Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University Of

Agriculture & Technology,Meerut.

Rural Awareness Work Experience(RAWE) Prog.

Submitted by: Submitted to:(Coordinator of

Tabinda Ali (Id No.0925) RAWE) Dr.Nazim Ali

B.Sc.(Agriculture) 4th year College of Veterinary & A.husbandry

Dedicated to my parents “Punam and Mairaj” and my sister “Elham”

DECLARATION

I,Tabinda Ali hereby declare that this record is a bonafide record of RAWE programme undergone by me during VIII semester from 30/09/11 to 3/10/11 of B.Sc. agriculture course at College of Agriculture,S.V.PU.A.& T.,Meerut.

3/12/11

Tabinda Ali

Acknowledgement

‘If the only prayer you said in your whole life is “Thank you” that would suffice.’

First and foremost I humbly bow my head before Almighty for unmerited blessings though various hands. I submit this small venture before God

with full satisfaction and pleasure from my heart.

It is with great respect and devotion I place on record my deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to my Course coordinator Mr.Nazim Ali ,Associate Professor , Department of Animal Husbandry ,S.V.P.U.A.& T.,Meerut for his sustained and valuable guidance,constructive suggestions and whole hearted cooperation towards the satisfactory fulfillment of this endeavour.

I place a deep sense of obligation to Dr.S.A.Kerkhi,Professor Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding,College of Agriculture and Director of Research,S.V.P.U.A.&T., for the help and cooperation received by him during the entire programme.He inspite of a busy schedule has offered constructive suggestions for betterment of my report.

I am extremely delighted to place on record my profound sense of gratitude to Dr.C.S.Prasad for his unstinted support ,critical comments and valuable suggestions all through course.

On a personal account I would like to pen out my heartfelt thanks to all my friends and juniours for their un bridled help and stupendous support.

I am dearth of words to express my love towards my beloved parents for all their boundless affection,moral support,eternal love.deep concern,prayers and personal sacrifices which sustains peace in my life.

Above all I humbly bow my head before God almighty who blessed me with will power and courage to complete this endeavour.

Tabinda Ali

Special thanks “At times our own light goes out and is rekindled by a spark from another

person .Each of us has cause to think with deep gratitude of those who have lighted the flame within us”.

I express my sincere gratitude towards the following teachers of S.V.P.U.A.&T. for their contribution in my RAWE report in various capacities.

Dr.Nazim Ali

Dr.D.S.Sahu

Dr.A.K.Singh

Dr.Yogesh Rajbhar

Dr.Gopal Singh

Dr.L.K.Gangvar

Dr. Vivek Dhama

Dr..Vaishali

Dr.Atar Singh

Dr.A.Bhatnagar

Dr.S.S.Dhaka

Introduction

“Bowed by the weight of centuries he leans upon his hoe and gazes on the ground,the emptiness of ages on his face,and on his back the burden of world”

-Markhans,Edwin.

India’s salvation can come only through farmer.Neither the doctors nor engineers,nor lawyers are going to source it..

-Mahatama Gandhi(1868-69)

Agricultural education is a dynamic one,which is undergoing change in a very rapid manner to meet the needs of society .Under this situation RAWE Programme is an important competence and confidence building programme activity introduced in many SAUs.In India Randhawa committee(1992) recommended RAWE Programme for

imparting quality,practical and productive education for agricultural degree programme.Infact experimental learning is exactly what the name implies learning from work experience.

Effective work experience training strategies incorporating rural agricultural,experimental learning approaches provides for opportunity for a student of last year to engage in field work activity to review and analyse and apply this work experience activity and to draw some useful conclusions,decisions from this analysis and apply the result in actual practical life and field situation.

            Youths are powerful forces in empowering any country. Youths can become parts of major area of interests for the development of any nations. Agriculture is a prime area of attention and interest to develop India. Besides powerful agriculture research and effective adoption, creation of powerful human resources to manage such

agricultural developmental task is a most important need of our nation. Agricultural education is an important tool in ensuring increased agricultural productivity, sustainability, environmental and ecological security, profitability, job security and equity.

Pragmatic learning is the fundamental move towards problem solving in which learning is for improving interactions with the outside work. The learning process imparts a direction to the students to think and act which creates self-confidence. Self-confidence is the key in experiential learning, which primarily trains the students at different phases. It offers a direction to the students to develop their competence, capability and ability, capacity building, acquiring skills and expertise and also personality development. However, it requires interest of an individual with total commitment and involvement, participation, reception, active interest, dedication, handwork, curiosity, vision and mission. Under the changing

dynamics of economical and industrial growth agriculture has to undergo changes with new approaches, therefore, experiential system in agriculture has strong potential for imparting better training of the agricultural technocrats with high level of skill in combination with the modern out-look and management capacity.

            Agricultural education is a dynamics one, which is undergoing change in a very rapid manner to meet the need of the society. The students of agriculture are learning well on basic and applied issues of science and technology, however, they do not possess adequate self-confidence in starting own commercial farming. Under this situation, RURAL AGRICULTURAL WORK EXPERIENCE PROGRAMME (RAWEP) is an important competence and confidence building Programme activity introduced in many SAUs in India.

In India, Randhawa Committee (1992) recommended the Rural Agriculture Work Experience (RAWE) Programme for imparting quality, practical and

productive oriented education for the agriculture degree programme.  The World Bank (1995) stated that there was little emphasis in the curricula on preparing the agricultural graduates for better career in agriculture or agribusiness outside government jobs.  Therefore, the agenda for the 21st century in agricultural education must be drawn on the basis of the challenges it has to meet in the near future.  Getting do, how practical hands-on training during higher education towards self-employment, is very essential.  It provides significant hands - on experience in acquiring skills, which are mainly aimed at creating a product or providing a service to those who demand.

This Programme is for providing work experience to the students in rural setting. In fact experiential learning is exactly what the name implies learning from work experience. The experiential approach is a learner-centered approach and allows an individual student to manage and share responsibility for his

learning with his teachers and hosts. Effective work experience training strategies incorporating rural agricultural experiential learning approaches provide opportunities for a student of the last year to engage in field work activity and to review and analyze critically this work experience activity and to draw some useful conclusions, decisions, from this analysis and apply the result in actual practical life and field situation.

The period of this programme in all the SAUs  is one semester (the seventh semester) to carry out the activities in sound designed integrated model. The students are allotted to the research stations of major crops of particular zone. They  are also exposed in villages with farm families, agro-based industries, co-operatives NGOs and high-tech cell during different phases of RAWE Programme.

            During this programme, three weeks educational tour is also organized. In final phase of the Programme, the students have to submit the detail report

of work and experience. Respective subject teacher organize the written and oral examination and evaluation is made. Probable results of RAWE Programme

1. Art of listening2. Art of negotiation3. Confidence building4. Conflict management5. Develop skill of joint effort6. Developing art of creative thinking7. Effective decision-making8. How to get feed back9. Life like experiences10. Managing relationship11. Money management12. Observe problem13. Personality development14. Practicing method15. Self-management16. Time management17. Understand the real life problems18. Understanding of prevailing 

situation19. Understanding situation of

recommended technology20. Working of local institution

21. Working with local organizations/leaders

Various exposures for practical learning:

Orientation programme of students/ teachers: This phase is meant to introduce the RAWE to the faculty and the student and to sensitize them towards the changed attitude required in the whole programme:Expected out come:

Changed attitude towards learning Development of team work Understanding of the

RAWE programmeStay at Agricultural Research Stations, Krushi Vigyan Kendra: It is to help them to understand what is going on in the training and research centres, the need of today’s farmers and the role of trainers and researchers. In short, this period helps them to know the middle segment between the academic and rural world better.Expected out come:

Building research and extension works competence

Building confidence as an individual Disclosure of recent advancement in

training and research Handling practical work. Knowledge of collection, compilation

and analysis of experimental data Knowledge of research experimental

techniques Knowledge of working methodology Revelation of administration and

management Solving management problems

Stay with High-Tech cell: It helps the students be conversant to work with the modern gadgets like computer and the other machines we need for tissue culture and biotechnology.Expected out come:

Having awareness about the latest technology

Understanding of green house, tissue culture and bio-technology

Updating and collecting information through internet

Working and surfing with computers

Stay with Farm families in villages: It provides real touch of rural atmosphere so that the students plan their future career accordingly.Expected out come:

Ability to plan out strategy to work in villages

Real field experience Understanding real-life. Understanding the gap between the

rural and urban people Understanding the mundane work

and problemsStay with Non-governmental Organizations: It helps them know the issue based organizations and make them committed to the rural mass and to their profession.Expected outcome:

Experience of commitment to the cause

Involving people to participate Knowledge of administration and

management Knowledge of starting an NGO

Law cost management Personnel management Understanding local institutions and

their need

Educational tour: It gives various types of exposure of the facts of life with pleasure.Expected outcome:

·         Development of outlook·         Vision of the outside world Confident and competent individual

Stay at Agro-based Industries and Co-operatives: This phase helps students to understand the meaning and nature of existing co-operatives and how to be entrepreneurs through the agro-based business.Expected outcome

Conflict management Creating solution-finding

atmosphere                   Impact on agricultural development Management of different components  Managing Economic crisis People’s participation   Problem-solving attitude

Teamwork development Working with people organization

  

OBJECTIVES OF RAWE

1.To develop understanding of rural community life and different situations prevailed in villages with especial reference to agriculture.

2.To familiarize with socio-economic conditions of farmers and their problems with reference with agriculture.

3.To provide an opportunity to the students for practical training in crop production through work experience.

4.To develop communication skills among students using extension teaching methods in transfer of technology.

5.To develop the understanding regarding agricultural technology being followed by farmers and to prepare alternate farm plans to suit the local situation consultation with farmers.

6.To develop confidence and competence in students for solving problems related to agriculture.

7.To acquaint the students with on going thrust on rural development programme related to transfer of technology.

8.to make students understand the role of man and women in agriculture and allied fields.

9.To explore and develop understanding regarding high - tech agricultural technology and factors affecting the adoption of modern methods of agriculture by farmers.

10.To explore the awareness,understanding and skills among students with special reference to scientific model of integrated development of agriculture which includes crop husbandry,horticulture,agro-forestry,animal-husbandry,fisheries,poultry,dairying,agro-based industries,processing,marketing,etc..

11.To develop the technology know-how among the students for preparing and development of package through collection of data-base from grass root level from rural areas.

Thus RAWE is a learner centered approach of exposing undergraduate students of agriculture college by using principles of “learning by doing” and

“Seeing is believing” to provide direction to think and act on their own.

The orientation helps the students to get the basic idea about various aspects and expectations from RAWE programme.The technical skills are honed throughout.

Orientation & details about the U.P. : Uttar

Pradesh abbreviation U.P.  is a state located in the northern part of India. With a population of over 200 million people,[2] it is India's most populous state,[citation needed] as well as the

world's most populous sub-national entity.[citation needed] Were it a nation in its own right, Uttar Pradesh would be the world's fifth most populous country ahead of Brazil, a country thirty-five times larger in territorial area.[citation

needed] Uttar Pradesh is the second largest state-economy in India contributing 8.34% to India's total GDP in the financial year 2010.[citation needed]

With an area of 93,933 sq mi (243,290 km2), Uttar Pradesh covers a large part of the highly fertile and densely populated upperGangetic plain. It shares an international border with Nepal to the north along with the Indian state of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh to the north-west, Haryana, Delhi and Rajasthan on the west, Madhya Pradesh on the south, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand on the south east and Bihar on the east. The administrative and legislative capital of Uttar Pradesh is Lucknow and the industrial and financial capital is Kanpur. The state's high court is based at Allahabad with a bench in state capital Lucknow. It is home to many historical cities, including Allahabad, Varanasi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Agra, Meerut, and Gorakhpur. Kanpur is its largest city; other big cities are Lucknow,Varanasi, Allahabad, Gorakhpur, Meerut, Agra, Aligarh, Bareilly, Ghaziabad, Muzaffarnagar, and Noida.

Uttar Pradesh has a very vital place in the culture of India; it is the birthplace of Hinduism and admirer of its derived Vedic, Jainism,Buddhism and Sikhism beliefs, UP has been the ancient seat of Hindu religion, learning and culture, and has many important sites ofHindu pilgrimage. The State also has several sites important to Buddhism: the Chaukhandi Stupa marks the spot where Buddha met his first disciples, while the Dhamek Stupa in Sarnath commemorates Buddha's first sermon. Also the town of Kushinagar is whereGautama Buddha died.

Throughout its history, the region of Uttar Pradesh was sometimes divided between smaller kingdoms and at other times formed an important part of larger empires that arose on its east or west, including the Magadha, Nanda, Mauryan, Sunga, Kushan, Gupta,Gurjara, Rashtrakuta, Pala and Mughal empires.

The Indo-Gangetic plain, that spans most of the state, is also the birth place of the Indo-Islamic syncretic culture of the medieval period. It holds much of the heritage of the Mughal Empire, including the world famous mausoleum Taj Mahal built by Shah Jehan, the magnificent tomb of Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great in Agra and Akbar's capital-palace in Fatehpur Sikri. It was a centre of nationalism during the British colonial period and has continued to play a prominent role in Indian political and cultural movements. The state has a rich heritage of traditional crafts and cottage industries of various types that employ highly skilled craftsmen and artisans.

Hindus constitute 80% and its derived Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists constitute 1.5% of the population in the state. Islam is practised by about 18% of the population while the remaining 2% is made up of Christians as well as tribal religious groups.

