTavaria, ras mimzadebs bedi,
robert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana
nawili IV `rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~
104
gangeba~..., romlis drosac mayurebeli misi sanukvari
ocnebebis mowme xdeba. komikuri, Rimilismomgvreli
JestikulaciebiT malvolio xmamaRla ocnebobs
oliviaze da imaze, masTan SeuRlebis Semdeg grafi rom
gaxdeba. `qveSevrdomni mowiwebiT Semomcqerian~ _ es
fraza malvolios Zalauflebisaken swrafvis survils
naTlad warmoaCens. oliviaze Seyvarebuli malvolio
aanalizebs misadmi olivias damokidebulebas da imis
SesaZleblobas, rom olivias is SeiZleba uyvardes kidec.
aki erTxel oliviam aseTi fraza warmoTqva _ `Tu
vinmes Seviyvareb, Sen unda ggavdes~. am monologis dros
erTob xatovnad ganasaxierebs malvolio ser tobis da
mis urTierTobas grafad gaxdomis Semdgom. malvolio
olivias savarZelSi mokalaTebuli ser tobis pawawina
mfrinav buzad warmosaxavs. `bzzzz~ bzuis ser tobi,
malvolio mas daiWers da notacias ukiTxavs, magram
manamde ra mowiwebiT esalmeba ser tobi malvolios.
`oliviaze Seyvarebuli misi samefos gulubryvilo
`mmarTveli~ (zaza papuaSvili) ucodvelad afaxulebs
Tvalebs da Tavs ityuebs, rom ser tobi belCisa da
misi amalis mier mowyobil speqtaklSi udanaSaulo
msxverplis rols TamaSobs. isini wmindanebiviT TeTr
anaforebSi gamowyobilni usafrdebian malvolios da
maxes ugeben. malvolio ki TiTqosda iZulebiT gawires
am rolisaTvis. (...) sinamdvileSi olivia misTvis mxolod
erTi safexuria didebisaken mimaval gzaze, sadac
igi garSemomyofTa damonebaze da yovlisSemZleobaze
ocnebobs1~.
oliviasa da Zalauflebaze meocnebe malvolio
dafarfatebs scenaze da uceb werils SeamCnevs. wamierad
Seyovndeba da Semdeg gaWimuli aRmavali intonaciiT
warmosTqvams; `es ra gdia aq Cvens fexebTan~? `me Tqven
1 wulaZe x. me is ara var, visac vTamaSob. gaz. `droni~. 2001. #
61. 08.06.
maka vasaZe
105
gekiTxebiT, ra gdia aaaaq~? maria ki Tavis samalavidan
ambobs: ̀ yuradReba, iwyeba!~ malvolio gars uvlis werils
_ `es namdvilad misi xelia, misi stili, misi leqsika,
beWedic misia~. wamieri yoymanis Semdeg malvolio gaxsnis
werils. am dros ismis ser tobis xma samalavidan _
`RmerTo, xmamaRla waakiTxe~. malvolio iwyebs werilis
kiTxvas. mTeli misi arseba Sinaganad TrTis werilis
kiTxvisas. zaza papuaSvili ostaturad gadaxlarTavs
erTimeoreSi mimikas, Jestikulacias, xmis sxvadasxva
modulacias. igi TiToeuli sityvis ilustrirebas axdens.
malvolio orgvarad kiTxulobs werils, TavisTvis, ise
rogorc weria da mayureblisTvis _ Teatralizebulad,
misi warmosaxvis prizmaSi gatarebuls. ostaturad
gaTamaSebul zmanebas ki amTavrebs saxeze idiotis
Rimilis niRbiT da vardiT xelSi olivias savarZelSi
gaSeSebul pozaSi mjdomi. SeTqmulebi gamoZvrebian
samalavebidan, gaxalisebulebi maTi intrigis Sedegad
malvolios mier mowyobili sanaxaobiT. werilis avtori
maria ki acxadebs _ `axla ki unda CavusafrdeT da
mowmeni gavxdeT maTi pirveli paemanisa. warmoidgineT
sevdiani olivia da uazro RimiliT gasxivosnebuli
malvolio~. da ai, malvolios da olivias pirveli
Sexvedris Jamic dadga. msubuqi, sacekvao hangebis fonze
sazeimod gamowyobili malvolio narnariT, saxeze
aRbeWdili uazro RimiliT, Semodis scenaze. mas ukan
maria mohyveba maluli nabijebiT. malvolios ucnauri
saqcieliT gaognebuli da Secbunebuli olivia ekiTxeba:
`Tavs rogora grZnob, malvolio~? `mSvenivrad~ _
saxeze Rimilgaqvavebuli gamometyvelebiT upasuxebs
malvolio. malvolios ucnauri saqcieliT Sewuxebulia
ara marto olivia, aramed intrigis Tavi mariac.
Jestikulaciis uxvi gamoyenebiT zaza papuaSvilis
malvolio mTeli grZnobiT sonets ukiTxavs olivias:
`oRond moswondes Cems meufes, oRond eamos, mTeli
robert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana
nawili IV `rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~
106
samyaro rom gadamidges _ gameRimeba~. zaza papuaSvilis
arSiyi gulis satrfosTan komikuri elementebiT uxvad
aris gajerebuli, rac mayurebelTa darbazis xarxars
iwvevs. sabolood siyvarulisgan gaTanguli iqve
avanscenis parapetze wamowveba da CaTvlems. Sewuxebuli
olivia brZanebas gascems, kargad mouareTo. scenaze
marto malvolio rCeba. igi gamofxizldeba da netari
saxiT mimarTavs mayurebelTa darbazs: `gaigoneT ra
Tqva? adamians mimixedeTo, malvolios ki ara, msaxurs
ki ara, adamianso!~ bednieri, netari malvolio scenis
siRrmisken miemarTeba, SeTqmulebi, maria, masxara da ser
tobi ukan misdeven. erTob efeqturad aris dadgmuli
es epizodi. malvolio kverTxiT xelSi, amay pozaSi
amaRlebul adgilas gaSeSebula. viTom Sewuxebuli
SeTqmulebi sxvadasxva JestikulaciiT da mimikiT
ekiTxebian malvolios: `ra dagemarTa malvolio~? `Tavs
rogora grZnob, Zvirfaso?~ _ pirvel frazas masxara
warmoTqvams, meores _ ser tobi. maria ucnaur moZraobs
akeTebs da samiveni malvoliosken miemarTebian. maTTan
zurgiT mdgari malvolio Semotrialdeba da kverTxs
auqnevs, TiTqos eubneba maT: gamSordiT, Tavi damanebeT,
TqvennairebTan araferi maqvs saerTo. es, erTi da
igive, qmedeba ramdenjerme meordeba. Semdeg malvolios
aRmoxdeba: `me Tqven ar gicnobT~. samive SeTqmuli
SeSfoTebis gamomxatveli amoZaxiliT avanscenisken
gamorbis da isev imeoreben: `ra dagemarTa, malvolio~?
`Tavs rogora grZnob, Zvirfaso?~ malvolio ki
abezrebisagan Tavmobezrebuli gaRizianebuli upasuxebs:
`momwydiT Tavidan, ver xedavT rom adamiani azrovnebs?~.
avanscenaze SeTqmulebi erTmaneTs uziareben malvolios
saqcieliT gamowveul STabeWdilebebs. `es rom TeatrSi
menaxa, vityodi, rom abdaubdaa-Tqo~ _ ambobs maria. ser
tobi ki amaze upasuxebs: ̀ eh, Cemo kargo, mTeli cxovreba
abdaubdaa, da Tanac rogori~.
maka vasaZe
107
`malvolio _ zaza papuaSvili idiotis rols
TamaSobs da kmayofilia, yurebamde pirgaxeuli Sescinis
olivias da kinovarskvlaviviT Tavis publikas ekekluceba,
xiblavs Tavisi gamogonebiT. Tavis qveSevrdomebis winaSe
ki kverTxze dayrdnobili, Cafiqrebuli dgas hamletis
pozaSi, abezari buzebiviT daifrens maT da upasuxebs:
`me Tqven ar gicnobT!~.1
ser tobi gadawyvets am abdaubdas bolo mouRos
malvolios sardafSi CaketviT. oliviac daajeres,
rom malvolio gagiJda, axla ki droa, is gakoWon da
sardafSi Caagdon. olivias ki etyvian, rom gagiJebuli
malvolio sadRac gaqra. malvolio grZnobs xifaTis
moaxloebas da aRelvebuli aqeT-iqiT iwyebs siaruls
Cqari, nervuli nabijebiT. es epizodi ki mTavrdeba
SeTqmulebis TavdasxmiT malvolioze, misi gakoWviT da
sardafSi gamomwyvdeviT.
malvolios saxeze Seyinuli idioturi Rimili
Tavidan mayurebels sicils hgvris, Semdeg ki Secodebis
grZnobas iwvevs. olivias bolomde ar sjera SeTqmulTa
moyolili malvolios ucabedi gaqrobis ambavi. dro dadga
malvolios ganTavisuflebisa. intrigis daxlarTul
qselSi gabmul didebaze da siyvarulze meocnebe
malvolios mayurebeli TanaugrZnobs kidec. gansakuTrebiT
maSin, rodesac mas farSevangze amxedrebuls, eklis
gvirgviniT Tavze Semoagoreben SeTqmulebi scenaze. am
epizodSi sicilis da dacinvis obieqti malvolio TiTqmis
tragikulobamde misul personaJad warmogvidgeba.
mayurebeli mowme xdeba im metamorfozisa, romelic am
personaJma ganicada. `miSveleT!~ _ ambobs malvolio,
`damamcires, giJad momnaTles~ _ imdenad gulwrfelia
malvolios es sulis amoZaxili, rom mayurebeli raRac
momentSi guldamZimebuli ucqers am gmiris sulier
tanjvas. isini, vinc TavianT Tavze aiRo malvolios
1 wulaZe x. dasaxelebuli naSromi.
robert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana
nawili IV `rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~
108
dasja, misTvis Wkuis swavleba da giJad Seracxa, Tavadac
codvilebi arian. TeTr samoselSi, TeTri gvirgviniT
Tavze gamogvecxadeba `SeSlili~ malvolio. `me mefe
var suliT da xorciT~ _ ambobs is da gaacnobierebs
imas, razec manamde arc ki ufiqria: `aq sibnelea, mTeli
samyaro bneleTma STanTqa~. reJisorma es epizodi ise
daasrula, TiTqos malvolio gardaicvleba. mis saxeze
kvlav gamoisaxeba idioturi Rimili da malvolio
SeSdeba. SeTqmulebs hgoniaT, rom igi gardaicvala.
Cveulebisamebr, gardacvlil adamians Tvalebs uxuWaven,
malvolios ki cdiloben Rimili CamoaSoron saxidan
da pirs uxuraven, magram amas ver SeZleben. mis saxes
aRar Sordeba es Rimili, TiTqos saxes Rimiliani niRabi
samudamod Seezarda. robert sturuam es scena warmoaCina,
rogorc malvolios golgoTis gza, rogorc simbolo
codvili, amaoebaSi gadavardnili, gamasxaravebuli
mTeli kacobriobisa. speqtaklis finalSi malvolio
isev gvecxadeba. `situaciebis komediis~ kvanZi TiTqos
gaxsnilia, yvelaferi garkveulia, sebastiano da olivia,
grafi orsino da viola SeuRlebas da qorwilis gadaxdas
olivias sasaxleSi apireben. goga gvelesianis masxara
taSis dasakvrelad gamzadebul mayurebels tuCebTan
TiTis midebiT aCumebs, TiTqos aniSnebs, jer yvelaferi ar
damTavrebulao. scenis lukidan Tmagawewili, Camoxeul-
Camokonkili samosiT, gaubedurebuli malvolio iwyebs
amosvlas. yvela SeSinebulia, malvolio xom zogierT
maTgans gardacvlili hgonia. Secbunebuli olivia
ekiTxeba: `Tavs rogora grZnob, malvolio~? razec
gamwarebuli da sasowarkveTili malvolio upasuxebs:
`kmara, kmara, Tqven me sastikad SeuracxmyaviT, kmara!~
sul male malvolio igebs, rom werili marias dawerili
yofila. igi miemarTeba TavCaRunuli, Tavisi saqcielis
SedegiT damwuxrebuli mariasaken, jer TiTqos surs
muSti uTavazos TavSi, magram iqve gadaifiqrebs da
maka vasaZe
109
Tavze xels gadausvams. marias ekliani pariki xels
daususxavs. Semdgom igi Tavis mokvlasac cdilobs,
magram bedi TiTqos aqac dascinis, iaraRi ar gaisvris.
maria da masxara cdiloben mis damSvidebas. masxara
eubneba: ̀ Zalian gTxov, nu brazdebi, arc Sen xar frTiani
angelozi. asea, ase, dro yvelafers dagvanaxebs, adre
Tu gvian codvebi yvelas mogvekiTxeba~. damwuxrebuli,
qancgawyvetili malvolio ki upasuxebs: `marTali
xar, Tqveni gankiTxvis dRec dadgeba, ar SegarCenT
Cems damcirebas!~ malvolio scenidan gadis. robert
sturuam zaza papuaSvilis malvolios Carli Caplinis
moZraobebi Seasrulebina _ igi Carlis gmiriviT aagdebs
haerSi quds da akeTebs moZraobas, TiTqos gakvetebul
Sarvals isworebs. es Carli Caplinis cnobili Jestebia,
romlebiTac TiTqmis yvela misi moklemetraJiani filmi
mTavrdeba. amiT reJisorma pirdapiri miniSneba gagvikeTa
malvolios personaJis tragi-komikurobaze.
`malvolio jvars ecva, magram ara qristes jvars.
igi jer qristes marjvniv jvarcmuli avazakia, romelic
sazareli tanjvis fasad Seicnobs umTavress (malvolio,
gaigebs ra, rom es yvelaferi marias oinebia, mimteveblobiT
Tavze xels gadausvams celq qalbatons. am dros iqneb
is cotaTi qristesac uaxlovdeba?), magram bolos iesos
marcxniv ikavebs adgils~.1
robert sturuas `meTormete RameSi~ Zalauflebis
simbolo gvirgvinis nacvlad angelozis frTebia. es
frTebi mTeli speqtaklis ganmavlobaSi xelidan xelSi
gadadis. xan hercogis mxrebzea mibmuli, xan viola-
cezariosi, xan masxaris, xan ki am frTebs malvolio da
olivia aTamaSeben.
speqtakli savsea robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli moulodneli svlebiT. finalis droc
dadga. reJisorma speqtakli daiwyo imiT, rac piesaSi ar
1 CubiniZe m. mokle Sinaarsi. J. `arili~, 2001. #6, gv. 32.
robert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana
nawili IV `rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~
110
aris, magram, mTavaria is, rom mis mier SemoTavazebuli
dasasruli sruliad moulodnelia mayureblisaTvis.
malvolios gamoklebiT speqtaklSi monawile yvela
personaJi avanscenaze dgas. olivia TiTqos mayurebelTa
darbazs mimarTavs: `ucnaurma SiSma Semipyro~... am dros
SeSinebuli sebastianos SeZaxili gaismis, yvelani
saorkestro ormoSi iyurebian, scena nel-nela bneldeba
da gia yanCelis Semzaravi musikis fonze TeTr burusSi
gaexveva. ormodan amoimarTeba figura, romelic zurgiT
moaTrevs uzarmazar xis jvars, scenis siRrmisken
miemarTeba da uCinardeba. speqtaklis gmirebi SiSiTa
da ZrwoliT mimoifantebian. gaismis CaquCis uxeSi
kakunis xmebi da guldamZimebuli mayureblis Tvalwin
Cveni codvebisaTvis golgoTaze jvarze gakruli mesia
aRimarTeba.
speqtaklis finalSi golgoTis scenis gaTamaSeba,
maSin rodesac `situaciebis komedia~ kvanZis gaxsnis
Semdgom TiTqos keTilad unda dasrulebuliyo, Sokis
momgvrel STabeWdilebas tovebs mayurebelze. albaT,
amitomac hercog orsinos damawynarebeli toniT naTqvami
sityvebi: `damSviddiT, gTxovT damSviddiT, udardeli
dReebi gvelis, bedniereba da sixaruli ar moakldeba
Cvens qveyanas~... susti argumentia mayureblisaTvis.
amisdamiuxedavad, mayurebelTa darbazSi TiTqos
amosunTqvis xma ismis. robert sturua speqtaklSi
warmoCenil codvisa da monaniebis Temas moulodnel
gamosavals usadagebs. amgvari moulodnelobebi ki,
rogorc ukve aRvniSne, damaxasiaTebelia misi sareJisoro
xelwerisaTvis.
maka vasaZe
111
paata iakaSvili,paata iakaSvili,
kinomcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,kinomcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,
xelmZRvaneli prof. _ giorgi gvaxariaxelmZRvaneli prof. _ giorgi gvaxaria
eTnikuri cenzura uxmo periodis eTnikuri cenzura uxmo periodis
qarTul kinoSiqarTul kinoSi
`sami sicocxle~ antisemitizmis braldebiT
akrZaluli filmia, a. ustiaSvilis scenari ar
SemorCenila. amitom Tu films SevudarebT giorgi
wereTlis romans `pirveli nabiji~, davrwmundebiT, rom
literaturuli pirvelwyaros siuJeti sagrZnoblad
aris Secvlili, filmSi ar Sesula bevri epizodi,
romlebSic ikveTeboda personaJTa xasiaTi, amasTan
amovarda ramdenime moqmedi piri, daemata zogierTi
axali, romelTagan gaamarTla mxolod erTma da amis
Sesaxeb qvemoT mogaxsenebT.
filmis ZiriTad Temad reJisorma aqcia sasiyvarulo
samkuTxedi, amitomac qvia films ̀ sami sicocxle~, radgan
g. wereTlis romanis i. perestianiseul interpretaciaSi
dauokebeli vnebaTaRelva sami adamianis daRupvis mizezi
xdeba...
filmSi baxva fulava gamoyvanilia, rogorc fulis,
oqros yovlisSemZleobaSi darwmunebuli adamiani,
romelic vaWrobiT did simdidres daagrovebs, cxovrebas
moiwyobs, sayvarel qalsac SeirTavs colad, magram
filmSi esmas kinosaxe isea gaazrebuli, Tavidanve iqmneba
STabeWdileba, rom misi bedniereba droebiTia, xolo Tavad
dasaRupavad aris ganwiruli. baxvasa da esmas ubedurebis
mizezi ieremia warba `sabediswero mamakacia~, romlis
avxorcobas, siSmages, veragobasa da sisastikes jer esma
emsxverpla da Semdeg baxva, xolo ieremiam sasjels Tavi
validas meSveobiT daaRwia. suraTSi valida gamoyvanilia
maRali wris kurtizan qalad, romelsac polkovniki
112
paata iakaSvili
lobovi yvela survils usrulebs. am `sabediswero
qalis~ daxmarebiT sasamarTlo marcxdeba, boroteba ki
zeimobs da bolos, sentimentaluri melodramisaTvis
tipiuri finali: baxva xanjliT klavs mZinare ieremias
da misi mkerdidan gadmodenili sisxliT TeTr zewarze
TiTiT wers sanukvar saxels `esma~...
