I Tomh ofRobertBurton, ChriiltChurchCathedral, Oxford\.
SaturnandMelancholy Studiesinthe History ofNaturalPhilO$Ophy
ReligionandArt by Raymond!'libansky ErwinPanofskyandFritz Saxl
der Vl1 ivt"r:;il ,'11 I\, 1Lin:okr KRAUS REPRI NT Nendelnf
Liechtenstein 1979 First Publisbed1964 Thomas Nelson&Sons Ltd
1964 Insl ir",' Ul1!v"'I"., ;t;; t{,lijnttElr In,. "" ,I '
(.ISBN3-262-00381-6 Reprintedbypermission of theLicensors KRAUS
REPRINT ADivisionof KRAUS-THOMSONORGANIZATIONLIMITED Nendeln/
Liechtenstein 1979 PrintedinTheNetherlands , , . Preface to Reprint
SfIturnandMelancholyhasbeenoutofprintforalongtime. Following
requests from scholars inmany countries the book is now made
available again.Much could be addedto it. especially inthe Hghtof
recentstudiesinthe his tory of ancientmedicine.However
thiswouldhardly bepossiblewithoutaffectingthebalance of the
whole.Sinceneitherof myco-authors isalive- ErwinPanofsky
di.edinMarch1968. - I consideredit best to leave the work in the
fqrm in which it first appeared fifteen years ago. R.K. Oxford,
February 1979. \ i H , , n , . .. , -.t . , .; ; .I Preface From
the remote times when events in the world of man were firstheld to
be linkedwiththe stars,Saturnwasthoughttoretardany
undertakingcon-nected with him.No doubt the ancients would have
found ample evidence of hissluggishinfluencein the fateofthis book.
In :1923.Erwin Panofsky and Fritz Saxl published Diirers '
MelenCQlia.r . Einl.quellen-
uKiltypengeschichilicheUntersuchung(StudienderBibliothek Warburg.
B.G. Teubner,Leipzig).When this study was out of print, it was
decided to prepare anew,revised and enlarged edition in whichthe
develop-mentof the doctrine ofthe
temperamentswouldbedescribedindetailand
thehistoryof"Saturn,LordofMelancholy"t racedtothethresholdof
modemtimes.1nduecourse,thebroadenedscopeoftheworkmadeit necessary
to abandon the framework of the monograph on DUrer's engraving. The
plan of a new book on Saturn and Mel ancholy emerged, to be
undertaken by the three authors whose namesnow appearon thet
itle-page. At every stage, the preparation of the book was beset by
delay and adver-sity.After alengthy interrupti on due t o the
political upheaval inGermany d!Jring the'Thirties andto the aut
hors'emigrationfromthat country,work
wasresumedinBritain.Inthesummerof1939,thefi nalproofswere rf:t
tlmedtotheprintersinGHickstadtnearHamburg;shortlyaft erthe
Armistice. in 1945. it waslearned that the standing type had been
destroyed during the war.To resurrectthenow
defunctGermanbookseemedouiof ihe question.Instead, the authors
agreed to publish an Englisht ranslation,
'.,bemadefromasurvivingcopyoftheGermanproofs.Owingt othe
untimelydeathofFritzSaxlinMarch1948.theexecutionoft hisproject
suffered along delay. When eventuaUy the work was taken in hand
again, some rearrangement s and several modifications were found
necessary; however, the contents of the bookwereleft
substantiallyunaltered.Duri ngthelastt wo decadesmuch has been
written concerning thevariousfi eldstouched upon in this book;in
particular. almostevery year presents us with new interpretations
of Durer's
engraving,afewofwhicharementionedinE.Panofsky'sAlbrechtDilrer
(4thedition,Princeton1955).Anyattempttot akeaccountofallt his
literature wouldhave swelledthepresent volumet o anunman-ageable
size.
Somefurtherdetailsmighthavebeenfilledin.somecontroversialpoints
morefullydiscussed;yetthe authorsfeelconfidentthatthe argumentasa
wholewouldnot have beenaffected. At the same time,theyare aware of
some gapsin the t reatment of t heir vastsubject.There '
aremanyrelatedthemeswhichmighthavebeen foUowedup.To name only a
few:The legend of Democri t us, the melancholy philosopher. whom
"the world's vanity, full of ridiculous contrariety," moves to
laughter. could have been traced from its Hellenistic origins to it
s
memor-ableappearanceintheprefaceby'DcmocritusJunior'totheAtJatomyof
PREFACE Jlelancholy.:'Iluehmighthavebeenaddedconcerningthe part
playedby melancholy inFrench literature of the later Middle Ages,
e.g. in the poetry of CharlesIn treating of astrology, the authors
confi.ned themselves t
oinYestigatingthehistoricaloriginsandthedevelopmentofthebeliefin
Saturn's influence;there remain the wider tasks of understanding
the signifi cance of any such belief in the power of the stars and
of elucidating the reasons for whichhuman beings haveinvestedthe
planets ...,ith the very forces that ruletheir ownmicrocosm.
Thelimitssettothisbookexcludedanyendeavourtodojustice tothe
complexandenthrallingtopicofElizabethanandJacobeanmelancholy.
TemptingasitwastodelveintotherichesofBurton,theauthorshadto cont
entthemsel veswithpayinghomagetothegreat'melancholizer'by
prefixinghis effigy tothe present volume.
OurwarmthanksareduetoMissFrancesLobbwhocarriedoutthe arduoustask
ofpreparingthefirst draft of the translation from German. \Vithpart
iculargratitudewerecordtheaidreceivedfromthestaffofthe \VarburgI
nsti tute,University ofLondon,above all in procuring the
photkKifuHif>J>otrMileIPlalO1lis__ .I.
Mueller,LelpzI81871.VOLIpp.679VI,,..-.k dH. __II '- - .; T
.............1IfBo.. '-.,.ern ..... n.... X'''''*..... X--.......II
IS "ght,theu ri""in' Antiochu$ofAthens'would-beroughly :ntemporary
.(Cal."sir.Gr .VOl..VII,p.101;BOO,SInn,lA"!>.,p .whence
owever,therubrzet emperamentsshouldbenmitted.' I)
TIlEDOCTRINEOFTHEFOURHUMOURS II
fortyanda"melancholic"periodbetweenfortyandsixty,and endina"
phlegmatic"oldage.'" But this combination of the purely
medicaldoctrine of humours with a syst em of natural philosophy
g'!-ve rise to a curious difficulty
ofwhichearlierwriterswerequiteunconsciollsbutwhichwas later to
comeverymuchto theforeandwhichwas neverwholly
resolved.Ontheonehand,withtheexceptionofblood,the humourstaken
overfrommedicinewerequiteuselesssubstances, nottosayharmful.2S
Theywereexcretions," humoresvitiosi",
causingillness,firstobservedprimarilyinvomitingandother
symptomsH;theadjectivesderivedfromthem,(jh om t heninthbour
ofthenightuntilthethirdhouroftheday.i.e.lrom3a. m.to 9a.,".and
thereafter the others reigned insix.hourlyshifts.redbile.black bile
and phlegm;cI.f'su DO' SOIlANUS(MldiciAnl".,,,i.VeniceIS47,101.