History

Evolution of the State

The area has undergone several name changes and territorial demarcations since the early 19th century, i.e., after the British East India Company had established its supremacy in the Gangetic plains. In 1833 the then Bengal Presidency of the Company was divided into two parts, one of which became Presidency of Agra; in 1836 the Agra area was named North-Western Provinces and placed under a Lieutenant Governor by the Company. In 1877, the two provinces of Agra and Oudh (Oudh was occupied by the

Company, in 1858), were placed under one Colonial administrator of the British Crown; he was called Lieutenant Governor of the North-Western Provinces and Chief Commissioner of Oudh. In 1902 the name was changed to United Provinces of Agra and Oudh with Lieutenant Governor of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh as administrator; in 1921 Lieutenant Governorship was elevated to Governorship and the name of the province was changed to United Provinces of British India. On April 1, 1937, the name was shortened to United Provinces. On independence from the British colonial rule in 1947, the princely states of Rampur, Banares and Tehri-Garwal were merged into the United Provinces. In 1950, the name of United Provinces was changed to Uttar Pradesh. In 2000 a separate Himalayan state,Uttaranchal, (now named Uttarakhand), was carved out of Uttar Pradesh.

Prehistory, legends and ancient period

Archeological finds in Uttar Pradesh confirm presence of Stone Age homo sapiens hunter-gatherers in Chhatarpalia, Mahugarh, Parisdhia, Lalitpur, Nihi and Gopipur,[3][4][5][6] between 85±11 and 72±8 kyr (thousand years ago) before present (BP); Middle Paleolithic and later the Upper Paleolithic artifacts dated at 21–31 kyr BP;[7] Mesolithic/Microlithic hunter-gatherer's settlement, nearPratapgarh, around 10550–9550 CE;[8] villages, domesticated cattle, sheep or goats and evidence of plants and agriculture as early as 6000 CE – although, most dates range between c. 4000 and 1500 CE – thus initiating a sequence which extends into the Iron Age,[9][10]

[11] beginning from Indus Valley Civilization and Harappa Culture finds in the Saharanpur division through the Vedic period.

Ancient cities of Indian Subcontinent.

The ancient Mahajanapada era kingdom of Kosala in Ayodhya – where, according to Hindu legend, the divine king Rama of the Ramayana epic reigned – was located here. Krishna – another divine king of Hindu legend, who plays a key role in the Mahabharata epic and is revered as the eighth reincarnation (Avatar) of Hindu god Vishnu – was born in the city of Mathura. The aftermath of Mahabharata war is believed to have taken place in the area between the Doab region of Western Uttar Pradesh and Delhi, (in what was Kuru Mahajanapada), during the reign of the Pandava king Yudhishtira. The kingdom of theKurus [12]  corresponds to the Black and Red Ware and Painted Gray Ware culture and the beginning of the Iron Age in Northwestern India, around 1000 BCE. The revered Swaminarayan – mentioned in the Brahma Purana and Vishwaksena Samhita as the manifestation of God – was born in the village ofChhapaiya.

Most of the empire building invasions of North India, from the east as well as the west, passed through the vast swathe of Gangetic plains of what today is Uttar Pradesh. Control over this region was of vital importance to the power and stability of all of India's major empires, including the Mauryan (320–200 BCE), Kushan (100–

250 CE) and Gupta (350–600 CE) Rajput (650–1036 CE) empires.

Mathura in Uttar Pradesh served as the capital of the Kushan Empire.

Following the Hun invasions that broke Guptas' empire, the Ganges-Yamuna Doab saw the rise of Kannauj. During the reign of Harshavardhana (590–647 CE), the Kannauj empire was at its zenith; spanning from Punjab and Gujarat to Bengal and Orissa – and parts of central India, north of the Narmada River – it encompassed the entire Indo-Gangetic plain. A patron of Buddhism and the University at Nalanda, Harsha organized theological debates and also patronised art and literature. A noted author on his own merit, he wrote three Sanskrit plays. Many communities in various parts of India boast of being descendants of migrants from Kannauj, reflecting its glory in the past.[13] Soon after Harshavardhana's death, his empire disintegrated into many kingdoms, to be invaded and ruled mostly

by Rajputs, who also challenged Bengal's mighty Pala Empire's control of the region.

Medieval

Agra and Fatehpur Sikri in Uttar Pradesh were the capital cities of Akbar the Great.

The fall of the post-Harshavardhana Rajput kings of north India came when the Turko-Afghan Muslim rulers moved into present day Uttar Pradesh. Much of the state formed part of the various Indo-Islamic empires (Sultanates) after 1000 CE and was ruled from their capital, Delhi.

Later, in Mughal times, U.P. became the heartland of their vast empire; they called the place Hindustan, which is used to this day as the name for India in several languages. Mughal rulers Babur and Humanyun had their capital in Delhi. In 1540 an Afghan, Sher Shah Suri, took the reigns of U.P. after defeating Humanyun, the Mughal king, who ran away to Kabul. Sher Shah's son, Islam Shah, ruled Uttar Pradesh from their capital at Gwalior. After the death of Islam Shah, his prime minister Hemu became the de facto ruler of U.P., Bihar, MP and western parts of Bengal. Hemu had won in all 22 battles spanning entire North India. He defeated Emperor Akbar's forces at Agra and Delhi and established Hindu Raj (which lasted one month) in U.P. on 7 October 1556. He was bestowed the title of Vikramaditya at his coronation

or Rajyabhishake at Purana Quila in Delhi and was titled as Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya. Hemu died in the Second Battle of Panipat, and U.P. came under Emperor Akbar's rule. Agra and Fatehpur Sikri were the capitals of Emperor Akbar. At its zenith, the Mughal Empire covered almost the entire Indian subcontinent (including present day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh), which was ruled at different times from Delhi, Agra and Allahabad.

When the Mughal Empire disintegrated, their last territory remained confined to the Doab region of Hindustan and Delhi. Other areas of Hindustan (U.P.) were now ruled by different rulers:Awadh was ruled by the Nawabs of Awadh, Rohilkhand by Afghans, Bundelkhand by the Marathas and Benaras by its own king, while Nepal controlled Kumaon-Garhwal as a part ofGreater Nepal. The state's capital city of Lucknow was established by the Muslim Nawabs of Awadh in the 18th century.

(oudh stands for Awadh)

Modern-colonial

Starting from Bengal in the later half of the 18th century, a series of battles for North Indian lands finally gave the British East India Company accession over this state's territories – including the territories of Bundelkhand, Kumaon and Benaras rulers – and the last Mughal territories of Doab and Delhi. When the Company included Ajmer and Jaipur kingdoms in this northern territory, they named it the "North-Western Provinces" (of Agra). Today, the area may seem large compared to several of the Republic of India's present 'mini-states' – no more than the size of earlier 'divisions' of the British era – but at the time it was one of the smallest British provinces. Its capital shifted twice between Agra and Allahabad.

Mangal Pandey

Due to dissatisfaction with British rule, a serious rebellion erupted in various parts of North India; Meerut cantonment's sepoy, Mangal Pandey, is widely credited as its starting point. It came to be known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857. After the revolt failed the British attempted to divide the most rebellious regions by reorganizing the administrative boundaries of the region, splitting the Delhi region from ‘NWFP of Agra’ and merging it with Punjab, while theAjmer- Marwar region was merged with Rajputana and Oudh was incorporated into the state. The new state was called the 'North Western Provinces of Agra and Oudh', which in 1902 was renamed as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. It was commonly referred to as the United Provinces or its acronym UP.

United Provinces of Agra and Oudh in 1903

In 1920, the capital of the province was shifted from Allahabad to Lucknow. The high court continued to be at Allahabad, but a bench was established at Lucknow. Allahabad continues to be an important administrative base of today's Uttar Pradesh and has several administrative headquarters.

Uttar Pradesh continued to be central to Indian politics and was especially important in modern Indian history as a hotbed of both the Indian Independence Movement and the Pakistan Movement. Nationally known figures such as Jawaharlal Nehru were among the leaders of the movement in UP. The All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) was formed at the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress on 11 April 1936 with the legendary nationalistSwami Sahajanand Saraswati elected as its first President,[14] in order to address the long standing grievances of the peasantry and mobilise them against the zamindari landlords' attacks on their occupancy rights, thus sparking the Farmers' movement in India.[15][16]

During the Quit India Movement of 1942, Ballia district overthrew the colonial authority and installed an independent administration under Chittu Pandey. Ballia became known then as Baghi Ballia (Rebel Ballia) for this significant contribution in India's freedom movement.

Post-independence

After independence, the state was renamed Uttar Pradesh ("northern province") by its first chief minister, Govind Ballabh Pant. Pant was well acquainted with and close to Jawaharlal Nehru (the first Prime Minister of free India) and was also popular in the Congress Party. He established such a good reputation in Lucknow that Nehru called him to Delhi, the capital and seat of Central Government of the country, to make him Home Minister of India in 27

December 1954. He was succeeded by Dr. Sampoornanand, a classicist Sanskrit scholar. Following a political crisis in Uttar Pradesh, initiated by Kamlapati Tripathi and C.B.Gupta, Sampurnanand was asked to resign as CM in 1960 and sent to Rajasthan as the Governor of Rajasthan, paving the way for Gupta and Tripathi to become Chief Ministers.

Sucheta Kripalani served as India's first woman chief minister from October 1963 until March 1967, when a two-month long strike by state employees caused her to step down. After her, Chandra Bhanu Gupta assumed the office of Chief Minister with Laxmi Raman Acharya as Finance Minister, but the government lasted for only two years due to the confusion and chaos which ended only with the defection of Charan Singh from the Congress with a small set of legislators. He set up a party called the Jana Congress, which formed the first non-Congress government in U.P. and ruled for over a year.

Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna was chief minister for Congress Party government for part of the 1970s. He was dismissed by the Central Government headed by Indira Gandhi, along with several other non-Congress chief ministers, shortly after the imposition of the widely unpopular Emergency, when Narain Dutt Tewari – later chief minister of Uttarakhand – became chief minister. The Congress Party lost heavily in 1977 elections, following the lifting of the Emergency, but romped back to power in 1980, when Mrs. Gandhi handpicked the man who would later become her son's principal opposition, V.P. Singh, to become Chief Minister.

Creation of the state of Uttarakhand

On 9 November 2000, the Himalayan portion of the state, comprising the Garhwal and Kumaon divisions and Haridwar district, was formed into a new state

'Uttaranchal', now calledUttarakhand, meaning the 'Northern Segment' state.

Geography

: 

Uttar Pradesh shares an international border with Nepal and is bounded by the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh,Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Bihar. The state can be divided into two distinct hypsographical regions.

The larger Gangetic Plain region is in the north: it includes the Ganges-Yamuna Doab, the Ghaghra plains, the Ganges plains and the Terai. It has highly fertile alluvial soils and flat topography (slope 2 m/km) broken by numerous ponds, lakes and rivers.

The smaller Vindhya Hills and Plateau region is in the south: it is characterised by hard rock strata and varied topography of hills, plains, valleys and plateau; limited availability of water makes the region relatively arid.

Rivers and Lakes

Uttar Pradesh has more than 31 larger and smaller rivers among them holy Ganga, Yamuna, Sarayu and Ghaghara are larger and of very much religious importance in Hinduism.

Flora and fauna

Uttar Pradesh has 2.34% land under forest cover now. In spite of alarming deforestation and poaching of wild life, a diverse flora and fauna exists. Several species of trees, large and smallmammals, reptiles and insects are found in the belt of temperate upper mountainous forests; medicinal plants are also found wild here, or are now grown on plantations. Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands support cattle. Moist deciduous trees grow in

the upper Gangetic plain, including its riverbanks. In fact, this vast plain is so fertile and life supporting that any thing, which can live or grow anywhere, will do so here. Ganges and its tributaries are the habitat of sameer a variety of large and small reptiles, amphibians, fresh-water fish and crabs. Mostly scrubs, trees like babool and animals like chinkara are found in the arid Vindhyas.[17]

[18] The state’s important plants and animals include the following:

Trees: pine, rhododendrons, silver fir, deodar, saal, oak, teak, sheesham, mango, neem, banyan, peepal, imli, jamun, mahua, semal, gular and dhak.

Medicinal plants: hingan,[19] Dhak,[20] rauwolfia, sepentina, hexandrum, podophyllum.

Large vertebrates: elephant, tiger, bear, neelgai, wild pig, deer, wolf, jackal, fox, langoor, porcupine. The Swamp deer or Barasingha is the state animal of Uttar Pradesh.

Birds: peacock, gray quail, pigeon, swallow, maina, Indian parakeet, crow and duck. The saras crane is the state bird of Uttar Pradesh.

Reptiles: crocodile, gharial, goh, snakes, chameleon and other lizards.

Fish: Rohu, catla, khusa, parhan, patra, moi, korouch and singhi.

According to Hindu legend, Lord Rama’s warrior devotee Hanuman had brought life saving Sanjivani herbs from a mountain of this, or possibly the breakaway Uttarakhand, region.

Climate

The climate of Uttar Pradesh is predominantly subtropical, but weather conditions change significantly with location and seasons:

Temperature: Depending on the elevation, the average temperatures vary from 12.5–17.5 °C (55–64 °F) in January to 27.5–32.5 °C (82–91 °F) in May and June. The highest temperature recorded in the State was 49.9 °C (121.8 °F) at Gonda on 8 May 1958.

Rainfall: Rainfall in the State ranges from 1,000–2,000 mm (39–79 in) in the east to 600–1,000 mm (24–39 in) in the west. About 90% of the rainfall occurs during the southwestMonsoon, lasting from about June to September. With most of the rainfall concentrated during this four-month period, floods are a recurring problem and cause heavy damage to crops, life, and property, particularly in the eastern part of the state, where the Himalayan-origin rivers flow with a very low north-south gradient.