`sam sicocxleSi~ yvelaferi emorCileba
kinoilustraciis princips, magaliTad aviRoT esmas
motacebis mizezi: ekranze vxedavT baxva fulavas
saxlis makets, viRacis xelebi makets saxuravs axdis,
rom mayurebelma dainaxos, ra xdeba saxlSi. Semdeg
maketi aseve saxuravmoxdil dekoraciad gadaiqceva.
miuxedavad aseTi xerxisa, romlis mizania dawvrilebiT
gviCvenos motacebis ambavi, reJisorma es sakmarisad
ar miiCnia da cdilobs, warwerebis meSveobiT auxsnas
mayurebels gamosaxulebis Sinaarsi. ekranze Cndeba
warwera: `ubedureba ki karze iyo momdgari~. Semdeg
vxedavT mZinare baxvas, am dros odis aivanze ieremia
warba da misi megobrebi moZvrebian... Semdeg gviCveneben
ayefebul ZaRls, romlis xma saxlis patrons ar esmis.
Tavdamsxmelebi daniT aReben fanjaras, gadaZvrebian...
Semdegi warwera: `modiT, maTTan erTad SevideT~ (es
aSkarad reJisoris mimarTvaa mayureblisadmi) am gziT
is cdilobs moqmedebaSi CarTos mayurebeli, romelsac
daatarebs da saintereso epizodebs uCvenebs... ai, am dros
axdis is ori xeli makets saxuravs da mayurebelic
xedavs dekoraciaSi gaTamaSebul ambavs. am dros kvlav
Cndeba warwera: `esec mTeli saxli~. ekranze Cans,
rogor Sedian mZinare esmas oTaxSi ieremia warba da misi
megobrebi da kvlav warwera: `gaiRviZe, baxva!~ (amjerad
reJisori personaJs mimarTavs).
cxadia, mTeli filmi ase detalurad ilustrirebuli
da komentirebuli ar aris. magram romanis (iseve,
rogorc moTxrobis) kinoilustracia i. perestianisaTvis
113
saTqmelis gamoxatvis erTaderTi saSualeba iyo _ esec
faqtia.
amave dros is ar icnobs kinoenas, romelsac 20-
iani wlebis dasawyisSi evropeli da amerikeli
kinematografistebi flobdnen; bundovani warmodgena
aqvs montaJze, paralelur da Sidakadrul montaJze,
xedebis monacvleobis dramatul mniSvnelobaze. ivane
perestianis mier kinospecifikis codna zedapirulobiT
xasiaTdeba. amiT Sors verc sabWoTa periodSi wavida,
ver aiTvisa sabWoTa kinoavangardis monapovari, ubralod,
axla aqtualuri sxva Tema iyo da is Zveli mxatvruli
xerxebiT iRebda mas.
`sam sicocxleSi~ ar aris revoluciuri da
socialuri brZolis epizodebi. giorgi wereTlis
romani bolSevikuri revoluciis poziciebze mdgari
reJisorisaTvis imiTac iyo saintereso, rom mwerlis
simpaTia arc `gadagvarebuli~ aristokratiis mxarezea
da arc axalfexadgmuli burJuaziisa. sainteresoa,
rom i. perestiani aseT obieqturobas ver iCens da
baxva fulavas saxes orad xleCs _ filmis pirvel
naxevarSi is momxveWeli burJuaa, romelic Tanadgomas
ar imsaxurebs, meore naxevarSi ki _ usamarTlobis
msxverplia da reJisori mis reabilitacias cdilobs;
romanis avtori gviCvenebs monarqiuli ruseTis
samxedro biurokratiuli sistemis korumpirebulobasa
da gaxrwnilobas. amas dasjerda i. perestiani, rogorc
Cans, komunisti ideologebic. am TvalsazrisiT filmma
daakmayofila oficiozis koniunqturuli moTxovnebi.
filmis es mxare kinokritikamac SeniSna:
`kino-mrewvelobis mier aqamdis gamoSvebul suraTebSi
mTavar moments Seadgenda socialur-revoluciuri da
yofa-cxovrebis motivebi.
`sami sicocxle~ ki aris pirveli cda `mocemul
iqnes Cvens ekranze fsiqologiur-socialuri mxatvruli
eTnikuri cenzura uxmo periodis qarTul kinoSi
114
paata iakaSvili
drama~1 `sam sicocxleSi~ msaxiobTa TamaSis manera
SedarebiT realisturia, rac udavod dadebiTi movlena
iyo.
filmSi erTi metad saintereso personaJia _ ebraeli
makleri meira. is romanSi ar aris, misi xasiaTis
dramaturgiul safuZvels mTlianad Saqro beriSvili
qmnida, amasTan, sakmaod ostaturadac. man gamoZerwa
siTboTi da iumoriT gajerebuli saxe baxva fulavas
partniorisa da megobris, qarTveli ebraelis, meirasi.
qvemoT vnaxavT, Tu rogor daafrTxo ruseTSi komunisti
ideologebi kulaSeli ebraelis, Saqro beriSviliseulma
interpretaciam.
mravali nakli hqonda, magram `sami sicocxle~
`saxkinmrewvis~ mainc yvelaze warmatebuli filmi iyo.
miuxedavad amisa, is mravali faqtoriT aRmoCnda saeWvo
sabWoTa cenzorebisaTvis da 1924 wlis 9 oqtombers
egreT wodebulma mTavarma sarepertuaro komitetma
akrZala ~sami sicocxlis~ demonstrireba... ruseTis
sabWoTa federaciuli socialisturi respublikis
farglebSi.
undoblobisa da miuReblobis am faqtma qarTvelebs
da maT Soris ara mxolod `saxkinmrewvis~ mesveurebs,
aramed mmarTveli koloniur-komunisturi reJimis
warmomadgenel `qarTvel amxanagebsac~ mdgomareobidan
gamosavali moaZebnina. amis Taobaze kinoreJisori siko
doliZe Tavis mogonebaSi werda: `glavrepertuarSi~
zogierTma pasuxismgebelma pirma ebraeli meieris
saxeSi ratomRac suraTis antisemituri tendenciebi
dainaxa da mizanSewonilad ar miiCnia filmis ekranze
gamoSveba. `saxkinmrewvis~ direqtorma germane gogitiZem
daxmarebisaTvis mimarTa sakavSiro cakis mdivans abel
enuqiZes, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, sTxova anatoli
lunaCarskis, rogorc ganaTlebis saxalxo komisars, enaxa
1 ix. J. `CiraRdani~, #22. gv. 8, 1924 w.
115
filmi `sami sicocxle~ da daxmareboda `saxkinmrewvs~.1
a. lunaCarski gamoexmaura qarTvelTa Txovnas da
dawera 1924 wlis 29 dekembriT daTariRebuli werili,
romlis aslic `mTavarpolitganis~ sammarTvelosTan
arsebul kinos saqmeTa samxatvro sabWos gaugzavna.
anatoli lunaCarskim filmi naxa da akrZalvis mizezSic
mSvenivrad gaerkva, magram cdilobs, ar gaamJRavnos da
mxolod miniSnebebs sjerdeba, amitom Tavis werilSi
amasTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqvams aseT mosazrebas: `me, ra
Tqma unda, ar vici, ra politikurma mosazrebebma gamoiwvia
aseTi, mxatvruli da sameurneo TvalsazrisiT dauSvebeli,
gadawyvetileba, Tumca unda mivxvedriliyavi, radgan
didi dakvirvebiT gavsinje es filmi da darwmunebuli
var, rom imis garda, rac me masSi davinaxe, veravin mets
ver dainaxavda~.2 am citatidan naTlad gamoCnda, rom a.
lunaCarski winaaRmdegia filmis akrZalvisa, amave dros,
cdilobs, ar dauSvas suraTis imgvari interpretacia,
rom mas raime politikuri mniSvneloba mieniWos. amitom
werilis dasawyisSi vrclad ilaparaka ̀ sami sicocxlis~
Rirsebasa da mniSvnelobaze: `me mgonia, gadameteba ar
iqneba imis Tqma, rom cxovrebis mware sinamdvilis,
yofiTi masalisa da warmtaci dramatizmis mxriv,
agreTve kinoteqnikis TvalsazrisiTac, es filmi aramc
Tu utoldeba saukeTeso sazRvargareTul nawarmoebebs,
romelTaganac igi gamoirCeva Tavisi realizmiT, aramed
Sors itovebs ukan mTel rig sabWoTa nawarmoebebs.
teqnikis mxriv saukeTeso suraTebic ki: `aelita~,
`sasaxle da cixesimagre~, `mosselpromis mepapirose~
(Tu aviRebT yvelaze gansxvavebul Janrebs) ubralo
diletentobas warmoadgenen suraT `sam sicocxlesTan~
SedarebiT, jer marto im maRalmxatvrulobis gamo,
romelic usaTuod xalxSi did warmatebas moipovebs
1 doliZe s. mogonebebi, gamomc. `xelovneba~, Tb., 1984w. gv. 89.2 lunaCarski a. v. werili kinosuraT `sami sicocxlis~ Sesaxeb, J.
`sabWoTa xelovneba~ #10, 1962 w. gv. 58.
eTnikuri cenzura uxmo periodis qarTul kinoSi
116
paata iakaSvili
da romelic, rogorc CvenSi, ise sazRvargareT, Cveni
kinomrewvelobis cxovelmyofelobis sasiqadulo
mowmobas warmoadgens. uaryofiTi azris gamoTqmisas,
gansakuTrebiT ki akrZalvisas, unda meti sifrTxile
gamoeCinaT, magram am garemoebas kidev sxva ram
emateba~.1 aq ssrk-s ganaTlebis saxalxo komisari Tavad
gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT laparakobs im mizezebze,
romelTa gamoc filmis akrZalva dauSvebeli iyo:
`suraTze didZali Tanxaa daxarjuli, sabWoTa mokavSire
saxelmwifos warmoebis mier. saxelmwifo, romelsac
Tavisi gansaxkomisa da umaRlesi partiuli instanciis
azriT, miaCnia, rom es filmi Rirsia yovelmxriv farTod
gavrceldes, rogorc am qveynis mravalsaxieri yofisa da
axali warsulis socialuri wyobis amsaxveli. sabWoTa
saqarTvelos ara Tu mxolod mniSvnelovani Tanxebi
aqvs daxarjuli am suraTze, aramed, yvelas TvalSi
ecema, Tu ra didis siyvaruliTaa igi gakeTebuli, radgan
didi artistuli, reJisoruli Tu sxva saxis Sromaa
masSi Cayrili. agreTve gvgonia, rom suraTi Zalze
uvargisic rom iyos politikurad, momWirne sabWoTa
muSaki, romelsac ar surs sabWoTa mrewvelobas ziani
maiyenos, miT umetes, usiamovno urTierToba Camoagdos
mokavSire saxelmwifosTan, romlis mimarT, saerTod,
gansakuTrebuli sifaqizea saWiro, pirvel yovlisa,
ecdeba rogorme gadaarCinos suraTi~.2
citata yuradRebas iqcevs Tavisi diplomatiurobiT,
roca a. lunaCarski ase TavgamodebiT icavda `mokavSire
saxelmwifos~ interesebs, amas koloniur-komunisturi
reJimisaTvis politikuri qulebis dagrovebis mizniT
akeTebda, anu ase Wirdeboda maSin ruseTis komunistur
imperias; amitom iqmneboda STabeWdileba, rom
saqarTvelos da qarTvel komunistebs angariSs uweven.
a. lunaCarskis argumentad mohyavs sameurneo xarjebic,
1 iqve, gv.57-58;2 iqve, gv. 58.
117
erTi sityviT, `nemsis yunwSi Zvreba~, rom Tavis mizans
miaRwios da akrZalva moxsnas. misma mondomebam ar unda
Segvacdinos, es ar yofila cxovrebis gamovlena _
situaciiT nakarnaxevi gamosavali iyo da es rom asea,
amas adasturebs xuTi wlis Semdeg momxdari ambavi: 1929
wels komunisturma cenzuram akrZala kote miqaberiZis
filmi `Cemi bebia~, am suraTis dasacavad Tavi aravis
gamoudvia, _ cxadia, arc anatoli lunaCarskis, magram
`sami sicocxlis~ SemTxvevaSi is Zalian cdilobda filmi
gadaerCina, amitom msjeloba ise warmarTa, rom suraTis
gadaReba gaemarTlebina, Tumca obieqturobisaTvis,
unda iTqvas, rom films kritikulad ganixilavs da
poulobs oTx nakls. amaTgan pirveli, saboloo jamSi,
films dadebiT mxared gadaaqcevs. a. lunaCarski amas ase
axerxebs: `suraTis mTavari nakli is aris, rom masSi
aRebulia epoqa, roca klasobrivi brZola mimdinareobda
ara proletariatsa da burJuazias Soris, aramed
burJuazias, gansakuTrebiT kulakobasa da aristokratias
Soris. marTalia scenaris avtori yvelanairad cdilobs
filmis dasawyisSi xazi gausvas im uaryofiT mxareebs,
rac Tan axlavs gamdidrebas, ris meoxebiTac gmirma
fulavam da misma megobarma meiram simdidres miaRwies,
magram Semdeg (an Sedegad?) mayureblis mTel simpaTias
swored es glexobidan gamosuli fulava ipyrobs,
radgan igi gaugonar devnas ganicdis aznaur warbasagan.
mere isic irkveva, rom kolonizatorebi, am SemTxvevaSi
rusebi, da maTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli adgilobrivi
Tavadaznauroba, erTmaneTs mxars uWeren da am gziT
aiZuleben fulavas, xeli mihyos individualur terors
da warbas TviTneburi mkvleloba Caidinos.
TvalSi sacemia, rom, viwro midgomiT, es TiTqos
Cveni ideologia araa, rom ar unda gamogvyavdes
simpaTiur gmirad adamiani, romelic Tavisive moZmeTa
xarjze, aTasnairi TaRliTobisa da komerciuli oinebis
eTnikuri cenzura uxmo periodis qarTul kinoSi
118
paata iakaSvili
gziT gamdidrda. es didi nakli aixsneba imiT, rom
films safuZvlad udevs wereTlis romani, romelic
amJamad socialurad ukve moZvelebulia. sakmarisi
iqneboda, es nakli, rom magaliTad sagazeTo recenziaSi
aRniSnuliyo. marqsistulma kritikam es filmi Tavis
adgilze unda daayenos, magram, rasakvirvelia, is ziani,
rac mohyveba fulavasadmi simpaTias, romelic, Tumca,
kulakia, magram mainc glexobidan aris gamosuli da
romelic kolonizatoruli xelisuflebisa da sakuTari
Tavadaznaurobis msxverplia, ar SeiZleba mniSvnelovani
iyos. xolo amasTanave mas axlavs didi dadebiTi
mxareebic. marTlac da mTeli suraTi gamsWvalulia
kolonizatorebisadmi siZulviliT, am SemTxvevaSi ki
kolonizatorebad gamodiodnen TviT `veliko~ rusebi,
e. i. suraTi pasuxobs im moTxovnilebebs, romelsac
ayenebda v. i. lenini, e. i. yovelnair mxilebas Cveni
sakuTari imperializmisa axlo warsulSi~.1
a. lunaCarskis werilis zemoT moyvanili citata
ideologiuri moTxovnilebiT gamowveuli demagogiis
kargi magaliTia. a. lunaCarski aRiarebs, rom im drois
TaviseburebasTan mimarTebaSi, roca `sami sicocxle~
gadaiRes, giorgi wereTlis romani socialurad
aqtualuri aRar iyo, radgan aRar arsebobda dapirispireba
burJuaziasa da aristokratias Soris, axla koloniur-
komunisturi reJimi upirispirdeboda da anadgurebda
orive klass. magram a. lunaCarski aqac poulobs
gamosavals. iSveliebs leninis moTxovnebs warsulis
kritikis Taobaze da sagangebod aRniSnavs im kritikul
paToss, riTac filmSi Zveli droa asaxuli. amrigad,
is, rac SeiZleba filmis minusi yofiliyo, mis plusad
iqca...
aseTi gaxlavT a. lunaCarskis mier gamoTqmuli
pirveli SeniSvnis xasiaTi. mis mier dasaxelebuli filmis
1 iqve, gv. 58.
119
bolo ori nakli mcired mniSvnelovania. amaTgan erTi
exeba filmis warwerebs, romelTac araferi aqvs saerTo,
g. wereTlis romanTan, arc a. ustiaSvilis scenarTan
da i. perestianis Semoqmedebis nayofs warmoadgens, rac
a. lunaCarskis gonebamaxvilur mignebad ar mosCvenebia.
amas garda, a. lunaCarski Caufiqrebia filmis metraJs
_ 12 nawili anu ori saaTi ekranuli droisa, _ Tumca
aseTi xangrZlivoba raime gansakuTrebul movlenad ar
miuCnevia da filmis Semoklebis sakiTxisaTvis principuli
mniSvneloba ar miuniWebia.
ase, rom, ssrk ganaTlebis saxalxo komisris mier
aRmoCenil naklTagan arc pirveli, arc mesame da arc
meoTxe ar Seicavs raime iseT Tvisebas, ris gamoc filmi
SeiZleboda aekrZalaT; amitom mTeli yuradReba bunebrivad
moemarTa e. w. meore naklze. msjelobisas anatoli
lunaCarski misdauneburad amJRavnebs `sami sicocxlis~
akrZalvis aqamde dafarul mizezs: ̀ suraTis meore naklia
zerele, vodeviluri komizmi, romelic ukavSirdeba
pirvel rigSi ebrael meiras namdvilad sasacilo
figuras. gacilebiT ukeTesi iqneboda is, rom wamdauwum
ar ejaxebodes wyliT savse vedroebs, ar ecemodes yovel
uadgilo adgilas. zogierTi masTan dakavSirebuli
`efeqtebi~ SesaZlebelia sul amovardniliyo, magram amis
gamo, rom films raRac politikuri minusi mivaweroT,
rasakvirvelia, SeuZlebelia. bolos da bolos es ebraeli
Zalian gulTbilad aris mocemuli da Rrma simpaTias da
Sebralebas iwvevs. diax, igi wvrili vaWaria, cdilobs
yovelgvari spekulaciebiT gamdidrdes, igi uaRresad
samoqalaqo tipia, cudad zis cxenze, cudi msrolelia,
yovelive amis gamo, cota ar iyos, sasacilod gamoiyureba
mTis xalxis fonze, magram es ar gamoricxavs imas, rom
meira gulkeTilia, rom igi mTlad gadahyva Tavis megobar
fulavas, romelic namdvilad Seuyvarda, rom cxovrobs
misi bednierebiT, Rrmad ganicdis mis ubedurebas. mTeli
eTnikuri cenzura uxmo periodis qarTul kinoSi
120
paata iakaSvili
misi figura mocemulia wrfeli, gulTbili iumoriT.