IS9")andVnll.VOl..II. p.246,18;aDdp.247.'4fromEpidt ... . ,11,6.,
:01Tppl.t,....... ,., Epide". ., III .17 /f;H'f'I"OCIi .VOL.I
.p.262j ones.A $Omewhat lateraddi tlon 10Ep.d",..
V1.8.)1,poinuouttheclosecoonexionbetweenmel,,"choly.. ndepilepsy .
.. nd.. ctually statesthatthe only difference betweenthem it
thatwhiletheiUnessisoneandthe, .. me.il attacksthe bodyint he
caaeof epilepsy.butthemi ndint he caseofmelancholy ..
ApMrismala,V1, :I).EvenC .. len,thoughalready
posse5Singahighlyofpsyebologicalaemiology,wrotewithregudtothisPUSllKeth
.. t w"sri ght insummingup
allmelancholyIymptomsinthetwofollowing:FearandDepreS$ion(D
ltJ,cislIT.TO,inG .. UI{(KOHN).VOl..VIII ,p_ 190) . .. M ....
cJU.LusSrI)RTU.tranlmitteubyOribasi usaDdothen:Sc"PIt).Uphys ,t)f"
o",;(i ,rameJl"li,,;,ed.R.HInTER.Leipzis: 1893.VOl. .II
.p.282,10.Alsomthecollectionof excerptsn.ptinPs-GALI"(KO .. ..).
VOL.lUX.pp. 719 sqq.For :'i . meant"Poorman,youaremad;"Dcmosthenes'
wordsconcerning Oly mpiodorus,"aU
IJ.OVO\l&5ucQSl1JV..o.Kal00I(WV,"46mightbetranslatedas"onewhoseemsnotonlyan
offenderbutamadman",In the fourth centuryB. C.,the religious
intuitionofanearlieragewasgivingwaytodiscursivescientific
reasoning.andsymbolicinterpretationsofmythsarefoundside
bysidewithrationalistexplanations;henceitisnotsurprising
thattraitsofpathologicalmelancholynow begantobediscerned inthe
greatfiguresof those accursed heroes punished with madness
byaninsultedgodhead- Heracles,AjaxandBelleiophon-whom
Euripideshadrepresentedintheirmythicalsuperhumangreat-ness.47
Butevenforthefourthcenturythespellofthosegreat
figureswasstrongenoughtogivethenotionofmelancholynow
associatedwiththemanimbusofsinistersublimity.It became,
asGelliuslaterironicallysaid,"adiseaseofheroes".48Thus it
cameaboutthat,associatedwiththemyths,themelancholic
dispositionbegantoberegardedas,insomedegree,heroic;it
wasidealisedstillfurtherwhenequatedwith"frenzy" ,inasmuch asthe"
humormelancholicus"begantofigureasasource,how-everdangerous,
ofthehighest spiritUalexaltation,assoonas the
notionoffrenzyitselfwasinterpreted(orrather,re-interpreted)
inthisway.Asiswel1known,thistransvaluationwaseffected
byPlato.AsSocratessaysinthePhaedrus,"ifitweresimply
thatfrenzywereanevil",Lysiaswouldberight;"but infactwe
receivethegreatestbenefitsthroughfrenzy,thatis,insofaras .. n 'e
I'/A..f,uits equivalent inmostother languages.means far more than a
colour ; 1' 1J,a".. ""'_'" (orinstanoe.areruthlessmen.,,/.1.0
......aTeholTiblepains.H "DCIIWI!haveno dimcult)'inundentandi
ngGalen' ,words:" J ustas outward dark",,"fillsnear Ly
aLimenwithfear,unlesstheyareverybraveor
veryenlightened,10thedarkcolourofblad: bilegenerates fear,in that
it darkens the seatof reallOn:'(V. tOC" Ill .10,inG ...LEN (KOli
N).VOL.\, 1Il ,p.19 1.)Therea
recountlessparallelsilllaterliterature. ' J PlolUd .... s 2 68J1 .
.. 0"'IOS1I1EN.&$. Or.,, 8./ ..Oly... pi5e11 sou1stothevisionof
ideas. HPAaed,.,.j,248E.IntheTinuuws(i' 1A eqq.)ool
ytheun(;QlI3Ciousaide ofthe,tate seemstobelinked.insomecompl
icatedwaywiththefunctionoftheliverandthe ' bitter'bile. II.57)c. a.
Tbenotion of melancholygeneral.lyheldby educatedmen oftbll late
fourth century ;. admirablyiIIush-atedby lOmeli nesof M.N...ND ...
(ed. C. Jensen,t lerlin 19291. lioel 494
sqq.,inwhiChtheslayeOnesimulexpreue:sh.UJ opi..nionofhismaster:
0,"",","'" !"Mr' .u,soior, ,..t-, ..; .... ok Bo4s . "'"u,.o. xoA;
..potnrbnwK" >l -m ... . rt ,..tpI. ....,cl ........... lMo
".,............ ; InF. G.Alli lllOn',rendering (MaN ...NDu, TIY
FYil-"ThemanwiththewaterbucketisobviouslyAquari\I.J.onE!
ofthe"houses"ofSaturn. Thefactthat he was representedthus in the
east canbe seen,forinstauce.fromtheportrait
ontheIslamicastronomicalinstrumentinthepossessionofPrinceOttingen.
Wallerstei n, reproduced;nlsi" ... ,III(19 U ),plat!! 7.fig.'3;
ib..pp.I !l6sq.,thetexb. .. Oxford,Bod!.?ISOr.133 . ..
SuchasParis.Bib!.Nat $Upp\.turc.242.andNewYork,PierpontMorgan -
Library. 788. .. A. Icit/i e la100'0 influenza neg) ; af/reJ,h; dd
Salon,in PadoVA,Padua1924. , i i I I , I 31
THEPICTUREOFSATURNANDHISCHILDREN205
contains,arrangedinaverysimilartabularform,aseriesof
imagesof"planets'children"whichwemaydescribeasa mental western
version of such"tables"as are found,forexample,
intheBodleianOrientalmanuscript 133.Saturn himselfappears
inveryunclassicalform,asaman layinghishandonhismouth
tosignifyeithersilenceorhissinisterandailingnature(PLATES 32-
33).The"planets'children",too,underwentanevergreater
processofrealistic"modernisation"inthewest.Laterages
foundthetabulatedseriesofoccupations(suchasthosewhich
theSalone-atPaduahadtakenoverfromeasternmanuscripts,
inthestyleoftheBodleianOrientalmanuscript133)too
monotonousinform,andtooheterogeneousincontent .They
soug4taformwhichshould group togetherthemenruledby the planets
inakindof lively "genre" picture whichappeared socially
andpsychologicallymorecoherent.Thisinvolved,inthefirst
place,areductionofthechaoticvarietypresentintheoriginal "tableS"to
a limited number of inherently related types; secondly, the
assemblingofthesetypesincoherentsurroundi ngsand inthe
sameperspective.ThepictureofJupitermustillustratethe
natureandwayoflifeofmenblessedwith culture andproperty.