Snowfall: In the Himalayan region of the State, annual snowfall averaging 3 to 5 metres (10 to 15 feet) is common between December and March.

Droughts: Periodic failure of monsoons results in drought conditions and crop failure.

Constituent regions

Regions of Uttar Pradesh

The state comprises several distinct regions:

The Doab region which runs along UP’s western border from north to south; this region is further divided into three zones: The Upper Doab in the north-west, The Middle Doab in the west,

including the Braj-bhumi in the trans-Yamuna area, The Lower Doab in the south-centre,

The Rohilkhand region in the north; The Awadh(or Oudh), the historic country of Kosalas in

the centre; The northern parts of Bundelkhand in the south; The northern parts of Bagelkhand in the south-east; and The south-eastern part of the state, commonly

called Purvanchal ("Eastern Province"), which is adjacent to the Bhojpur district of Bihar.

Administrative divisions and districts (as in 2010)

The state of Uttar Pradesh consists of seventy five districts, which are grouped into eighteen divisions:-

Agra Division, Aligarh Division, Allahabad Division, Azamgarh Division, Bareilly Division, Basti Division, Chitrakoot Division, Devipatan Division, Faizabad Division, Gorakhpur Division,Jhansi Division, Kanpur Division, Lucknow Division, Meerut Division, Mirzapur Division, Moradabad Division, Saharanpur Division and Varanasi Division.

Municipal Corporations Following are Municipal Corporations (Nagar Nigam) in UP

1.Agra 2.Aligarh 3.Allahabad 4.Bareilly 5.Ghaziabad 6.Gorakhpur

7.Jhansi 8.Kanpur 9.Lucknow 10. Meerut 11. Moradabad 12. Saharanpur 13. Varanasi 14. Muzaffarnagar

Special Status

1.NOIDA 2.Greater Noida

Some Big Municipal Councils

1.Firozabad 2.Loni 3.Mathura 4.Rampur 5.Shahjahanpur

According to latest data released by http://censusindia.gov.in there are 7 cities in the state having population more than 1 million while the number of cities having population more than 5 lakhs are 16.[21] Demographics of Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India with a population of 199,581,477 million people as of 1 March 2011. If it were a separate country, Uttar Pradesh would be the world's fifth most populous nation, next only to China, India, the United States of America and Indonesia. As of the 2001 census of India, about 80% of Uttar Pradesh population is Hindu, while Muslims make up around 18% of the population. The remaining population consists of Sikhs, Buddhists, Christians andJains.[23]

The peripheral regions of Uttar Pradesh, are home to a number of tribal communities such as Agaria, Baiga, Bhar, Bhoksa, Bind, Chero, Gond, Kol and Korwa. Five of these tribal communities have been recoginised by the Government of India as disadvantaged scheduled tribes, viz. Tharus, Boksas, Bhotia, Jaunswaris and Rajis.[24]

Meerut in a nutshell:Meerut

मे�रठ

میرٹھ

The Sports Capital of India

—  metropolitan city  —

Meerut

Location of Meerutin Uttar Pradesh and India

Coordinates

28°59′N   77°42′ E Coordinates :  28°59′N   7 7°42′E

Country India

State Uttar Pradesh

Division Meerut

District(s) Meerut district

Mayor Smt. Madhu Gurjar

Population

• Density• Metro

1,451,983[1] (2001)

• 8,123 /km2 (21,038 /sq mi)• 2,086,194 (16) (2009)

Time zone IST (UTC+05:30)

Area

• Elevation

272 square kilometres (105 sq mi)

• 224.659 metres (737.07 ft)

The city may have derived its name from Maya Rashtra, the capital of the kingdom of Mandodari's father and Ravana's father-in-law,Mayasura. This name may have mutated to Mairashtra, Mai-dant-ka-khera, Mairaath and eventually Meerut.[9]

According to another version Maya, a distinguished architect, got from king Yudhishther the land on which the city of Meerut now stands and he called this place Mayrashtra, a name which in course of time became shortened to Meerut. Tradition are so has it that the district formed part of the dominions of Mahipal, Gujjar

king of Indraprashta and the word Meerut is associated with his name.[9] It is also said that there was a group of maratha troops group in meerut, so the city was called maarath, which has now turned into meerut

Some threoretical classes were held as a necessary part of RAWE:

Food technology:

Class was taken by Dr.Shamsher & Dr.suresh chandra Associate Professor Assistant professor Agril.Engg.

He taught us about handling of food tech laboratory and relevant information about it was given by him is here under:

Food technology, is a branch of food science which deals with the actual production processes to make foods.

Early history of food technology

Research in the field now known as food technology has been conducted for decades.Nicolas Appert’s

development in 1810 of the canning process was a decisive event. The process wasn’t called canning then and Appert did not really know the principle on which his process worked, but canning has had a major impact on food preservation techniques.

Louis Pasteur's research on the spoilage of wine and his description of how to avoid spoilage in 1864 was an early attempt to put food technology on a scientific basis. Besides research into wine spoilage, Pasteur did research on the production of alcohol,vinegar, wines and beer, and the souring of milk. He developed pasteurization—the process of heating milk and milk products to destroy food spoilage and disease-producing organisms. In his research into food technology, Pasteur became the pioneer into bacteriology and of modern preventive medicine.

Developments in food technology

Several companies in the food industry have played a role in the development of food technology. These developments have contributed greatly to the food supply. Some of these developments are:

Instantized Milk Powder  - D.D. Peebles (U.S. patent 2,835,586) developed the first instant milk powder, which has become the basis for a variety of new products that are rehydratable in cold water or milk. This process increases the surface area of the powdered product by partially rehydrating spray-dried milk powder.

Freeze-drying  - The first application of freeze drying was most likely in thepharmaceutical industry; however, a successful large-scale industrial application

of the process was the development of continuous freeze drying of coffee.

High-Temperature Short Time Processing  - These processes for the most part are characterized by rapid heating and cooling, holding for a short time at a relatively high temperature and filling aseptically into sterile containers.

Decaffeination  of Coffee and Tea - Decaffeinated coffee and tea was first developed on a commercial basis in Europe around 1900. The process is described in U.S. patent 897,763. Green coffee beans are treated with steam or water to around 20% moisture. The added water and heat separate the caffeine from the bean to its surface. Solvents are then used to remove the caffeine from the beans. In the 1980s, new non-organic solvent techniques have been developed for the decaffeination of coffee and tea. Carbon dioxide under supercritical conditions is one of these new techniques. U.S. patent 4,820,537 was issued to General Foods Corp. for a CO2decaffeination process.

Process optimization - Food Technology now allows production of foods to be more efficient, Oil saving technologies are now available on different forms. Production methods and methodology have also become increasingly sophisticated.

Mushroom Cultivation :

Classes for mushroom cultivation was taken by Dr. Gopal Singh,Associate

professor ,Dept. of plant pathology.He has given the following lectures:

Edible mushrooms are the fleshy and edible fruiting bodies of several species of fungi. Mushroomsbelong to the macrofungi, because their fruiting structures are large enough to be seen with thenaked eye. They can appear either below ground (hypogeous) or above ground (epigeous) where they may be picked by hand. Edibility may be defined by criteria that include absence of poisonouseffects on humans and desirable taste and aroma. Of the estimated 1.5 million species of fungi, only about 150 are considered toxic.

Edible mushrooms are consumed by humans for their nutritional and occasionally medicinal value ascomestibles Mushrooms consumed for health reasons are known as medicinal mushrooms. While hallucinogenic mushrooms (e.g. Psilocybin mushrooms) are occasionally consumed for recreationalor religious purposes, they can produce severe nausea and disorientation, and are therefore not commonly considered edible mushrooms.

Vitamin D

Name Chemical composition Structure

Vitamin D2ergocalciferol (made fromergosterol)

Vitamin D3

cholecalciferol (made from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin).

Mushrooms that have been exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light contain large amounts

of vitamin D2. Mushrooms, when exposed to UV light, convert to ergosterol, a chemical

found in large concentrations in many mushrooms, to vitamin D2. This is similar to

the reaction in humans, where Vitamin D3 is synthesized after exposure to UV light.

At present 3 mushrooms are being cultivated in India. These are : the white mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), the paddy-straw mushroom (Volvariella vovvacea) and the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju). Of these, A. bisporus is the most popular and economically sound to grow and is extensively cultivated throughout the world. However, due to its low temperature requirement, its cultivation is restricted to the cool climatic areas and to the winter in the plains of Northen India. In summer, the tropical paddy-straw mushroom is suitable for growing in most parts of India. Even then it is less attractive commercially owing to very low yield per unit weight of the substrate and an extremely short shelf-life. But, as a kitchen-garden crop it is preferred because it is very delicious and nutritous.Oyster mushroom can grow at moderate temperature ranging from 220 to 280C. therefore, it is suitable for most of the places of India. It is a familiar item in the menu of most hotels in Bangalore where it is being grown commercially.In north India, the climate conditions prevailing during different seasons can be exploited for

growing mushroom throughout the year. To this a year-wise production schedule is suggested :

Mid-November to Mid-March

: Agaricus bisporus

February to Mid-April: Pleurotus sajor-caju

Mid-June to Mid-September

: Volvariella volvacea

September to November: Pleurotus sajor-caju

Spawn

The propogating material used by the mushroom growers for planting beds is called spawn. The spawn is equivalent to vegetative seed of higher plant. Quality of spawn is basic for the successful mushroom cultivation.At present, the pure culture spawn has been the basis of modern spawn production units all over the world. The manufacture of the pure culture spawn is done under scientifically controlled conditions which demand a standard of hygiene as in a hospital operation theatre. Equipment and substrate used for spawn are autoclaved and filtered air is passed during the inocluation ensures complete freedom from contamination.

Agents of Bio contol :

This class was taken by Dr. C.S.Prasad at the Bio control lab,he taught us about handling of laboratory as well as theoretical topics were also discussed. The following topics were discussed in the class:

Biological control of pests in agriculture is a method of controlling pests (including insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases) that relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms. It can be an important component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs.

Biological control is defined as the reduction of pest populations by natural enemies and typically involves an active human role. Natural enemies of insect pests, also known as biological log control agents; and include predators, parasitoids, and pathogens. Biological control agents of plant diseases are most often referred to as antagonists. Biological control agents of weeds include herbivores and plant pathogens. Predators, such as birds, lady beetles and lacewings, are mainly free-living species that consume a large number of prey during their whole lifetime. Parasitoids are species whose immature develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing or fatally infecting the host. Most have a very narrow host range. Many species of wasps and some flies are parasitoids. Pathogens are

disease-causing organisms including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. They kill or debilitate their own host and are relatively specific. There are three basic types of biological control strategies; conservation, classical biological control, and augmentation.

Classical biological control

when an insect pest is accidentally introduced into a new geographic area without its associated natural enemiesThe first step in the process is to determine the origin of the introduced pest and then collect appropriate natural enemies associated with the pest or closely related species. The natural enemy is then passed through a rigorous quarantine process, to ensure that no unwanted organisms (such as hyperparasitoids) are introduced, then they are mass produced, and released. Follow-up studies are conducted to determine if the natural enemy becomes successfully established at the site of release, and to assess the long-term benefit of its presence.

There are many examples of successful classical biological control programs.

Joseph Needham noted a Chinese text dating from 304AD, Records of the Plants and Trees of the Southern Regions, by Hsi Han, which describes mandarin oranges protected by biological pest control techniques that are still in use today.

One of the earliest successes in the west was in controlling Icerya purchasi, the cottony cushion scale, a pest that was devastating the California citrus industry in the late 19th century. A predatory insect Rodolia cardinalis (the Vedalia Beetle), and a parasitoid fly were

introduced from Australia by Charles Valentine Riley. Within a few years the cottony cushion scale was completely controlled by these introduced natural enemies.

Damage from Hypera postica Gyllenhal, the alfalfa weevil, a serious introduced pest of forage, was substantially reduced by the introduction of several natural enemies. 20 years after their introduction the population of weevils in the alfalfa area treated for alfalfa weevil in the Northeastern United States was reduced by 75 percent. A small wasp, Trichogramma ostriniae, was introduced from China to help control the European corn borer making it a recent example of a long history of classical biological control efforts for this major pest. Many classical biological control programs for insect pests and weeds are under way across the United States and Canada. The population of Levuana irridescens (the Levuana moth), a serious coconut pest in Fiji, was brought under control by a classical biological control program in the 1920s.

Classical biological control is long lasting and inexpensive. Other than the initial costs of collection, importation, and rearing, little expense is incurred. When a natural enemy is successfully established it rarely requires additional input and it continues to kill the pest with no direct help from humans and at no cost. Classical biological control does not always work. It is usually most effective against exotic pests and less so against native insect pests. The reasons for failure are not often known but may include the release of too few individuals, poor adaptation of the natural enemy to environmental conditions at the release location, and lack of synchrony between the life cycle of the natural enemy and host pest.

Augmentation

This third type of biological control involves the supplemental release of natural enemies. Relatively few natural enemies may be released at a critical time of the season (inoculative release) or literally millions may be released (inundative release). Additionally, the cropping system may be modified to favor or augment the natural enemies. This latter practice is frequently referred to as habitat manipulation. An example of inoculative release occurs in greenhouse production of several crops. Periodic releases of the parasitoid, Encarsia formosa, are used to control greenhouse whitefly, and the predaceous mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis, is used for control of the two-spotted spider mite.

