6105244 - 1

Satellite Link Budget

6105244 - 2

Link Budgets

Link Budget tool ndash Has much of the information wersquoll cover in the

database bull Makersquos your job much easier

ndash Will be covered later in the training

This will provide an overview of the information that is required to perform a link budget and their impact on the Communication link

6105244 - 3

Link Budget Information

Site latitude Site longitude Altitude Frequency Polarization Availability Rain-climatic zone Antenna aperture Antenna efficiency (or gain) Coupling Loss Antenna mispointing loss LNB noise temperature Antenna ground noise temperature Adjacent channel interference CACI Adjacent satellite Interference CASI Cross polarization interference CXPI HPA intermodulation interference CI Satellite longitude

Satellite receive GT Satellite saturation flux density SFD Satellite gain setting Satellite EIRP (saturation) Transponder bandwidth Transponder input back-off (IBO) Transponder output back-off (OBO) Transponder intermodulation

interference CIM Required Overall EbNo Information rate Overhead ( information rate) Modulation Forward error correction (FEC) code

rate Roll off factor System margin Modulation Bit Error Rate (BER)

6105244 - 4

Link Availability

Caution ndash Do not use a large difference in uplink and downlink availability to

meet End to End availability requirements

Uplink in Downlink in End to End Link = 100-[(100-Au)+(100-Ad)]

ndash Example 9975 uplink 9975 downlink = 100 ndash [(100-9975)+(100-9975)] = 100- (25)+(25)

End to End Link = 9950

Uplink and Downlink rain attenuation must also be added ndash Minor impact on C-Band ndash Major impact on Ku-Band

6105244 - 5

Rain-Climatic Zones

6105244 - 6

Rain-Climatic Zones

14 GHz Rain Attenuation by Zone AV(avyr) A B C D E F G H J K L M N P

99999 415 656 842 1093 1283 1662 1788 1913 2098 2523 3524 3675 4919 5047

99995 249 393 504 655 769 996 1071 1146 1258 1512 2112 2202 2948 3025

99990 194 306 393 510 599 776 834 892 979 1177 1644 1715 2296 2355

99950 101 160 205 266 312 405 435 466 511 614 858 895 1198 1229

99900 074 117 150 195 229 297 319 342 375 451 630 656 879 902

99700 044 069 089 115 135 175 188 202 221 266 371 387 518 532

99500 034 053 068 089 104 135 145 155 170 205 286 298 399 410

99000 023 037 047 061 072 093 100 107 118 142 198 206 276 283

98000 016 025 032 042 049 063 068 073 080 096 134 140 187 192

97000 013 020 025 033 039 050 054 058 063 076 106 111 148 152

96000 011 017 021 028 033 042 045 049 053 064 089 093 125 128

95000 009 015 019 024 028 037 040 042 047 056 078 082 109 112

14 GHz Rain Attenuation vs Availability for ITU rain Zones

6105244 - 7

Rain-Climatic Zones

12 GHz Rain Attenuation vs Availability for ITU rain Zones 12 GHz Rain Attenuation by Zone

AV(avyr) A B C D E F G H J K L M N P

99999 286 461 598 785 928 1217 1313 1409 1553 1884 2677 2799 3822 3932

99995 171 276 358 471 556 729 787 845 931 1129 1605 1677 2291 2357

99990 133 215 279 366 433 568 613 658 725 879 1249 1306 1784 1835

99950 070 112 146 191 226 296 320 343 378 459 652 682 931 958

99900 051 082 107 140 166 217 235 252 277 337 478 500 683 702

99700 030 049 063 083 098 128 138 148 164 199 282 295 403 414

99500 023 037 049 064 075 099 107 114 126 153 217 227 310 319

99000 016 026 034 044 052 068 074 079 087 106 150 157 214 221

98000 011 018 023 030 035 046 050 054 059 072 102 107 146 150

97000 009 014 018 024 028 037 040 042 047 057 081 084 115 118

96000 007 012 015 020 024 031 033 036 039 048 068 071 097 100

95000 006 010 013 017 021 027 029 031 034 042 059 062 085 087

6105244 - 8

Rain-Climatic Zones

6 GHz Rain Attenuation by Zone

99999 031 051 067 089 106 142 154 166 184 225 328 344 484 500

99995 018 030 040 053 064 085 092 099 110 135 197 206 290 299

99990 014 024 031 042 050 066 072 077 086 105 153 161 226 233

99950 007 012 016 022 026 034 037 040 045 055 080 084 118 122

99900 005 009 012 016 019 025 027 030 033 040 059 062 086 089

99700 003 005 007 009 011 015 016 017 019 024 035 036 051 053

99500 002 004 005 007 009 011 012 013 015 018 027 028 039 041

99000 002 003 004 005 006 008 009 009 010 013 018 019 027 028

98000 001 002 003 003 004 005 006 006 007 009 013 013 018 019

97000 001 002 002 003 003 004 005 005 006 007 010 010 015 015

96000 001 001 002 002 003 004 004 004 005 006 008 009 012 013

95000 001 001 001 002 002 003 003 004 004 005 007 008 011 011

6105244 - 9

Rain-Climatic Zones

99999 008 012 015 019 022 029 031 033 036 042 057 060 077 079

99995 005 007 009 012 013 017 018 020 021 025 034 036 046 047

99990 004 006 007 009 010 013 014 015 017 020 027 028 036 037

99950 002 003 004 005 005 007 007 008 009 010 014 015 019 019

99900 001 002 003 003 004 005 005 006 006 008 010 011 014 014

99700 001 001 002 002 002 003 003 003 004 004 006 006 008 008

99500 001 001 001 002 002 002 002 003 003 003 005 005 006 006

99000 000 001 001 001 001 002 002 002 002 002 003 003 004 004

98000 000 000 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 002 002 002 003 003

97000 000 000 000 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 002 002 002 002

96000 000 000 000 000 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 002 002 002

95000 000 000 000 000 000 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 002 002