Mercurythatofscholarsandartists,Marsthatofwarriors,and
Saturnthatofpoorandoppressedpeasants,beggars,cripples,
prisonersandcriminals.Atthesametime,awishwasfeltto
makeimmediatelyvisiblethefatal"influence"ofeachplaneton those
subjectto it,and soit isunderstandablethat after anumber
ofhesitantattemptsatmodernisingtheschema intheSaloneat
Padua,asolutionwasfinallyfoundinadesignwhichhadbeen
usedinquiteanothersphereandinquiteanother sensetoshow
the"influence"ofaheavenlypoweronearthlyexistence:the design of
Christ's Ascension intoheaven(or,to bemore exact,the
risenChristaddressingthoseleftonearth),ofJudgementDay,
and,aboveall,ofPentecost and similar mysteries(PLATE35).36
Thisnewdesignfirstoriginatedinthenorthernartofthe
fifteenthcentury(PLATES38,40),asKautzschandWarburg
haveshown,37andlateraffectedItalianart(PLATE39);despite
modificationofindividualtraits,andshiftingofemphasis,its
compositionremainedunaltereduntiltheseventeenthand
eighteenthcenturies(PLATE53).Wefirstmeetwithitasa
completeseriesintheillustrationstoChristinedePisan'sEpUre
a.E.PANOFSKY andF. SAXL.in ..M >.: plici
tlycite:;the"sagesd'autrefois"and"grimoires Nrj"Q.VOL. I.Rome'9.5,
pp.66sqq.,andin vpp.I and78sqq.).Thebasis of hisin""ntion,however
(Arl .v(1902).p.89).
wasst,1ltheblbhcalrepresentativeoftheoriginalvirtue'Fortezu".namely.samson.for
whomtheRenaissanCflthensubstitutedHercules;it
issignificantthatFrancesco'ssolution
takenupbyRipa,shOUldhavebeensofarforgottenthatFi
larete(ef.PANOFSKY.op.cit,: pp.192 sqq.)hadto
formulatethewholeproblemall()Veragain. f f f I , ! i I I t I f I t
f , i I ]THEINTELLECTUALBACKGROUNDOFTHENEWDOCTRINE243 aspecific
ideal ofman,rather than the fulfilmentof the individual
soulinitsuniqueness. Theworldofhumanismwasmadetoman'smeasure:thatis
to say, it was discovered, explored and classifiedby human reason;
attheveryleastitcouldbe,intheory,discovered,exploredand classified
in this way.And it provided an occasion for the flowering
ofanidealwhichtheepochdescribedasthe"dignityofman".
andwhichmightperhapsalsobecalledthesovereigntyofthe
humanmind.YetevenlongafterthewaveoftheItalian Renaisf:ancehad
sweptovertheAlps,themostardenthumanist s oft henorth
remainedmoreindividualisticandmysticalthant he
mostardentindividualistsandmysticsofthesouth.
InthenorthoneneedonlymentionErasmus,Pirckheimer.
or,aboveall,AlbrechtDurer,whoseacknowledgementofthe
incomprehensibleGod-givennatureofartisticachievement
revealingitselfinuniqueandincomparablemenandworksmade
himconstantlycallin question the principles oftheItaliantheory
ofartwhichhedesiredsopassionatelytomakehisown.:!Inthe
southonemaymentionMarsilioFicino,amongothers,whose intellectual
Hfe,despite its bias towards the eccentric and irrational,
wasbasedfundamentallyonclassicalcultureandonthe reasoned
argumentsof
philosophicalproblems,andimpliedthenewaware-nessofacertainhumantyperatherthanthelongingofthe
individualforsalvation.
Ttalianhumanism,therefore,reafftrmerl:mideal\\" hichh;) cl arisen
in classical antiquity but whichbecame blurred int he :lla>U'ha
.... IIli ...Spil&tl de..Sd!ri/t,,,Colt",ioSIlI ..
/,,/is,M"nieh1913,pp.124&qq.
ThusFicino,quotedbelow.p.259,note53. Cf.E .PIINOFS1CY,inM14 ..de
.....J"hrllw:1Iiu bilde1lde1lK"nst,newseci....Vllt(1931), pp.Isqq.
.. DisputatiIV;CalSTOPoaoLANDINO,Lib. i (_C ...."ldu.k>Ui
.....dUpul.li1wi ,uSaturnusinlemeis,quod triginta annis sUll m
ittrperagat cognoscis. qllOlive effedusinterril
hocinlocovelillocollocatul producat.nonignoras.Age.dicmild.
IInderobllstummudetvaHdum.corpus.quoperdeviosetindomltossal
tllsuni.ersam Graeciarn,peragrasti
.atqueinAegyptumIItqllepenetrasti,adno. sapientl$simo$illastenes
super tllOShumerOil allaturus !Audax eerteacinus IPro quotautumt
ibiposteTi debebunt.
qllantllmsolveredifficiieerit.Haudtetuumfefellitincoeptum.Tlliistieerieeos.qllOl
attingere estnemo. atqlle o.D, v.tripl .I,6(Ope ,
p.4g.11).whichlirst mentions Saturn andMercury t
ogether.butthenreferstoSaturnalone:"Congroitinsuper[sc.atrabilis)cumMercurio
atqu", Saturno.quorumaltnomniumplanelarumalt
iuimU$.investipnt"'mevehitad altissi
ma.Hinephilosophiiingulares",vadunt,praesettimcumanimussieabeJ(temi,
mati bu . atque corporeproprio ,,",vocatu. , et quamproJ(imus di\'
inis, divinorum instrumentum efficiatur.Undedivi ni,i
nAuJ(ibus,orllCuJisqueexa..ltolepletusnovaqua..edaminu5itataque
semper cJ(cogitat etfuturapra.edicit."
SeetheletU:rt.othescholar.JacopoAntiquario(01""'"p.860):"SanePlatonici.cum
animaminIretpraeo::ipuedistinguantvires,intelligendividdiCfltetirascendiatqueconcupi
. primam partiuntur in dUM.scilicet in mentem,vel colltemplationi
velactioni praccipue dcditam.l\Ientemquiderneont
emplatriCflffinomineSaturnisignif.cant,melltcmvero
actionibusQCCupatamuominantl ovem:' etc.Cf.alsoFICINO, D.II. l ripl
.HI,U(Op"liI, p."qui:ioU di
vinamcontemplationemabipsoSatumo.iguilicatam... !Ieconlerunt .'" Hi
ssourceswereofcour$(!theNeoplatoni$ts,Piotinus,l'tIacrobiu5,and,aboveall,ProcJU5,
whose relnar kableintl uence on the views of Italian huroaulsm is
becoming evermore apparent.