Lady beetles, lacewings, or parasitoids such as those from the genus Trichogramma are frequently released in large numbers (inundative release). Recommended release rates for Trichogramma in vegetable or field crops range from 5,000 to 200,000 per acre (1 to 50 per square metre) per week depending on level of pest infestation. Similarly, entomopathogenicnematodes are released at rates of millions and even billions per acre for control of certain soil-dwelling insect pests.

The spraying of octopamine analogues (such as 3-FMC) has been suggested as a way to boost the effectiveness of augmentation.Octopamine, regarded as theinvertebrate counterpart of dopamine plays a role in activating the insects' flight-or-fight response. The idea behind using octopamine analogues to augment biological control is that natural enemies will be more effective in their eradication of the pest, since the pest will be behaving in an unnatural way because its flight-or-fight mechanism has been activated. Octopamine

analogues are purported to have two desirable characteristics for this type of application: (1) they affect insects at very low dosages (2) they do not have a physiological effect in humans (or other vertebrates).

A turnaround flowerpot, filled with straw to attract Dermaptera-species

Habitat or environmental manipulation is another form of augmentation. This tactic involves altering the cropping system to augment or enhance the effectiveness of a natural enemy. Many adult parasitoids and predators benefit from sources of nectar and the protection provided by refuges such as hedgerows, cover crops, and weedy borders. Also, the provisioning of natural shelters in the form of wooden caskets, boxes or (turnaround) flowerpots is a form of this. For example, the stimulation of the natural predator Dermaptera is done in gardens by hanging up turnaround flowerpots with straw or wood wool.

Mixed plantings and the provision of flowering borders can increase the diversity of habitats and provide shelter and alternative food sources. They are easily

incorporated into home gardens and even small-scale commercial plantings, but are more difficult to accommodate in large-scale crop production. There may also be some conflict with pest control for the large producer because of the difficulty of targeting the pest species and the use of refuges by the pest insects as well as natural enemies.

Examples of habitat manipulation include growing flowering plants (pollen and nectar sources) such as Buckwheat near crops to attract and maintain populations of natural enemies. For example, hover fly adults can be attracted to umbelliferous plants in bloom.

Biological control experts in California have demonstrated that planting prune trees in grape vineyards provides an improved overwintering habitat or refuge for a key grape pest parasitoid. The prune trees harbor an alternate host for the parasitoid, which could previously overwinter only at great distances from most vineyards. Caution should be used with this tactic because some plants attractive to natural enemies may also be hosts for certain plant diseases, especially plant viruses that could be vectored by insect pests to the crop. Although the tactic appears to hold much promise, only a few examples have been adequately researched and developed.

Examples of predators

Lacewings are available from biocontrol dealers.

Ladybugs, and in particular their larvae which are active between May and July in the northern hemisphere, are voracious predators of aphidssuch as greenfly and blackfly, and will also consume mites, scale insects and small caterpillars. The ladybug is a very familiar beetle with various colored markings, whilst its larvae are initially small and spidery, growing up to 17 mm long. The larvae have a tapering segmented grey/black body with orange/yellow markings and ferocious mouthparts. They can be encouraged by cultivating a patch of nettles in the garden and by leaving hollow stems and some plant debris over winter so that they can hibernate.

Hoverflies resemble slightly darker bees or wasps and they have characteristic hovering, darting flight patterns. There are over 100 species of hoverfly whose larvae principally feed upon greenfly, one larva devouring up to fifty a day, or 1000 in its lifetime. They also eat fruit tree spider mites and small caterpillars. Adults feed on nectar and pollen, which they require for egg production. Eggs are minute (1 mm), pale yellow

white and laid singly near greenfly colonies. Larvae are 8–17 mm long, disguised to resemble bird droppings, they are legless and have no distinct head. Semi-transparent in a range of colours from green, white, brown and black.

Predatory Polistes wasp looking for bollworms or other caterpillars on a cotton plant

Hoverflies can be encouraged by growing attractant flowers such as the poached egg plant (Limnanthes douglasii), marigolds or phaceliathroughout the growing season.

Dragonflies are important predators of mosquitoes, both in the water, where the dragonfly naiads eat mosquito larvae, and in the air, where adult dragonflies capture and eat adult mosquitoes. Community-wide mosquito control programs that spray adult mosquitoes also kill dragonflies, thus removing an important biocontrol agent, and can actually increase mosquito populations in the long term.

Other useful garden predators include lacewings, pirate bugs, rove and ground beetles, aphid midge, centipedes, spiders, predatory mites, as well as larger fauna such

as frogs, toads, lizards, hedgehogs, slow-worms and birds. Cats and rat terriers kill field mice, rats, June bugs, and birds. Dogs chase away many types of pest animals. Dachshunds are bred specifically to fit inside tunnels underground to kill badgers.

More examples:

Phytoseiulus persimilis  (against spider mites) Amblyseius californicus  (against spider mites) Amblyseius cucumeris  (against spider mites) Typhlodromips swirskii (against spider mites, thrips,

and white flies) Feltiella acarisuga  (against spider mites) Stethorus punctillum  (against spider mites) Macrolophus caluginosus  (against spider mites)Parasitoid insects

Most insect parasitoids are wasps or flies. Parasitoids comprise a diverse range of insects that lay their egg on or in the body of an insect host, which is then used as a food for developing larvae. Parasitic wasps take much longer than predators to consume their victims, for if the larvae were to eat too fast they would run out of food before they became adults. Such parasites are very useful in the organic garden, for they are very efficient hunters, always at work searching for pest invaders. As adults they require high energy fuel as they fly from place to place, and feed upon nectar, pollen and sap, thereby pollinating plenty of flowering plants, particularly buckwheat, umbellifers, andcomposites will encourage their presence.

Four of the most important groups are:

Ichneumonid wasps : (5–10 mm). Prey mainly on caterpillars of butterflies and moths.

Braconid wasps : Tiny wasps (up to 5 mm) attack caterpillars and a wide range of other insects including greenfly. A common parasite of the cabbage white caterpillar- seen as clusters of sulphur yellow cocoons bursting from collapsed caterpillar skin.

Chalcid wasps : Among the smallest of insects (<3 mm). Parasitize eggs/larvae of greenfly, whitefly, cabbage caterpillars, scale insects and Strawberry Tortrix Moth (Acleris comariana).

Tachinid flies : Parasitize a wide range of insects including caterpillars, adult and larval beetles, true bugs, and others.

Examples of parasitoids: wasp

Encarsia formosa  (against white flies) Eretmocerus  spp. (against white flies)[7]

Aphidius colemani  (against aphids)Biological control with micro-organisms

Various microbial insect diseases occur naturally, but may also be used as biological pesticides. When naturally occurring, these outbreaks are density-dependent in that they generally only occur as insect populations become denser.

Bacteria and biological control

Bacteria used for biological control infect insects via their digestive tracts, so insects with sucking mouth parts like aphids and scale insects are difficult to control with bacterial biological control.[8] Bacillus

thuringiensis is the most widely applied species of bacteria used for biological control, with at least four sub-species used to control Lepidopteran (moth, butterfly),Coleopteran (beetle) and Dipteran (true flies) insect pests.

Fungi and biological control

Fungi that cause disease in insects are known as entomopathogenic fungi, including at least fourteen species of entomophthoraceous fungi attack aphids.[9] Species in the genusTrichoderma are used to manage some soilborne plant pathogens. Beauveria bassiana is used to manage different types of pest such whiteflies, thrips, aphids and weevils.

Examples of entomopathogenic fungi:

Beauveria bassiana  (against white flies, thrips, aphids and weevils)

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus  (against white flies, thrips and aphids)

Metarhizium  spp. (against beetles, locusts, Hemiptera, spider mites[6] and other pests)

Lecanicillium lecanii  (against white flies, thrips and aphids)

Cordyceps  species (sometines teleomorphs of the above: that infect a wide spectrum of arthropods)

Combined use of parasitoids and pathogens

In cases of massive and severe infection of invasive pests, techniques of pest control are often used in combination. An example being, that of the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennisFairmaire, family Buprestidae), an invasive beetle from China, which has destroyed tens of millions of ash trees in its introduced range in North America. s part of the

campaign against the emerald ash borer (EAB), American scientists in conjunction with the Chinese Academy of Forestry searched since 2003 for its natural enemies in the wild leading to the discovery of several parasitoid wasps, namely Tetrastichus planipennisi, a gregarious larval endoparasitoid,Oobius agrili, a solitary, parthenogenic egg parasitoid, and Spathius agrili, a gregarious larval ectoparasitoid. These have been been introduced and released into the United States of America as a possible biological control of the emerald ash borer. Initial results have shown promise with Tetrastichus planipennisi and it is now being released along with Beauveria bassiana, a fungal pathogen with known insecticidal properties

Plants to regulate insect pests

Choosing a diverse range of plants for the garden can help to regulate pests in a variety of ways, including;

Masking the crop plants from pests, depending on the proximity of the companion or intercrop.

Producing olfactory inhibitors, odors that confuse and deter pests.

Acting as trap plants by providing an alluring food that entices pests away from crops.

Serving as nursery plants, providing breeding grounds for beneficial insects.

Providing an alternative habitat, usually in a form of a shelterbelt, hedgerow, or beetle bank where beneficial insects can live and reproduce. Nectar-rich plants that bloom for long periods are especially good, as many beneficials are nectivorous during the adult stage, but parasitic or predatory as larvae. A good example of this is the soldier beetle which is

frequently found on flowers as an adult, but whose larvae eat aphids, caterpillars, grasshopper eggs, and other beetles.

Some plants have chemical defenses in order to regulate pests. The geranium has developed such a defense against Japanese beetles, one of the most damaging and expensive pests to control when it comes to ornamental and turf plants. The geranium’s petals contain a chemical compound that paralyzes the beetle within 30 minutes of ingestion. The beetle will remain paralyzed for several hours and will typically regain movement within 24 hours. However, while paralyzed the beetle is very vulnerable to its predators and is usually hunted before the paralysis subsides. Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists are working to isolate the chemical compound in geraniums that causes the paralysis in the beetles. Scientists hope to one day use this natural pesticide to control the population of beetles. In addition to this research ARS scientists are studying ways to help geranium leaves better hold on to pesticide chemicals that are sprayed on them, that way less pesticides will have to be applied to the leaves. [1]

Plants to regulate plants

The legume vine Mucuna pruriens is used in the countries of Benin and Vietnam as a biological control for problematic Imperata cylindrica grass. Mucuna pruriens is said not to be invasive outside its cultivated area.[13] Desmodium uncinatum can be used in push-pull farming to stop the parasitic plant, Striga.

Directly introducing biological controls

Diagram illustrating the life cycles of Greenhouse whitefly and its parasitoid wasp Encarsia formosa

Most of the biological controls listed above depend on providing incentives in order to 'naturally' attract beneficial insects to the garden. However there are occasions when biological controls can be directly introduced. Common biocontrol agents include parasitoids, predators, pathogens or weed feeders. This is particularly appropriate in situations such as the greenhouse, a largely artificial environment, and are usually purchased by mail order.

Some biocontrol agents that can be introduced include;

Encarsia formosa. This is a small predatory chalcid wasp which is parasitical on whitefly, a sap-feeding insect which can cause wilting and black sooty moulds. It is most effective when dealing with low level infestations, giving protection over a long period of time. The wasp lays its eggs in young whitefly 'scales', turning them black as the parasite larvae pupates. It should be introduced as soon as possible after the first adult whitefly are seen. Should be used in conjunction with insecticidal soap.

Red spider mite , another pest found in the greenhouse, can be controlled with the predatory mitePhytoseilus persimilis. This is slightly larger than its prey and has an orange body. It develops from egg to adult twice as fast as the red spider mite and once established quickly overcomes infestation.

A fairly recent development in the control of slugs is the introduction of 'Nemaslug', a microscopic nematode (Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita) which will seek out and parasitize slugs, reproducing inside them and killing them. The nematode is applied by watering onto moist soil, and gives protection for up to six weeks in optimum conditions, Nemaslug nematodes are mainly effective with small and young slugs under the soil surface.

A bacterial biological control which can be introduced in order to control butterfly caterpillars is Bacillus thuringiensis. This available in sachets of dried spores which are mixed with water and sprayed onto vulnerable plants such as brassicas and fruit trees. The bacterial disease will kill the caterpillars, but leave other insects unharmed. There are strains of Bt that are effective against other insect larvae. Bt israelensis is effective against mosquito larvae and some midges.

The European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is seen as a major pest in Australia and New Zealand.

A viral biological control which can be introduced in order to control the overpopulation of European rabbit in Australia is the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus that causes the rabbit haemorrhagic disease.

A biological control being developed for use in the treatment of plant disease is the fungus Trichoderma viride. This has been used againstDutch Elm disease, and to treat the spread of fungal and bacterial growth on tree wounds. It may also have potential as a means of combating silver leaf disease.

Several species of dung beetle were introduced to Australia from South Africa and Europe during the Australian Dung Beetle Project (1965–1985) led by Dr. George Bornemissza of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation in order to biologically control the population of pestilent bush flies and parasitic worms[15].

The parasitoid Gonatocerus ashmeadi (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) has been introduced to control the glassy-winged

sharpshooter Homalodisca vitripennis  (Hemipterae: Cicadellidae) in French Polynesia and has successfully controlled ~95% of the pest density. Negative consequences of biological pest control

In some cases, biological pest control could have unforeseen averse consequences that outweigh all benefits, often by becoming an invasive species. For example:

When the mongoose was introduced to Hawaii in order to control the rat population, it preyed on the endemic birds of Hawaii, especially their eggs, more often than it ate the rats. (Note, however, that the introduction of the mongoose was not undertaken based on scientific—or perhaps any—understanding of the consequences of such an action. The introduction of a generalist mammal for biocontrol of anything would be unthinkable by any reasonable standards today.)