Tu aseTi midgma antisemitizmad CaiTvleboda, maSin
pirdapir unda iTqvas, rom Tqveni mizezianoba am mxriv
herkulesis svetebs aRwevs. am didebuli filmis akrZalva
mxolod imitom, rom masSi uSno ebraelia gamoyvanili,
rasakvirvelia aravis mouva TavSi~.1
maS ase, rusma ebraelebma `sam sicocxleSi~
makler komikuri personaJis saxiT antisemitizmis
gamovlena dainaxes. maTgan antisemitizmis maZieblobas
Tavisi mizezic hqonda: monarqistul ruseTSi hyvaoda
antisemitizmi, amitom bolSevikur revolucias uamravma
ebraelma dauWira mxari. gausaZlisi erovnuli Cagvris
pirobebSi `erTa TviTgamorkvevis~ Sesaxeb bolSevikuri
Tezisi maTTvis namdvili xsna iyo, Sesabamisad, isini
aqtiurobdnen revoluciuri moZraobis dros da ruseTis
axali komunisturi imperiis e. w. ssrk-s partiul da
biurokratiul ierarqiaSi uamravma ebraelma daikava
Tanamdeboba (marto is rad Rirs, rom leninis cnobili
TanamebrZolebi: trocki, zinovievi, kamenevi ebraelebi
iyvnen). ebraelTa es mravalricxovani da politikurad
aqtiuri masa mZafrad reagirebda yvelaferze, rac, misi
azriT, SeiZleba antisemitizmis gamovlineba yofiliyo,
amitom sruliad ar aris gamoricxuli, _ rom ebraeli
meiras _ uvnebeli, sascilo, gulkeTili adamianis _
ekranuli saxe, Seuracxyofas da masxrad agdebas miCveul
rus ebraelebs, ebraelTa dacinvad mieRoT. da Tu es ase
moxda, mxolod imitom, rom rusma ebraelebma ver gaiges
is damokidebuleba, rac saqarTveloSi iyo qarTveli
ebraelebisadmi. swored am damokidebulebidan Seiqmna
meira makleris (romelsac uamravi realuri prototipi
hyavda qarTvel ebraelTa Soris) kinosaxe, romlis
Taobaze ivane perestiani Tavis mogonebaTa wignSi ase wers:
`romeliRaca Tavisufal wuTs Cemma administratorma,
1 iqve, gv. 58-59.
121
SemdgomSi kinoreJisorma Saqro berikaSvilma gverdiT
gamiyvana:
_ ivane nikolaeviC, xom ar SeiZleba, rom me wavimuSao
romelime epizodSi?
me mas Sevxede.
_ axlave gsurT? aq makleris Separeba SeiZleba,
aseTi qarTveli ebraelisa _ Slapianis?
_ diax, diax.
roca Saqro naxevari saaTis Semdeg gamoCnda,
gadacmuli da sanaxevrod grimgakeTebuli, me maxsovs,
rom misi saxe Zalian momewona.
es gadaReba Cven uaxloes meoTxed saaTSi davamTavreT,
Semdeg ki erTmaneTs miewyo samuSao dReebi. erTxel,
Semdgomi obieqtis gadaRebis win, gembanze, diliT
SaqrosTan administraciul sakiTxebze saubrisas,
gamaxsenda misi roli da misda gasaxarad SevTavaze:
_ Tu gsurT, Tqvenc gadaicviT.
ai, ase gaCnda filmSi organulad Semosuli ebraeli
meiras niWierad naTamaSevi roli, romlis Sesaxebac
romanSi miniSnebuli ar aris.
ai, ras niSnavs msaxiobi reJisorisaTvis. me araviTar
SemTxvevaSi araviTari sababiT, ar daviwyeb Cemi saqcielis
kanonzomierebis mtkicebas arc avtoris mimarT da arc
SemoqmedebiTi xaziT; magram, SemTxvevis uCveulo xasiaTi
da misi rezultati iseTi iyo, rom, me mgonia, Rirs
masze laparaki.
roli Cveni avanazRaureT, rogorc ̀gauTvaliswinebeli
xarjebi~.
filmis gamosvlidan, daaxloebiT erTi wlis Semdeg,
moskovSi mgzavrobisas, me gamovelaparake mezobeli kupis
mgzavrs ase ormoci wlis metad elegantur mamakacs.
gamoirkva, rom is Cveni saelCos erT-erTi mrCeveli iyo
eTnikuri cenzura uxmo periodis qarTul kinoSi
122
safrangeTSi da movismine misgan gamaognebeli fraza:
_ iciT, `sami sicocxlidan~ Tqveni ebraelisaTvis
unda gadagkocnoTo~.1
ratom unda gadaekocna ivane perestiani im
kinosaxisaTvis, Saqro beriaSvilma rom Seqmna, CemTvis
gaugebaria Tumca isic cxadia, rom im diplomatisaTvis,
romelmac meiras kinosaxeSi ebraelebisadmi TanagrZnoba
dainaxa, filmis avtori reJisori iyo da bunebrivia, mas
uxdida madlobas.
`sam sicocxlesTan~ dakavSirebulma ambavma naTelyo
rusuli da qarTuli eTnokulturuli tradiciebis
iseTi gansxvaveba, romelic seriozulad uSlida xels
`kulturaTa dialogis~ warmarTvas. am konkretul
SemTxvevaSi es Seexeba ̀ ebraelTa sakiTxs~: qarTul-ebraul
urTierTobaTa xasiaTi radikalurad gansxvavdeboda
rusul-ebrauli urTierTobebisagan, amitomac gamoiwvia
S. beriSvilis kinogmirma aseTi araadekvaturi reaqcia
ruseTSi rus ebraelebs Soris.
a. lunaCarskis Carevis Semdeg 1925 wlis 25 ianvars
`sami sicocxlis~ demonstrireba sakavSiro ekranze
SesaZlebeli gaxda, Tumca, filmma mcireodeni cvlileba
ganicada: amoiRes zogierTi epizodi da Seamcires
warwerebi...
1 Перестииани И. 75 лет жизни в искусстве, изд. «Искусство», М., 1962, стр. 328.
paata iakaSvili
123
marika mamacaSvili,marika mamacaSvili,
Teatrmcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,
xelmZRvaneli _ prof. Tamar bokuCava
cvladi da ucvladi Rirebulebebicvladi da ucvladi Rirebulebebi
piter brukis reJisoruli Ziebani miznad isaxavs
Teatris metafizikuri arsis gamovlenas. aseTi arsis
gamosavlenad ki aucilebelia Teatraluri qmedebis
metaenis povna. es sruliadac ar niSnavs TeatrSi
literaturuli sawyisis, piesis teqstis uaryofas, magram
isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom misi azriT, metafizikur
TeatrSi sityva aris ara mxolod mxatvruli samkauli
an moqmedebis iaraRi, aramed sakraluri mniSvnelobis
fenomenic.
bunebrivia, rom Teatris arsis kvleva SeuZlebeli
iqneboda misi genezisis gaazrebis gareSe. magram
brukisTvis Teatris istoriuli ganviTarebis gaazreba
ar aris sakuTriv racionaluri procesi. ufro metic,
Tavad kvlevis procesSi igi upiratesobas aniWebs
intuicias, movlenis instinqtur xedvas. igi YTvlis,
rom mxolod am gziT aris SesaZlebeli Teatris
Casaxvasa da ganviTarebaSi mimaluli wesrigis aRmoCena.
misi azriT, swored aq aris ganTavsebuli Teatris
metaena, misi ucvleli sidide. magram brukisTvis
Teatris metaenis Zieba sulac ar niSnavs istoriuli
ganviTarebis uaryofas. misi Rrma rwmeniT (rac man
daadastura kidec Tavisi praqtikiT), Teatri Sedgeba
ucvleli da cvladi faseulobebisagan. maTi sinTezia is
ideali, riskenac unda iswrafvodes Tanamedrove Teatri.
Tumca, upiratesoba, cxadia, eniWeba ucvlel sidideebs.
es ki misTvis niSnavs iseTi iracionaluri impulsebis
gamosxivebas scenidan, rac daamyarebs umWidroes kavSirs
scenasa da mayurebelTa darbazs Soris.
124
xSir SemTxvevaSi, brukis Teoriuli naazrevis
araswori interpretaciis gamo, iracionaluri scenuri
impulsebis Zieba gaigivebulia fabulis, siuJetis
uaryofasTan. brukisTvis Teatri namdvilad aris is
adgili, sadac yvebian istorias da sadac msaxiobebi
erToblivad uamboben mayurebels cxovrebis erT an
ramdenime mniSvnelovani movlenis Sesaxeb. magram
Txrobac aris da Txrobac. brukis azriT, imisaTvis,
rom Teatraluri `Txroba~ Sedges, aucilebelia ambis
qsovilis sruli gancda da masSi ganzaveba. msaxiobma
`taniT~ (da ara gonebiT) unda upasuxos piesaSi asaxul
movlenebs, mxolod am SemTxvevaSi warmoiSoba scenisa
da mayurebelTa darbazis damakavSirebeli uxilavi
sakraluri Zafebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom mayurebelTan kontaqtis uxilavi
Zafebis Zieba damaxasiaTebeli iyo naturalisturi
Teatraluri skolisTvisac. magram maTgan gansxvavebiT,
bruki personaJis daxasiaTebis procesSi eZebs ara
mxolod im uxilav impulsebs, rasac Cveulebriv
warmoqmnis moqmedebis gaucnobierebeli motivebi, aramed
maTi mxatvruli gamosaxvis gzebsac. magram es sruliadac
ar niSnavs rolis stilizacias an gamomsaxvelobiTi
ornamentebis Ziebas. mxatvruli saxis garegnuli
gamomsaxveloba brukisTvis iseTive saidumloebiTaa
moculi, rogorc personaJis suliereba, misi fsiqikuri
Taviseburebani. amitomac eZebs `mTlian vels~, saidanac
unda aRmocendes gmiris daxasiaTebis rogorc Sinaarsi,
ise forma. misi azriT, mxolod am gziT aris SesaZlebeli
`xarisxis~ mopoveba, rac, misi azriT, warmoadgens kidec
Teatraluri warmodgenis saboloo mizans.
winamdebare SromaSi Cven araerTxel ganvixileT
`xarisxis~ sakiTxi, radgan brukis Teoriul naazrevSi
mas sakvanZo mniSvneloba aqvs. brukis azriT, imisaTvis,
rom mayurebelSi aRvZraT sakraluri gancdebi, saWiroa
marika mamacaSvili
125
msaxiobma Tavad igrZnos movlenis mniSvneloba, Tavad
aiyvanos igi sasurvel xarisxSi. bruki Tvlis, rom imisda
mixedviT, Tu ras da ra saxiT vaniWebT mniSvnelobas,
warmoiSoba axali fsiqologiuri sibrtye `xarisxis~
saxiT. igi Tvlis, rom amis gareSe Teatraluri qmedeba
moklebulia yovelgvar mimzidvelobas da ar SeuZlia
zemoqmedeba moaxdinos mayurebelze. amasTanave, raki
nebismieri aqti TeatrSi xorcieldeba `aq da axlave~,
aucilebelia, rom `xarisxis~ SegrZneba mayurebels
gauCndes warmodgenis dawyebisTanave, gayves mas mTeli
speqtaklis ganmavlobaSi da mis Tanamgzavrad iqces
warmodgenis damTavrebis Semdgomac. ai maSin ki, brukis
azriT, Teatri gadaiqceva Seucvlel adgilad, adamianebis
upirveless moTxovnilebad. misi Rrma rwmeniT, mxolod
`xarisxs~ SeuZlia gaaufasuros an udidesi mniSvneloba
mianiWos erTsa da imave movlenas. es efeqti, misi
azriT, Zalian mogvagonebs egzistencialur situacias
da uSualod enaTesaveba magiur, ezoTerikul aqts.
rac ufro xSiria is wami, roca mayurebelTa darbazi
Sekrulia absoluturi erTsulovnebiT, miT didia
interesi speqtaklis mimarT. `xarisxis~ misaRwevad
ar aris aucilebeli gansakuTrebuli vnebebis frqveva,
sxvadasxva poeturi pasaJis gamoyeneba. `xarisxi~
SesaZloa daibados srul siCumeSi, garegnulad sruli
simSvidis dros.
bruks drois fuW kargvad da amao mcdelobad miaCnia
`xarisxis~ misaRebad garegnuli reJisoruli xerxebis
gamoyeneba. msaxiobs da mxolod msaxiobs SeuZlia
gamosaxos `uxilavi~, mxolod mas ZaluZs Caagonos
mayurebels movlenis mniSvneloba. aseT dros TavisiT
ibadeba gamomsaxveli saSualebebi. swored intuicia
karnaxobs msaxiobs saWiro detals, saWiro mimikas,
plastikas, Jests. Tuki msaxiobi amas SeZlebs, saTqmeli
TavisiT daibadeba. aqdan gamomdinare, reJisura brukisTvis
cvladi da ucvladi Rirebulebebi
126
uSualod dakavSirebulia msaxiobis xelovnebasTan. misi
azriT, yvelaferi, risi Tqmac surs reJisors, gadmoicema
mxolod msaxiobis SemweobiT.
cxadia, es ar niSnavs brukis mier damxmare scenuri
xerxebis uaryofas. musikaluri foni, scenografia,
sinaTlis da sivrcis sxvadasxva efeqti, iseve
rogorc maxvilgonivruli mizanscenebi, xels uwyobs
speqtaklis aRqmas da dadebiTad moqmedebs mayureblis
STabeWdilebaze. magram `uxilavis~ gadmocema SeuZlia
mxolod msaxiobs. `uxilavis~ gadmocema ki Teatris
yvelaze didi faseulobaa. `uxilavi~ aris is faruli
energia, gonebisa da grZnobis is gansakuTrebuli vibracia,
romelic aseve uxilavi gziT gadaecema mayurebels da
samudamod rCeba mis mexsierebaSi. reJisorma xeli unda
Seuwyos msaxiobs ̀ uxilavis~ gamosaxvaSi da amis miRweva
SesaZlebelia mxolod stilisturad da kompoziciurad
Sekrul, mwyobr speqtaklSi.
arcTu iSviaTad kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, aris Tu
ara mistikuri brukis Sexedulebani Teatris Sesaxeb.
Tavad bruks naklebad ainteresebs sakuTari xedvis
filosofiuri mxare. igi praqtikosia da ainteresebs
Sedegi. Sedegebma ki igi swored aseT daskvnebamde
miiyvana.
sxva sakiTxia, rom bruki udides mniSvnelobas
aniWebs reJisorul gamomgoneblobas. reJisorma unda
SeZlos piesis teqstis gacocxleba, simboloebis da
metaforebis moSvelieba, ritmisa da tempis organizeba.
magram aq sizuste aucilebelia. reJisori ar unda
gaitacos Tavisma gamomgoneblobam, sakuTari fantaziis
TamaSma, Torem Sedegad mayureblis aRqmis miRma darCeba
umTavresi faseuloba – `uxilavi~, romlis gareSe
nebismieri Teatraluri sanaxaoba aucileblad mosawyeni
xdeba. mowyeniloba ki, brukis azriT, Teatris mTavari
mteria.
marika mamacaSvili
127
ritms brukis sasceno TeoriaSi miniWebuli aqvs
sruliad gansakuTrebuli adgili. aqac, iseve rogorc
sxva SemTxvevaSi, igi dauSveblad miiCnevs speqtaklis
ritmis xelovnuri gziT Camoyalibebas. ritmic, iseve
rogorc saerTod scenuri moqmedeba, unda warmoiSvas
spontanurad, movlenisa da moqmedebis mniSvnelobidan
gamomdinare. Tuki scenuri moqmedeba organulia da
warmoSobs ̀ uxilavs~, am SemTxvevaSi moqmedebis grZlioba
uSualod msaxiobis intuiciazea damokidebuli. xolo
imisaTvis, rom intuicia amoqmeddes, aucilebelia
personaJis sulieri cxovrebis labirinTebSi Sesvla. iq
da mxolod iq aris pasuxi yvela SekiTxvaze da msaxiobi
swored iq ipovnis rolisTvis yvela saWiro detals Tu
Strixs.
nebismieri ambavi ganTavsebulia drosa da sivrceSi.
Teatris specifikidan gamomdinare, reJisors SeuZlia
pirobiTi xerxebis gamoyenebiT Tavis Canafiqrs moargos
droisa da sivrcis kompoziciuri ganlageba. magram,
brukis azriT, aq aucilebelia garkveuli sazRvrebis
dacva. Teatri misTvis aris mxatvrulisa da realuris
iseTi Serwyma, sadac mayureblis poeturi fantazia avsebs
sinamdvilis deficits. magram am `deficitma~ ar unda
gadaaWarbos dasaSvebis, SesaZleblis zRvars. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, brukis azriT, aucileblad warmoiSoba
damajereblobis nakleboba, rac ueWvelad gaTiSavs scenasa
da mayurebels Soris arsebul uxilav kavSirs. rogorc
araerTxel aRvniSneT, bruki am uxilav Zafebs aniWebs
gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas mowyenilobasTan brZolis
saqmeSi. aq ki droisa da sivrcis swori organizeba, misi
azriT, erT-erTi gadamwyveti faqtoria.
jer kidev sareJisoro karieris dasawyisSi brukma
udidesi mniSvneloba mianiWa dramatuli muxtis sakiTxs
speqtaklis qmnadobis procesSi. cxadia, dramatul
muxtebs warmoSobs piesaSi asaxuli konfliqti. cxadia,
cvladi da ucvladi Rirebulebebi
128
mxolod urTierTdapirispirebis mniSvneloba da siRrme
ganapirobebs scenuri qmedebis dramatulobas. sakmarisia,
aq Tavi iCinos raime siyalbem, amao gaxdeba rogorc
reJisoris, ise msaxiobebis yovelgvari Zalisxmeva.
amitom, misi azriT, aucilebelia, kargad gaverkveT
problemis arsSi, kidec gaviazroT da kidec SevigrZnoT
igi. ar SeiZleba problemis mimarT mza receptebis
gamoyeneba. es, brukis azriT, xels SeuSlis dramatuli
muxtebis warmoSobas. am sakiTxTan mibmulia energiis
gamoTavisuflebis problemac, rac aseve naklebad aris
damokidebuli scenaze Seqmnil garegnul moZraobasTan.
energiis warmoSoba uSualod ukavSirdeba msaxiobis
sulSi mimdinare kreatiul procesebs da amasTanave
dakavSirebulia rogorc partnioris, ise mayureblis
reaqciasTan.
aRsaniSnavia, rom procesualobis TvalsazrisiT,
bruki ar ganasxvavebs speqtakls repeticiisagan.
rogorc erTi, ise meore procesi misTvis dausrulebeli
Ziebis wyaroa da swored es Zieba ganapirobebs
rogorc repeticiis, ise speqtaklis ganviTarebis
moulodnelobas, mis improvizaciulobas. es yovelive
misTvis imdenad organulia, rom warmoudgenladac ki
miaCnia sxvagvari midgoma da principulad winaaRmdegia
imisa, rom amas ewodos muSaobis eqsperimentuli meTodi.
da raki speqtaklis qmnadoba aris mogzauroba uval
gzebsa da labirinTebSi, maSasadame, es ar SeiZleba iyos
eqsperimenti. Tavad gza, Tavad labirinTi moiTxovs aseT
midgomas.