ThegeneralacceptanceofthisvillwamollgFlorentinehumanistscanheseen,forinstance,
fromCR ISTOFOROLANDINO'.C .. mllld"/, ..5i .. ,,,d;4p
..,Oill.t..ThiSwas made possible by the principle of the sene,,;,
88whIch Flcmoto have discovered mainly fromafragment of
Proelusknownuntil recently only by histranslation.89 . '
InaccordancewiththePlatonicandNeoplatomcdoctnne, fidO"
ficinoconceivesthecosmosasacompletelyumeorgamsm,
anddefendshimselfhotlyagainstthosewhoseelifeinthemost ..
ForARN"'I.I)U!ID.VI LLANOV"( 12.H - 131 I).who,"standing
outsidetheunlveni tyguild, prel',uedlhf!...."yhymanand.clerl cus ),
ct. K.Bt;IU)ACH,Bru/lII.desCol .. di
(y"",J',/itul"lIuII,I).Ber,"n19:3; p.146,withl
ubslaDtiaiHisDc"",u",,,,,dll",,,"eft '''/' . " ork01funuamenta.
importanceforFicino,derives.accordingtoE.WITlUS(;TOS(RetnCo.",""':
;;,,,::', Eml...',ed.A.G.Little,Oxford19 '4,p.3H),fromRoge.Bacon.
07 the prooemium toBook111.ThestTangeLatintitle quotedE.. .u<
TOU"....'""""'''',''
1.ThedifferencebetweenFicinoaDdPlotin"l.howe,cr.liesinIhefactt
hatlatter!J.o.cs this theory only bypothetically.(Even ifallthat
wereIO--i.e.e\' entheStoi csbelIe-e. all eartbly things were
determined by cosmic Influence-man5tl.11 befree10tur.o10the 0Ev).In
f.ctPiOtinuI,whomFicinousesto reconcilefree WIU WIt
hIatromathematics, and, even,in acertain sense,astrology, was
quotedby tbemOltconviru:edopponents 01 anrolof),
theant>entpbilosopherwho"illi"svanitatemfallitat
emquedeprehendenltandem. merilo irrbit"(HI8RONVMlJ5S .. VOlf ...
ROL....Adv,..susdilri"lItricemIIs/,e"omlllrn,II,I,p.5610
theFlorentine edn. of.. Seeabove.pp.151sqq.(ted) D, ''''"Mit! d
Ficino'l editedbyW.Kroll . ,'111l ..III
,23(Op,.pp.!i64.qq.).KARL(Di.R6JulMid.l. .", dos,llunich1908,p.
36)mentions aparallelpusa,ge inPico della lo1 irandola: " Satumo:
.. l ignificativodellanat uraintellettuale. . faIi boomin;cont
emplativl:Glove che.t.delmondo... dalor opri neipati, governi. .
.perch!;Iavita attiva.t.CIrcaIecose>Dleno ... The subtle thougbt
that Saturn did notharm" his own" (exemplified,fur theron.bytbelong
UvedIndians,who,accordingtotheArabs,wereunderSaturn'
.dominion,becameafirm ! I t , MARSILlOFICI NO 273 of earthly
life,fromwhich he is himself cut off,Saturn confers heavenlyand
elemallife onyou.l Thus, despite his lingering fearof the sinister
ancient demon,lOl Ficino's workftna1lyculminatesin
aglorificationofSaturn.The
agedgodwhohadgivenupdominionforwisdom,andlifein
Olympusforanexistencedividedbetweenthehighestsphereof heavenandthe
innermostdepthsofthe earth, eventually became
thechiefpatronofthePlatonicAcademyatFlorence.Justas the
"Platonici"madetheir eponymoushero achild ofSaturn,so, withintheir
own circle.there was asmaller circle of "Satumincs",
whofeltthemselvesboundnotonlytooneanother,butalsoto
thedivinePlato.inaveryspecialrelationship-acirclewhich
calledLorenzohimselfitsheadlOCiandwhichincludedmenlike
Lorenzo'sphysician,Pierleoni,IOfI aswellasFicino.Eventhe part 01
Fieino'. view of Saturn'. r elationsblpto"intellect ualworkers"
after the great change whicbheundel'Went inthe .eventies.Besidethe
passagejU! tql1ottd,Beealsothe letter to tbeCardinalofAragon(Opm.
,p.819,theopeninglentenceofwhichhasalreadybeen quoted):"
Dl1opotiuimuIDinterPlanetaJbomlnibususiduepericulamachi:1&11tl1r,.tar.
videlicetetSaturnu..Uterquetamen.ieutva.dacetexperlentia.plerunqueparcitsm.,
SatumiisinquamSaturnus, Man sim.iliterMartiis,ntp1urimnmDeleit
obesac."Ct. , ODthe CQntnry,J OHNOFSALU,uav, wbo .... y.:"Omnibus
igitur inimkuI,vb. luis etiam p rci t"
..s,u,19.Leyden1595,p.76;ed.C.C.I.Webb,Oxford1909.f.108}. 101
Ftcn.o,D.II.tripl.,II ,l!i(oput>,p.522)
:"Saturnusautemprovitatenens,squa separatusip$f:t
edeniqueseparat,coeiestemreddi tatquesempiternam." 'N
Thelatesixtccnth..eentury"Mascherate"and"Intcrm.eui"ItiUfrequentlyomitted
Saturnfromthe! ,",riel01 planetsasa
nunluckyatar,Orreplacedhimbyamoreharmless DilUTe.Inthe
StateArchives.kitilUltlil."",", l)nlvena.J.e,fa.802,e.16.))
DrBiDj:foundapetitIonaddressedtotheCrandDukeFerdina.ndIbyacertainBaccio
BaceUi ,dated20 December,151!!,inwhichhe l uggests amuque
oftheplanets,"Iascia.ndo
indietroSatumo,cheperesserediD1IlaeonstcUst
iooelionconvieneineo.eallegre".In tbefourthintermezzo of Guarino'S
F.tkJaUt he planets laydowntheir gifts in a nurn, but Saturn
isreplaeedby aless menacing divinIty of wisdom,namelyPallu Athena
(VITTORIO ROSSI,BaJlislaGUIlri"i,4 il
PaslOf'Fi4o,Turin,1886,p.312). I.Letter toFico
dellaMirandolarOp,r.,p.888" . SedDonneetm.a.gnumaliquld
foredecrevitPlatonieorumdoeuIDentorum copuJamab initiol upernulille
Saturnus in utali utriu$Qlledominus.Dominus et in ogura Platonu.,
horum itaq\1e il"""'t .. "I X,Venice 1516,p.