Cane toads  (Bufo marinus) were introduced to Australia in the 1930s in a failed attempt to control the cane beetle, a pest of sugar cane crops. 102 toads were obtained from Hawaiiand bred in captivity to increase their numbers until they were released into the sugar cane fields of the tropic north in 1935. It was later discovered that the toads could not jump very high and so they could not eat the cane beetles which stayed up on the upper stalks of the cane plants. The toad population grew dramatically and eventually out-competed native species. Not only were these toads very harmful to the Australian environment, they were also very toxic to would-be predators such as the native snakes. [2]

5 cats brought to the subantarctic Marion Islands to catch mice in 1949 multiplied to 3,400 in about two decades and started to threaten local extinction of birds. They had to be infected with feline distemper virus. The rest were shot and completely eliminated by the 1990s.

The sturdy and prolific mosquito fish was introduced from around the Gulf of Mexico to around the world in the 1930s and 40s to combat malaria; however, it was found to cause the decline of local fish and frogs through competition of other food source as well as eating their eggs. 

Living organisms, through the process of evolution, may achieve increased resistance to biological, chemical, and physical methods of control over time. In the event the target pest population is not completely exterminated or is still capable of reproduction (were the pest control means a form of sterilization), the surviving population could acquire a tolerance to the applied pressures - this can result in an evolutionary arms race with the control method.

Class at Fisheries Centre in Dept. of entomology:

This class was taken by Dr. D.V.Singh,Asso. Professor Department of Entomology.He has given us the following details in a session of 2 classes:

Catla catla (Ham):

The species has the fastest rate of growth among the Indian major carps. In good nursery ponds, hatchlings of catla stocked at the rate of 1000000 to 1250000 per hectare, grow to a length of 20-25 mm in 15 days.

Catla attains maturity when about 2 years old. In 5 kg female, a total number of 4000000 ova were found which gives the fecundity to be 80 eggs/g body weights.

Labeo roghita (Ham):

Rohu also grows very fast but is relatively little slower than atla. The hatchings of Rohu when stocked at the rate of 1000000 to 12,50,000/ha grow to a length of 25-30 mm in 15 days, and the survival rate is 50%.

Labeo calbasu (Ham):

Kalbasu is a widely distributed carp and grows to a fairly large size, but its rate of growth is slower than that of catla and Rohu. Kalbasu grows to a length of 30-35 ms and a weight of 450 g by the end of first year. The fish becomes sexually mature when about 25 cm long and induced bred specime4n have been observed to reach maturity in one year.

Labeo bata (ham):

It is a medium sized carp and attains a length of 60 cm. it is widely distributed in India and is often cultured with other major carps. When stocked at 1.5 lakhs/ha, the fish grows to a length of 25-32 mm in one month.

Cirrhina mrigala:

This species is widely cultured in India along with other carps. It grows fast and fry when stocked at 10 lakhs to

12.5 lakhs/ha grow to 25-30 mm in length in 15 days. Both the sexes mature when they are two years old. However induced bred specimen at Central Fisheries Research Institute, Cuttack become sexually mature in one year only.

Hypopthalmichthys molitrix (C and D):

The silver carp is a native of China, and is widely cultivated in S.E. Asian countries. It was introduced into India in 1959. Hatchings when stocked at 10-12.5 lakhs/ha, grow to size of 25-30 mm in 15 days. In China this species grows to150,900, 1800 and 4200 g, at the end of first, second, third and fourth years respectively. Both the sexes of this species are reported to have become mature when 20 months old. However, induced bred specimen of silver carp become mature when only 11 months old.

Ctenopharyngodon idella (val):

The grass carp is an exotic fish introduced recently in India. It has a fast growth rate. Fry stocked at 10-12.5 lakhs/ha attain a length 22-27 mm in 15 days. When stocked along with silver carp they grow to 12 cm in three months, and attained a length of 73-86 cm when 3 years old. Males become mature when 2 years old; the females are reported to mature a year later.

Cyprinus carpio (Linu):

The common carp is very widely distributed all over the world, and three varieties of the fish are known.

The species becomes sexually mature at different times depending on the climatic conditions.

Clarias batrachus (Linn):

The species reaches a length of 20 cm by the end of first year, and a maximum length of 40 cm by the end of second year. Specimen becomes sexually mature by the end of one year. Generally, 2000-5000 fry are collected from one nest.

Live stock classes at LRC(Livestock research Centre):

These classes were held at the LRC of the university.We were taught the practical aspects of the animal husbandry.The topics taught under theoretical classes are as under :

Breeds of Cattle and their Selection

In dian Cattle Breeds

Milch breeds

Milch and draught breeds

Draught breeds

Exotic dairy breeds

Breeds of Buffalo

General selection procedures for dairy breeds

Select in g breeds for Commercial Dairy Farm - Suggestions

Indian Cattle Breeds

Milch breeds

Sahiwal

Mainly found in Punjab, Haryana, U.P, Delhi, Bihar and M.P.

Milk yield – Under village condition :1350 kgs               – Under commercial farms: 2100 kgs

Age at first calving -32-36 months Calving interval – 15 month

Gir

Mainly found in Gir forest areas of South Kathiawar Milk yield   – Under village condition : 900 kgs

                 – Under commercial farms: 1600 kgs

Tharparkar

Mainly found in Jodhpur, Kutch and Jaisalmer Milk yield   – Under village condition :1660 kgs

                 – Under commercial farms: 2500 kgs

Karan Frie

Karan Frie was developed by artificially inseminating the Tharparkar cow breed found inRajasthan with Holstein Friesian bulls. The Tharparkar cows, though average producers of milk, are highly valued for their ability to withstand hot and humid climate.

Characteristics of the breed :

The animals are characterised by black and white patches on the body, forehead and the tail switch. The udder is dark in colour with white patches on the teats with prominent milk veins.

Karan Frie cows are extremely docile. Female calves mature early compared to male calves and conceive during 32-34 months of age.

Gestation period usually lasts for about 280 days. "After calving the animals conceive within 3 to 4 months thus having a clear advantage over the local cows which normally take 5-6 months to conceive again.

Milk yield : The cows of Karan Frie breed are able to produce about 3,000 to 3,400 litres of milk in a year. The average milk production of this cow breed at the institute farm was about 3,700 litres, with a fat content of about 4.2 per cent in a lactation period of 320 days, he explained.

The breed performs well when fed with ample amounts of green fodder and balanced concentrate mixture and can yield about 15-20 litres of milk per day. The milk yield can go up to 25-35 litres a day during its peak milking period (that is 3-4 months of calving).

Owing to high milk production potential, the high yielding cows are more prone toinfection of the udder (mastitis) and mineral deficiencies, which can be cured if detected early."

Calf price : The price of a newly calved cow, depending upon its milk yield, generally ranges from Rs.20,000 to 25,000. 

For more information, contact : The Head, Dairy Cattle Breeding Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana- 132001 Phone: 0184-2259092.

Red Sindhi

Mainly available in Punjab, Haryana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Orissa.

Milk yield   – Under village condition :1100 kgs                 – Under commercial farms: 1900 kgs

Milch and Draught breeds

Ongole

Mainly found in Nellore, Krishna, Godavari and Guntur district of A.P.

Milk yield –1500 kgs Bullocks are powerful for cart work and heavy

ploughing.

Hariana

Mainly found in Karnal, Hisar and Gurgaon district of Haryana, Delhi and western M.P

Milk yield –1140 -4500 kgs Bullocks are powerful for road transport and rapid

ploughing

Kankrej

Mainly found in Guajrat Milk yield – Under village condition :1300 kgs

               – Under commercial farms : 3600 kgs

Age at first calving -36 to 42 months Calving interval – 15 to 16 months Bullocks are fast, active and strong. Good for plough

and cart purpose

             

Deoni

Mainly found in North western and western parts of A.P.

Cows are good milk producers and bullocks are good for work

Draught Breeds

Amritmahal

Mainly found in Karnataka. Best suitable for ploughing and transport

Hallikar

Mainly found in Tumkur, Hassan and Mysore districts of Karnataka

Khillar

Kangayam

Mainly found in Coimbatore, Erode, Namakkal, Karur and Dindigul districts of Tamil Nadu.

Best suited for ploughing and transport. Withstands hardy conditions.

Exotic dairy breeds

Jersey

Age at first calving : 26-30 months Intercalving – 13-14 months

Milk yield – 5000-8000 kgs Dairy milk yield is found to be 20 lts whereas cross

bred jersey, cow gives 8-10 lts per day. In India this breed has acclimatized well

especially in the hot and humid areas

 

Holstein Friesian

This breed is from Holland Milk yield  - 7200-9000 kgs This is by far the best diary breed among exotic

cattle regarding milk yield. On an average it gives 25 litres of milk per day, whereas a cross breed H.F. cow gives 10 - 15 lts per day.

It can perform well in coastal and delta areas

Breeds of Buffalo

Murrah

Mainly found in Haryana, Delhi and Punjab Milk yield – 1560 kgs On an average the daily milk yield is found to be 8-

10 lts, whereas a cross breed murrah buffalo gives 6-8 lts per day.

It performs well in coastal and slightly cold climatic areas.

Surti

Gujarat 1700-2500 kgs

Jaffarabadi :

Kathiawar district of Gujarat 1800-2700 kgs

Nagpuri

Nagpur, Wardha, Akola, Amravathi and Yeotmal in Maharastra.

Milk yield – 1030-1500 kgs

General selection procedures for dairy breeds

Selection of dairy cowsSelecting a calf in calf show, a cow in cattle show by judging is an art. A dairy farmer should build up his own herd by breeding his own herd. Following guidelines will be useful for selection of a diary cow.

whenever an animal is purchased from a cattle fair, it should be selected based upon its breed characters and milk producing ability

History sheet or pedigree sheet which are generally maintained in organized farms reveals the complete history of animal

The maximum yield by dairy cows are noticed during the first five lactations. So generally selection should be carried out during First or Second lactation and that too are month after calving.

There successive complete milkings has to be done and an average of it will give a fair idea regarding production by a particular animal

A cow should allow anybody to milk, and should be docile.

It is better to purchase the animals during the months of October and November.

Maximum yield is noticed till 90 days after calving.

Breed characteristics of high yielding dairy cows

Attractive individuality with feminity, vigour, harmonious blending of all parts, impressive style and carriage

Animal should have wedge shaped appearance of the body

It should have bright eyes with lean neck The udder should be well attached to the

abdomen The skin of the udder should have a good

network of blood vessels All four quarters of the udder should be well

demarcated with well placed teats.

Selecting breeds for Commercial Dairy Farm - Suggestions

Under Indian condition a commercial dairy farm should consist of minimum 20 animals

(10 cows, 10 buffaloes) this strength can easily go up to 100 animals in proportion of 50:50 or 40:60. After this however, you need to review your strength and market potential before you chose to go for expansion.

Middle class health-conscious Indian families prefer low fat milk for consumption as liquid milk. It is always better to go for a commercial farm of mixed type. (Cross breed,cows and buffaloes kept in separate rows under one shed).

Conduct a through study of the immediate market where you are planning to market your milk You can mix milk from both type of animals and sold as per need of the market. Hotels and some general customers (can be around 30%) prefer pure buffalo milk. Hospitals, sanitariums prefer cow's milk.

Selection of cow /buffalo breeds for commercial farm

Cows

Good quality cows are available in the market and it cost around Rs.1200 to Rs.1500 per liter of milk production per day. (e.g. Cost of a cow producing 10 liter of Milk per day will be between Rs.12,000 to Rs.15,000).

If proper care is given, cows breed regularly giving one calf every 13-14 monthinterval.

They are more docile and can be handled easily. Good milk yielding cross breeds (Holstein and Jersey crosses) has well adapted to Indian climate.

The fat percentage of cow's milk varies from 3-5.5% and is lower then Buffaloes.

Buffaloes

In India, we have good buffalo breeds like Murrah and Mehsana, which are suitable for commercial dairy farm.

Buffalo milk has more demand for making butter and butter oil (Ghee), as fat percentage in milk is higher then cow. Buffalo milk is also preferred for making tea, a welcoming drink in common Indian household.

Buffaloes can be maintained on more fibrous crop residues, hence scope for reducing feed cost.

Buffaloes largely mature late and give birth to calves at 16 to 18 months interval. Male calves fetch little value.

Agronomy :

In agronomy our class was taken by

Dr.S. S.Tomar,Assistant professor,Dept. of agronomy,he has taught us the General and introductory things which are as follows:

India has diversity in physiography, climate and soils, therefore, a variety of crops are cultivated.

1)Rice:

Rice is the main grain crop of India. India ranks second in the world in production of rice. About 34% of the total cultivated area if the nation is under rice cultivation. Out of the total production of food grains, production of rice is 42%.Rice is cultivated in areas having annual average rainfall of 125 cm and average temperature of 23 degree Celsius.Major rice cultivating areas are north east India, eastern and western coastal regions and river basin of Ganga. West Bengal, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh are the major rice producing states. Besides, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Orissa, Haryana, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Assam and Maharashtra also produce rice.