TeatrSi asaxuli nebismieri movlena Seicavs Tavis
arguments da kontrarguments. swored maTi Widili
warmoSobs speqtaklis mCqefarebas. bruki winaaRmdegia
imisa, rom xelovani dadges erT romelime poziciaze.
TviT WeSmaritebac ki misTvis fardobiTi cnebaa da
speqtaklSi unda daibados xelaxla, moqmedebis logikidan
gamomdinare.
marika mamacaSvili
129
Cven araerTxel aRvniSneT, rom brukma ara mxolod
gaiziara sruliad gansxvavebul winamorbedTa Teoriuli
mosazrebani, aramed SeZlo kidec maTi sinTezi. erTi
SexedviT, warmoudgenelicaa stanislavskis, meierxoldis,
artos, brextis, grotovskis Teatraluri poziciebis
erT fokusSi Tavmoyra, magram faqtia, rom brukma aseTi
sinTezi ganaxorciela. swored amitom, igi miCneulia
postmodernizmis erT-erT mamamTavrad. man SeZlo
modernistuli da fsiqologiuri Teatris sinTezi,
anu, faqtobrivad, polaruli sawyisebis gaerTianeba da
es namdvilad aris misi udidesi damsaxureba msoflio
Teatris winaSe.
modernistul mxatvrul stilizacias da subieqturi
aRqmis meTods brukma dauZebna uaRresad efeqturi da
damajerebeli Teatraluri argumentebi. misi azriT (da man
es praqtikiTac daamtkica), fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT
Teatralur xelovnebaSi gamonagoni SesaZloa iqces
uaRresad damajerebel, sruliad bunebriv movlenad
da aranakleb damajereblad, vidre bunebis pirdapiri,
uSualo mibaZvaa. aq kvlav aRiZvris `xarisxisa~ da
`uxilavis~ sakiTxi. TviT uaRresad xelovnuri Jestic
ki, SesaZlebelia gamarTldes msaxiobis mxridan, Tuki
mas misadagebuli aqvs Sesabamisi fsiqologiuri ganwyoba.
am SemTxvevaSi aseTi Jesti SesaZloa iqces gamosaxvis
udides iaraRad. igive iTqmis msaxiobis metyvelebis,
plastikis da mimikis Sesaxebac. igive kanoni moqmedebs
reJisoruli mizanscenebis, speqtaklis scenografiis
da musikalur-bgeriTi gaformebis mimarTac. amasTanave,
misTvis ar arsebobs gamosaxvis meorexarisxovani
movlenebi. yovelive is, rasac SeuZlia iqonios zemoqmedeba
mayureblis aRqmaze, misTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovani
komponentia. zemoqmedebis aseT komponentebad miiCnevs igi
fers, bgeras, asimetrias, simetrias, disonans, konsonans.
da rac mTavaria, maT warmoSobasac igi ukavSirebs
cvladi da ucvladi Rirebulebebi
130
spontanur SemoqmedebiT process. es aramc da aramc
ar aris analizis Sedegi an winaswar mofiqrebuli ram.
gamosaxvis palitra, iseve rogorc sxva yvelaferi, unda
daibados speqtaklis qmnadobis procesSi. da miuxedavad
imisa, rom bruki kategoriulad winaaRmdegia raimes
dakanonebisa TeatrSi, aRniSnul midgomas igi absolutur
kriteriumad miiCnevs.
aqve warmoiSoba postmodernizmisTvis saWirboroto
Tema, rac dakavSirebulia stilur sakiTxebTan. aqac
bruki absoluturad gasagebad da Tanmimdevrulad
ayalibebs Tavis pozicias. ra Tqma unda, igi iziarebs im
debulebas, rom stili Tavad adamiania, Tavad xelovania.
magram sastikad winaaRmdegia stiluri karCaketilobis.
mas warmoudgenlad miaCnia erT gasaRebSi, erTi da
imave grZnobaTa bunebiT da gamosaxvis xerxebiT TamaSi
Seqspirisa da Cexovis, Jarisa da vaisis. misi azriT,
yoveli dramatuli nawarmoebi moiTxovs ara mxolod
Sesatyvis scenur garemos, aramed misi sulierebis
gamJRavnebas, mis mxatvrul arsSi wvdomas. cxadia, aseTi
midgoma gamoricxavs stilur gameorebas, rameTu yvela
avtori da nawarmoebi Taviseburad unikaluri movlenaa.
swored am unikalobis gamovlenaa Teatris amocana da
bruki amas eswrafvis Tavis speqtaklebSi da amasve
qadagebs Tavis Teoriul naSromebSic.
sainteresoa brukis damokidebuleba Teatraluri
stereotipebis mimarTac. igi Sors aris im azrisagan, rom
stereotipebs warmoSobs dro an romelime didi xelovanis
avtoriteti. misi azriT, stereotipebis warmoSobas
aqvs Tavisi myari logika da misi gauTvaliswinebloba
dauSvebelia. magram stereotipebis tyveobaSi yofnas
igi miiCnevs kidev ufro did borotebad, vidre maT
gauTvaliswineblobas. meore mxriv, ra gziT aris
SesaZlebeli stereotipebis rRveva? bruki xedavs mxolod
erT gamosavals – nawarmoebic da gmiris fsiqologiac
marika mamacaSvili
131
gaazrebul unda iqnes axleburad, droisa da problemis
aqtualobis Sesatyvisad. am SemTxvevaSi stereotipi
irRveva umtkivneulod, yovelgvari pedalizaciis gareSe
da Sedegadac vRebulobT stilur gardaqmnasac, gmiris
daxasiaTebis sruliad axal Strixebs da detalebs.
imave sakiTxs ukavSirdeba Teatraluri formis
stereotipis rRvevac. klasicisturi nawarmoebi,
bunebrivia, scena-kolofSi JRers ukeTesad, vidre
nebismier sxva sivrceSi, magram hepeningisaTvis, ra
Tqma unda, ufro Sesaferisi iqneba scena-kolofis da
mayurebelTa darbazis sruli gaerTianeba. magram aqac
aucilebelia `sazRvris gadakveTis~ dasaSvebi normis
dacva, aqac aucilebelia mayureblis xedviTi wertilebis
SerCeva, sinaTlis da musikalur-bgeriTi anturaJis
efeqturi gamoyeneba da, rac mTavaria, warmodgenis
ritmis SenarCuneba.
yovelive zemoTqmuli brukis Teoriul naazrevSi
yalibdeba mxatvrul koncefciad, romelsac ewodeba
`cocxali Teatri~. am cnebaSi Tavmoyrilia misi
Teatraluri msoflmxedveloba, sareJisoro kredo,
ZiebaTa yvela mimarTuleba. aq nagulisxmebia
piesis mizanmimarTul xarisxSi ayvana, Teatralur
qmedebaSi uxilavis warmoqmna, stereotipebis rRveva
axali mxatvruli da Sinaarsobrivi konteqstebis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
wyalgamkveTis gamosavlenad, bruki bevrs gvesaubreba
`usicocxlo Teatris~ Sesaxeb. igi ganmartavs, rom
`usicocxlo Teatri~ ar niSnavs Teatrs, romelic
ukve mokvda. misi azriT, usicocxlo Teatrs aqvs
gasaocari unari _ kargad SeiniRbos, Tavi mogvawonos
prestiJulobiT da akademizmiT. sinamdvileSi ki igi
aris `uxilavs~ moklebuli warmodgena da swored amis
gamo – saocrad mosawyeni da arafrismTqmeli.
usicocxloa is Teatric, romelsac, erTi SexedviT,
yvelaferi wesrigSi aqvs, magram ar gaaCnia azrobrivi
cvladi da ucvladi Rirebulebebi
132
swrafva, ar gaaCnia suliskveTeba. igi gulgrilia imis
mimarT, rasac warmoadgens da es gulgriloba gadaecema
mayurebelsac. Sedegad vRebulobT isev da isev mosawyen
sanaxaobas.
`cocxal Teatrs~ aqvs kidev erTi ganmasxvavebeli
niSani – igi tanjvaSi ibadeba. reJisors piesaSi izidavs
`raRac~, magram kerZod ra, amis Sesaxeb araferi icis.
Tavis am mizidulobas igi msaxiobebs gadasdebs sruliad
uxilavi gzebiT, ufro rwmeniT, vidre logikuri
dasabuTebiT. Semdgom amisa iwyeba Ziebis, povnisa da
dakargvis, cdisa da Secdomis mtkivneuli procesi. magram
ai, uceb gaCnda scenuri naperwkali. axla saWiroa, igi
mogugune koconad gadavaqcioT. magram es arcTu ise
ioli saqmea. amisaTvis aucilebelia gaerTiandes mTeli
dasi, mTeli sadadgmo jgufi. cxadia, amis miRweva
SeuZlebelia TanamoazreTa dasis gareSe. brukis mTeli
SemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba aris kidec dakavSirebuli aseT
TanamoazreobasTan.
`cocxal Teatrs~ aqvs kidev erTi Tviseba, romlis
Sesaxeb bruki vrclad laparakobs, aseTi Teatri
aucileblad sakraluria, anu masSi wamoWrilia
wmidaTawmida sakiTxebi da Temebi. mis azriT, mxolod
aseT TeatrSi uxilavi (ukeTesi iqneboda Tu vityodiT
– mouxelTebeli) xdeba xiluli (anu gacxadebuli). aqve
bruks moaqvs magaliTebi xelovnebis sxva dargebidan,
sadac uxilavi xiluli xdeba ritmisa da formis
SemweobiT. aseTi xelovnebis dargebia musika da
qoreografia. anu, bruks imis Tqma surs, rom saTqmeli
SesaZlebelia mogvewodos ̀ sufTa formis~ (hegelis mier
Semotanili terminia) SemweobiT. aSkaraa, rom antonen
artos gavleniT (Tumca misgan sruliad gansxvavebulad)
bruki TeatrSic eZebs `sufTa formas~, im Teatralur
enas, romlis SemweobiT yvelafris Tqma SeiZleba
sityvebis dauxmarebladac. mTavari problema is aris,
rom jer msaxiobma da reJisorma unda igrZnon uxilavi
marika mamacaSvili
133
da Semdgom aRmoaCinon is forma, romliTac SeZleben
`uxilavis~ xilulad gadaqcevas. aq, cxadia, wamoiWreba
Teatraluri semiotikis problemac, romelzec igi
vrclad saubrobs Tavis wignSi `drois Zafebi~. magram
isic gasarkvevia, Tu ra iwvevs sakralurobis efeqts.
brukis pasuxi erTmniSvnelovania – is mdgomareoba,
roca mayurebeli iviwyebs Tavis kerZo, pirad, egoistur
miznebs da amocanebs; roca igi interesdeba sayovelTao,
sakacobrio problemebiT; roca sxva adamianis beds
ganicdis rogorc sakuTars; da bolos, roca pasiuri
moqalaqidan gadaiqceva moqmed aqtiur Zalad. ai efeqti,
romelsac TeatrSi eZebs reJisori bruki, ai mizani,
romelsac igi mTeli cxovreba emsaxureba.
bruks reJisoris upirveles daniSnulebad miaCnia
repeticiebze SemoqmedebiTi atmosferos Seqmna. aq udides
rols TamaSobs SemoqmedebiTi jgufis da mTlianad
dasis daintereseba momavali speqtaklis CanafiqriT.
jgufis, dasis yovel wevrs unda mieces Ziebis sruli
Tavisufleba. sxvadasxva cdis dros marcxis SemTxvevaSi
reJisori valdebulia gaamxnevos msaxiobi, STaberos
mas rwmena momdevno ZiebisaTvis, masTan erTad Seudges
ukeTesi variantis Zebnas, ukarnaxos mas Ziebis gzebi
da saSualebebi. da ai, aq igi wamoWris problemas,
romelic dgas yvela drois reJisorebis winaSe. es aris
im `gadamwyveti momentis~ SegrZneba, roca calkeulma
Ziebebma erT fokusSi unda moiyaron Tavi da gadaiqcnen
erTian, myar mxatvrul sistemad. Tu rodis dadga es
`gadamwyveti momenti~, reJisors veravin ukarnaxebs. es
damokidebulia mis profesiul alRosa da gamocdilebaze.
es mdgomareoba SegviZlia SevadaroT speqtaklis
kulminacias, romlis Semdeg xdeba kvanZis gaxsna.
brukis azriT, swored aseT `kvanZis gaxsnas~ mohyveba
energiis gamoTavisufleba, rac iwvevs Semoqmedebis axal
aRmavlobas.
bruki Teatris anTropologias ikvlevs mxolod erTi
cvladi da ucvladi Rirebulebebi
134
mizniT, raTa axsnas is garemoeba, Tu ratom iyo warsulSi
Teatri adamianebis cxovrebis ganuyreli nawili da
ratom iqca Semdgom maTi cxovrebis mxolod danamatad.
misi pasuxi erTmniSvnelovania – es aixsneba imiT, rom
warsulSi Teatrs hqonda sakraluri mniSvneloba,
romelic man dakarga socialuri da moraluri formaciebis
cvlis Sedegad. igi darwmunebulia, rom Tuki Teatri
ver daibrunebs Tavis sakralur mniSvnelobas, ver
gascdeba formaluri ritualis sazRvrebs da verasodes
daibrunebs adamianTa sazogadoebis winamZRolis rols.
amitom iTxovs Zveli formebis ngrevas, mayurebelTan axal
urTierTobebs, axal sivrceebsa da axal nagebobebs. da es
misTvis eqsperimenti ki ara, sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis
movlenaa. misi Rrma rwmeniT, aucilebeli cxovrebisa da
Teatris gaerTianeba, gamTlianeba.
saerTod xelovneba da, bunebrivia, maT Soris Teatric,
aris pirovnuli TviTgamoxatvis vrceli asparezi.
magram aqvea Casafrebuli Teatraluri moRvawisTvis
saxifaTo meCeCi: TviTgamoxatvis dros man ar unda
daiviwyos saTnoeba, romlis gareSe Teatri gadaiqceva
uaryofiTi muxtebis gavrcelebis adgilad. Teatraluri
xelovnebis umTavresi postulati – swrafva adamianebis
urTierTSekavSirebisaken, brukisTvis uryevi WeSmaritebaa
da igi ar saWiroebs gadaxedvas. aseT viTarebaSi Teatri
ver gadaiqceva uaryofiTi ideebis hipnoturi Cagonebis
arenad. misi mowodebaa _ sulieri srulyofisken ubiZgos
mayurebels.
bruki Segvaxsenebs, rom Teatri ar aris didaqtikuri
ideebis saqadago adgili. speqtakls igi adarebs sixarulis
momniWebel sports. aq erTmaneTs ejibrebian msaxiobTa
vnebebi, maTi samsaxiobo monacemebi, energetikuli
potenciali. Sedegad vRebulobT jansaR metoqeobas,
esoden aucilebels nebismieri winsvlisaTvis. aseTi
energetikuli urTierTgacvla bruks savsebiT dasaSvebad
miaCnia.
marika mamacaSvili
135
samsaxiobo xelovnebaSi bruki udides mniSvnelobas
aniWebs msaxiobis unars _ ̀ gadaabijos rampas~ da moicvas
Teatraluri nagebobis mTeli sivrce. erTi SexedviT es
ubralo WeSmariteba xSirad gadaulaxav dabrkolebad
aris gadaqceuli maTTvis, visac ara aqvT gamTlianebuli
energetikuli potenciali da samsaxiobo ostatoba.
yvelafris Tavi da Tavi rolis xarisxSi ayvanis unaria.
msaxiobi, romelsac ar SeuZlia ganaxorcielos es aqti,
mayureblis aRqmis miRma rCeba. amasTanave, aseTi msaxiobi
aris reJisoris energiis wyaroc. swored aq isaxeba
energetikuli urTierTgacvla msaxiobsa da reJisors
Soris.