6105244 - 10

Coupling Loss

Downlink ndash The total loss between antenna and LNALNB input

bull Feed bull OMT bull Waveguide components

Uplink ndash The total loss between HPA output and the antenna

bull Waveguide components bull OMT bull Feed bull Filter truncation

6105244 - 11

Antenna Mispointing Loss

A typical allowance for mispointing is 05 dB

ndash A large antenna without tracking may require more due to the narrow beamwidth

Allows for the pointing loss between the ground station antenna and the satellite antenna

ndash It is unlikely that the antenna will be targeted exactly due to initial installation errors

ndash Antenna stability due to wind

ndash Station keeping accuracy of the satellite

6105244 - 12

LNA LNB Noise Temperature

ndash Frequency stability of LNB critical depending on type of service ndash Low data rate carriers

C-Band are normally quoted as Noise Temperature in degKelvin

Ku-Band are normally quoted as Noise Figure in dB

ndash Noise Figure to Noise Temperature

bull Noise temperature (T) = 290 (10^(Noise Figure10)-1)

Example Noise Figure = 10 dB Noise Temp = 290 (10^(1010)-1 = 75degK

ndash The higher the frequency the more difficult and expensive it is to achieve low noise figures

The LNALNB is one of the most critical components of an antenna system receive system ndash Major factor in determining the systems figure of merit (GT)

6105244 - 13

Antenna Noise Temperature

Factors that contribute to antenna noise

6105244 - 14

Since antenna noise temperature has so many variable factors an estimate is perhaps the best we can hope for

The total noise temperature of the antenna (Tant = Tsky+Tgnd) depends mainly on the following factors ndash Sky Noise (Tsky)

bull The sky noise consists of two main components atmospheric and the background radiation (27K)

bull The upper atmosphere is an absorbing medium bull Sky noise increases with elevation due to the increasing path

through the atmosphere ndash Ground Noise (Tgnd)

bull The dominant contribution to antenna noise is ground noise pick up through side lobes

bull Noise temperature increases as the elevation angle decreases since lower elevation settings will pick up more ground noise due to side lobes intercepting the ground

bull A deep dish picks up less ground noise at lower elevations than do shallow ones

6105244 - 15

Typical 6m antenna Elevation angle (deg) Noise temp (C band) Noise temp (Ku band) 10 39 55 20 30 40 40 23 37

Typical 36m antenna - Offset Elevation angle (deg) Noise temp (C band) Noise temp (Ku band) (K) 10 24 31 20 16 23 30 15 21 40 14 20

6105244 - 16

To the above you need to add extra according to the complexity of the feed ndash 2 port rx only add 45 ndash 2 port rx and tx add 45 ndash 3 port 2 rx and 1 tx add 45 ndash 4 port 2 rx and 2 tx add 99

Typical 10m C-Band antenna Elevation angle (deg) Antenna noise temperature

5 - 46 10 - 35 15 - 29 20 - 24 30 - 17 40 - 14

6105244 - 17

Antenna GT

Spec An plots showing GT difference 45m 93M C+NN asymp 175 dB C+NN asymp 225 dB

NF asymp -65 dBm NF asymp -70 dBm

45 m 93 m

6105244 - 18

Adjacent Channel Interference CACI

Typical values irrespective of whether the uplink or downlink co-channel CASI is of interest are in the range 24 to 30 dB

Unwanted electrical interference from signals that are immediately adjacent in frequency to the desired signal ndash Due to imperfections in the transmission channel

andor equipment

This parameter specifies the expected interference level with respect to the wanted carrier

6105244 - 19

Adjacent Satellite Interference (CASI)

ndash Spectral Power density of the carriers

The level of ASI is a function of several parameters

ndash Orbital separation between the desired and the interfering satellites

ndash Antenna side lobe performance of the interfering uplink earth station

ndash Antenna side lobe performance of the receiving earth station

ndash Typically in the range of 18 to 30 dB

6105244 - 20

Cross Polarization Interference CXPI

Typical values irrespective of whether the uplink or downlink CXPI is of interest are in the range 24 to 34 dB

Satellite X-Pol = 40 dbAntenna X-Pol = 35 dB

Total X-Pol Isolation = 311 dB

Total Cross-Pol IsolationTotal XPI =-20log[10(Sxp20)+10(Exp20)]

A value for the carrier to cross polarization interference noise ratio CXPI in dB

Specifies the expected interference level with respect to the wanted carrier

OBW

Convert

Spectral Power Density

Sheet3

Sheet2

Ex 1 Equal Symbol Rate signals (SR = 3db BW)( SR ) x 14 = Channel Space Traditional( SR ) x 12 = Channel Space PracticalEx 2 Different Symbol Rate signals( SR1 + SR2 ) x 07 = Channel Space Traditional( SR1 + SR2 ) x 06 = Channel Space Practical

Sheet1

6105244 - 21

ndash In addition the transmitted wave and the orientation of the receiving antenna polarizer also affect the polarization angle and hence introduce degradation to the receiving antenna polarization performance

Frequency re-use by dual polarization doubles the available frequency spectrum at each orbital location using orthogonal signals (V-H)

Since orthogonal polarization is not perfect in actual implementation ndash There is some coupling between the orthogonal signals generated by

the transmitting antenna and at the receiving antenna bull These couplings can create signal degradation

ndash The rotation of the antenna polarizer angle with respect to the satellite downlink waversquos tilt angle effects the receiving antenna polarization isolation performance

6105244 - 22

HPA Intermodulation (CIM)

AmplifierF1

F2

Spectrum Analyzer

As Pin is increased the intermodulation signal will increase with power three times as fast as the carrier signal

6105244 - 23

Satellite Information

Satellite EIRP (saturation) ndash Transponders effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) at

saturation in the specific direction of the receive earth receive station Value to the specific location of the uplink earth station

ndash Obtained from satellite operators or GT contour maps

Satellite Longitude ndash Orbital position

Satellite receive GT ndash Value to the specific location of the uplink earth station ndash Obtained from satellite operators or GT contour maps

Satellite saturation flux density SFD ndash The power needed to saturate the satellites transponder