2)wheat:Wheat is the second major crop in India. It is cultivated in the Rabi season.There was a significant increase in the production of wheat after the Green Revolution. Improved seeds, proper application of fertilizers and irrigation, these three factors are utilized.Wheat is cultivated in areas with mean annual rainfall of 75 cm and fertile soil. The highest quantity of wheat in the country is in Uttar Pradesh. 35 % of wheat is produced only in Uttar Pradesh. This is produced by Punjab and Haryana where production of wheat is on a large scale.

3)Jowar: Jowar is also an important food crop of India. This crop is grown where the climate is hot and dry with 45 cm.

Out of the total area under jowar cultivation inIndia , 50% is cultivated in Maharashtra.Whereas out of the total production of Jowar in the nation, 52% is from Maharashtra. Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu also produce jowar.

4)Pulses:Pulses are grown in dry climate region in India. These crops provide nitrogen to the soil. Pulses are a source of protiens in the diet of the people.Madhya Pradesh is the leading pulses producing state in India. It produces 24% of the total pulses in the country. It is followed by the states of Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan.

5)Jute:India is a major producer of jute in the world. West Bengal,Bihar and Orissa are major producer of jute. Uttar Pradesh and Assam also cultivate jute to a small extent.

6)Coffee: Indian coffee is good for its taste and falvour, therefore it has a great demand in the world market. For reason, India exprots coffee.Coffee plantations re in south Indian states of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Coffee is produced on a large scale on the mountain ranges of Nilgiri.

7)Rubber:

It is a tree crop in plantation framing. Rubber is produced from latex that secrets through the trunks of the trees. Hot, humid climate with well drained soil is suitable for rubber cultivation.Rubber is planted in the states Of Kerala, karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Kerala state has highest production of rubber. 

Genetics and plant breeding:

We were taught about specific and general combining ability and pure line selection.following are the glimpses of lecture given by our teacher:

Certain inbred lines will display hybrid vigour when crossed. These vigorous lines are said to have favorable combining ability.

Certain inbreds have the ability to combine well with testers--these have general combining ability (GCA). When the inbred combines well only in certain crosses, it has specific combining ability (SCA). The only way to select for combining ability is to grow and examine the progeny. An astute breeder can recognize the potentital for hybrid vigour by identifying the dominant traits of the parents and deducing which lines may combine favorably.

Predicting the combining ability of recessive traits can only be determined through progeny testing.

The breeder is interested in single crosses (also known as F1 generations) that outperform other single crosses. If the breeder has multiple IBLs to work with, she could select first for GCA, then for SCA among the lines with GCA, then identify the best parental gene donors .

What is Combining Ability? – DefinitionCombining ability is the capacity of an individual to transmit superior performance to its offspring. It is the phenomenon with which inbred lines when crossed give rise to hybrid vigour.

Progeny tests should be performed to predict combining ability of the characters governed by recessive genes.Types of Combining AbilityIt is of two types

General Combining Ability  – Written in short as “gca” Specific Combining Ability  – Written in short as “sca”

Combining Ability EstimationCrosses made in a definite fashion is a pre-requisite for combining ability estimation. Estimated by half sib (gca) and full sib (sca) mating.Various steps like parent selection for crosses, performing crosses, their evaluation and interpretation are involved while estimation of combining ability. For analysis of crosses, biometrical techniques like diallel analysis, partial diallel, Line x tester analysis are used.

What is Pure line Selection – Definition?Pure line selection is a method in which new variety is developed by selection of single best plant progeny among traditional varieties or land races.

What is Pureline – Definition?Pure line is a self pollinated descendent of a self pollinated plant.Desirable types already exist in population. Those are isolated through careful testing procedures. Another term used for this method of plant breeding is individual plant selection, as large numbers of plants are selected, but those are harvested individually, their individual progenies are grown and

evaluated and then best progeny is released as a pureline variety.Genetic basis for Pureline SelectionPureline varieties are homozygous and homogeneous as they are genetically similar and true breeding. Such varieties possess narrow genetic base so they are more susceptible to diseases, and have poor adaptability. A pure line breeding method is normally used for self-pollinated crops, but has importance in breeding of inbred lines that are used to make hybrids in self or cross pollinated crops. ( Know Mass selection )To understand the procedure for development of such varieties go through the page Procedure for Pureline Selection. This page includes main steps and detailed procedure for the development of pureline variety.

Extension:We had the following topics discussed in our class as a guide to carry out our RAWE programme:

Extension is an educational process for bringing about the maximum number of desirable changes among the people, which involves both learning & teaching & needs some tools or methods commonly known as extension-teaching methods. It is, therefore, necessary here to understand what is meant by learning, teaching & extension methods.'Learning' is the process by which an individual, through his own activity, attains a change in his behaviour. It is an active process on the part of the learner. The essential role of an extension worker is

to create effective 'learning situations'. An effective learning situation requires the following essential elements:1. An instructor (an extension worker, e.g. an extension officer or a village-level worker).2. Learners (the farmers, the farm women & the youth).3. Subject-matter (the recommended improved practices, such as the seeds of high-yielding varieties,fertilisers, balanced diet, etc.)4. Teaching material, such as a flannel-board, a black-board, charts, models, samples, slides, film strips, etc.5. Physical facilities, such as sitting accomodation, good visibility, etc.

The extension worker should skillfully manipulate the elements of the learning situation & provide satisfactory learning experiences for the people. The farmer, the farmer women or the farm youth are the focal points in the learning situation. The main aim of an extension worker is to bring about a change in this behaviour of the people with the help of a judicious combination & use of different elements. all the teaching should be carried out according to the needs & resources of the local community or group.'Teaching' is the process of arranging situations in which the things to be learnt are brought to the notice of the learners, their interest is developed & desire aroused, i.e. they are stimulated to action.for example, if we want to teach the farmers the use & advantages of chemical fertilisers, we do this by conducting demonstrations on their fields, showing them how the fertilisers are applied, & compare the

yield of the fertilised crop with that of the crop to which no fertilisers has ben applied. After seeing the beneficial effect of a fertilisers, the farmer is convinced & motivated to action & starts using fertilisers regularly.

Extension-teaching methods. The extension-teaching methods are the tools & techniques used to create situations in which communication can take place between the rural people & the extension workers. They are the methods of extending new knowledge & skills to the rural people by drawing their attention towards them, arousing their interest & helping them to have a sucessful experience of the new practice.A proper understanding of these methods & their selection for a particular type of work are necessary.

Classification of extension teaching methods. (A)ACCORDING TO USE. One way of classifying the extension methods is according to their use & nature of contact. In other words, whether they are used for contacting people individually, in groups or in masses. Based upon the nature of contact, they are divided into individual, group & mass-contact methods.Individual-contact methods. Extension methods under this category provide opportunities for face-to-face or person-to-person contact between the rural people & the extension workers. These methods are very effective in teaching new skills & creating goodwill between farmers & the extension workers.Group-contact methods. Under this category, the rural people or farmers are contacted in a group

which usually consists of 20 to 25 persons. These groups are usually formed around a common interest. These methods also involve a face-to-face contact with the people & provide an opportunity for the exchange of ideas, for discussions on problems & technical recommendations & finally for deciding the future course of action.Mass or community-contact methods. An extension worker has to approach a large number of people for disseminating a new informaton & helping them to use it. this can be done through mass-contact methods conveniently. These methods are more useful for making people aware of the new agricultural technology quickly.Important extension-teaching methods under these 3 categories are listed in the following chart.

Chart 1. Classification of extension-teaching methods according to their use

Individual

contacts

Group contacts

Mass contacts

Farm & home visits

Method demonstration & result demonstration

Bulletins

Office calls

National demonstration leader-

Leaflets

training meetings

Telephone calls

Conferences & discussion meetings & workshops

Circular letters & radio

Personal letters

Field tripsTelevision,exhibitions,fairs,posters

(B)ACCORDING TO FORM. Extension-teaching methods are also classified according to their forms, such as written, spoken & audio-visual. Some of the important methods under each of these 3 categories are given in Chart 2.

Chart 2. Classification of extension-teaching methods according to their form

Written Spoken Objective or visual

BulletinsGeneral & special meetings

Result demonstration

Leaflets,folders,News articles

Farm & home visits

Demonstration posters

Personal lettersOfficial calls

Motion-picture or movies, charts

Circular letters Telephone calls, radio

Slides & film-strips,models,exhibits

ECONOMICS:Our economics class was taken by Dr. A.K.Singh,he gave us guidelines about the economics principles implied on farm. He taught us about the law of equi marginal utility approach and types of cost.

Types of cost:

(A) Actual CostActual cost is defined as the cost or expenditure which a firm incurs for producing or acquiring a good or service.  The actual costs or expenditures are recorded in the books of accounts of a business unit.  Actual costs are also called as "Outlay Costs" or "Absolute Costs" or "Acquisition Costs".Examples: Cost of raw materials, Wage Bill etc.

(B) Opportunity CostOpportunity cost is concerned with the cost of forgone opportunities/alternatives.  In other words, it is the return from the second best use of the firms resources which the firms forgoes in order to avail of the return from the best use of the resources.  It can also be said as the comparison between the policy that was chosen and the policy that was rejected.  The concept of opportunity cost focuses on the net revenue that could be generated in the next best use of a scare input.  Opportunity cost is also called as "Alternative Cost".

If a firm owns a land, there is no cost of using the

land (ie., the rent) in the firms account.  But the firm has an opportunity cost of using the land, which is equal to the rent forgone by not letting the land out on rent.

(C) Sunk CostSunk costs are those do not alter by varying the nature or level of business activity.  Sunk costs are generally not taken into consideration in decision - making as they do not vary with the changes in the future.  Sunk costs are a part of the outlay/actual costs.  Sunk costs are also called as "Non-Avoidable costs" or "Inescapable costs".Examples: All the past costs are considered as sunk costs. The best example is amortization of past expenses, like depreciation.

(D) Incremental CostIncremental costs are addition to costs resulting from a change in the nature of level of business activity.  As the costs can be avoided by not bringing any variation in the activity in the activity, they are also called as "Avoidable Costs" or "Escapable Costs". More ever incremental costs resulting from a contemplated change is the Future, they are also called as "Differential Costs"Example: Change in distribution channels adding or deleting a product in the product line.

(E) Explicit CostExplicit costs are those expenses/expenditures that are actually paid by the firm.  These costs are recorded in the books of accounts.  Explicit costs are important for calculating the profit and loss

accounts and guide in economic decision-making.  Explicit costs are also called as "Paid out costs"Example: Interest payment on borrowed funds, rent payment, wages, utility expenses etc.

(F) Implicit CostImplicit costs are a part of opportunity cost. They are the theoretical costs ie., they are not recognised by the accounting system and are not recorded in the books of accounts but are very important in certain decisions.  They are also called as the earnings of those employed resources which belong to the owner himself.  Implicit costs are also called as "Imputed costs".Examples: Rent on idle land, depreciation on dully depreciated property still in use, interest on equity capital etc.

(G) Book CostBook costs are those business costs which don't involve any cash payments but a provision is made in the books of accounts in order to include them in the profit and loss account and take tax advantages, like provision for depreciation and for unpaid amount of the interest on the owners capital.

(H) Out Of Pocket CostsOut of pocket costs are those costs are expenses which are current payments to the outsiders of the firm.  All the explicit costs fall into the category of out of pocket costs.Examples: Rent Payed, wages, salaries, interest etc

(I) Accounting Costs

Accounting costs are the actual or outlay costs that point out the amount of expenditure that has already been incurred on a particular process or on production as such accounting costs facilitate for managing the taxation need and profitability of the firm.Examples: All Sunk costs are accounting costs

(J) Economic CostsEconomic costs are related to future.  They play a vital role in business decisions as the costs considered in decision - making are usually future costs.  They have the nature similar to that of incremental, imputed explicit and opportunity costs.

(K) Direct CostDirect costs are those which have direct relationship with a unit of operation like manufacturing a product, organizing a process or an activity etc.  In other words, direct costs are those which are directly and definitely identifiable.  The nature of the direct costs are related with a particular product/process, they vary with variations in them.  Therefore all direct costs are variable in nature. It is also called as "Traceable Costs"Examples: In operating railway services, the costs of wagons, coaches and engines are direct costs.

(L) Indirect CostsIndirect costs are those which cannot be easily and definitely identifiable in relation to a plant, a product, a process or a department.  Like the direct costs indirect costs, do not vary ie., they may or may not be variable in nature.  However, the nature of

indirect costs depend upon the costing under consideration.  Indirect costs are both the fixed and the variable type as they may or may not vary as a result of the proposed changes in the production process etc. Indirect costs are also called as Non-traceable costs.Example: The cost of factory building, the track of a railway system etc., are fixed indirect costs and the costs of machinery, labour etc.

   

 

Law of equi-marginal utility : 

In the cardinal utility analysis, the principle of equal marginal utility occupies an important place.

 

Definition and Statement of Law of Equi-Marginal Utility: The law of equi-marginal utility is simply an extension

of law of diminishing marginal utility to two or more than two commodities. The law of equilibrium utility is known, by various names. It is named as the Law of Substitution, the Law of Maximum Satisfaction, the Law of Indifference, the Proportionate Rule and the Gossen’s Second Law.

 

In cardinal utility analysis, this law is stated by Lipsey in the following words:

 

“The household maximizing the utility will so allocate the expenditure between commodities that the utility of the last penny spent on each item is equal”.

 

As we know, every consumer has unlimited wants. However, the income this disposal at any time is limited. The consumer is, therefore, faced with a choice among many commodities that he can and would like to pay. He, therefore, consciously or unconsciously compress the satisfaction which he obtains from the purchase of the commodity and the price which he pays for it. If he thinks the utility of the commodity is greater or at-least equal to the loss of utility of money price, he buys that commodity.