Teatraluri dasis Tanamoazreobaze saubris dros
bruki pirdapir miuTiTebs urTierTSemakavSirebeli
erTiani miznis arsebobis aucileblobaze. magram
marto mizani arasakmarisia, Tuki igi ar gadaiqceva
jer mxatvrul meTodad, xolo Semdgom mxatvrulad
Camoyalibebul Teatralur skolad. skola ukve Seicavs
aRzrda-ganviTarebis yvela elementsa da segments.
gulisxmobs rogorc fsiqoteqnikis gamomuSavebas, ise
msaxiobis fizikuri monacemebis wrTobasac. brukis azriT,
msaxiobi ar unda Semoifarglos mxolod repeticiebiT da
speqtaklebis TamaSiT. man sxva saSemsruleblo xelovnebis
warmomadgenlebis darad, yoveldRiurad unda izrunos
fizikur da fsiqikur mzadyofnaze. samsaxiobo xelovneba,
iseve rogorc saerTod Teatri, moiTxovs xelovanis
mTeli sulieri da fizikuri Zalebis mobilizebas. da es
brukisTvis sruliad uwyveti procesia.
brukis Teoriul naazrevSi mravlad aris mocemuli
meToduri miTiTebani msaxiobis Tavis Tavze muSaobis
Sesaxeb. TiToeuli maTgani miznad isaxavs, msaxiobs
Seuqmnas fsiqofizikuri niadagi, Seamzados mayureblis
winaSe warsadgomad. brukisTvis msaxiobis xelovneba
warmoudgenelia SemoqmedebiTi aRmafrenis gareSe. Tvlis,
rom savarjiSoebs SeuZliaT msaxiobSi SemoqmedebiTi
cvladi da ucvladi Rirebulebebi
136
potencialis gaRviveba, energetikuli muxtebis
gaZliereba.
bruki did yuradRebas uTmobs samsaxiobo dualizmis
problemas. cnobilia, rom gardasaxvis procesSi
msaxiobSi xdeba sakvirveli gaoreba, roca igi cxovrobs
gmiris sulieri da fizikuri cxovrebiT da amave dros
rCeba Tavisive Tavad, scenuri gmiris Semoqmedad. es
Teatraluri aqti brukisTvis arsebiTia da amasTanave
uSualod dakavSirebulia rolis ara mxolod emociur,
aramed inteleqtualur wvdomasTanac. igi amas uwodebs
erTdroul arsebobas or samyaroSi. am TvalsazrisiT
brukis mosazrebebi mTlianad emTxveva samsaxiobo
xelovnebis msoflio Teoriasa da praqtikas. magram
bruks gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba aqvs msaxiobis rolSi
gardasaxvis procesis mimarT. Tuki brukamdeli Teatris
Teoretikosebi da praqtikosebi msaxiobis rolze muSaobas
iwyebdnen gmiris qcevis zusti fsiqologiuri niuansebis
ZiebiT, bruks dasaSvebad miaCnia am procesis ukusvliT,
ukukavSiriT ganxorcieleba. misi azriT, xelovnurad
Seqmnil Jests, mimikas, plastikas, metyvelebasac ki
SeuZlia gamoacocxlos msaxiobis fantazia, magram
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki igi gaiTavisebs maT. misi
azriT, kargad mofiqrebuli rolis detali SesaZlebelia
iqces marcvlad iersaxis Camoyalibebis gzaze. rolSi
gardasaxvas igi moniSnavs sruliad martivi sityviT _
`yofna~. es igive uSualoebaa, magram mopovebuli ara
spontanurad, aramed dauRalavi SromiT da ostatobiT.
amasTanave, uSualobaa is niadagi, saidanac aRmocendeba
STagonebad wodebuli SemoqmedebiTi aRmafrena. iq sadac
ar aris aseTi aRmafrena, ar aris `yofnac~. brukisTvis
uSualoba da STagoneba urTierTdakavSirebuli
procesebia.
sakmarisia Tvali gadavavloT brukis Semoqmedebas da
aseve mis Teoriul naSromebs, rom TavisTavad mwifdeba
daskvna – yvelgan da yvelaferSi igi miiswrafvis
marika mamacaSvili
137
polaruli debulebebis sinTezisaken. da rom aseTi sinTezi
SesaZlebelia, man daamtkica Tavisi sareJisoro praqtikiT.
stanislavskisagan man isesxa grZnobaTa siwrfele da
rolis gancdis sistema, artosagan _ msaxiob-ieroglifis
Teoria, meierxoldisagan – rolis plastikuri gaazrebis
mniSvneloba, brextisagan – rolTan gaucxoebis praqtika.
bruki kategoriulad winaaRmdegia raimes dakanonebisa
Teatralur xelovnebaSi, magram sxvadasxva dros
sxvadasxva xerxiT iyenebs winamorbedTa mier mopovebul
WeSmaritebebs. anu, uSualod gamomdinareobs praqtikuli
saWiroebidan da yvela Teorias misaRebad miiCnevs, Tuki
igi xels Seuwyobs speqtaklis gacocxlebas.
bruki udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs sivrces, sadac
unda gaTamaSdes moqmedeba. misi azriT, erT zedmet,
arasaWiro detalsac ki SeuZlia daarRvios scenuri
simyudrove da moqmedebaSi Seitanos disharmonia. amitomaa,
rom speqtaklis scenografia misTvis pirvelxarisxovani
mxatvruli movlenaa da xSirad gansazRvravs kidec
warmodgenis azrobriv arss.
aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom bruki speqtaklze
muSaobas iwyebs swored scenografiuli monaxazis
SeqmniT. aq igi ukve ganaTavsebs Canafiqrs, romelic jer
kidev ar aris bolomde Camoyalibebuli. speqtaklis
saboloo forma yalibdeba muSaobis procesSi da bruki
dauSveblad miiCnevs am procesis daCqarebas.
Teatraluri procesis dinamika, polaruli mxatvruli
xerxebis sinTezi, movlenis xarisxSi ayvanis unari, wvdoma
da yofna – ai, is Semadgeneli nawilebi, romelTaganac
Sedgeba piter brukis sareJisoro meTodika. es aris
mwyobri sistema, romelsac momavali TaobebisaTvis gzis
gakvlevis unari Seswevs.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura:
1. Brook Peter, The Shifting Point. UK: Methuen Drama. 1988.2. The Continuum Companion To Twenieth Centure Theatre, Edited
By Camber C., Continuum, London, New York, 2005
cvladi da ucvladi Rirebulebebi
138
laSa CxartiSvili,laSa CxartiSvili,
Teatrmcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,
xelmZRvaneli _ prof. giorgi cqitiSvili
„liris~ geografia„liris~ geografia
„mefe liris~ scenuri interpretaciis ruka XX „mefe liris~ scenuri interpretaciis ruka XX
saukunis meore naxevris evropul TeatrSisaukunis meore naxevris evropul TeatrSi
meoce saukunis evropuli Teatris Seswavlisas
SeuZlebelia gverdi auaro sam yvelaze cnobil,
popularul da gavlenian Teatralur „samonastro
kompleqsebs~: stredfordis samefo Teatrs, milanis
pikolo Teatrs da rusTavelis Teatrs. am samma
Teatralurma keram umniSvnelovanesi da gardamtexi
wvlili Seitana msoflio Teatralur azrovnebaSi,
SemoqmedebiTi procesebis winamZRolebad ki am
Teatrebis maSindeli samxatvro xelmZRvanelebi _
piter bruki, jorjo streleri da robert sturua
gvevlinebian. maTi Ziebebis mwvervalebs ki Seqspiris
„mefe liri` warmoadgens, romlebmac gardamtexi
roli Seasrules TiToeulis SemoqmedebaSi. ucnauria,
is rom am sam speqtakls erTmaneTTan erTi aTeuli
weli aSorebs da maTi dadgmebis periodulobis
diagramis agebisas srul harmoniulobas da mkacrad
dacul periodulobas miviRebT. (ixileT suraTi 1.)
139
cnobilia da dadgenili faqtia, rom piter brukis
speqtaklis premiera stredfordis samefo TeatrSi
1962 wels gaimarTa, jorjo strelerma „mefe liri~
Tavis pikolo TeatrSi 1972 wels dadga, xolo robert
sturuam „mefe liris~ pirvel variantze muSaoba 1982
wels daasrula da rusTavelis Teatris remontis gamo
speqtaklis oficialuri premiera 1987 wels gaimarTa.
cnobili faqtia, rom sturuas „mefe liri~ gacilebiT
adre hqonda dadgmuli, vidre misi oficialuri premiera
Sedgeboda. speqtaklis dadgmis dros rusTavelis Teatri
„profkavSirebis saxlSi~ muSaobda. Teatrmcodne da
sturuas Semoqmedebis mkvlevari nodar gurabaniZe Tavis
wignebSi „reJisori robert sturua~, „fantastikuri
ramaz CxikvaZe~, „klasikuri dramaturgia rusTavelis
Teatris scenaze~ dawvrilebiT aRwers im speqtakls,
romelic man „profkavSirebis saxlSi~ 1982 wels naxa.
gamodis, rom speqtakli am droisTvis ukve dadgmuli
iyo, Tumca misi oficialuri premiera ar gamarTula.
asec rom ar iyos, brukis, streleris da sturuas
speqtaklebis dadgmebis aTwliani intervalis skala
mainc ar irRveva, radgan sturuas speqtaklis TariRi
ar gadadis momdevno aTeulSi. Sesabamisad, SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom evropaSi aRiarebuli sami mniSvnelovani
speqtakli, romlebmac gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitanes
Seqspiris piesebis scenur interpretaciaSi, zustad
aTi wlis periodulobiT idgmeba. TiToeuli dadgmis
aucilebloba ki ganpirobebulia reJisorTa qveynebSi
gamowveuli politikur-socialuri mdgomareobiT.
zemoT aRniSnuli speqtaklebi gamoirCeva Seqspiris
teqstis originaluri interpretaciiT, piesis
tradiciuli gaazrebis ignorirebiT, axleburi da Tamami
gadawyvetiT. qronologiurad Seqspiris „mefe liris`
pirveli originaluri da Tamami gadawyveta britanel
reJisor piter bruks ekuTvnis, meore italiel jorjo
140
strelers, xolo mesame qarTvel robert sturuas.
maT TavianTi moRvaweobiT Seqmnes erTgvari Teatraluri
samonastro kompleqsebi, laboratoriebi, sadac urTulesi
SemoqmedebiTi problemebi gadaiWreboda. maTi Ziebebis da
eqsperimentebis masStabebi imdenad globaluri iyo, rom
scildeboda konkretul geografiul sazRvrebs.
Cveni kvlevis mizania Seqspiris „mefe liris`
evropaSi sami gamorCeuli scenuri interpretaciis
magaliTze SeviswavloT „liris~ dadgmebis geografia
meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi, im Teatraluri
kera-monastrebis magaliTze, romelTa Teatraluri
kvlevebi da aRmoCenebi gadamdebi iyo sxva evropuli
TeatrebisaTvis. Tu kvlevisas gamoviyenebT tipiur
geografiul samecniero kvlevis meTodebs, aRmovaCenT,
rom am speqtaklebs Soris aris xiluli harmoniuloba
da logikuri kavSirebi.
pirvelyovlisa TvalSisacemia is garemoeba, rom
sami arCeuli speqtaklidan pirveli ganxorcielda
ukidures Crdilo-dasavleT evropaSi (didi britaneTi,
stredfordi eivonze), meore, Suagul evropaSi (italia,
milani) da mesame _ ukidures samxreT-aRmosavleT
evropaSi (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi). rukaze „liris~ scenuri
interpretaciis evoluciis procesi dasavleTidan-
aRmosavleTisaken ase gamoiyureba: (ixileT suraTi 2).
stredfordi eivonze erT-erTi uZvelesi samefo
qalaqia britaneTSi, romelic londonidan 81 km-iT
aris daSorebuli, Sesabamisad is londonis regionSi
moiazreba da ganTavsebulia imave grZedze da ganedze,
razec britaneTis dedaqalaqi londoni.
laSa CxartiSvili
141
suraTi 2
stredford-eivonze mdebareobs:
grZedi: 51° (51°30′26″N 0°7′39″W)ganedi: -1 , jorjo strelerma „mefe liri~ italiis qalaq
milanSi, dedaqalaqidan 477 km-iT daSorebiT dadga.
qalaqi milani mdebareobs:
grZedi: 45° (45°27′51″N 09°11′25″E)ganedi: 9
rac Seexeba Tbiliss, igi ganTavsebulia:
grZedi: 41 ° ( 41°43′0″N 44°47′0″E) ganedi: 44 Tu am monacemebs (51-45-41) erTmaneTs SevadarebT, maT
Soris garkveul, maTematikur kanonzomierebas SevniSnavT
intervalebSi. am sam monacems Soris intervali aris
xuTi erTeuli, xolo pirvelsa da bolos Soris 10.
grafikulad es monacemebi ase gamoiyureba:
„liris~ geografia
„mefe liris~ scenuri interpretaciis ruka
XX saukunis meore naxevris evropul TeatrSi
142
suraTi 3
rac Seexeba kilometraJs: stredfords milanamde
aSorebs 1020 km, milans Tbilisamde 2876, xolo
pirveli da bolo geografiuli wertili erTmaneTTan
daSorebulia 3553 km-iT. Tu ki kilometraJis diagramas
avagebT, maT Soris intervali yovel meaTase kilometrSi
Tavisuflad Tavsdeba.
laSa CxartiSvili
143
suraTi 5
am diagramidan kargad Cans, rom speqtaklis „mefe
liri~ Seqmnis adgilebi erTmaneTisgan daSorebulia ara
mxolod aT wliani, aramed aTaskilometriani intervaliT.
Tu ki stredfords da milans erTmaneTTan aSorebs
1020 km, milans TbilisTan aSorebs 2876 km, TiTqmis
ori imdenze, ramdenic stredfordsa da milans, Tuki
kilometraJis daTvlisas aviRebT 4 000-ian intervals,
miviRebT erT e.w. „amovardnil~ mniSvnelobas. Tu am
logikiT mivudgebiT sakiTxs, aRmoCndeba, rom robert
sturuas speqtakli yvelaze metad daSorebulia brukisa
da streleris speqtaklebs, vidre Tavad brukisa da
streleris speqtaklebi.
realurad, TeatrmcodneobiTi TvalsazrisiTac,
robert sturuas „mefe liris~ interpretacia yvelaze
metadaa daSorebuli brukisa da streleris speqtaklwbs
ara mxolod reJisoruli koncefciis TvalsazrisiT,
aramed scenografiul-mxatvruli gadawyvetiTac, aseve
musikaluri gaformebiT da speqtaklis qoreografiuli
monaxaziT.
„liris~ gamorCeuli da gansakuTrebuli dadgmebis
geografiuli rukis Sedgenisas mniSvnelovania isic,
„liris~ geografia
„mefe liris~ scenuri interpretaciis ruka
XX saukunis meore naxevris evropul TeatrSi
144
rom progresuli ideebi da konceptualuri evolucia
SeiniSneba dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken. aRmosavleT
evropis Teatri, kerZod, robert sturuas „mefe liri~
marTlac ajamebs me-20 saukunis meore naxevris Ziebebs
Seqspiris samyaroSi.
gamoyenebuli literatura: gamoyenebuli literatura:
Brook Peter, 1. The Shifting Point. UK: Methuen Drama. 1988. Skorniakova, Mariia Grigor’evna, Giorgio Strehler and “Piccolo Teatro di Milano”, 2012. uruSaZe, p. Seqspiri da aRdgenili qarTuli Teatris 2.
SemoqmedebiTi amocanebi, J. `Teatraluri moambe~, 1986, #4
gugunava l. Seqspiri da XIX saukunis II naxevris qarTveli 3.
moRvaweeebi., `qarTuli Seqspiriana~, t.3. Tb. 1972.
mumlaZe d. Tanamedrove qarTuli reJisura, Tb. 1973.4.
laSa CxartiSvili
145
nanuka xuskivaZe,nanuka xuskivaZe,
dramis fakultetis doqtoranti,
xelmZRvaneli prof. _ daviT kobaxiZe
msaxiobi _ pirovneba samsaxiobo msaxiobi _ pirovneba samsaxiobo
xelovnebaSixelovnebaSi
warmodgenili naSromis es nawili msaxiob-pirovnebas,
adamianis sxvaTagan gansxvavebul fsiqotips Seexeba _
adamians, romelsac udidesi Jini, survili aqvs grZnobebis
sajarod gamoxatvisa (Tumca es, rogorc SesavalSi
aRvniSne, mainc zedapiruli aRqmaa msaxiobisa). msaxiobi
_ zeemociuri, zemgrZnobiare, zegulubryvilo, zeeWviani
tipia adamianisa. empaTiis, warmosaxvisa da zusti
ganwyobis SemuSavebis didi unariT dajildovebuli
arseba. swored amgvari, SeiZleba iTqvas, gansakuTrebuli
Tvisebebi (rasac uamravi mecnieruli kvlevac adasturebs)
ganapirobebs mis cxovrebas TeatrSi da Teatrs gareT.
adamians, msaxiobis profesia SemTxveviT Tu aqvs arCeuli,
misi cnoba SeuiaraRebeli TvaliTac SesaZlebelia.
aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom sceniuri xelovnebis
fsiqologia _ adamianis Semecnebis is erT-erTi
saSualebaa, romelic avtorisa da reJisoris mayurebelTan
urTierTobis sakiTxs moicavs da is emociebic, romlebic
msaxiobsa da mayurebelSi aRiZvris, mudam ormxrivi
xasiaTisaa.
Teatri sinTezia `mravali~ xelovnebisa, sadac
erTmaneTTan kavSirSia literatura, musika, ferwera,
vokaluri Tu sacekvao xelovneba. msaxiobis xelovneba
maTgan damoukidebelad erTaderTia, rac mxolod Teatrs
ekuTvnis.
samsaxiobo xelovnebis pedagogTa winaSe urTulesi
amocana dgas: msaxiobis xelovnebis fsiqologiuri
aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, aRzardos unikaluri,
146
gansakuTrebuli pirovneba.
saintereso da sagulisxmoa, Tu rogor xdeba
Serwyma-Serigeba, pirovneba-msaxiobis fsiqotipsa da
msaxiobi-pirovnebis mier Seqmnil saxeTa Soris. scenaze
xom mxolod sakuTari grZnobebis gancdaa SesaZlebeli
da imavdroulad maswavlebels isic xom evaleba,
gaxsnas intuituri `SemoqmedebiTi~ me _ swored is
SemoqmedebiTi individualoba, rac Cadebulia damwyebi
msaxiobis bunebriv monacemebSi. Zalze mniSvnelovania
msaxiobisTvis, Seimecnos fsiqologiuri Tavisebureba
sakuTari pirovnebisa da Semdgom ki ar `iTamaSos~ raime
saxe, aramed yvela detali `gamoiZios~ da Seimecnos
sakuTari Tavidan gamomdinare. paradoqsi ki is aris, rom
msaxiobi rac ufro metad `warmoadgens~ sakuTar Tavs,
miT ufro uaxlovdeba igi mis mierve Seqmnil sceniur
saxes. interesi, bunebrivia, gardasaxvaSi mdgomareobs,
mxolod cnobier gardasaxvaSi, romelic ostaturad
unda iyos warmosaxuli.
`msaxiobis xelovneba, sceniuri TamaSi
ganuxorcielebeli survilebis ganxorcielebis iluziaa,
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi momxdari procesebis sarkea.