Satellite gain setting ndash Most satellites have a gain step attenuator which affects all

carriers in the transponder ndash May or may not be include in the SFD specification

6105244 - 24

Example of EIRP Contour

6105244 - 25

Example of GT Contour

6105244 - 26

ndash There is little CIM effect if only one carrier is present in the transponder

Transponder bandwidth ndash Satellites full transponder bandwidth

Transponder input back-off (IBO) ndash Input back off or operating point relative to saturation to reduce

intermodulation interference Transponder output back-off (OBO)

bull Related in a non linear fashion to the input back-off Transponder intermodulation interference CIM

ndash Specifies the carrier-to-intermodulation noise ratio in dB ndash Depends on such factors as center frequency and the exact

number type and positions of other carriers sharing the transponder

ndash Increasing the input back-off also reduces the effect of this interference

6105244 - 27

Carrier Information Required Overall EbNo for desired BER

ndash Depends on bull Modulation Type bull FEC Rate bull Coding

6105244 - 28

Carrier Information

Forward error correction (FEC) code rate ndash Code rate used with forward error correction

bull 05 0667 075 875 etc

Information rate ndash User information rate of the data in Mbps

Overhead ( information rate) ndash Amount of overhead added to the information data rate

to account for miscellaneous signaling requirements bull ie Reed Solomon

Modulation ndash Type of modulation

bull BPSK QPSK 8PSK 16QAM etc

6105244 - 29

Carrier Information

Bit error rate (BER) ndash The BER of the link ndash 10-7 was typical of legacy systems ndash 10-9 is desirable for IP links

Roll off factor ndash The occupied bandwidth of a carrier is normally taken to

be 11 times the symbol rate thus the roll off factor is 11

System margin ndash Accounts for uncertainty in the various input

parameters and to allow for difficult to quantify non-linear effects such as AM-PM conversion and perhaps terrestrial interference

6105244 - 30

Controllable Parameters

6105244 - 31

Link Budget Parameters

ndash Carrier bull Modulation type bull FEC rate bull Coding

The majority of link budget parameters are out of your control

Those that you may control

ndash LNA LNB bull Noise Temperature

ndash Antenna size bull Transmit bull Receive

ndash Existing or new

6105244 - 32

LNA LNB ndash Noise Temperature

bull Major impact on system GT ndash Frequency stability

bull Critical for low data rates

Antenna ndash Typically as small as possible

bull Cost bull Zoning requirements bull Aesthetics

6105244 - 33

ndash Antenna requirements bull Larger transmit less HPA power required bull Larger receive less satellite power required

Carrier ndash (modulation FEC coding) ndash Satellite bandwidth required

bull Balanced power and bandwidth operation ndash ie 10 transponder power 10 transponder

bandwidth HPA power requirement

ndash Ensure proper backoff to prevent intermodulation and spectral regrowth

6105244 - 34

-110 -100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

Relative Bandwidth () - For Same Data Rate

16QAM 34

8PSK 56

8PSK 23

QPSK 78

QPSK 34

QPSK 12

Bandwidth For Various Modulation amp Coding Types

16QAM 78

Effect of Modulation amp FEC

6105244 - 35

Symbol Rate and OBW Calculations

Information Rate = 1544 kbpsModulation Type = 2 1 = BPSK 2 = QPSK 3 = 8PSK 4 = 16QAM

FEC Rate = 075 5 75 875 etcInner = 188Outer = 204

Reed Solomon 092 OverheadSymbol Rate = 11169 kHz

Occupied Bandwidth = 1229 kHz

Bandwidth Calculation with Reed SolomonSymbol Rate = Information Rate(Modulation FEC Rate Coding)

FEC Rate = 075 5 75 875 etcSymbol Rate = 10293 kHz

Bandwidth CalculationSymbol Rate = Information Rate(Modulation FEC Rate)

OBW

Convert

Spectral Power Density

Sheet3

ExampleS+NN = 1133dB mode (QPSK) 2 (FEC) frac12EbN0(linear) = [10exp(113310)]-1 (212)EbN0 (dB) = 10 log[10exp(113310)]-1 (2 12) = 110dB

Sheet1

OBW

Convert

Spectral Power Density

Sheet3

Sheet2

Sheet1

6105244 - 36

Satellite Carrier Spacing

bull Different Symbol Rate carriers ndash ( SR1 + SR2 ) x 07 = Carrier Space Traditional ndash ( SR1 + SR2 ) x 06 = Carrier Space Practical

Occupied Bandwidth (OBW) ndash Bandwidth the carrier actually occupies

bull Typically 11 - 12 x Symbol Rate Allocated bandwidth (ABW)

ndash Satellite bandwidth allocated for the carrier bull Equal Symbol Rate (SR) carriers

ndash ( SR ) x 14 = Carrier Space Traditional ndash ( SR ) x 12 = Carrier Space Practical

6105244 - 37

EbNo and CN

Convert EbNo to CN

OBW = 7509 kHzDR = 1024 kbps

EbNo = 93 dBCN = 106 dB

CN = EbNo - 10log(OBWDR)

Bandwidth = 7509 kHzbps = 1024 kbps

CN = 1065 dBEbNo = 930 dB

EbNo = CN + (10log(OBWDR)

Convert CN to EbNo

OBW

Convert

Spectral Power Density

Sheet3

Sheet1

OBW

Convert

Spectral Power Density

Sheet3

Sheet1

6105244 - 38

Performance as effected by Channel Spacing

Degradation created by 2 adjacent carriers QPSK Zero degradation line = BER performance 10-8

EbNo Degradation vs Carrier Spacing

QPSK 34 Turbo

-4

-35

-3

-25

-2

-15

-1

-05

0

070 090 110 130 150

Carrier Spacing Normalized To Symbol Rate

EbN

o D

egra

datio

n

-3 dB 0 dB 3 dB 6 dB

Adjacent level

6105244 - 39

EbNo Degradation Versus Carrier Spacing 8-PSK 34 Turbo

-25

-20

-15

-10

-05

00

080 100 120 140 160

EbN

o D

egra

datio

n

Adjacent level

Degradation created by 2 adjacent carriers 8PSK Zero degradation line = BER performance 10-8