455:FRAlf(H.Vos,Di,MalerntkrSp6t,ellll;UIlNU.1.R_ u"d
FIOriNI,Berlin,1920,VOl..II,plate16,) with iu purse.treasure-chest
and band onj chin Could equallywellstandlor"
Melancholy"wereitnotfortheremainingmotilt. .. F.H
.....CK(inZ,itulorijl far bild' Nd,Kuxsl ,VOL.LX(1926-z7),s
upplement.p .ul)h:u againsho,,'Ilthatitreallywasapreliminarystudy.
I]THEHI STORI CALBACKGROUNDOF"MELENCOLTAJ"
alsomeanfatigueorcreativethought .Tomentionmedieval
typesalone,itrepresentsnotonly5tJ ohn'sgriefattheCross, andthe
sorrow ofthe "animatristis"ofthe psalmist(PLATE62).1s
butalsotheheavysleepoftheapostlesontheMountofOlives,
orthedreamingmonkintheillustrationstothePelerinagede La VieHumaine
;theconcentratedthoughtofastatesman,!'the
propheticcontemplationofpoets,philosophers,evangelists,and
ChurchFathers(PLATES61and63)"1;oreventhemedita.tive
restofGodtheFatherontheseventhday.16Nowonder,then, that
suchagesture shouldspringtotheartist'smindwhenit was
aquestionofrepresentingaconfigurationwhichcombinedinan
almostuniquefashionthetriadgrief,fatigue,andmeditation;
thatistosay,whenrepresentingSaturnandthemelancholy
underhisdominion.Infact,theveiledheadoftheclassical Kronos17
(PLATE13)restsassadlyandasthoughtfullyonhis handasdoestheheadof
themelancholyHerculesonhisinsome ancientrepresentations.ls
InmedievalportraitsofSaturnand
melancholy,whichhadalmostlostanydirectlinkswithancient
pictorialtradition,18
.thismotiffrequentlyrecededintotheback-ground,buteventhenitwasneverquiteforgotten20;see,for
instance,t hedescriptionofSaturninKingAlfonso'sBookof
Chessasasadoldman," lamanoalarnexiellacomoomne cuyerdadoso".21It
wasthereforetheeasierforittoregainits
typicalsignificanceinthefifteenthandsixteenthcenturies.and ..
Accordin,toEItNISTT.OJ;WALD.TluSI,d/tllrlPsllllu.Princeton1930.101
nIlor Psalm 42,7:"Quue tristis es,I.niDlI.mea").Similart ypesoccur
inthe samework.fol.5S ' (forPsalm45)and101. 141(forPJa]ml i S). lO
SeetheexamplesmentionedI.bove,p.'U4.notez7. ..
Theprototypeofthilextremelywidu preaddesign01the"contempll.ti
,c"personis,
ofcourse,thllancientportrait01pbilO$Opherorpoet.theadoptionof"'hiehfotmedie"al
portraits of the evangelistshu
beenstudiedindeta.ilbyA.M.FItLESD(inA
.,S!:/(>Kie,ISS4,VOl,.I,eo].2160. 1.Forpictures ofSaturn,
seeabove.t extpp.200sqq. ;ofmelanCholies. Pl' l .)O sGq (text).
"Cf. e.g. Modena, Biblioteca EslensOrt;ait
softhefourtemperamentswerepracticallyunknown(the
onlvexampleknowntousisacopyofa northerncycle,ofthe
t\PcshowninPLATES77and78,butslightlymodifiedin witht
heclassicaltradit ion),23itwasadesireto
characterisedistinctiveindividualsratherthant ypes,and,in
particular , a desire to revive the ideal world of classical
mythology, thatledtotherestitutionofthisclassicalgestureofSat urn.
Themelancholicrestinghisheadonhishand,as .heappearsin
Germanmanuscriptsandprints,ismatchedinItalyont heone handb\-
thefigureofHeraclitusinRaphael' sSchoolof Athens, andonthe other by
t he Sat urn in the engraving B4 byCampagnoJa (
PL.-\TE54)-themajesticembodimentofagod'scontemplation,
whichonlylaterinfluencedportraitsofhumancontemplationin .
WhetherhewasinfluencedbythenorthernportraItsof Melancholy, or by I
talian models such as Campagnola' s
nHowgreatlythepropped-upheadwasl.ter consideredaspi6caltit ude01
themelan-cholic c,,\beforinsunee,lromthe lactthat Diirer's
drawingLIH(illibelf a harmless s
tudyforaportrait)appearedinanoldinventoryasthe"Prustpild'
01anwoman(d. G.GLUcK.injll'lrtnu/odu
.t....SIIofJlonU"1t#>ISlIm",l.",,, . ..dOlJ(",""'_
AIIIIUI.VOL.XXVIII(1909-19 10),p.41.
Thep&perbyU1I$ULAHo"ql>Otedbelow(I'.392,
note.H)colltaiManInteresting
coUeCI(engra,ingPu,reproducedinHARTUU.6,Gtll,im .. is,p.24).I nt
henorth,thet ypeof Saturn resuscitated by Campagnola was not
generally adopted until the late sixteenth ceotury,
andeventhen.significantlyenough.notunderhismythologicalnamebut asII
melancholic (PUTE126,forwhichcf.text,p.379) .. Hartlaub may be
rightinstating thatpictures l uchastheengraving84 may have been
dirt'(:tlyfamiliartoDUrer(lorII possibleeonnexionbet....eenOUrerand
Campagnola,seeaOO below,p .324,not e135).but thesupposed
dependenceofCampagnola'sensravingP12on Giof8ioneseemsto1,11 little
of proofastheassumptionthat the engravingBI9I I
I]THEHISTORICALBACKGROUNDOF"MELENCOLIA1" 289 Durerwas in anycase
obeying pictorial tradi tion when hereplaced
thelethargicallyhanginghandswhichcharacterisetheseat ed in the
study- a typical symptom of melancholy
lllness,accordmgtomedicalauthorities26- bythethoughtful
gestureofthehandsupportingthecheekinthefmalengraving.