TamaSi, ̀ sarkisebri asaxvis~ miuxedavad, axalwarmoqmnili
ramaa, gansakuTrebuli fenomenia, saswauli, romelic
Sesrulebis momentSi sruliad damoukideblad arsebobs~.1
Semoqmedeba adamianis idumali mdgomareobaa. yvelas ar
SeuZlia Cawvdes am idumalebas da, gasagebia, swored es
idumaleba rom ganasxvavebs msaxiobs berikasagan.
dReisaTvis (TviT akademiur TeatrTa scenazec ki)
sagrZnoblad momravlda speqtaklebi, sadac mTavari
maxvili warmodgenis sanaxaobiT mxarezea gadatanili
_ salaRobo-gasarTobi xasiaTisaa ufro metad, vidre
piraduli fiqris, gansjisa Tu Sinagani Wvretis sagani.
amgvar, arsebiTad, msubuq (zogjer absurdul) siuJetur
1 TumaniSvili m. `axla ki farda~, 2011, gv. 13.
nanuka xuskivaZe
147
kargad warmodgenil speqtaklebSi grZnobismieri
STabeWdileba SedarebiT xanmoklea, SeiZleba iTqvas
zedapirulic, rogorc ityvian, wuTieri, vidre
xangrZlivad da siRrmiseulad Tanamdevi. da ra gasakviria,
rom dRevandeli sasceno Semoqmedeba metwilad Ria
cis qveS gamarTul, cekva-TamaSiT Tu sxva garTobiT
gajerebul im saxalxo dResaswaul-maskaradis Soreul
gamoZaxilad aRiqmebodes, romelic Cvens tradiciul
yofaSi berikaobad iwodeboda.
es Tu asea, maSin sakiTxavia, riT emijneba msaxiobi,
principulad individualobis armqone, sxva yvela
danarCen monawilesTan gaTanabrebul berikas?!
berika _ uwinaresad yovlisa, ritualis monawilea,
sadac yovelive windawin aris gansazRvruli
(warmodgeniTad mainc, monawileTa cnobierebaSi); misgan
garkveuli moqmedebani moiTxoveba, mTavars, arsebiTs ki
qmedebaSi niRabi gansazRvravs; is _ personaJis niSania
mxolod (ganasxvavebs `niSans~ `ganxorcielebulisgan~ _
es ukanaskneli mxatvruli xatebis Tvisebaa); 1 isic ki
araa savaldebulo, rom is ramenairad marjved asrulebdes
danakisrebs, roli mainc Sesruldeba, ise rogorc aravin
Sewyvets wirvas mRvdels Tu xma Cauwyda; amasTan,
`berikaoba~ gardasuli ritualia da misi pirvandeli
sakraluri saxec dakargulia, birTvi gamkrTalebulia,
naxevradgaucnobierebadic da Sesabamisad, mis aRsrulebas
seriozulobac ki ar moekiTxeba. es _ garTobaa, sportul
Sejibrebaze naklebad gulmisatani, radgan jobnasa Tu
marcxsac ki ar gulisxmobs.
msaxiobi _ dramaturgiuli da, amdenad,
msoflmxedvelobiTi naazrevis ganxorcielebaa, saxe
cocxali arsisa, romelSic aTasgvar konkretul Sinaarsad
gamosWvivis mwerlis konkretuli msoflxedva _ Tan
orgzis, jer reJisoris, Semdgom ki msaxiobis grZnoba-
1 Вейдле В. Умирание исскуства, М. 2001. ст. 218
msaxiobi _ pirovneba samsaxiobo xelovnebaSi
148
gonebaSi asaxul-gardatexili, maT mier Seferili. is
imgvari qmedebis monawilea, romelmac zegavlena unda
moaxdinos rogorc mxatvrulma mTelma, Sesabamisad ki
udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs swored Sesrulebis yovelJamier
xarisxs, rac gonebriv-mSvinvier daZabvasa da sxeulebriv
gawvrTnilobasac moiTxovs. metic, Teatris warmodgenac
dReisaTvis, TiTqos aRaraa odindeliviT rituali,
magram, mix. TumaniSvilis gamoTqma rom moviSvelioT,
`qadagebaa~, erTgvari msaxureba, sxvaTa TanagrZnobad,
Tanagamgebad gamiznuli TviTgaReba.
zemoT rogorRac Sevecade, damaxasiaTeblad Tav-
TavianTi niSan-Tvisebebis miniSnebiT erTmaneTisgan
gamemijna samsaxiobo warmodgenis ori uSualo monawile
_ berika da msaxiobi. sxvaoba maT Soris metad
gamoaSkaravdeba, Tu msaxiobis xelovnebaSi yuradRebas
mis pirovnul Taviseburebebze gavamaxvilebT.
oRond, zogad-istoriuli konteqstis moSveliebiT,
jer pirovnebis raoba, misi bunebis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani
unda warmovadginoT, romliTac, vfiqrob, Cvens TemasTan
mimarTebiT da amdenad, swored rom TanamedroveobasTan
Sesatyvisad, ukeT gamoikveTeba is, amJamad SedarebiT
damcrobili adamianuri fenomeni, romelsac pirovnebad
moviazrebT.
`renesansad~ wodebuli epoqa, garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT, marTlac antikuris aRorZineba iyo,
radgan adamianis yuradReba transcedenturi RvTaebis
Wvretidan kvlav nivTier qveynierebaze iqna gadatanili.
amave dros ki, pirvelad istoriaSi, adamiani Tavad gaxda
Semecnebis Tavi da bolo, misi amosavalica da mizanic,
am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT _ samyaros centri,
Tan savsebiT damoukidebeli da potenciurad mainc, _
yovlisSemZle (es pirdapirve (es pirdapirve aqvs naTqvami piko de la
mirandolas – XIV sauk.)1. azri, TiTqos yoveli adamianis
1 Джованни Пико дела Мирандола, Речь о достоинстве человека, wignSi: Эстетика Ренессанса, т. I Москва, 1981, gv. 249.
nanuka xuskivaZe
149
SesaZleblobani usazRvroa, TiTqos yoveli Cvenganis
survili da neba winaRudgomelia da a.S. dResac xSirad,
SelocvasaviT meordeba, magram Zalian didi xania es
mxolod da mxolod `liberaluri~ fuWsityvaobaa,
romlis miRma srulebiT sxva TviTcnobiereba imaleba.
pirveli `dartyma~ renesansul msoflgagebas
heliocentruli sistemis gacnobierebam da qveynierebis
fizikuri usasrulobis Sesaxeb warmodgenam miayena.
aRmoCnda, rom dedamiwac da TviTkmar-yovlismbrZanebel
adamianis namcecis namcecebiRaa usazRvro sicarieleSi
Cakarguli. sakuTari `titanurobisa~ ar iyos, am
msoflxatsac Tavidan namdvili eiforia axlda –
etyoba, sakuTari inteleqtualuri siTamamis gancdiT
gamowveuli. aseTi aRfrTovaneba, aseTi – `SemomxedeT,
raoden uSiSaria Cemi goneba, rogor arafers epueba,
arafris win ar ixevs ukan~ _ mas aqeT araerTxel
gameorebula: XVIII saukunis ganmanaTleblebTan, XIX
saukunis pozitivistebTan Tu XX saukunis aTeist-
egzistencialistebTan. mis Tanadroulad ki, sul ufro
Rrmavdeba sapirispiro TviTgancda (aRarafers vityvi
im TiTqmis komikur `aRmoCenaze~ sakuTari sipatarave-
umweobasa, rasac xSirad sasowarkveTamde miuyvania
Tavdajerebuli optimistebi – magaliTad, namdvili
isterika, rac gamoiwvia lisabonis miwisZvram volterTan,1
mravali romantikosis – yvelaze gamoxatulad jorj
gordon noel baironTan,2 _ `pesimizmi~ da a.S.). misi
simZafre naTlad amoikiTxeba ukve blen paskalTan –
Tumca, igi erTi imaTgania, visac usasoobam rwmenisaken
mibrunebis gza uCvena. namdvili drama garegnulad
ganuzomlad mSvid rene dekartTan isaxeba. sawyisi misi
fiqrisa isaa, rom adamianis cnobierebam aRaraferi icis
garemosa Tu sakuTar Tavze. amas xom jer kidev antikuri
skepticizmi acxadebda _ adamianis gonebis daskvnebi ar
1 Вольтер, Кандит или оптимизм, М. «Ламартис», 2006; 2 История Всемирной литературы, т. VI, М., 1989, с. 104-106.
msaxiobi _ pirovneba samsaxiobo xelovnebaSi
150
ariso sando. axla ki kiTxva ismis sazogadod qveynierebis
arsebobaze, risame codnis ki ara, aRqmis sandoobaze,
risame realobaze. mizezi amisa umartivesia – adamianis
TviTkmaroba, misi zemniSvnloba mas sakuTar TavSi
Caketilobad Semoubrunda. rene dekarti1 gamosavals
gonebis, azrovnebis ZalmosilebaSi poulobs, romelic
Tavidan aagebs misTvis, subieqtisTvis saeWvod da saTuod
qceul sinamdviles. mas mimdevrebic hyavda, magram
ufro Zlierni is moazrovneebi aRmoCndnen, romlebic
ambobdnen: adamiani mTlianad Tavis SegrZnebebzeao
damokidebuli. es e.w. empiristebi TiTqos myar niadagze
idgnen, arada, maleve aRmoCnda, rom raki Tavad SegrZnebaa
subieqturi, amdenad arc is kmara risame obieqturobis
uzrunvelsayofad. ukve XVIII saukuneSi lordma devid
hiumma aforistulad gamoTqva, is, Tu raSi mdgomareobs
axali drois adamianis namdvili drama: `Cemsa da
qveynierebas Soris Cemi SegrZnebebis kedelia Camdgari~.
kacma rom Tqvas, amaze Sors aRarc vin wasula da mZlavri
kontr-dinebebis miuxedavad (religiuri romantizmi,
hegelianoba...), `avtonomiuri adamianis~ Tvalsazrisi
mainc dauZleveli aRmoCnda.
kidev erTi sayuradRebo nabiji XVIII saukuneSive
imanuil kantma gadadga. man, arsebrivad, ar uarhyo d. hiumis
debuleba, oRond dasZina – codnis obieqturoba isaa,
rom SegrZnebebi yvela adamians cnobierebis erTgvarovani
meqanizmis mier gadamuSavebuli miewodeba, Tumca ra dgas
maT miRma sinamdvileSi, CvenTvis Seucnobelia. metic,
adamiani sakuTar `me~-sac ki SegrZnebiT icnobs – anu ar
icnobs mas da ueWvelad mxolod is icis, rom arsebobs
raRac, romelic SeigrZnobs, iazrebs da a.S.
amgvarma cnobierebam XIX saukuneSi adamianis
SegrZnobilze, fsiqikis movlenebze dakvirveba, misi
1 baqraZe k. axali filosofiis istoria, Tbilisis sax. universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1969 w.,
nanuka xuskivaZe
151
gaazreba Tu asaxva moitana. Sedegad ki didi codna
dagrovda, maT Soris, adamianis fsiqikazec. SeuZlebeli
ki iyo, imavdroulad Tavi ar eCina am msoflmxedvelobis
safuZvels – sxvaTa da sakuTari Tavis principul
Seucnobadobas. XX saukuneSi aman gamoxatuleba hpova,
erTi mxriv, azris Tu mxatvruli qmnis TamaSad qcevaSi,
meore mxriv, ukidures principul egocentrulobaSi,
Rirebulebebis egoistur gansjas daqvemdebarebaSi,
yvelaferi imis faseulobiT gaTanabrebaSi rac nafiqri
da Seqmnilia. amas erTvis ̀ demokratiuli~ Sexedulebebi,
romlebic adamianTa TanasworobiT (didwilad
iluzorulis) aRiarebiT daiwyo da yovelgvari
mosazrebis, yovelgvari adamianismieri gamovlenis
TanabarRirebulebis – dasasrul ki, adamianTa principuli
erTnairobis qadagebiT dasrulda.
amrigad – Tumc istoriuli sinamdvile ganuzomlad
ufro rTuli da mravalferovania da sxvagvari
ganwyobilebisa da xedvis nayofi Zalze bevria, _
XX saukunis azrovnebisa da mxatvruli Semoqmedebis
did nakadSi qreba individualoba nebismieri azriT:
Tvalsazrisis Camouyalibleblobis gamo veraferi
iTqmis sxvaze, ar arsebobs raime gamokveTili azri,
Cndeba bunebrivi daeWveba sakuTar simarTleSi,– aqedan
`postmodernuli~ msoflmxedvelobrivi da emociuri
sifuturove, is, rasac `avtoris gauCinarebac~ ki
daerqva.
amgvari tendenciis arseboba, SeiZleba iTqvas, kidev
ufro damaxasiaTeblad warmoCinda im filosofiur
naazrevSi, romelsac egzistencializmad moixsenieben1.*
egzistenciis filosofia, anu egzistencialuri
filosofia Tanamedrove filosofiur mimdinareobaTagan
(neoTomizmi, personalizmi) erTaderTia, romelic
1KbaqraZe k. ekzistencializmi, Tb., 1962. П. Гайденко, Экзистенциализм и проблема культуры, М., 1963.
msaxiobi _ pirovneba samsaxiobo xelovnebaSi
152
mxolod adamianis arsebas exeba; amasTan, misi ZiriTadi
ideebi literaturasa da xelovnebaSi iqna `saxierad~
gamovlenili (J.p. sartri, a. kamiu, s. bouari, g. marseli)
da amdenad, gasagebia, Tu ratomaa CvenTvis upiratesad
sagulisxmo.
egzistencializmi gamoxatavs dasavleTis
inteligenciis radikalur sulier kriziss, ramac
gansakuTrebiT ori msoflio omis Sedegad iCina Tavi;
aRmoCnda, rom industriuli civilizaciis pirobebSi,
adamiani araadamianur pirobebSia moqceuli, gaucxoebulia,
dakarguli aqvs Tavisufleba da pirovnuloba. amgvar
yofaSi, adamiani ucxo da misgan Seucnob Zalebs sulieri
da bolos fizikuri katastrofisken mihyavs. es maSin,
roca ̀ egzistencialistebs~ adamianis namdvil arsebobad
Tavisuflebis, `TviTmimarTvis~, pirovnulobis aRiareba
miaCniaT, xolo adamianis gardauvali daqvemdebareba
garegani Zalebisadmi mis aranamdvil arsebobad*. swored
es aRmoCena da masTn Sesatyvisi ganwyobileba gansazRvravs
egzistencialuri azrovnebis zogad xasiaTs.
adamianSi pirovnul TaviseburebaTa damcrobis
TandaTani procesi TiTqosda saxezea da gasagebia, Cveni
droisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `masebis amboxi~ (ortega
xose i gaseti)1 adamianis ganumeoreblad erTaderTobis
gamovlenad ki ara, mis nivelirebad rom moiazreba.
adamiani-pirovneba, myar mecnierul kvlevaze
damyarebuli, Tanamedrove internet-sivrceSi moaruli
ganmartebiT ase moiazreba:2 `cneba pirovneba asaxavs
adamianis socialur bunebas, ganixilavs mas rogorc
sociokulturuli cxovrebis subieqts, gansazRvravs
individualuri sawyisis matarebel arsebas, romelic
socialuri damokidebulebebis, urTierTobebisa
da sagnobrivi moRvaweobis konteqstSi moixileba.
1 ortega xose i gaseti, masebis amboxi, Targmani b. bregaZis, gam.
`xomli~, 1993.2 http:\\ru. wikipedia.org\wiki\Личность
nanuka xuskivaZe
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`pirovnebad~ miiCneva: 1. adamianis individi, rogorc
damokidebulebebisa da Segnebuli moRvaweobis subieqti
(`piri~ _ sityvis farTo gagebiT) an 2. individisTvis,
rogorc ama Tu im sazogadoebis wevrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
myari sistema. Tumc, isic xom aris _ terminologiurad
es savsebiT gansxvavebuli ori cneba _ piri, rogorc
adamianis mTlianoba (laT. persona) da pirovneba, rogorc misi socialuri da fsiqologiuri saxe _ zogjer ise
moiazreba, rogorc sinonimi~. da kidev _ `pirovneba
gulisxmobs realurad moqmed konkretul adamians,
magram konkretuli pirovnebis yvela Tavisebureba ar
Sedis misi arsebis gansazRvrebaSi. Yyovel pirovnebas
aqvs individualurad gansakuTrebuli Taviseburebani,
romlebic vlindeba sxva wevrebTan urTierTobaSi. es
Taviseburebani damokidebulia im konkretul pirobebze,
romlebSic cxovrobs da saqmianobs individi~.
rogorc Cans, sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
sxvadasxvagvari niSan-TvisebaTa warmoCeniT cdilobs
pirovnebis raobis dadgenas. antikuri filosofiisaTvis
pirovnebis bunebis gansazRvrisaTvis amosavali unda
iyos adamianis mimarTeba sazogadoebasTan; mogvianebiT
ki _ r. dekarti, j. loki, i. kanti da sxva _ sakuTar
TavTan. kvlevis ama Tu im etapze, marTalia, gamoikveTeba
pirovnebis problemis zogierTi aspeqti, magram safuZveli
kvlevisa mudam erTi mxriv iyo mimarTuli _ sazogadoebisa
da pirovnebis bunebis mkvlevarebi metafizikurad
ganixilavdnen da TiToeulis Sesaxeb arsebiTad mainc
ganyenebuli msjelobiT kmayofildebodnen.
esec, am saxiT mocemuli ganmarteba, raRa Tqma
unda, sagulisxmoa da gasaTvaliswinebeli, magram isic
xom cxadia, _ pirovnebis bunebis mecnieruli axsna
movlenis raobas mxolod `mSrali~ debulebis saxiT Tu
warmogvidgens. sakvlev TemasTan mimarTebiT ki, vfiqrob,
misi fsiqologiuri aspeqti, misi, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas,
msaxiobi _ pirovneba samsaxiobo xelovnebaSi
154
qvedaSreebiseuli `intimuri~ sazrisi unda iyos metad
sagulisxmo.
pirovnuloba, rac ganumeorebel individualobas
gulisxmobs, aucilebeli pirobaa SemoqmedebiTi
procesisa. yovelgvari Semoqmedeba ki amaRlebulisa da,
amdenad, amamaRlebeli siyvarulis Sedegia – Sedegi imisa,
Tu ragvarad daiZlia yvela CvenganSi sxvadasxvagvari
odenobiTa da siZlieriT mTvlemare biologiuri
qmnileba.
vgoneb, swored es Segvaxsena antuan de sent-
egziuperim Tavisi saqveynod cnobili zRapris ori
ZiriTadi personaJis – patara ufliswulisa da melakudas
TavgadasavliT.
maTi pirveli Sexvedra savsebiT prozaulia.
melakudas, romelSic, yvela biologiuri qmnilebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli, mxolod gadarCenisa da gamravlebis
instinqti budobs, erTaderTi ram ainteresebs: patara
ufliswulis samyofelSi arseboben Tu ara misTvis
saZulveli monadireni. uaryofiT pasuxs saswrafod
Seenacvleba momdevno kiTxva – qaTmebi, qaTmebi Tu
ariano da roca gairkva, rom iq arc qaTmebia, melakudam
yovelgvari interesi dakarga im planetisadmi, sadac
patara ufliswuli saxlobs.
gamoxda xani. patara ufliswulma moiSinaura melakuda
_ melakudam ki Seiyvara patara ufliswuli. oRond esaa
_ rac am qveynad iwyeba, uTuod, ganurideblad mTavrdeba
kidec da dgeba patara ufliswulis miwieryofnis
dasasrulis Jami. megobrebis gayris, maTi ganSorebis
minorul intonaciaSi gamokrTeba erTi SexedviT
TiTqosda moulodneli metaforulad poeturi pasaJi.
`melam Tqva _ cotac da avtirdebi... yanis feri Sens
Tmebs gamaxsenebs... Semdeg daumata:
_ vardebi moinaxule. mixvdebi, rom Seni vardi
erTaderTia am qveynad. mere modi da damemSvidobe, me ki
nanuka xuskivaZe
155
erT saidumlos gagandob.
patara ufliswuli vardebis sanaxavad wavida:
_ Cems yvavilTan axlosac ver moxvalT... aravis
mouSinaurebixarT da aravin mogiSinaurebiaT. Cemi melac
aseTi iyo, asiaaTasi melasgan ver gamoarCevdi, magram
davmegobrdiT da igi erTaderTia CemTvis...
mere isev melasTan dabrunda:
_ mSvidobiT.
_ mSvidobiT, _ uTxra melam. _ Cemi saidumlo erTob
martivia, gagandob: dasanaxs mxolod guliT dainaxav,
mTavari TvalisTvis uxilavia...