6105244 - 40

EbNo Degradation Versus Carrier Spacing 16-QAM 34 Turbo

-40 -35 -30

-25 -20 -15 -10

-05 00

080 100 120 140 160

EbN

o D

egra

datio

n

Adjacent level

Degradation created by 2 adjacent carriers 16QAM Zero degradation line = BER performance 10-8

6105244 - 41

Carrier Spacing at Low Data Rates

ndash Carriers could be impacted by ACI bull Use 13 or 14 spacing for low data rate carriers

Low Data Rate carriers ndash Must take into consideration frequency drift possibilities for all

uplink carrier equipment ndash Use worse case frequency drift based on the equipment specs

Mod Freq Stability = 0255 kHz UC Freq Stability = 3055 kHz Spacing with drift = 22510 kHz

Example Symbol Rate = 19200 kbps 12 channel spacing = 23040 kHz

6105244 - 42

Coding

ndash Disadvantages bull Increased Latency bull asymp 10 bandwidth for overhead bull Hard decision decoder

Last Big Improvement- Reed Solomon Concatenated

Reed Solomon

ndash Advantages bull 2 dB better EbNo performance over Viterbi bull Excellent when combined with 8PSK TCM

6105244 - 43

Coding

ndash Disadvantages bull Compatibility between vendors

Turbo Product Codec ndash Advantages

bull Best BER performance at given power level bull Typical 18 dB improvement over Reed Solomon bull Less latency then Reed Solomon bull Soft Decision Decoder bull Fade Tolerant

6105244 - 44

Link Budget

Run calculation

Where to start ndash TX antenna gain (Size and efficiency) ndash RX antenna gain (Size and efficiency) ndash LNA noise temperature ndash Modulation Type ndash FEC Rate ndash Coding ndash Required EbNo for desired availability ndash Uplink rain margin ndash Downlink rain margin

6105244 - 45

Link Budget Results

Repeat calculations

Verify bandwidth vs power of transponder ndash Bandwidth greater than power

bull Smaller receive antenna bull Higher order modulation bull Higher FEC rate

ndash Power greater than bandwidth bull Larger receive antenna bull Lower order modulation bull Lower FEC rate

ndash Change EbNo requirements

6105244 - 46

BER Performance

6105244 - 47

Link Budget Representation (CN)

+72 +60

+30 +15

0

ndash30

ndash60

ndash90

ndash120

ndash150

ndash180 ndash195

Power dBW

Gain losses and noise over the up and downlinks of a communication satellite system

Satellite Earth terminal

Transmitter output

At antenna aperture

Path loss at 60 GHz Transmitter

circuit loss

Antenna gain

+93

Satellite output

Earth terminal

Carrier level at down converter input

Antenna receiver

Carrier level at input to RX

Path loss at 40 GHz

Noise Carrier level at antenna aperture

CN ~29 dB

CN ~14 dB

Satellite input

6105244 - 48

Spectral Power Density

6105244 - 49

- Prevent uplink interference to adjacent satellites

What is Spectral power density ndash The amount of power in dBW over a specified

frequency span (dBWHz dBW4kHz dBW40kHz) Intelsat typical C-Band limits for antenna gt 38 meter

Minus (-) 43 dBW Hz Intelsat typical Ku-Band limits for antenna gt 19 meter

Minus (-) 42 dBW Hz Smaller antenna may be used but there are power

density restrictions Why do we have restrictions

Actual power density allowable coordinated on a satellite by satellite basis

6105244 - 50

1024 kbps QPSK Rate frac34OBW asymp 750 Khz

Power Density = -4376 dBHz2048 kbps QPSK Rate frac34OBW ˜ 1500 Khz

Power Density = -4676dBHz

CWOBW ˜ 25 Khz

Power Density = -2898 dBHz

-25

-30

-35

-40

-45

-50

Cf 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800-100-200-300-400-500-600-700-800

dBW Hz

kHz

Increase of OBW results in a decrease in dBWHz

6105244 - 51

ndash dBW40 kHz for Ku-band

Feed Flange Power 1052 dBW1127 Watts 1127 Watts

Occupied Bandwidth 75090 kHz 75090 kHz0000015 Watts Hz 0000015 Watts Hz-4824 dBW Hz -4824 dBW Hz-1222 dBW 4 kHz -1222 dBW 4 kHz-222 dBW 40 kHz -222 dBW 40 kHz

Power Density

Power Density may be given in ndash dBHz for both C and Ku-Band ndash dBW4 kHz for C-Band

OBW

Convert

Spectral Power Density

Sheet3

Sheet1

6105244 - 52

ndash 1024 kbps = - 4336 dBW Hz 4000 Watts

86700 kHz 0000046 Watts Hz -4336 dBW Hz

4000 Watts 5420 kHz

0000738 Watts Hz -3132 dBW Hz

Example ndash 64 kbps QPSK Rate frac34 with 40 Watts transmit power ndash 1024 kbps QPSK Rate frac34 with 40 Watts transmit power

ndash 64 kbps = -3132 dBW Hz

Calculated Occupied Bandwidth OBWHz Watts 10log (WattsHz)

6105244 - 53

C-Band Power Density Restrictions C-band

Antenna Size (m)

Mid-band Gain (dBi) 60

Antenna Pattern Restriction (dB)

Antenna Off-point Restriction (5 dB) Total Restriction

Density Limits dBWHz

120 3558 835 363 1198 -5498

130 3628 798 351 1149 -5449

140 3692 748 344 1092 -5392

150 3752 685 330 1015 -5315

160 3808 610 320 930 -5230

170 3861 522 305 827 -5127

180 3911 423 288 711 -5011

190 3958 313 276 589 -4889

200 4002 192 264 456 -4756

210 4045 061 245 306 -4606

220 4085 000 233 233 -4533

230 4124 000 194 194 -4494

240 4161 000 146 146 -4446

260 4230 000 132 132 -4432

280 4294 000 088 088 -4388

300 4354 000 076 076 -4376

350 4488 000 078 078 -4378

370 4536 000 046 046 -4346

380 4560 000 016 016 -4316

6105244 - 54

Ku-Band Power Density Restrictions Ku-band

Antenna Size (m) Mid-band Gain

(dBi) 60 Antenna Pattern Restriction (dB)