(iii)TheClenchedFistaMtheBlackFace Inone respect , itis true,
Durer' s portrait differsfundamentally fromt
hosepreviouslymentioned.Thehand,which generallylies softl
yandlooselyagainstt hecheek,ishereaclenchedfist.But
thismotif,apparentlyquiteoriginal,wasnotsomuch
mventedbyDurerasgivenartisticexpressionbyhim,fort he
fisthadalwaysbeenconsideredasignofthetypical avar!ceoft
hemelancholytemperament,Uaswellasaspecific
medicalsymptomofcertainmelancholydelusions.28Inthis
sense,infact,ithadnotbeencompletelyforeigntomedieval
portraitsofthemelancholic(PLATE72)_29Butcomparisonwith sucht
ypeofmedicalillustrationmerelyemphasisesthefact
ofmotifandsimilarityofmeaningaretwovery thmgs;whatDiirerintendedt
o(anddid)expressby thisfisthaslittlemoreincommonwithwhatitmeant
inthecauterisationchartsthantheratherelusivenuanceof
renderin?aspasmodictension.This,however,isnottheplace t
odescnbewhatDUrermadeofthetradition,butmerelytolist
whichhefoundinitandjudgedfittoincorporate Inhis work.30 the 01'
SI5" represenu afigu re 01 MelRneboly.Tbe ligure inspir ing t heu t
rologer "morelikelybe t be Urania,or,more probably
still,apersonificat ion ofAst
rology-ofwhom,forJUstanee,Ripaexpressly, tatesthatsheist
obavewings"per dimostrarche ella ata $emJH"e con il pen.iuo lcvata
i n_Itoper sapereetint endere10 cox eelesti." .. It
ildiffi.cu!ttoprovethat thedra....ingL79WallastudyofDUrer', ....ife
;buteven if it were.theartist couldbave Observedherin
agenuinelydepressed . tate. ""'In
.DAlfTa.["1'''"0,forinstance(Ca.ntoVlI,56),weread01theavariciousmanthat
Queshre!lutserannodel.... pul(:l'o,Colpugnoehi
U50,equestieo.!crinmoui";accordill8to CAauu5CAl.CAGlnd ontheonohand
tothenineMuses(ef.Mit.RTIANUSCAPELLA,NtlpliaeetMerc1lrii,I,27-:8.!d.
A.Dick,Lcip2ig'925,p.19) ;onthe other,to certain angels;it is
typicalof thet ur.,h-alof ancientmythology
tbatthespiritofMc:n::uryW;\$identifi edMtbMicb ....
el.wbohadtll."\;:cn roverSO ' !IaDYofthe ofHc:rmeowhilethe
ofthevirginal goddess of birth,Luna
Arte.mis,wasidentifiedwHhGatJdel , aogel oftheAnnunciatioll.We
cannot bere euter Into Agrippa's demouologyor ev:a11l31:ethe
cosmology and highly inll!reding psychology COUtailltdill cb,In,
16-29, m111, fal.J03' ..... ..'Ill,3",01.10..
."III""psionc:sVomu,public.onerocioacpla..netarumaltis$mu&,animllmipsamtum
ab ,,!f.eii sad intima 5emperr"vneat,tum abiDJeriorib" lil5CCndcro
trab",.mlo adl ltissima
lICientiasqUrum.demoILumhabitaculum,a'1uibusm.a.ttuaUuma r
tiumsepemtn.s'.. rltionei: ., )evidem.usrndil$imum
aliquemhoOlinlJll.2peinpietoremvelud"teetaec'p't alterius ,
o;:uillSQueartilieu5ubtilissimuml ubitoeuadere'vol dJ.........
0vernefUsruodi .Ul ura nobisportenduut, o.rtendunt
que:.doIemcntOTumtnrbatiODetltem
a.ttinenl,utvidelicet(ulur&mtIMi ..",. see abovc p.282s.q.,
ch.V(p.L.,VOL.. LXW,c;ol.1I13):"Cumadmagil
matosexc:elleDtiambooaeino1olis
adole-scenl"elitasocndere.ne0t8lariumest1Ittriagenerastatunrn,quaeinumg:natione
pl"Obabilitatilinnuit-uistoteles.dilitmtcrinteUigat.SIlDtautem.quida.mobturi.aliirDedioc:re..,tertii
elUlfIileater ae.. ti.NuUumverovehementervidimu.s unquam
pbilosophioontlCtanlvebementerinebriari.!sUs aubem.II1oc:baAk ..
g,,"det maritarl, mediocribuspolitlca." 011 SeC!
above,pp.92sqq.(test). .... ' . 2] THENEWMEANINGOF"MELENCOLIAI"359
very fusion,however,waswhatwasmostfruitfulandimpressive
inAgrippa'sachievement;thenotionofmelancholyandof Saturnine genius
was no longer restricted to the "homines literati",
butwasexpandedtoinclude-inthreeascendinggrades- the
geniusesofactionandofartisticvision,sothatnolessthant be
greatpoliticianorreligiousgenius,the"subtle"architector
.kedth"t"d"sl." pamter wasnoWreconamongeva csanaurnmes.
Agrippaexpandedtheseli-glOlificationoftheexclusivecircleof
thehumanistsintoauniversaldoctrineofgeniuslongbeforethe Italian t
heoristsofartdidthe same;andhevariedthethemeof
thegiftsofmelancholyby distinguishingtheir subjectiveaspects
fromtheirobj ectiveeffects;thatistosay,byplacingsideby sidethe
giftofprophecyandcreativepower,visionandachieve-ment.
Thethreegradesandthetwowaysin accordingto
AgripPll,Saturnineandmelancholyinspirationworksissnm-marisedinthefollowingtable.
Instru- Psycbological Levelm""tl; Habitat Realmof Creative
Achievement Realm ofProphecy -JLower "Imaginatio"Mechanicalarts,
Naturalevents, Spirits especially archi-csp ofmeian(holy with
phlegm, or a.coDSequence of the humanist snblimallop of theoot.on
of melancholy,the pi, beio/lexcluded ongronods of inCODgtlIOlIsno:r
l:and.1nthe..... ia
iaclf.too,therollgiov..lclementtakesIIprom'uentplace;thfl U
...planet!aadth.eagesof maDarc eorrei&tedwiththe .eve ..worksof
me:y.and thea.t:d SatW1lianiabeingurgedtorepentby"ConeciClltia'
"pointiogbcavcnwalu.
Miltonandmanyofhis!NccienlmlapostrophiseMelaneholyu"pewi.....u.n,dflvoutaDd
pu.e". =60)wecan the distance fromthe eyeat 0.z25m. researchinto
the perspective shows that the point D lies exacUy
abovethecentre(I)ofthetriangle ;it shows.moreover.thatthetriangle
EFH(salsoequilateral,andthatitscent.reliesexactlyontheaxisDC.
andthatKI- [D.. ThE;
figureisC'..orrectlydrawn;11perspectiveexceptforthepointC. which
shouldbe shiftedto G1;andthelines of the top horizontal planeare
notdrawnexactly.Thisplane lies somewhatbelowthemiddleoftheline Di;
adefinite relationship cannotbe observed between the eut off parts
and the lengUI of the edge,.. Ifwe measuretheliliesAC
andDFwiththeusualaidstoperspective; we'that they are of
differentlengths,andthatADCF is thereforenota square,Figure 4
showst hetrueformof t he sUd ace, ' " I.injalr.rbud4,
rIIIlPl.S1bbtl)ri, d", SammllUllm inlVinl,new serieJ,VOl...ItI
(1979).pp.2471qq.The cotUlmoowith MU;heb.tl,eloof
theEwrd/.rlCCnUysuggested
allasubstitute(E.TlETZE--ComutinBII11ingllmMagazine.LXvru(1936),pp.163sqq.),is
just allloosea.tthat of thl! 1.00000Cupid. "0.