_ adamianebs aRar axsovT es WeSmariteba, _ Tqva
melam, _ Sen ki gaxsovdes. mudam pasuxs ageb imisaTvis,
vinc moiSinaure...~
bunebisagan kodirebuli instinqtebis sanacvlod
gaCnda feri da mogonebis, uZilo RamesTan Tanaziari
msubuqi sevda _ is, rac aucilebelia, raTa adamiani,
sxvebis msgavs biologiur qmnilebaTagan gansxvavebiT,
mosiyvarule, pirovnuli cnobierebiT damuxtul sulier
arsebad gardaiqmnas.
sulier simaRleTa wvdomis Znelad dasaZlev gzaze
ki, upirvelesi Semwe, mxolod da mxolod siyvaruliT
arsebuli, Cvenive religiuri aRmsareblobaa: `kacTa da
angelozTa enebzec rom vmetyvelebde, siyvaruli Tu ar
maqvs, mxolod rvali var moJRriale, mxolod wkriala
tintili. winaswarmetyvelebis madli rom mqondes,
vicode yvela saidumlo, da mqondes mTeli rwmena, ise,
rom mTebis daZvra SemeZlos, siyvaruli Tu ar maqvs,
arara var. mTeli Cemi qoneba rom gaviRo glaxkaTvis da
dasawvavad mivce sxeuli, siyvaruli Tu ar maqvs, aras
margia~1 (I kor., 13.1-3).
qristianoba erTaderTia yvela sxva religiaTa
Soris, romelmac adamiani pirovnebad moiazra (da ara
1 gamomcemloba `saqarTvelos sapatriarqo~ axali aRTqma, 2006.
msaxiobi _ pirovneba samsaxiobo xelovnebaSi
156
qristianobamdel, warmarTul `personad~, rac karg,
wesier moqalaqes niSnavs). metic _ adamiani-pirovneba
RvTaebrivi sazrisiTac datvirTa, riTac pirovnebam, axla
ukve, sulismieri Tvisebac SeiZina (suli, astraluri
sxeuli srulad imorCilebs fizikur sxeuls).
msaxiobi-pirovneba upirvelesad Semoqmedia, `ciT
daniSnuli~ Semoqmedi _ Tavisive Semoqmedebis procesSi
ara mxolod erTaderTis, sulismierad ganumeorebelis
maZiebeli, aramed, sxvaTa asamaRleblad, mis mierve
moZiebulis uSurvelad gamcemi.
amdenad, msaxiobi-pirovnebis mier Seqmnili roli
ilustracia ki ar aris dramatul nawarmoebSi aRwerili
ama Tu im personaJis raime qmedebisa, aramed, msaxiobis
swored rom pirovnuli TvisebebiT _ maxsovrobiT,
inteleqtiT da nebelobiT _ gamoaSkaravebuli swrafvaa
im axali realobis warmosaqmnelad, sadac igive personaJi
aseve pirovnuli TvisebebiT iqneba damuxtuli.
xelovnebis nebismieri dargis arsi (da amdenad mizani)
xom xiluli realobis miRma arsebuli realobis Cvenebaa,
wvdoma WeSmariti realobisa (romelic mravalaspeqtiania
da amitomac gansxvavdeba SemoqmedTa sxvadasxvagvar
saxeTa Seqmnis ganumeorebloba). saTeatro xelovnebac
am CarCoSia moqceuli.
msaxiobi-xelovanis gansakuTrebulobis erTi aspeqti
isaa, rom mas Tavissave SemoqmedebiT procesSi xvdeba
mza, sxvis mier warmoqmnili teqsti, romlis scenaze
gadatanasac, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, scenaze teqstis
gansxeulebas aseve sxva (reJisori) axorcielebs. amis
miuxedavad, sasceno xelovnebis upirvelesi da amdenad,
umniSvnelovanesi qmnileba msaxiobia! msaxiobi xom
pirovnuli TvisebebiT damuxtuli is Semoqmedia, visi
meoxebiTac erTian mxatvrul mTlianobad warmogvidgeba
CvenTvis, mayureblisTvis manamde dafaruli, mravalmxrivi
azriT datvirTuli da siRrmiseulad danaxuli axali
nanuka xuskivaZe
157
realoba.
artisti (sanam igi scenazea) ori mudmivad
gansxvavebuli (SesaZloa erTmaneTisagan radikalurad
gansxvavebuli) pirovnebis mocemulobaa _ sakuTari
„me~-si da im rolisa, romelsac asaxierebs (Tumca,
amgvar konteqstSi, SesaZloa, misi sakuTari xedva
reJisoris xedvas daupirispirdes). amitom mas mudmivad
uxdeba, rogorc ityvian xolme, danis pirze moZraobac
da arsebobac, raTa erTi romelime mxare ar gaxdes
dominanturi, ramac SesaZloa kraxi gamoiwvios.
fenomenologiurad es urTulesi mdgomareobaa, romlis
drosac artisti warmodgenilia erTdroulad rogorc
xelovnebis nawarmoebis avtori da Semsrulebeli. igi
xom TviTon, Tavidan qmnis scenaze piesas da yovelTvis
Tavidan, yoveli Sesrulebis dros, axorcielebs mis
mier Seqmnil rols ise, rogorc mas „uCvena~ reJisorma;
da isec, rogorc mas Sinaganad ukarnaxa misi cxovrebis
mniSvnelobiT didma gamocdilebam _ misma pirovnebam
Tandayolili niSan-TvisebebiT, niWiT, unariT... da es
yovelive qmnis axleburad danaxul, mxolod artistis
retrospeqtiviT SesaZlebel erT mTlianobas, erTian
axal struqturas.
artistis aucilebel, damaxasiaTebel arsobriv
niSans misi gardasaxvis unari da qmedeba warmoadgens.
magram gardasaxvisa raSi? SeiZleba sagnad, personaJad,
movlenad... gardasaxva SesaZlebelia garegani formebiT,
an iqneb saxis Sinagani bunebis gaxsnis saSualebiT da
sxva. amisaTvis aucilebelia gageba, wvdoma, _ es ki
damokidebulia mis gonierebaze, intuiciaze, pirovnul
gambedaobaze, Tavisuflebis gagebaze... (vgulisxmob
polaruli saxis wvdomis SesaZleblobas). rac ufro
mravalferovania artistis saxviTi saSualebani –
xerxebi, aqcentebi, xmis modifikacia, mimoxvra, mimika-
gamometyveleba, enobrivi specefeqtebi... miT ufro
msaxiobi _ pirovneba samsaxiobo xelovnebaSi
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masStaburia artisti da miT ufro masStaburi, Tu es
xerxebi ar aris daStampuli, anu brmad mibaZvis Sedegad
miRebuli.
magram gana marto es aris pirovnuli TvisebebiT
damuxtuli artisti? savaraudoa, rom igi didi
unaris mqone pirovnebaa, romelsac SeuZlia Secvalos
momavali. vfiqrob, rom es iqneba erTdroulad
rogorc mizanmimarTuli, aseve intuitur-impulsur
miswrafebaTa mTeli Tanavarskvlavedi. es aris niWi,
unari, Zlieri moTxovnileba, romelTa saSualebiTac
artisti SeaRwevs, rogorc sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi,
aseve gansaxorcielebel, mis mierve „Seqmnili~ gmiris
rolSi (da es yovelTvis axalia, igi aravis imeorebs
_ arc sxvas da arc Tavis Tavs). igi aravis imeorebs,
upirveles yovlisa, im azriT, rom, rogorc pirovneba, is
mxolod da mxolod Tavis unikalurobas axorcielebs
da ara sxvisas...
es unari, arsobrivad dakavSirebulia adamianis
yvelaze adamianur SesaZleblobasTan _ warmosaxvasTan,
romelic yovelTvis mimarTulia momavlisaken. artistis
damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tviseba aris swored am unaris
(warmosaxvis) mravalferovneba, mravalsaxioba, mudmiv
cvalebadobaSi gamoxatuli _ rogorc erTmaneTisagan
mkveTrad gansxvavebuli saxisa Tu rolis, ise erTi da imave
saxisa Tu rolis gansaxierebaSi. es Tanamdevi unari aris
misive pirovnebis mravalsaxiobis, mravalmaxasiaTeblobisa
da mravalferovnebis ganmsazRvreli niSan-Tviseba.
artistis pirovnul TaviseburebaTa mravalmxrivobazea
damokidebuli gansaxorcielebeli saxeebis mravalgvaroba
_ aris mxolod tragikuli Tu komikuri saxis Semqmneli,
Tu isic da isic, orivesi erTad.
nanuka xuskivaZe
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SeniSvnebi:SeniSvnebi:
*MXX saukunis 20-iani wlebis germanul filosofiur
naazrevSi warmoqmnili mimdinareoba (m. haidegeri,
k. iaspersi) sxva qveynebSic farTod gavrcelda
(gansakuTrebiT safrangeTSi _ J.p. sartri, a. kamiu).
egzistencializmis wyaroebad miCneulia sicocxlis
filosofia (f. nicSe, v. dilTai, a. bergsoni) da
transcendentaluri fenomenologia (e. huserli).
* Tanamedrove fsiqolog-egzistencialistebis
mier (rolo mei, jim biujentali, irvin ialomi)
deklarirebulia pirovnebis 5 safuZvelmdebare
postulati: 1. adamiani, rogorc mTliani arseba metia
vidre misi Semadgeneli nawilebi. adamiani ar SeiZleba
axsnil iqnes misi calkeuli funqciebis mecnieruli
Seswavlis safuZvelze. 2. adamianis yofiereba
xorcieldeba adamianur urTierTobaTa konteqstSi
(adamiani ar SeiZleba axsnil an gagebul iqnes Tavisi
kerZo, calkeuli funqciebiT, romelSic, angariSi ar eweva
urTierTqmedebis gamocdilebas). 3. adamiani axorcielebs
sakuTar Tavs. adamiani ar SeiZleba gagebul iqnes
iseTi fsiqologiiT, romelic angariSs ar uwevs misive
TviTcnobierebis uwyvetobas. 4. adamians moniWebuli
aqvs Tavisufali arCevanis ufleba _ igi ar warmoadgens
Tavisi arsebobis pasiur damkvirvebels, da Tavad qmnis
Tavissave gamocdilebas. 5. adamiani intencionaluria _
misi cnobiereba mudam raRac obieqtzea mimarTuli. es ki
imas niSnavs, rom yovelTvis mimarTulia momavalze, mis
cxovrebas aqvs mizani, Rirebuleba da sazrisi.
gamoyenebuli literatura:gamoyenebuli literatura:
antuan de sent egziuperi, patara princi, Targmani g. 1.
ekizaSvilis, Tb. 2005.
revaz naTaZe, fsiqologiis mokle kursi, `Tbilisis 2.
universitetis gamomcemloba~, 1983 w.
msaxiobi _ pirovneba samsaxiobo xelovnebaSi
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nodar gurabaniZe, mixeil TumaniSvilis Teatri, w. me-4. 3.
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universitetis gamomc. `kentavri~ 2010 w.
mixeil TumaniSvili, reJisori Teatridan wavida, 4.
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universitetis gamomc. `kentavri~ 2011 w.
mixeil TumaniSvili, sanam repeticia daiwyeba, saqarTvelos 5.
SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo
universitetis gamomc. `kentavri~ 2008 w.
Miserandino, M. (2011) Personality Psychology. Boston, MA: 6. Person Academic.Pervin, L.A. (1996) The Science of persomality. New York: John 7. Wiley & Sons.Fridman, H.S., & Schustack, M. W. (2011) Personality: Classic 8. Theories and modern Research (5th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.Brody, N., & Ehrlicman, H. (1998) Personality Psychology: 9. Science of Individuality. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
nanuka xuskivaZe
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THEATRE STUDIES Tamar Bokuchava,
Full Professor,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University
ON SOME TYPOLOGICAL AND AESTHETICAL PECULIARITIES OF COTEMPORARY THEATRICAL
PROCESS FORM 1960-IES AND AFTER1
Summary
The article discusses some ontological and anthropological aspects of contemporary theatrical process and world theatre’s response to them. The issue is based on the point of view that contemporary human being is like a Babylon, “there is no monolithic unity in the basement of its existence”. From this angle is seen the theatrical process practiced by Grotovski – his seek for total man and pure physicality. Confronting myths, fi ghting ideological idols, through the process of transgression actor-performer reaches the level of live pure existence, what is seen as a way bringing us to the roots of our real nature. Grotovki’s Theatre is an example of that how the European theatre looks for the origins of its life in physicality, in the tradition of the “lower” and of the “bottom” of life and culture (as Bakhtin did in his medieval culture studies). Grotovski’s experiments are compared to the practice of Peter Brook and Ted Hughes and their “berried language” they were trying to dig out, “language belonging to the deepest level” where the differences arise. The next comparison comes with Kantor’s theatrical practice connected to the “theatre of death”. The 1 In the work, the author read The Art processes of XX century at the Shota Rurtaveli Theatr34e and Film Georgian State University on the conference of 2012, “ Art processes” 1960-2000
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opposite method used by cantor is belittling the actor as live being, overcoming the opposition of live subject to “dead” object and putting them on one level through bio objects.
In the conclusion the article applyes to Hans Thies Lehmann’s postdramatic theatre theory and considers that we are looking at “posthumanistic” or “nonhumanistic” anthropology where human being is no more the isolated and uncomparable element of the universe, gifted by extraordinary essence. It is integrated in the system as one of its elements and particles.
ABOUT AUTHOR
Full professor at the Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film State University. She works in World Theatre studies and teaches on all three stages – BA, MA, and PHD. Together with the teaching practice she leads the scientifi c work in theatre studies and writes critical assays and articles. As a theatrical critic she is three times awarded for the best article of the year by Georgian Theatrical Society – in 1987, 1998, and 2002. Tamar has published more than 20 scientifi c articles and about 70 critical assays and interviews. She works on university textbooks and supplementary sources for the students. For almost 15 years Tamar worked as dramaturge at The Shota Rustaveli State Theatre, Besides, she has experience as TV producer and Theatrical programs’ host.
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Tamar Kutateladze,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University
DRAMATURGY OF GIORGI TSERETELI
Summary
Original plays, the member of stage lovers constant groupIn the work, there are original plays’ analysis of Giorgi
Tsereteli, the member of N. Arakishvili’s ‘Stage lovers constant group’, who is the well-known writer, publicist and public fi gure in the second half of XIX century: ‘compete’ and unpublished dramas till now: ‘The family’s daughter’ and ‘Daria’ Estimation about the plays and organized stagings are presented on the basis of the left reviews in the work.
‘Compete’ by the dramatist Okropir Tsereteli, who worked in 40-50s of XIX century was the fi rst drama work after his comedy ‘The wedding of Imereti prince’, in which there is the fall and impairment of Imereti Serf life. G Tsereteli was the fi rst man in Georgia who refl ected the image of the woman striving for her personal freedom in ‘Daria’, but the matchmaker Spiridon is the ancestor of Solomon Morbeladze by D. Kldiashvili. G. Tsereteli’s “Familiy’s daughter’ shows the degradation of the Georgian family, greediness and light-mindedness of the new generation. He responds to the popular principle of heredity ‘For the new Drama’. The play sharply experiences the infl uence of the processes not only of the preceded comediography but also writer’s contemporary dramaturgy of 80s in XIX century.
Giorgi Tsereteli continues the traditions of critical realism of G. Eristavi and his plays were based on real facts. G. Tsreteli is recognized as the realist and also naturalist, though he thought that his creation belonged to ‘Unvarnished realism’. His dramaturgy is distinguished with publicistic severity. Also there are weakly revealed initials, outlines of the ‘New drama’. For
164
the Georgian theatre, which is distinguished by the scarcity of original dramaturgy, the plays of Giorgi Tsereteli, presented an interesting acquisition. The social-political, cultural atmosphere and writer’s struggle for inculcating the native language at school or foundation of Tbilisi University was presented in Giorgi Tsereteli’s work.
Popularization of Georgian and foreign classics’ literature, development of journalism, literature-studying and translational working are also connected with the name of Giorgi Tsereteli. In the work, there are refl ected the writer’s considerations about the theatre art, dramaturgy, translations of foreign plays or repertory politics.
ABOUT AUTHOR
She graduated faculty of theatre science of the Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film State University. She obtained academic de-gree of the doctor (PhD) in arts studies on the theme: “Direc-tor Shalva Gatserelia’s theatrical aesthetic, «she works in Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film State University. Shi is working on the manual “History of the Georgian Dramaturgy” (together D. Mumladze). Her publications systematically published in the journal “Theatre and Life.” Mob: + 995 577- 551 – 666Mail: [email protected]
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Tamar Tsagareli,Doctor of Art, Theatre Critic, An associated professor
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University
YOUR BODY – IS A WORLD, YOUR VOICE IS A LANGUAGE OF WORLD
Summary
The Natya Shastra (Sanskrit: Nāṭyaśāstra) is an ancient Indian treatise on the performing arts, encompassing theatre, dance and music. It was written during the period between 200 BCE and 200 CE in classical India and is traditionally attributed to the Sage Bharata.
The Natya Shastra is incredibly wide in its scope. While it primarily deals with stagecraft, it has come to infl uence music, classical Indian dance, and literature as well. It covers stage design, music, dance, makeup, and virtually every other aspect of stagecraft. It is very important to the history of Indian classical music because it is the only text which gives such detail about the music and instruments of the period. Thus, an argument can be made that the Natya Shastra is the foundation of the fi ne arts in India. The most authoritative commentary on the Natya Shastra is Abhinavabharati by Abhinavagupta.
The Natya Shastra ranges widely in scope, from issues of literary construction, to the structure of the stage or mandapa, to a detailed analysis of musical scales and movements (murchhanas), to an analysis of dance forms that considers several categories of body movements, and their impacts on the viewer. It also educates the spectator in observing correct behaviour while watching a performance. It also deals with the theory of Rasa.
Bharata describes 15 types of drama ranging from one to
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ten acts. The principles for stage design are laid down in some detail. Individual chapters deal with aspects such as makeup, costume, acting, directing, etc. A large section deals with meanings conveyed by the performance (bhavas) get particular emphasis, leading to a broad theory of aesthetics (rasas).
Four kinds of abhinaya (acting, or histrionics) are described – that by body part motions (angika), that by speech (vAchika), that by costumes and makeup (AhArya), and the highest mode, by means of internal emotions, expressed through minute movements of the lips, eyebrows, ear, etc. (sAttvika).
Natyashastra remained an important text in the fi ne arts for many centuries; so much so that it is sometimes referred to as the fi fth Veda. Much of the terminology and structure of Indian classical music and Indian classical dance were defi ned by it. Many commentaries have expanded the scope of the Natya Shastra; most importantly we may include Matanga’s Brihaddesi (500–700 CE), Abhinavagupta’s Abhinavabharati (which unifi es some of the divergent structures that had emerged in the intervening years, and outlines a theory of artistic analysis) and Sharngadeva’s Sangita Ratnakara (13th century work that unifi es the raga structure in music). The analysis of body forms and movements also infl uenced sculpture and the other arts in subsequent centuries. The structures of music outlined in the Natya Shastra retain their infl uence even today, as seen in the seminal work Hindustani Sangeetha Padhathi by Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande from the early 20th century.
ABOUT AUTHOR
Doctor of Art, Theatre Critic, An associated professorShota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State UniversityShe was a leading science – worker of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University’s scientifi c research center, theatre historian.