Density Limits dBW Hz

060 3683 757 342 1099 -5299

065 3752 685 330 1015 -5215

070 3817 597 322 919 -5119

075 3877 493 310 803 -5003

080 3933 374 293 667 -4867

085 3985 233 282 515 -4715

090 4035 092 272 364 -4564

095 4082 000 260 260 -4460

100 4126 000 242 242 -4442

110 4209 000 225 225 -4425

120 4285 000 198 198 -4398

130 4354 000 169 169 -4369

140 4419 000 150 150 -4350

150 4479 000 120 120 -4320

160 4535 000 100 100 -4300

170 4587 000 075 075 -4275

180 4637 000 047 047 -4247

190 4684 000 028 028 -4228

200 4728 000 000 000 -4200

Link Budgets
Link Availability
Rain-Climatic Zones
Rain-Climatic Zones
Rain-Climatic Zones
Rain-Climatic Zones
Rain-Climatic Zones
Coupling Loss
Antenna GT
Carrier Information
Carrier Information
Carrier Information
EbNo and CN
Slide Number 38
Slide Number 39
Slide Number 40
Slide Number 41
Coding
Coding
Link Budget
Link Budget Results
BER Performance
C-Band Power Density Restrictions
Ku-Band Power Density Restrictions

Power Density

Feed Flange Power		1052		dBW

	1127		Watts		1127		Watts

Occupied Bandwidth		75090		kHz		75090		kHz

	0000015		Watts Hz		0000015		Watts Hz

Power Density		-4824		dBW Hz		-4824		dBW Hz

	-1222		dBW 4 kHz		-1222		dBW 4 kHz

	-222		dBW 40 kHz		-222		dBW 40 kHz

Bandwidth Calculation

Symbol Rate = Information Rate(Modulation FEC Rate)

Information Rate =

1024

kbps

Modulation =

2

1 = BPSK 2 = QPSK 3 = 8PSK 4 = 16QAM

Bandwidth =

7509

kHz

FEC Rate=

075

5 75 875 etc

bps =

1024

kbps

Symbol Rate =

6827

kHz

CN =

1065

dB

Occupied Bandwidth =

7509

kHz

EbNo =

93

dB

Bandwidth =

7509

kHz

bps =

1024

kbps

EbNo =

85

dB

CN =

98

dB



Uplink EIRP Power Density dBHz

Feed Flange Power		1052		dBW

	1127		Watts		1127		Watts

Occupied Bandwidth		75090		kHz		75090		kHz

	0000015		Watts Hz		0000015		Watts Hz

	-4824		dBW Hz		-4824		dBW Hz

C-Band Uplink Power Density dB4kHz

Feed Flange Power		1052		dBW

	1127		Watts		1127		Watts

Occupied Bandwidth		75090		kHz		75090		kHz

	0060045		Watts 4 kHz		0060035		Watts 4 kHz

	-1222		dBW 4 kHz		-1222		dBW 4 kHz

Ku-Band Uplink Power Density dB40 kHz

Feed Flange Power		1600		dBW

	3981		Watts		3981		Watts

Occupied Bandwidth		75090		kHz		75090		kHz

	212		Watts 40 kHz		212		Watts 40 kHz

	326		dBW 40 kHz		326		dBW 40 kHz

Splitter loss calculation

No output ports		12

Loss per port		1079		dB

Watts to dBW

	1400000		Watts

	2146		dBW per 4 kHz

dBW to Watts

	1005		dBW

	1012		Watts

	00607		Watts per 4 kHz

dBm to dBW

	30		dBm

	0		dBW

dBW to dBm

	0		dBW

	30		dBm

EbNo = CN + (10log(OBWDR)

Bandwidth =		7509		kHz

bps =		1024		kbps

CN =		1065		dB

EbNo =		93		dB

CN = EbNo - 10log(OBWDR)

Bandwidth =		7509		kHz

bps =		1024		kbps

EbNo =		85		dB

CN =		98		dB

Bandwidth Calculation

Symbol Rate = Information Rate(Modulation FEC Rate)

Information Rate =	1024	kbps

Modulation =	2	1 = BPSK 2 = QPSK 3 = 8PSK 4 = 16QAM

FEC Rate=	075	5 75 875 etc

Symbol Rate =	6827	kHz

Occupied Bandwidth =	7509	kHz

Typical roll factor = 12 - - - PASLINK uses 11

Bandwidth Calculation with Reed Solomon

Symbol Rate = Information Rate(Modulation FEC Rate Coding)

Information Rate	1024	kbps

Modulation	2	1 = BPSK 2 = QPSK 3 = 8PSK 4 = 16QAM

FEC Rate	075	5 75 875 etc

Inner =	188

Outer =	204

Reed Solomon	092	Overhead

Symbol Rate =	7408	kHz

Occupied Bandwidth =	815	kHz

EbNo = CN + (10log(OBWDR)