 

As he buys more and more of that commodity, the utility

of the successive units begins to diminish. He stops further purchase of the commodity at a point where the marginal utility of the commodity and its price are just equal. If he pushes the purchase further from his point of equilibrium, then the marginal utility of the commodity will be less than that of price and the household will be loser. A consumer will be in equilibrium with a single commodity symbolically:

 

MUx = Px

 

A prudent consumer in order to get the maximum satisfaction from his limited means compares not only the utility of a particular commodity and the price but also the utility of the other commodities which he can buy with his scarce resources. If he finds that a particular expenditure in one use is yielding less utility than that of other, he will tie to transfer a unit of expenditure from the commodity yielding less marginal utility. The consumer will reach his equilibrium position when it will not be possible for him to increase the total utility by uses. The position of equilibrium will be reached when the marginal utility of each good is in proportion to its price and the ratio of the prices of all goods is equal to the ratio of their marginal utilities.

 

The consumer will maximize total utility from his income

when the utility from the last rupee spent on each good is the same.  Algebraically, this is:

 

 MUa / Pa = MUb / Pb = MUc = Pc = MUn = Pn

 

Here: (a), (b), (c)…. (n) are various goods consumed.

 

 

Assumptions of Law of Equi-Marginal Utility: The main assumptions of the law of equi-marginal utility are as under.

 

(i) Independent utilities. The marginal utilities of different commodities are independent of each other and diminish with more and more purchases. (ii) Constant marginal utility of money. The marginal utility of money remains constant to the consumer as he spends more and more of it on the purchase of goods. (iii) Utility is cardinally measurable. (iv) Every consumer is rational in the purchase of goods. Example and Explanation of Law of Equi-Marginal Utility:

 

The doctrine of equi-marginal utility can be explained by taking an example. Suppose a person has $5 with him whom he wishes to spend on two commodities, tea and cigarettes. The marginal utility derived from both these commodities is as under:

 

Schedule: 

Units of Money

MU of TeaMU of

Cigarettes

1 10 12

2 8 10

3 6 8

4 4 6

5 2 3

$5 Total Utility = 30Total Utility =

30

 

A rational consumer would like to get maximum satisfaction from $5.00. He can spend money in three ways:

 

(i) $5 may be spent on tea only.

 

(ii) $5 may be utilized for the purchase of cigarettes only.

 

(iii) Some rupees may be spent on the purchase of tea and some on the purchase of cigarettes.

 

If the prudent consumer spends $5 on the purchase of tea, he gets 30 utility. If he spends $5 on the purchase of cigarettes, the total utility derived is 39 which are higher than tea. In order to make the best of the limited resources, he adjusts his expenditure.

 

(i) By spending $4 on tea and $1 on cigarettes, he gets 40 utility (10+8+6+4+12 = 40). (ii) By spending $3 on tea and $2 on cigarettes, he derives 46 utility (10+8+6+12+10 = 46). (iii) By spending $2 on tea and $3 on cigarettes, he gets 48 utility (10+8+12+10+8 = 48). (iv) By spending $1 on tea and $4 on cigarettes, he gets 46 utility (10+12+10+8+6 = 46). The sensible consumer will spend $2 on tea and $3 on cigarettes and will get maximum satisfaction. When he spends $2 on tea and $3 on cigarette, the marginal

utilities derived from both these commodities is equal to 8. When the marginal utilities of the two commodities are equalizes, the total utility is then maximum, i.e., 48 as is clear from the schedule given above.

 

Curve/Diagram of Law of Equi-Marginal Utility: 

The law of equi-marginal utility can be explained with the help of diagrams.

 

 

In the figure 2.3 MU is the marginal utility curve for tea and KL of cigarettes. When a consumer spends OP amount ($2) on tea and OC ($3) on cigarettes, the marginal utility derived from the consumption of both the items (Tea and Cigarettes) is equal to 8 units (EP =

NC). The consumer gets the maximum utility when he spends $2 on tea and $3 on cigarettes and by no other alternation in the expenditure.

 

We now assume that the consumer spends $1 on tea (OC/ amount) and $4 (OQ/) on cigarettes. If CQ/ more amounts are spent cigarettes, the added utility is equal to the area CQ/ N/N. On the other hand, the expenditure on tea falls from OP amount ($2) to OC/ amount ($1). There is a toss of utility equal to the area C/PEE. The loss is utility (tea) is greater than that The loss in utility (tea) is maximum satisfaction except the combination of expenditure of $2 on tea and $3 on cigarettes.

 

This law is known as the Law of maximum Satisfaction because a consumer tries to get the maximum satisfaction from his limited resources by so planning his expenditure that the marginal utility of a rupee spent in one use is the same as the marginal utility of a rupee spent on another use. It is known as the Law of Substitution because consumer continuous substituting one good for another till he gets the maximum satisfaction. It is called the Law of Indifference because the maximum satisfaction has been achieved by equating the marginal utility in all the uses. The consumer than becomes indifferent to readjust his

expenditure unless some change fakes place in his income or the prices of the commodities, etc. Limitations/Exceptions of Law of Equi-Marginal Utility: (i) Effect on fashions and customs: The law of equi-marginal utility may become inoperative if people forced by fashions and customs spend money on the purchase of those commodities which they clearly knows yield less utility but they cannot transfer the unit of money from the less advantageous uses to the more advantageous uses because they are forced by the customs of the country. (ii) Ignorance or carelessness: Sometimes people due to their ignorance of price or carelessness to weigh the utility of the purchased commodity do not obtain the maximum advantage by equating the marginal utility in all the uses. (iii) Indivisible units: If the unit of expenditure is not divisible, then again the law may become inoperative. (iv) Freedom of choice: If there is no perfect freedom between various alternatives, the operation of law may be impeded. Importance of Law of Equi-Marginal Utility: The law of equi-marginal utility is of great practical importance. The application of the principle of substitution extends over almost every field of economic enquiry. Every consumer consciously trying to get the

maximum satisfaction from his limited resources acts upon this principle of substitution. Same is the case with the producer. In the field of exchange and in theory of distribution too, this law plays a vital role. In short, despite its limitation, the law of maximum satisfaction is meaningful general statement of how consumers behave.

 

In addition to its application to consumption, it applies equally to the theory of production and theory of distribution. In the theory of production, it is applied on the substitution of various factors of production to the point where marginal return from all the factors are equal. The government can also use this analysis for evaluation of its different economic prices.

 

The equal marginal rule also guides an individual in the spending of his saving on different types of assets. The law of equal marginal utility also guides an individual in the allocation of his time between work and leisure. In short, despite limitations the law of substitution is applied to all problems of allocation of scarce resources.

Horticulture : This class was taken by Dr. Manoj Kumar,Assistant Professor,Department of Horticulture.He has given Theoretical class of the Fruits and its varieties a part of which is here under:

CITRUS FRUITS

Citrus is grown in almost all the states of India. The total area covered is over 67,650 hectares, of which Madhya Pradesh, Madras and Maharashtra have the largest share. Citrus trees are grown in almost all kinds of soils, varying from heavy black soils to shallow open soils. Some of the varieties of citrus seem to adapt themselves to soil conditions better than others. They thrive in free-draining alluvial or medium black soil of loamy texture. A hard substratum or a sticky impervious layer is very injurious. Soils having a high water-table should be avoided. Though citrus trees on the whole do well in dry climate, with a rainfall between 75 and 125 cm, certain species, such as pummelo and certain mandarin oranges, thrive in heavy-rainfall areas of Konkan, Assam and Coorg.

Grapefruit.   The name grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) has been derived from the habit of bearing the fruit in clusters like grapes. In India, its introduction is comparatively recent, and its cultivation is confined mostly to Punjab, the western parts of Uttar Pradesh and to places around Poona in Maharashtra.

VARIETIES.   The popular varieties, which are all imported, are 'Marsh Seedless', pink-fleshed 'Foster' and yellow-fleshed 'Duncan'.

Lime. The lime(Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle), both sour and sweet, known as kaghzi nimboo andmitha respectively, are more orized in India than lemon. Sour lime is propagated

mainly from seed. Budding on rough lemon rootstock, layering and morcotting are also practiced to some extent. The tree is susceptible to frost. It flowers twice a year in February-March and again in August. The maincrop is obtained in August from the first flowering. The second crop is ready in the following FebruarySantra or mandarin orange Citrus reticulata Balanco) grows successfully in all tropical and subtropical parts of the country. It tolerates more humidity in summer and winter than the sweer orange. It is grown under rain-fed conditions in Coorg, Wynad tract, Palni Hills and the Nilgiris in the south between elevations of 600 and 1,500 metres.. VARIETIES.   The important varieties cultivated on a commercial scale are the 'Nagpur' orange, the 'Khasi' orange, the 'Coorg' orange, 'Desi Emperor' and the 'Sikkim' orange

Sweet orange. (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) is grown under both subtropical and tropical conditions. Dry and arid conditions, coupled with distinct summer and winter having low rainfall, are most favourable to the growth of the sweet orange. Rainfall seems to be unimportant if irrigation is provided, but atmospheric humidity exerts a great influence.

VARIETIES.   The important varieties of sweet orange grown in each region are 'Blood Red', 'Pineapple', 'Hamlin', 'Jaffa' and Valencia Late' in northern India, mosambi in Western India and 'Sathgudi' and 'Batavian' orange in southern India.

Grape. Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is a subtropical fruit which grows well in dry climates having a short sharp winter and a long dry summer. The vines shed their leaves and rest in winter, put forth new growth in spring and mature in summer. Grape does not thrive in regions having humid summers. It tolerates frost during the resting period, but succumbs to it readily during its growing period. In India, however, it grows under varying climatic conditions. In Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh, it grows and fruits once a year in summer, and rests during winter. In southern India, where it is cultivation mainly in Maharashtra, Hyderabad-Deccan, parts of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, the vine grows throughout the year and bears two crops, the first in April and the second in August-September.

VARIETIES.   Varieties suitable for different regions of the country are : 1. Northern plains : 'Black Prince', 'Bedana', 'Foster's seedling', 'Kandhari Dakh' and 'Muscat of Alexandria' , 'Perlette'.2. Dry and temperate regions : 'Thomson Seedless', 'Sultana' and 'Kishmish White'.3. Southern plains : 'Bangalore Blue', 'Pachadraksha' and 'Anab-e-Shahi', 'Gulabi', 'Black Champa', 'Thompson Seedless'.

4. Western plains : 'Cheema Sahebi', 'Anab-e-Shahi', 'Thompson Seedless'.

Banana.   Banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) occupies over 1,64,000 hectares, mainly in Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Kerala, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Assam, Andhra Pradesh and Bihar. Though some inferior types of banana are found growing as far north as the Himalayas, its commercial importance is mainly limited to the more tropical conditions, such as those prevailing in central, southern and north-eastern India. It is a moisture- and heat-loving plant and cannot tolerate frost or arid conditions.

VARIETIES.   Cultivated varieties are broadly divided into two groups : table and culinary. Among the former are 'Poovan' in Madras (also known as 'Karpura Chakkarekeli' in Andhra Pradesh); 'Mortaman', 'Champa' and 'Amrit Sagar' in West Bengal; 'Basrai', Safed Velchi', Lal Velchi' and 'Rajeli' in Maharashtra; 'Champa' and 'Mortaman' in Assam and Orissa; and 'Rastali', 'Sirumalai', 'Chakkarekeli', 'Ney Poovan', 'Kadali' and 'Pacha Nadan' in southern India. 'Basrai', which is known under different names, viz. 'Mauritius', 'Vamankeli', 'Cavendish', 'Governor', 'Harichal', is also grown in central and southern India. Recently, the 'Robusta' variety is gaining popularity in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The 'Virupakshi' variety (Hill banana) is the most predominant variety in the Palni Hills of Tamil Nadu. Among the culinary varieties, Nendran bananas, 'Monthan', 'Myndoli' and 'Pacha Montha Bathis' are the leading commercial varieties in southern India. 'Gros Michel' is a recent introduction into southern India; it is suitable for cultivation only under garden-land conditions and is generally fastidious in its cultural

requirements. It is not, therefore, in favour with the cultivation.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.)

occupies nearly half of the total area under fruits in the country. It is adaptable to a wide ran   ge of soil and climatic conditions and grows well right from Assam to the southern-most limits of the country and from the sea-level up to about 1,500 metres. It withstands both fairly dry conditions and heavy rainfall, provided severe and recurring frosts in winter do not endanger the young trees.