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She has translated of some books; she is the author of about 20 scientifi c works and 150 reviews. Since 2003 Member of Youth house network. She gained grant from “Youth house”(USA). She is a coordinator of the program of “All kind of mind”.Tamar Tsagareli is laureate of Society for Georgia Theatre (Creative Union) for the best review (2009-2010 seasons)Tel: + 995(32) 299 94 11E-mail:[email protected]; [email protected]
Suliko (Lamara) Kirvalidze,Tbilisi Independent University «Adjara»
The doctor of History Sciences, professor
GEORGIAN THEATRE IN THE NATIONAL-LIBERATIONAL MOVEMENT IN THE SECOND
HALF OF XIX CENTURY(Historiography)
Summary
As soon as Georgia was conquered by Russia, the Russian tsarism announced the Georgia as his property and it intensifi ed working to russifi cate the Georgian people, tried to take away the culture, national language and instead of it inculcating reactionary spirit in Georgian people for their national degeneration.
The powerful wave of national-liberational movement set off.
All the society was involved in fi ghting for freedom. The Georgian theatre joined the national movement which aimed to wake up the national feeling of people. From the stage it showed the Georgian people’s rich history, how they overcome the
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diffi culties, and defended their identity from the strong attacks of enemy.
Such Georgian cultural workers like Ilia Chavchavadze, Dimitri Kipiani, Sergei Meskhi, Rafi el Eristavi and others had strived against Ianovski, Katkovi, Voroncovi and others, who had been trying to enclose the Georgian Culture in ‘Velikorussian’ quotes.
In the program of national liberation called ‘One who had drunk the water of the Terek’, The founder of the Georgian theatre Giorgi Eristavi gave the main role to the maintenance of nation’s originality and strengthening the spirituality, underling that main purpose of the Georgian stage, is to tell the people, that the strength is in Unity.
Distinguished statesmen of Georgian theatre art, Dimitri Kipiani, Kote Meskhi, Nato Gabunia and others together with G. Eristavi set the Georgian stage in the service of national liberational movement. Bringing the plays of G. Eristavi on the Georgian stage sounded courageously. ‘ We belong to ourselves’ and we must fi ght for national independence.
The Georgian stage introduced the ideas of bravery, devotion, selfl essness, equality and liberty by dramatizing the plays of A. Tsereteli ‘ Tamar insidious’ Vaja Pshavela ‘Host and Guest’ ‘The story the roebuck’ ‘Snake eater’ and etc.
Scene hoped the viewer that injured eagle would be recovered and Georgia would breath out with relief, that the future is ours, it doesn’t need prediction, loudly sounded from the stage: Ts. Jorjadze’s comedy, ‘What I was looking for and what I found’ Avk. Tsagareli’s ‘What you have seen, you can never see again’.
The Gerogians, Azerbaijanians and others should fi ght with united forces against conquerors. Ak. Tsereteli ‘Kinto’, ‘The Sulk’, ‘Kudur Khanum’ and etc. The Gerogian stage had become the home of national liberational movement.
Presented ‘Homeland’ on the Georgian stage by D. Eristavi
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had become the symbol of national-liberational movement. Staging director M. Bebutashvioli, the author of the play is French dramatist Sardou/ the performance was perceived by the Georgians as the reminder of heroic struggle against the vicious Shah, appealing the struggle for freedom of homeland. The Georgian theatre contributed the development of national-liberational movement and protection of national dignity.
ABOUT AUTHOR
The doctor of history sciences, professor, fi nished Iv. Javakhishvili State University, The history faculty, post-graduate studies, two years courses of French language studies, existed at the Ilia State University (1965-1976yrs) worked at the Ivane Javakhishvili State University. (1976-2006yrs), Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University, was a science worker of researching centre at the same institute. At the same time, she was a lecturer in some different institutes.Now she is: A lecturer of Tbilisi Independent University ‘Adjara’.An author of many scientifi c works and the newspaper articles.The correspondent of the Georgian Orthodox newspaper ‘Kandeli’.Published works in the recent years: The performance ’Homeland’ in the Georgian national-liberation movement, ‘Culture of antique Greece’, ‘Russian aggression towards Georgian and Ossetians attempt of capturing the Georgian lands’. ‘The great martyr queen Ketevan ‘and others.
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FILM STUDIES
Maia Levanidze,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State
University
SOCIETY AND PERSON Milos Forman’s fi lm ‘One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest’
Summary
The process of mutual behavior of the person and society is severely revealed in the locked space, where the society is aggressively trying to put human’s free will in the system by the name of justice. Milos Forman’s fi lm ‘One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest’ retells us about the people, who are infl uenced by the State machines for trying to adapt to ugly space. In the hospital, ill people depending on the despot doctors are gradually losing their past and also future. Protest against the violence is forcing Mcmurphy to confront actively to the ruling force, because fi ghting for freedom, dignity of the person and human rights are very important question but unsuccessful for him. He arises the whim of struggle and hope in the people of having ill spirit and forgotten by everyone. Temporarily but still they are becoming the needful and valuable members of the society, which denied them. Even temporary but still they are returning to reality of feeling the fragrance of beautiful life.
Milos Forman ‘One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest’ is the fi rst American work, where the director coming from the Soviet space is trying to retell allegorically about the Universe, where the people of having different point of view , character and life style are being persecuted and individualism or Protestantism are associated with the crime. That’s why, the problem of
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human and society is actual for him. The problems of society, mutual infl uence, violence,
freedom or personal choice was analyzed in the theme on the example of Milos Forman’s fi lm ‘One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest’.
ABOUT AUTHOR
Doctor of Art Science. Graduated from the Moscow State Institute of Cinematography (VGIK, 1993). Area of interest: Genre Theory, Media Studies. Since1994 she has been engaged in pedagogical and scientifi c activities of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film State University. Tel: + 995 (32) 76 61 98 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Lela Ochiauri, Doctor Of Art Studies, Full Professor
Shota Rustaveli Theatre And Film Georgian State University
GEORGIAN CINEMATOGRAPHY READY TO MOVE ON THE OTHER BANK
Summary
The dramatic, I would say even tragic events, which took place in Georgia (and not only in Georgia, but in the whole Caucasus) after the collapse of the Soviet Union, particularly in 90-ies of the 20th century (civil wars in Abkhazia and Shida Kartli, in Chechnya, Karabakh and/or other Caucasian republics that caused radical changes, in result of which our world was
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divided into “confl ict zones”), has immensely impacted the social life, personal life, destiny, the present and the future of many people in Georgia.
New times and conditions usually bear new circumstances . . . but despite of such events taking place in Georgia almost nothing was fi lmed about the biggest tragedy which took place in Georgia in XX century: about the Abkhazian war, post war outputs and the victims of the war (the only exception was the fi lm made by Goga Khaindrava ‘Graveyard of Dreams’ which was later named as Direct Reportage from the Epicenter of War Activities).
First steps in this direction were made only 3-4 years ago. Georgian fi lm-makers started to describe their attitudes towards the events happening in Abkhazia in 90-ies, post-war situations, Georgian-Abkhazian relationships and problems in the country following the above-mentioned events.
I would underline the following three fi lms: “Confl ict Zone”, fi lmed by Vano Burduli; “The Other Bank” (Gaghma Napiri), fi lmed by Giorgi Ovashvili; “Flannel Paradise” (Bambaziis Samotkhe), fi lmed by Giorgi Sikharulidze, “Tangereens”, fi lmed by Zaza Urushadze. Made in the fi rst decade of the 21-st century and after, more then ten years later of the events described in the fi lms.
When a war starts it may never stop, especially for those whose love and kindness have turned into hate and anger, for those who has been frustrated. . . It is almost impossible to get rid of such destructive feelings. The feeling of revenge exceeds all other feelings, including kindness which still exists in the hearts of the people who had undergone the war; it even overwhelms the feeling of unquenchable love to the live people and even more, to the deceased ones; and fi nally it overwhelms the respect to the past, which they still try to grasp badly and which still makes them survive from getting crazy . . . If one would even once says no to peace and steps over the edge, he/
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she will drop boundaries between the past and the postwar life and start to move to nothing, to the direction that is empty. . .
There is no question that the three fi lms of the Georgian fi lm-makers are dedicated to everyone who experienced the horror of Abkhazian war, was sacrifi ced to the motherland, and who turned to be a victim of the war. They are dedicated to Abkhazians and Georgians, to the people who expected to be happy and beloved but were unlucky, to those who still are supposed to live and love in future.
It is necessary to think about it. The main reason for that is to reestablish the bridges between Abkhazia and the rest of Georgia, which were destroyed due to the war and in result Georgian territories were torn away. Those who remember (and many people do remember) how Georgians and Abkhazians (and people of other nationalities living in Abkhazia) were related to each other before the war, how they loved and respected each other, need to strive towards peaceful future.
The fi lms contain important messages to Abkhazia, which hopefully will reach not simply the addressees but fi rst of all, they will reach the hearts and cognition of Abkhazians. The fi lms are to be shown to Abkhazians as well to understand what Georgians think about the events which developed in Abkhazia - the paradise for all of us - during and after the war. They should understand how the things are estimated by Georgians, by those who stayed on the other bank; what do Georgians feel about the loss and suffer from pains which they carry during the years not only for their own but for Abkhaxia’s sake as well, for past (before and during the war) and future’s sake which was and even now is common for both.
When watching the fi lms you will again feel the pain related with Abkhazia and remember about the wounds that are not cicatrized. Likewise the heroes of the fi lms you pass the same way taking you to the country for which you have stand since long, you move on the ‘other bank’, which you have never
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abandoned; you step over the boundary which you still have to pass and you are sure that you can overcome it by all means.
ABOUT AUTHOR
Film Critic; Ph.D in Art Studies; Full professor at Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University; Culture Analyst; Editor of Culture department at Resonansi Newspaper Galaktioni.Author of the texts for the books: Litera, Gogi Ochiauri, 2008; Kadrireba by Otar Ioseliani.Author of the books: The sculpture and Art of Gogi Ochiauri; Nova Science Publishers, in New York, 2011.Author and editor of many books or publications.Received Professional Awards:1986 – Union of cinematography of Georgia Award for the best work “Nostalgia”;1991 – Newspaper Caucasus Award for the best publication “Mama Roma”;2010 – Regional Union of Adjara Theatre Associates award for the articles published on their performances;2011 – Theatre Association of Georgia Award for the article “Performance on Georgia, with a Mask Removal Pudding of Banana and Quince Dipped in Rome and Cognac” published in the Newspaper Resonance;Editor and reviewer of tens of books, text-books, journals, scientifi c collections and publications Participant of tens conferences, Symposiums, Projects.
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UNIVERSITY'Ph.D PROGRAM
Maka Vasadze,PhD student
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University
Head of the program: Prof. Mikheil Kalandarishvili
ROBERT STURUA’S GEORGIAN SHAKESPEARIAN Part IV
«What you will or Twelfth nights»
Summary
Mystery of magic attraction of scenic art is diffi cult to solve. It is especially diffi cult, when you watch Robert Sturua’s hypnotizing carnival plays, The infl uence of those on viewer, we can compare to the fi lms of Federico Fellini. Sturua’s performances, as well as Fellini’s fi lms at the same time are imbued with carnivaling, sighting, joyful, sad and deep philosophical opinion, beyond of which, there is Vast unknown Universe,
In the play, Robert Sturua presented the stories from gospel as the play masquerade played for entertaining the Herzog Orsino, who had been inconsolably in love with Olivia.
As if, Sturua is trying to show the existence of two parallel Universes, not only on the stage, but also itself in the human. One is real earthly existence in the real Universe, another is metaphysical one – where everything has got it’s own values. In Robert Sturua’s performance as well as in play, the activity is being on in fabulous Illyria. This is the Universe, where the lords or subordinated people , wise jesters or fool wise men, so called knights, who has got nothing of knighthood,
drunkards, who occasionally says some wise statements are gathered together. Here everybody love , hate and laugh at each other. Almost all characters stage their small performances and they themselves are the directors and performers as well.
Bound between the reality and unreality is erased in the performance. Here everything is allowed. The plot realities are only the reason for staging to show the other side of our existence. Viewer guesses it in the end. Earlier viewer attentively watched the instant imitative and external life of the people living in Illyria. The accents’ movement is characteristic for the theatre language of Robert Sturua. Robert Sturua in his performance of ‘What you will or Twelfth nights’ director changed the accents in such a way that the main heroes of actiities are: Malvolio (Zaza Papuashvili), Maria (Nanuka Khuskivadze) Jester (Goga Gvelesiani) and Sir Toby (Guram Sagharadze).
The Human in Robert Sturua’s staging, couses sympathy, so does the fool and arrogant Malvolio, who becomes the victim of his arrogance. sturua’s intention way to make Malvolio the man charecter of the performance and The thanks to Zaza Papuashvili’s excellent performance and masterly improvisations it happend so.
Robert Sturua further more diversifi ed the character of Malvolio, than put the characters of Viola, Olivia, Orsino and Sebastian on the back burner.
The symbol of power in ‘Twelfth Night’ of Robert Sturua is the wings of Angel instead of crown. These wings are moving from hand to hand during the play. Sometimes they are tied to the shoulders of Duke, Viola, Cesario and Jester or Malvolio and Olivia are playing the wings.
Performance is full of unexpected motions, characteristic for the theatre language of Robert Sturua. Start of the performance isn’t in the play, but suggested end by director is absolutely unexpected for the audience. In fi nal of performance, playing the scene of Calvary, when the “Situations Comedy’ must have
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end happily after undoing the knot, it shockingly impresses the audience. Therefore the words were spread by the Duke Orsino with calmative tone. ‘Calm down, please calm down, we will have careless days, happiness and gladness will always have our country’ is very weak argument for audience. Though voice of breathing is hardly sounds in the hall. Theme of sin and regret in sturua’s play is followed by an unexpected way out. These kind of unexpectedness is characteristic for his directing signature.
Paata Iakashvili,PhD student
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University
Head of the program: Prof. Gogi Gvakharia
THREE LIVES
Summary
Birth of another form of censor in 20s of Soviet Film is examined in the work ‘Ethnic censor in the mute Film period of Georgia”, According to which Jewish communists considered the characters of Jewish origin as the detection of anti-Semitism in the spectacular fi lm such as ‘Three lives’ and as a result Lunacharsky the USSR commissar of education stepped in to fi nd out it.After delivering the Jewish functionaries from the government
in 30s, the Ethnic censor started to protect the characters of Russian origin. This fact meant that the Ethnic censor existed
in the Soviet Film despite having had the contrary declaration.
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Marika Mamatsashvili,PhD student
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University
Head of the program: Prof. Tamar Bokuchava
INVARIABLE AND VARIABLE VALUES
Summary
Dynamics of theatre processes, synthesis of polar art methods, the ability to sort out the event in the quality, access and presence – are component parts of Peter Brook’s directing methods. This is sequenced system, is able to give the way to the future generations.
It is natural, that researching the theatre essence would have been impossible without realizing its genesis, but understanding the historical development of theatre isn’t the rational process itself for Brook. Even more he prefers the intuition and instinctive vision of events in the process of researching. He thinks that this is the only way to discover the order, which is hidden in fecundity and development of the theatre. Here is placed the meta-language of the theatre and its invariable magnitude. Though, the research of the theatre meta-language doesn’t mean the denial of historical development, with his deep belief (what he had confi rmed with his practice) the theatre consists of invariable and variable values. Their synthesis is the ideal, for what should aspire the contemporary theatre, though the preference of course is given to invariable magnitudes, what means for him to express such irrational impulses from the stage, which will tie very close connection between the stage and the hall of audience.
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Lasha Chkartishvili,PhD student
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University
Head of the program: Prof. Giorgi Tskitishvili
LEAR'S GEOGRAPHY'THE KING LEARS 'MAP OF SCENIC
INTERPRATATION IN THE SECOND HALF OF 20S OF EUROPEAN THEATRE
Summary
According to the research, there revealed that among the Brook’s, Streller’s and Sturua’s masterpieces the “Lear” is the special event, but among these radically different stagings, are noticeable many common signs.The scenic interpretation of “Lear” in the second half of the 20th century was met with huge resistance. Not only one unsuccessful staging was preceded to each of the staging of the same play, and new interpretations gave the way to the other directors in their native countries researching the Shakespeare’s dramaturgy, what was in the concrete plays of these directors. The process which has started in the West Europe after the 10 years interval was continued in the middle West, what forwarded the Shakespeare’s innovative experiments, but an important process of researches was fi nished in the Georgian theatre in particular, everything what had started in East after 10 years interval and postmodern theatre achievements were summarized.
In reality and also with the vision of theatre study, Robert Sturua’s interpretation of the “king Lear” is mostly separated from the Brook’s and Streller’s plays not only with the conception’s directional point of view, but also with the musical design.
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The progressive ideas and conceptual evolution is noticeable from the West towards the East, what is important during the process of making the Geographical map of “Lear’s special stagings. Eastern Europe’s theatre and Robert Sturua’s “king Lear” summarizes the researches in Shakespeare’s Universe in the second half of the 20 th century.
Nana Khuskivadze,PhD student
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University
Head of the program: Prof. Davit Kobakhidze
ACTER - THE PERSON IN THE ART OF ACTING
Summary
Nowadays (even on the stage of an academic theatre) the number of plays has increased greatly in which the main emphasis is put on the aspects of show – they are of entertaining character more than the subject of personal thinking, reasoning or inside contemplation. Thus, the impression caused by feeling in plays presented essentially with light (sometimes absurd) plot is comparatively short, it can be said that it is even surfi cial, as it is said, momentary rather than lasting and deeply accompanying. And it is not surprising that today’s theatrical activity should be considered as the past recollection of public holiday- masquerade with a lot of dancing and fun held outside, in the streets. Such kind of entertainment was called “Berikaoba” in our traditional existence.
The objective of the study is to generally separate an actor – a person and “Berika”.
“Berika”, fi rst of all, is a participant of a ritual where
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everything is previously defi ned (imaginary in the consciousness of participants); he will carry out certain actions and the main, essential in the action is defi ned by mask; it is only a sign of a character. It is not necessary for him to carry out the task skillfully. Besides, “Berikaoba” is an old ritual and its initial sarcastic importance is lost, the essence is faded, half unconscious, and the seriousness during the action is not necessary, accordingly. It is a fun, less attractive than a sports competition as it does not include winning or losing.
An actor – is the realization of dramaturgical and, thus, the ideological reasoning, the picture of live concept in which a writer’s concrete viewpoint is given in a numerous specifi c content – with double ways, at fi rst described in a director’s and then an actor’s feeling and mind, colored by them. He is a participant of such an action that will exert infl uence both as an art whole and, accordingly, the permanent quality which demands the tension of mind and skills of the body is of great importance. Moreover, nowadays a performance is not a ritual as it was in the past, but applying to Micheil Tumanishvili’s expression, it is “preaching”, a kind of service, purposeful sacrifi ce to sympathize, condole others.
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