Bandwidth =	7509	kHz

bps =	1024	kbps

CN =	1065	dB

EbNo =	930	dB

Information Rate =

1024

kbps

Modulation =

2

1 = BPSK 2 = QPSK 3 = 8PSK 4 = 16QAM

Bandwidth =

7509

kHz

FEC Rate=

075

5 75 875 etc

bps =

1024

kbps

Symbol Rate =

6827

kHz

CN =

1065

dB

7509

kHz

EbNo =

93

dB

Bandwidth =

7509

kHz

bps =

1024

kbps

EbNo =

85

dB

CN =

98

dB



Uplink EIRP Power Density dBHz

Feed Flange Power		1052		dBW

	1127		Watts		1127		Watts

Occupied Bandwidth		75090		kHz		75090		kHz

	0000015		Watts Hz		0000015		Watts Hz

	-4824		dBW Hz		-4824		dBW Hz

C-Band Uplink Power Density dB4kHz

Feed Flange Power		1052		dBW

	1127		Watts		1127		Watts

Occupied Bandwidth		75090		kHz		75090		kHz

	0060045		Watts 4 kHz		0060035		Watts 4 kHz

	-1222		dBW 4 kHz		-1222		dBW 4 kHz

Ku-Band Uplink Power Density dB40 kHz

Feed Flange Power		1600		dBW

	3981		Watts		3981		Watts

Occupied Bandwidth		75090		kHz		75090		kHz

	212		Watts 40 kHz		212		Watts 40 kHz

	326		dBW 40 kHz		326		dBW 40 kHz

Splitter loss calculation

No output ports		12

Loss per port		1079		dB

Watts to dBW

	1400000		Watts

	2146		dBW per 4 kHz

dBW to Watts

	1005		dBW

	1012		Watts

	00607		Watts per 4 kHz

dBm to dBW

	30		dBm

	0		dBW

dBW to dBm

	0		dBW

	30		dBm

EbNo = CN + (10log(OBWDR)

Bandwidth =		7509		kHz

bps =		1024		kbps

CN =		1065		dB

EbNo =		93		dB

CN = EbNo - 10log(OBWDR)

Bandwidth =		7509		kHz

bps =		1024		kbps

EbNo =		85		dB

CN =		98		dB

Bandwidth Calculation

Symbol Rate = Information Rate(Modulation FEC Rate)

Information Rate =	1024	kbps

Modulation =	2	1 = BPSK 2 = QPSK 3 = 8PSK 4 = 16QAM

FEC Rate=	075	5 75 875 etc

Symbol Rate =	6827	kHz

Occupied Bandwidth =	7509	kHz

Typical roll factor = 12 - - - PASLINK uses 11

Bandwidth Calculation with Reed Solomon

Symbol Rate = Information Rate(Modulation FEC Rate Coding)

Information Rate	1024	kbps

Modulation	2	1 = BPSK 2 = QPSK 3 = 8PSK 4 = 16QAM

FEC Rate	075	5 75 875 etc

Inner =	188

Outer =	204

Reed Solomon	092	Overhead

Symbol Rate =	7408	kHz

Occupied Bandwidth =	815	kHz

CN = EbNo - 10log(OBWDR)

OBW =	7509	kHz

DR =	1024	kbps

EbNo =	93	dB

CN =	106	dB

Information Rate =

1024

kbps

Modulation =

2

1 = BPSK 2 = QPSK 3 = 8PSK 4 = 16QAM

Bandwidth =

7509

kHz

FEC Rate=

075

5 75 875 etc

bps =

1024

kbps

Symbol Rate =

6827

kHz

CN =

1065

dB

7509

kHz

EbNo =

93

dB

Bandwidth =

7509

kHz

bps =

1024

kbps

EbNo =

85

dB

CN =

98

dB



Uplink EIRP Power Density dBHz

Feed Flange Power		1052		dBW

	1127		Watts		1127		Watts

Occupied Bandwidth		75090		kHz		75090		kHz

	0000015		Watts Hz		0000015		Watts Hz

	-4824		dBW Hz		-4824		dBW Hz

C-Band Uplink Power Density dB4kHz

Feed Flange Power		1052		dBW

	1127		Watts		1127		Watts

Occupied Bandwidth		75090		kHz		75090		kHz

	0060045		Watts 4 kHz		0060035		Watts 4 kHz

	-1222		dBW 4 kHz		-1222		dBW 4 kHz

Ku-Band Uplink Power Density dB40 kHz

Feed Flange Power		1600		dBW

	3981		Watts		3981		Watts

Occupied Bandwidth		75090		kHz		75090		kHz

	212		Watts 40 kHz		212		Watts 40 kHz

	326		dBW 40 kHz		326		dBW 40 kHz

Splitter loss calculation

No output ports		12

Loss per port		1079		dB

Watts to dBW

	1400000		Watts

	2146		dBW per 4 kHz

dBW to Watts

	1005		dBW

	1012		Watts

	00607		Watts per 4 kHz

dBm to dBW

	30		dBm

	0		dBW

dBW to dBm

	0		dBW

	30		dBm

EbNo = CN + (10log(OBWDR)

Bandwidth =		7509		kHz

bps =		1024		kbps

CN =		1065		dB

EbNo =		93		dB

CN = EbNo - 10log(OBWDR)

Bandwidth =		7509		kHz

bps =		1024		kbps

EbNo =		85		dB

CN =		98		dB

Bandwidth Calculation

Symbol Rate = Information Rate(Modulation FEC Rate)

Information Rate =	1024	kbps

Modulation =	2	1 = BPSK 2 = QPSK 3 = 8PSK 4 = 16QAM

FEC Rate=	075	5 75 875 etc

Symbol Rate =	6827	kHz

Occupied Bandwidth =	7509	kHz

Typical roll factor = 12 - - - PASLINK uses 11

Bandwidth Calculation with Reed Solomon

Symbol Rate = Information Rate(Modulation FEC Rate Coding)

Information Rate	1024	kbps

Modulation	2	1 = BPSK 2 = QPSK 3 = 8PSK 4 = 16QAM

FEC Rate	075	5 75 875 etc

Inner =	188

Outer =	204

Reed Solomon	092	Overhead

Symbol Rate =	7408	kHz

Occupied Bandwidth =	815	kHz

Bandwidth Calculation

Symbol Rate = Information Rate(Modulation FEC Rate)

Information Rate =	1544	kbps

Modulation Type =	2	1 = BPSK 2 = QPSK 3 = 8PSK 4 = 16QAM

FEC Rate =	075	5 75 875 etc

Symbol Rate =	10293	kHz

Occupied Bandwidth =	11323	kHz

Bandwidth Calculation

Symbol Rate = Information Rate(Modulation FEC Rate)