SCIIIU"I)).10Berw4eu.vot..VIII(1929).pp,3)4Iqq. IRevived,with grut
coovictlOil.by E. AtbrubfVOL.t,Berlin.19's, pp. 249 sqq.
404THEMEANINGOFTHEB70[APP,IJ.
thisproflleportraitwasoriginallyaloneontheplate,andwas
reducedinsizelaterwhentheotherfour:figureswereadded.
Nowthese(ourfigures(thoughweadvancethistheorywith
reserve)couldbeconnectedwithnotionsespeciallypreoccupying
DurerinIS14(theyearofMelencoliaIandthedrawingL532)
-notions.t.hatistosay,ofthemorbidstatescharacteristicof
thefourformsof"melancholia adusta" _,Anyonecan sensethe
gruesomeabnormalityinformingthesesomehowsub-hwnan
beings,andwhenwecallintheaidofanyoftheuniver.sally
knownmedicaltextsdescribingthefourspeciesof"melancholia
adusta",theagreementwiththemseemstoocloseforittobe
merelyastrangecoincidence.Thevacantlysmilingyout.hwith
thecannikininhishand,whoismakinganawkwardattempt
atapproachingthesleepingwoman,andwhoseanimal-shaped
legshowshimtobe' asortofsatyr(thoughtheheadshowsno signs of it),
corresponds to descriptions of the sanguine melancholic
who,"ridiculelaetans",endeavourstoenjoytheof
BacchusandVenus."HosVenusetBacchusdele.II! Ih,Yirp n.362n.268
Eck,Johann.V ,Pel" iii", ' rtJ,37: n311
Eck.hart,Master,S,rmo..LXVI!(attribut.cd to).167 andn.I33,168 and
D.I3$ Egenoltr.Boo.01Furmulru,titl ewoodcut, copy ofDurer'sM,
/eooeo/iaT.377andn9 Electra.] 7 Elements. the
four,personifications, 293nH , '., Elsbeimer.Minerva in t
heattitude of:o.[elan choly.painting,Canlbridge.Fitt"'llh2m
Museum.38, n.33 Empcdocltl. 5ff .8.9.1719 Engel ,Johanncs(JohVl
ncs.",ngelus!..4 sl. Genlng.Matthias.Mtu.,.doly.paiDtinglor.
merlyVienna,Tn.uCollection.380 andn. 19.38'.381 I NDEX Gesner,C
.N,_ j,wtll oj H,alt".title wood cut in.329 D.I55(au p;Lg1I330)
GhirJandaio.51jl'f"'''.in Ornissanti.31411. '0.'i... Giorgio,
FralIeeKO (FraIlciscus GeorgiuI ). H .. r _ i" mu ..
di1oI;1U,271.l78 11.2 Giorgiooe, 2880.25
Giovannidil.Co.neon-eggio,PTtJCIiUl_. 88 a.nd11.64.92 11.30,93a.nd
.0..8, Giovannid'ArwJeUohanne.Areulanus). h..aiUJ, 92 0.81, 94D.89
Girobmo dol. Santa. Croce,212
Gnosticism.originofdoctrineoftheIIOUI. journey. 1$6 aad n.99.157
Goat(zodi>'alicu ....13 in Ficino, citedby j erome.76n:n and
."physi.ognomy" .'is works a.scnbedto: AplioriJ... .ua.1$11. 42
Epidemics.15 on'40, 41; )4 0.14; Galeo. oommeDtary on. sa .. ouln
Galen nfp1.uPOW.VU.--.12 n f':,0:..- bB"':"""', see14ndeTAnony mou.
wOl"ks Holoot.Robert.MoralitGUs.173 HOldulin.F .,239 Holy Spirit .
gifts of the. and theseveoplaoets. 16.t.16,.166.168.178 Homer: in
Aristotle, PrtXil_ X X X.z.19,20 and Calliope.309 00Kronoa,134f .
1IiGd.,131.13'.1390.43 as melancholic: citedbyAgrippa01Nettes heim.
and n..253 quoted by Melanchthon. 90 and D.70 INDEX
Hoadins,Hendrick,Pidorw...aIilJwduk-Iwiw ...: Jlitil.,
engravedtitle page,344 arod206 Honci.nibnIablq,'" J;hmain ibn
bl,l.lq Honorius ofAutun,62n. 173.l Oll n.I II,14) . Hopwood,J.,
M.t,.",doly.engraving. fter 1. Thurston,391 Honce: Epistln.
244n.6;Odn, ' 40 n.47 HOTapollo,3'4 n. l 05 (onpage315).322.32) Hu,
bof StVietor.78nn. 27and 28 on t he two types of astrology.
HIIguesdeFouiUoi"IH_dici"(J ..","'414 formerly at tributed to,107
HU80deFolieto, '" HugnesdeFouilloi Hugo of Siena(UgoSenensis).86 a
so Hugo.SancWlensill(tfa",Lzlor).LilMr"'ri.-tolel" tk u.ill
[todq,,,... t>d ...... i"ib....I2g and
MuovandcrGoes,melancholyilIneQof de,.;;ribedby GaspArOtthuy..80L
Ungues deFouillol.D. ".,di,;_ ."i_. 101 ff.and DR.; 11 2,IIIand
n.14. _ l 'U Hugues deUbergier,monument 01. 310 l;Iunainibn
l$l;llq(Johannitius): 114g0g.i n "ftem ,tJI'VA", Galt ... ,
99andn.99 ho.gog.i" Ttl '" G/Ih"j,53n.I4' Comnlentariea on,II) 11 .
IH; GIO&/U $Wp" jol........ itiwJfC. 10. WiUiamof
CotJehesand,10. HygiDus,FabwllU,' 10 bmbliehus:H,169,3,58 D.