Information Rate =	1544	kbps

Modulation Type =	2	1 = BPSK 2 = QPSK 3 = 8PSK 4 = 16QAM

FEC Rate =	075	5 75 875 etc

Symbol Rate =	10293	kHz

Occupied Bandwidth =	11323	kHz

Information Rate =

1544

kbps

Modulation =

2

1 = BPSK 2 = QPSK 3 = 8PSK 4 = 16QAM

Bandwidth =

1024

kHz

FEC Rate=

075

5 75 875 etc

bps =

1024

kbps

Symbol Rate =

10293

kHz

CN =

1133

dB

11323

kHz

EbNo =

113

dB

Bandwidth =

7509

kHz

bps =

1024

kbps

EbNo =

85

dB

CN =

98

dB

C+NN =

1133

Modulation =

2

FEC =

075

EbNo =

111114376559

EbN0 (dB) = 10 log[10(CN10)]-1 (Modulation FEC)

CN =

1133

dB

Modulation =

2

1 = BPSK 2 = QPSK 3 = 8PSK 4 = 16QAM

FEC Rate =

05

5 75 875 etc

EbNo =

110

dB

Power Density

Feed Flange Power		1500		dBW

	3162		Watts		1127		Watts

Occupied Bandwidth		150190		kHz		75090		kHz

	0000021		Watts Hz		0000015		Watts Hz

Power Density		-4677		dBW Hz		-4824		dBW Hz

	-1075		dBW 4 kHz		-1222		dBW 4 kHz

	-075		dBW 40 kHz		-222		dBW 40 kHz

Uplink EIRP Power Density dBHz

Feed Flange Power		1052		dBW

	1127		Watts		1127		Watts

Occupied Bandwidth		75090		kHz		75090		kHz

	0000015		Watts Hz		0000015		Watts Hz

	-4824		dBW Hz		-4824		dBW Hz

Feed Flange Power		1052		dBW

	1127		Watts		1127		Watts

Occupied Bandwidth		75090		kHz		75090		kHz

	0060045		Watts 4 kHz		0060035		Watts 4 kHz

	-1222		dBW 4 kHz		-1222		dBW 4 kHz

Ku-Band Uplink Power Density dB40 kHz

Feed Flange Power		1600		dBW

	3981		Watts		3981		Watts

Occupied Bandwidth		75090		kHz		75090		kHz

	212		Watts 40 kHz		212		Watts 40 kHz

	326		dBW 40 kHz		326		dBW 40 kHz

Splitter loss calculation

No output ports		12

Loss per port		1079		dB

Watts to dBW

	1400000		Watts

	2146		dBW per 4 kHz

dBW to Watts

	1005		dBW

	1012		Watts

	00607		Watts per 4 kHz

dBm to dBW

	30		dBm

	0		dBW

dBW to dBm

	0		dBW

	30		dBm

EbNo = CN + (10log(OBWDR)

Bandwidth =		7509		kHz

bps =		1024		kbps

CN =		1065		dB

EbNo =		93		dB

CN = EbNo - 10log(OBWDR)

Bandwidth =		7509		kHz

bps =		1024		kbps

EbNo =		85		dB

CN =		98		dB

Bandwidth Calculation

Symbol Rate = Information Rate(Modulation FEC Rate)

Information Rate =	2048	kbps

Modulation Type =	2	1 = BPSK 2 = QPSK 3 = 8PSK 4 = 16QAM

FEC Rate =	075	5 75 875 etc

Symbol Rate =	13653	kHz

Occupied Bandwidth =	15019	kHz

Typical roll factor = 12 - - - PASLINK uses 11

Bandwidth Calculation with Reed Solomon

Symbol Rate = Information Rate(Modulation FEC Rate Coding)

Information Rate	64	kbps

Modulation	2	1 = BPSK 2 = QPSK 3 = 8PSK 4 = 16QAM

FEC Rate	075	5 75 875 etc

Inner =	188

Outer =	204

Reed Solomon	092	Overhead

Symbol Rate =	463	kHz

Occupied Bandwidth =	51	kHz

Bandwidth Calculation with Reed Solomon

Symbol Rate = Information Rate(Modulation FEC Rate Coding)

Information Rate =	1544	kbps

Modulation Type =	2	1 = BPSK 2 = QPSK 3 = 8PSK 4 = 16QAM

FEC Rate =	075	5 75 875 etc

Inner =	188

Outer =	204

Reed Solomon	092	Overhead

Symbol Rate =	11169	kHz

Occupied Bandwidth =	1229	kHz

Information Rate =

1544

kbps

Modulation =

2

1 = BPSK 2 = QPSK 3 = 8PSK 4 = 16QAM

Bandwidth =

1024

kHz

FEC Rate=

075

5 75 875 etc

bps =

1024

kbps

Symbol Rate =

10293

kHz

CN =

1133

dB

11323

kHz

EbNo =

113

dB

Bandwidth =

7509

kHz

bps =

1024

kbps

EbNo =

85

dB

CN =

98

dB

C+NN =

1133

Modulation =

2

FEC =

075

EbNo =

111114376559

CN =

1133

dB

Modulation =

2

1 = BPSK 2 = QPSK 3 = 8PSK 4 = 16QAM

FEC Rate =

05

5 75 875 etc

EbNo =

110

dB

Power Density

Feed Flange Power		1500		dBW

	3162		Watts		1127		Watts

Occupied Bandwidth		150190		kHz		75090		kHz

	0000021		Watts Hz		0000015		Watts Hz

Power Density		-4677		dBW Hz		-4824		dBW Hz

	-1075		dBW 4 kHz		-1222		dBW 4 kHz

	-075		dBW 40 kHz		-222		dBW 40 kHz

Uplink EIRP Power Density dBHz

Feed Flange Power		1052		dBW

	1127		Watts		1127		Watts

Occupied Bandwidth		75090		kHz		75090		kHz

	0000015		Watts Hz		0000015		Watts Hz

	-4824		dBW Hz		-4824		dBW Hz

Feed Flange Power		1052		dBW

	1127		Watts		1127		Watts

Occupied Bandwidth		75090		kHz		75090		kHz

	0060045		Watts 4 kHz		0060035		Watts 4 kHz

	-1222		dBW 4 kHz		-1222		dBW 4 kHz

Ku-Band Uplink Power Density dB40 kHz

Feed Flange Power		1600		dBW

	3981		Watts		3981		Watts

Occupied Bandwidth		75090		kHz		75090		kHz

	212		Watts 40 kHz		212		Watts 40 kHz

	326		dBW 40 kHz		326		dBW 40 kHz

Splitter loss calculation

No output ports		12

Loss per port		1079		dB

Watts to dBW

	1400000		Watts

	2146		dBW per 4 kHz

dBW to Watts

	1005		dBW

	1012		Watts

	00607		Watts per 4 kHz

dBm to dBW

	30		dBm

	0		dBW

dBW to dBm

	0		dBW

	30		dBm

EbNo = CN + (10log(OBWDR)

Bandwidth =		7509		kHz

bps =		1024		kbps

CN =		1065		dB

EbNo =		93		dB

CN = EbNo - 10log(OBWDR)

Bandwidth =		7509		kHz

bps =		1024		kbps

EbNo =		85		dB

CN =		98		dB

Bandwidth Calculation

Symbol Rate = Information Rate(Modulation FEC Rate)

Information Rate =	2048	kbps

Modulation Type =	2	1 = BPSK 2 = QPSK 3 = 8PSK 4 = 16QAM

FEC Rate =	075	5 75 875 etc

Symbol Rate =	13653	kHz

Occupied Bandwidth =	15019	kHz

Typical roll factor = 12 - - - PASLINK uses 11

Bandwidth Calculation with Reed Solomon

Symbol Rate = Information Rate(Modulation FEC Rate Coding)

Information Rate	64	kbps

Modulation	2	1 = BPSK 2 = QPSK 3 = 8PSK 4 = 16QAM

FEC Rate	075	5 75 875 etc

Inner =	188

Outer =	204

Reed Solomon	092	Overhead

Symbol Rate =	463	kHz

Occupied Bandwidth =	51	kHz

Total Cross-Pol Isolation

Total XPI =-20log[10(Sxp20)+10(Exp20)]

Satellite X-Pol =	40	db

Antenna X-Pol =	35	dB

Total X-Pol Isolation =	311	dB



SR x 14

Information Rate =

1544

kbps

Modulation =

2

1 = BPSK 2 = QPSK 3 = 8PSK 4 = 16QAM

Bandwidth =

1024

kHz

FEC Rate=

075

5 75 875 etc

bps =

1024

kbps

Symbol Rate =

10293

kHz

CN =

1133

dB

11323

kHz

EbNo =

113

dB

Bandwidth =

7509

kHz

bps =

1024

kbps

EbNo =

85

dB

CN =

98

dB

C+NN =

1133

Modulation =

2

FEC =

075

EbNo =

111114376559

CN =

1133

dB

Modulation =

2

1 = BPSK 2 = QPSK 3 = 8PSK 4 = 16QAM

FEC Rate =

05

5 75 875 etc

EbNo =

110

dB

Power Density

Feed Flange Power		1500		dBW

	3162		Watts		1127		Watts

Occupied Bandwidth		150190		kHz		75090		kHz

	0000021		Watts Hz		0000015		Watts Hz

Power Density		-4677		dBW Hz		-4824		dBW Hz

	-1075		dBW 4 kHz		-1222		dBW 4 kHz

	-075		dBW 40 kHz		-222		dBW 40 kHz

Uplink EIRP Power Density dBHz

Feed Flange Power		1052		dBW

	1127		Watts		1127		Watts

Occupied Bandwidth		75090		kHz		75090		kHz

	0000015		Watts Hz		0000015		Watts Hz

	-4824		dBW Hz		-4824		dBW Hz

Feed Flange Power		1052		dBW

	1127		Watts		1127		Watts

Occupied Bandwidth		75090		kHz		75090		kHz

	0060045		Watts 4 kHz		0060035		Watts 4 kHz

	-1222		dBW 4 kHz		-1222		dBW 4 kHz

Ku-Band Uplink Power Density dB40 kHz

Feed Flange Power		1600		dBW

	3981		Watts		3981		Watts

Occupied Bandwidth		75090		kHz		75090		kHz

	212		Watts 40 kHz		212		Watts 40 kHz

	326		dBW 40 kHz		326		dBW 40 kHz

Splitter loss calculation

No output ports		12

Loss per port		1079		dB

Watts to dBW

	1400000		Watts

	2146		dBW per 4 kHz

dBW to Watts

	1005		dBW

	1012		Watts

	00607		Watts per 4 kHz

dBm to dBW

	30		dBm

	0		dBW

dBW to dBm

	0		dBW

	30		dBm

EbNo = CN + (10log(OBWDR)

Bandwidth =		7509		kHz

bps =		1024		kbps

CN =		1065		dB

EbNo =		93		dB

CN = EbNo - 10log(OBWDR)

Bandwidth =		7509		kHz

bps =		1024		kbps

EbNo =		85		dB

CN =		98		dB

Bandwidth Calculation

Symbol Rate = Information Rate(Modulation FEC Rate)

Information Rate =		2048	kbps

Modulation Type =		1	1 = BPSK 2 = QPSK 3 = 8PSK 4 = 16QAM

FEC Rate =		05	5 75 875 etc

Symbol Rate =		40960	kHz

Occupied Bandwidth =		45056	kHz

Typical roll factor = 12 - - - PASLINK uses 11

Bandwidth Calculation with Reed Solomon

Symbol Rate = Information Rate(Modulation FEC Rate Coding)

Information Rate		64	kbps

Modulation		2	1 = BPSK 2 = QPSK 3 = 8PSK 4 = 16QAM

FEC Rate		075	5 75 875 etc

Inner =		188

Outer =		204

Reed Solomon		092	Overhead

Symbol Rate =		463	kHz

Occupied Bandwidth =		51	kHz

	49152

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