,"ystniis. Hn. l 08.1,52 and n.83 I bnEsra,A.,'90a
ndn.3',3Un.121,332, 38)IsaacdeStella,EpislwllldtII"i""",26,5n.78
(onpage Isaiah,16.andn. I1.,166 l sl;llqibn Amrin; ,5 4,91
andRufus,.Q andD. l2Q work onmelancholy,8)ff,. 86 and D.,52
Ishtar,1)6 Isidore of Sevi lle:16 D.2).131,111 citedby
8a.rtholomeus Angliell., 181,188 andHildegard of Bingen,110
andHuguesdeFouilloi'sdoctrineoftem-peraments,101,108 andD.131
onthehumou ....6,5 f. MSS of,tetradic systemsin.292D.4' work$; Ih
>Ult,moO""' W"',1,58D. I04 EtyMDll)plI,.II.,,50n. I)2,,5)D. I1
161 n.172,6J(table), 6,5andD.178;66 and on, 179,180;102n.log,1) ,5
n.33,1,57 nn.102.101 lsi"Aphrodite (planet)equated with,131
hmene,31 I vo of Chartres,Bishop,178 n.162 jaeob$en.J .P
..M"ri.240and n.6r ames,St,J11 amnitur,Wenu:I, P,rsp,diflllt.MpmW'"
r'I"" IMiw ....n . l 50 Jandun,Jean de.Ie, J ohannes de Janduno J
ans.sens.Abraham,Mol;"",,,i..andAU._ ,,'ZZIJ,pll ud the yellow
bile,1)0 0.9 ltfartilUlUSCapeUa,N ..ptilUlII
M""...ii,170.175.221.3301I. IH,3)1 n.162.3331I.24j citedby
Bartholomeu, Aliglicu 187.188 Commentaries 011. 17:1 Geometry
iD.)1) llD..IOI,10Z;314 Uberal ArU in.309,333 Martinof Bn.cara,IX
uwruJiomonplanetsandnamesofthedaysoftho week,16311. .120
MaryMagdalen:Feti,Domenico,)Sgn.44; MelucbolyaDd.390;.and
V3IIitu,388 Massy..Comelis,Series of.wood-cut fromDoni', 1MIIS1l""
Hiuonymll',81 1\.38 Mllrer,Christoff,IJttil.CfOU,Otdl,
etching,)551\,116 MIl5flS, the: 41,)09; in Agripp.. of)55 and
n.2i5: "MU$8.rum sacerdote$,2i5,
254,361,362n.268:Je'tJllOUlld"til,illdi. tliduiU .... " .. ,
J,fythOtfH.'phll'HI,II.U ..df'Alberictls 1.ondimenm
Nantee,Museum,D,aJIIof Dllriou's .nf', 391 nS2 Nallmburg,
Cathedral, &itar in the east cha.n. cel with of Melaricholy and
the Libera.! Arts,)85 Nebu, Babylonian god of sc:ribe8,Mercury as,
1]6,260n.s6 on comets, )24 fl.1)6 Neckham, Alexander: and
Aristotelian notion of md&llcboly, 68 f., 73 and ..plllUIll,112
1II,Ii3 andNeoplatonist notionofthejouroeyof tlte SOIlI,,68 ..... ,
CommentaryonMartianulCapella,172 tl.10, De..
GlumflTU'"libnd'UO,69andn.6, 165,166l.nd nn. 121,128;161,118 and
n.161 Nemesis(Egyptian),KrorIosequated.with,
1)1;Saturnasstar01,142andn.5o,158 n.104 Nergal,Babylonia.n god 01wu
and hell, Man equated with,136 Nero,225n.30 Neud6rffer,J
ohanu,Nat:llrid/u,_KN ..$I. In...".dW#lIktll,.,Nt'lntW,I,onApostl,.
/I.S the 10urTemperamen1", 367 and n.291,)68 Neumayr,
S.}.,CU'lIlio....1""dll/iu (Cddulli"T,Nlu"I,,,).77n.25(oilPolS'78)
Nicholas, 01Cusa,s" Cusa, Nichol... of Nigbt, School 01,228
Nile,5Culptural group of,38i and tl.31 Ninib,Babylonian god,Saturn
equ;r,tedwith, ." Nonnus.DiOtly,jlJUJ,135 n.30,138 n.39
Noti,i..di,niu.lu""fiftunth...:enturyMSS01,20S 11.41
NotkerLabeo,tn.IIsiatorintoGetmanof Remigius'lCommentaryonMirtianul
Ca.pell;r"'n n.142 Offhuys.Gaspar,onHugovanderGoe!'a melUlc:hol.y
illness.80 f.,h OldTestament.Wisdom01Sol_ XI.21 : 339 and11.190
Oppi.an.Ill&IIlUCIipts of,200aDdn.19 Cps, wife of Saturn,187
0riba.si0$,99 11.Mfl.Oekll;bllJ. 271, 278 n.a Poppi. "'
MOnIDdini,Francesco Po!yhyry:1.54 Lif'0/ PloIi,uu, 45 n. 113 Lij.
oj Pyl}uJI"'a$. 138 D.39 5,1001.J1(muriJhI"i_,1l Uf'"Np..loro',92
n.84 Waleys, Thomas, 'p":!umed author of the pro-face to theLatin
Ovide 173. Walkington, T .ToW Gtuu "f H .. _" 121n.I.51,2.50and
0.23 Wampen.Everhudof.U"Everhard01 Wampen
Water-Carrier(Aquariul),1)8 n.40'204n.)2:
InFicino'shoroscope.2$6,2.58andn.so; asGanymede,20) Watteau,23'
Welby Pugin,A .A" ApoIo,y lor 1M . evilNll of Cltn".....
ArUil,d"rI. 231n.s,. Whitehouse,John, ode,39' William ofAuverpe:
and Macrohius's teachlnfl:s,16g a..udmelancholy,73,14,105. 11 De..
IIi ....... o, 13 and 0. 16,7'l 00. 11-19; 169. 110IJIdn,I 37
William of Conches:69 n.s,4005on astrology, 180 fi. the sanguine as
perfecttype,lOS onSaturn,180ft. doctrine of, 60 0. 167, 102fl.,
119n. l.'53:and Hildega.rd.of Bingen,00 worn D'ag"'a/iroJl,180andn.
11 1,181and nn.172,11l:18:andn. l76 Pllilosoploia, 62 n. I13, '02
fl. and 0.0. 113 n. 'H, 180andn.171,181and nn.172, 113;182,183and
0. .18. William of Hirsau,putative autbor of William 011 Conches's
Pllilosopllia.102n. 1 [I William of St Thierry,onthefourhumours,
10, n . 129 Winds,per$Onilications01,279and0.9:
Auster-phtesmatic.219,280,32S;Boreas-melancholic,219,280;Eurus-ch9leric,219:
Zephyrns-sanguUie. 279 Wine-Dow! (rons"'l41i",,),"' Crater Wolfegg,
Ttmperamcnt-ries, drawings attri-butedto J ost Amman,318,379 INDEX
ibn$arlbly(ln(Sen.pion,Jan.... Da.ni.a.sceo.us),82and0. .42
Zephyru$, SH "IOU. Win" f amast t' T mason. .\ "\lIlI , I( olin
51.F.ros as acarpenter.Etnlscan mirror
:llartenqmH('emskerck.Satllrnandhis chi ldren 53.HenriLeroy.Saturn
a ndhis children .H.Giul ioCampagnola,s.... tum Girolamo da Santa
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