VARIETIES.   The number of varieties is very large. Each variety has its own peculiar taste, flavour and consistently of pulp. Some of the important commercial varieties grown in different regions are : 'Bombay yellow', 'Alphonso', 'Gopal Bhog', 'Zafran' (all early), 'Langra', 'Desheri', 'Safeda Lucknow', 'Safeda Malihabad', 'Fajrizafrani' (all mid-late). 'Fajri', 'Same Bihisht', 'Chausa', 'Taimura' (all late). In Uttar Pradesh; 'Bombai', 'Alphonso', 'Hemsagar', 'Krishna Bhog', 'Aman Dasheri', 'Gulab Khas' (all early), 'Langra', 'Aman Abbasi', 'Khasul-Khas' (all mid-late), ' Sinduri', 'Sukal', 'Taimuria' (all late) in Bihar; 'Bombai' or 'Maldah', 'Gopal Bhog', 'Hemsagar' (all early), 'Krishna Bhog', 'Zardalu' (both mid-late), 'Murshidabadi', 'Fazli Maldah' (both late) in West Bengal; 'Alphonso', 'Pairi', 'Cowsji Patel', 'Jamadar' in Bombay; 'Swarnarekha', 'Benishan', 'Cherukurasan', 'Panchadarkalasa', 'Desavathiyamamidi',

'Sannakulu', 'Nagulapalli', 'Irsala' in Circars; 'Rumani', 'Neelum Benishan', 'Bangalore', 'Alampur Benishan' in Rayalaseema; 'Murshidabadi', 'Mulgoa', 'Goabunder', 'Benishan', 'Neelam', 'Totapuri' or 'Bangalora' in Telengana; 'Alphonso', 'Peter', 'Rumani' in central districts; 'Mundappa', 'Neelam', 'Alphonso', 'Olour', 'Bennet Alphonso', 'Kalepad', 'Peter', 'Fernandin' in Coorg and Karnataka; and 'Padiri', 'Alphonso', 'Peter', 'Neelum', 'Bangalore', 'Rumani' in Tamil Nadu. In Goa, some excellent varieties like 'Alphonso', 'Fernandin', 'Mankurad' and 'Moussorate' are under cultivation. The new mango variety, 'Mallika' evolved at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute is now gaining popularity.

Other varieties, such as 'Jehangir' and 'Himayuddin', produce high-quality fruits, but are poor in yield and cropping tendencies. Attempts are being made to evolve hybrid progenies by crossing.

Entomology class:

This class was taken by Dr.S.S.Dhaka,Assistant Professor.He taught us about the pests of Rice.Following are the relevant facts he taught :

 Nursery pests

1. Thrips: Stenchaetothrips biformis

Symptoms of damage

Laceration of  the tender leaves and suck the plant sap

Yellow (or) silvery streaks on the leaves of young seedlings

Terminal rolling and drying of leaves from tip to base

It causes damage both in nursery and main field

Initial - inward rolling

Silvery streak

Identification of insect pest 

Adults - are dark brown in colour

Nymph Adult

Management

Spray any one of the following in nursery stage

Phosphamidon    40 SL       50 mlMonocrotophos   36 SL       40 mlEndosulfan          35 EC      80 ml

Top

2. Green leafhopper, Nephotettix virescens, 

Symptom of damage

Yellowing of leaves from tip to downwards.

Vector for the diseases viz., Rice tungro virus, rice yellow & transitory yellowing

Yellowing Rice tungro virus

Identification of insect pest 

Adults - are green with black spot and black patch on wings.

Adult - Green leaf hopper

Management

Use resistant varieties like IR 50, CR 1009, Co 46.

Apply neem cake @ 12.5 kg/20 cent nursery as basal dose

The vegetation on the bunds should also be sprayed with the insecticides

Set up light traps

Top

3. Rice case worm, Nymphula depunctalis Symptom of damage

Caterpillars feed on green tissues of the leaves and leave become whitish papery

Tubular cases around the tillers by cutting the apical portion of leaves

Floating of tubular cases on the water

Case tubes

Identification of insect pest

Larva - Pale translucent green with orange head.

It has filamentous gills on the sides of the body

Adult:  Moth is delicate white moth with pale brown wavy markings

Larva Adult  

Management

Drain the water Dislodge the cases – running rope Nursery - Mix 100 ml kerosene in standing water

and spray endosulfan 35 EC 30 ml / 8 cents Spray endosulfan 35 EC 1000 ml / ha or  

monocrotophos 36 WSC 500 ml / ha

Top

4. Paddy stemborer: Scirpophaga incertulas

Symptom of damage

Presence of brown coloured egg mass near leaf tip.

Caterpillar bore into central shoot of paddy seedling and tiller

Causes drying of the central shoot known as“dead heart”

Grown up plant whole panicle becomes dried“white ear”.

Dead heart White ear

Identification of insect pest

Egg - Laid in a mass and covered with buff coloured hairs.

Larva - Pale yellow with dark brown head. Pupa - White silken cocoon. Adult Female moth - bright yellowish brown fore wings

with a black spot possess a tuft of yellow hairs. Male moth - Smaller with pale yellow forewings

without black spot.

Egg  Larva  Adult

Management

Resistant varieties: Ratna, Jaya, TKM 6.

Avoid close planting and continuous water

stagnation Pull out

and destroy the affected tillers

Set up light traps to attract and kill the moths

Harvest the crop upto the ground level and disturb the stubbles

Release the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma japonicum on twice @ 5  cc/ha/

(followed by monocrotophos 36 SL spray thrice @ 1000 ml/ha on 58, 65 and 72 DAT)

Apply Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki and neem seed kernel extract

Spray any one of the following insecticides

o Monocrotophos         36 SL       1000 ml/ha

o Endosulfan                35 EC      1000 ml/ha

o Quinalphos                25 EC      1000

ml/hao Phosp

hamidon           40 SL        600 ml/ha

o Profenophos               50 EC     1000 ml/ha

Top

 

5. Swarming caterpillar, Spodoptera mauritiaSymptom of damage

Larvae cut the seedlings in large scale Severe infestation - cattle grazing appearance to the

field. They feed gregariously and march from field to field.

Identification of insect pest

Egg - Laid in masses on leaves and covered with grey hairs

Larva - Caterpillar is cylindrical dark to pale green with lateral lines along the body

Pupa - Pupates in an earthen cocoon in soil

Adult - Moth is medium sized stoutly build.

Dark brown with a conspicuous triangular spot on fore wings.

larva Adult

Management

Kerosenate the water while irrigation – suffocation Allow ducks into the field   

Nursery

Drain the water Spray chlorpyriphos 20 EC 80ml or endosulfan 35

EC 80ml + 20 lit of water for 8 cents

Top

II. Main field pests

1. Paddy stemborer: Scirpophaga incertulas

Symptom of damage

Presence of brown coloured egg mass near leaf tip.

Caterpillar bore into central shoot of paddy seedling and tiller

Causes drying of the central shoot known as“dead heart”

Grown up plant whole panicle becomes dried“white ear”.

Dead heart   White ear

Identification of insect pest

Egg - Laid in a mass and covered with buff coloured hairs.

Larva - Pale yellow with dark brown

head. Pupa - White silken

cocoon. Adult Female moth

- bright yellowish brown fore wings with a black spot possess a tuft of yellow hairs.

Male moth - Smaller with pale yellow forewings without black spot.

Egg  Larva   Adult

Management

Resistant varieties: Ratna, Jaya, TKM 6. Avoid close planting and continuous water

stagnation Pull out and destroy the affected tillers Set up light traps to attract and kill the moths Harvest the crop upto the ground level and disturb

the stubbles Release the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma

japonicum on twice @ 5  cc/ha/

(followed by monocrotophos 36 SL spray thrice @ 1000 ml/ha on 58, 65 and 72 DAT)

Apply Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki and neem seed kernel extract

Spray any one of the following insecticides

o Monocrotophos         36 SL       1000 ml/hao Endosulfan                35 EC      1000 ml/hao Quinalphos                25 EC      1000 ml/hao Phosphamidon           40 SL        600 ml/hao Profenophos               50 EC     1000 ml/ha

Top

2. Gall midge, Orseolia oryzae

Symptom of damage

Maggot feeds at the base of the growing shoot

Causing formation of a tube like gall that is similar to “onion leaf” or “Silver-shoot”.

Infested tillers produce no panicles.

Tuber gall

Identification of insect pest

Egg: Reddish, elongate, tubular eggs just near the ligule of the leaf blade

Larva: Maggot is pale to red colour feeds inside the gall.

Pupa: pupates at the base of the gall and

Egg      Adult   

moves to tip of the gall Adult: Adult is orange

coloured mosquito like Management

Early ploughing Resistant varieties: MDU 3, Shakthi, Vikram and

Sureka Harvest the crop and plough immediately Remove the alternate hosts and adjust the time of

planting (early) Use early maturing  varieties Optimum recommendation of potash fertilizer Setup light trap and monitor the adult flies

Top

3. Swarming caterpillar, Spodoptera mauritiaSymptom of damage

Larvae cut the seedlings in large scale Severe infestation - cattle grazing appearance to the

field. They feed gregariously and march from field to field.

Identification of insect pest

Egg - Laid in masses on leaves and covered with grey hairs

Larva - Caterpillar is

cylindrical dark to pale green with lateral lines along the body

Pupa - Pupates in an earthen cocoon in soil

Adult - Moth is medium sized stoutly build.

Dark brown with a conspicuous triangular spot on fore wings.

larva Adult

Management

Kerosenate the water while irrigation – suffocation Allow ducks into the field   

Nursery

Drain the water Spray chlorpyriphos 20 EC 80ml or endosulfan 35

EC 80ml + 20 lit of water for 8 cents

Top

4. Rice skipper, Pelopidas mathiasSymptom of damage

Edges of the leaves are fastened with webbing. Backward rolling of leaves, caterpillar feeds from margin to  inwards

Identification of insect pest

Larva: Pale green with constructed neck.

Adult: Butterfly with brown coloured wings and curved antennaCaterpilla

r   Adult

Management

Spray endosulfan 35 EC 1000 ml / ha  or   monocrotophos 36 WSC 500 ml / ha

Top

5. Leaf folder (or) leaf roller, Cnaphalocrocis mainsails / Marasmia patnalisSymptom of damage

Leaves fold longitudinally and larvae remains inside. Larvae scrapes the green tissues of the leaves and

becomes white and dry. During severe infestation the whole field exhibits

scorched appearance

Longitudinal folding    

larva inside the fold       

white and dried leaves

Identification of insect pest 

Egg - Flat, oval in shape and yellowish white in colour.

Larva - Greenish translucent

Adult - Moth is brownish with many dark wavy lines in centre and dark band on margin of wings

Larva Adult

Management

Resistant varieties: TNAU LFR 831311, Cauveri, Akash, TKM 6

Clipping of the affected leaves Keep the bunds clean

Avoid excessive nitrogenous fertilizers Light traps to attract and kill moths Release Trichogramma chilonis @ 1, 25,000/ha

thrice Spray NSKE 5 % or carbaryl 50 WP 1 Kg or

chlorpyriphos 20 EC 1250 ml/ ha.

Top

                                  

 6. Rice horned caterpillar, Melanitis ismene Damage

Larva feeds on leaf blades of rice. Leaves are defoliated from the margin or tip

irregularly.

Identification of insect pest

Egg - White eggs singly on the leaves is green,

Larva - Lightly flattened with two red horns processes on the head

Two yellow processes in the anal end

Pupa

Caterpillar       Adult

- Chrysalis, which suspends from the leaf.

Adult - dark brown with large wings

Management

Spray endosulfan 35 EC 1000 ml / ha  or   monocrotophos 36 WSC 500 ml / ha

Top

7. Yellow hairy caterpillar, Psalis pennatulaSymptoms of damage

Caterpillar causes defoliation

Identification of insect pest  Larva

Caterpillar is yellowish brown with red stripes Orange head and tufts of hairs all over the body. Pupa - pale white cocoon of silk and frass attached

to the leaf Adult - Moth is stout with straw coloured forewings.

Management 

Spray endosulfan 35 EC 1000 ml / ha or   monocrotophos 36 WSC 500 ml / ha.

Top

8. Grasshopper, Hieroglyphus banianShort horned grasshopper, Oxya  nitidula Symptom of damage

Irregular feeding on seedlings and leaf blade Cutting of stem at panicle stage Completely defoliate the plants leaving only the mid

ribs

Identification of insect pest  

Adults - Green, larger with transverse black lines on pronotum

Management

Expose the eggs to be picked up by birds after ploughing and trim the bunds

Dusting the crop with 5-10% BHC or methyl parathion 2% @ 25-30 kg/ha

Dusting malathion 5% @ 20 kg/ha.

Top

9. Spiny beetle / Rice hispa, Dicladispa armigera

Symptoms of damage

Adults feed on chlorophyll by scraping and causing white parallel streaks

White patches along with long axis of leaf.

Grubs mine into the leaves and make blister near leaf tips.

Identification of insect pest

Larva - Grub is minute, flat and yellow

Adult - Blue - black shiny beetle with spines on the thorax and elytra

Adult

Management

Leaf tip containing blotch mines should be  destroyed         

Manual collection and killing of beetles – hand nets Spray endosulfan 35 EC @1000ml/ha

Top

10. Whorl maggot, Hydrellia sasakii, 

Symptom and damage

Maggot  feeds on the tender tissue inside the whorl

Yellowish white longitudinal marginal blotching with hole

Leaves shrivelled plant stunted and maturity delayed.

Drooping of young leaves near the tipYellowish white

blotching

Identification of the pest

Maggot - Yellowish white in colour. Adult - Small dull grey fly.

Management

Remove the alternate hosts and adjust the time of planting (early)

Use early maturing  varieties Optimum recommendation of potash fertilizer Spray endosulfan 35 EC @1000ml/ha

Top

11. Green leafhopper, Nephotettix virescens, 

Symptom of damage

Yellowing of leaves from tip to downwards.

Vector for the diseases viz., Rice tungro virus, rice yellow & transitory yellowing

Yellowing

Adult

Identification of insect pest

Adults - are green with black spot and black patch on wings.

Management

Use resistant varieties like IR 50, CR 1009, Co 46. Apply neem cake @ 12.5 kg/20 cent nursery as basal

dose The vegetation on the bunds should also be sprayed

with the insecticides Set up light traps Spray  insecticides twice, 15 and 30 days after

transplanting like

phosphamidon 40 SL@ 1000 ml /ha

profenophos 50 EC @1000 ml/ha

Top

12. Brown plant leafhopper, Nilaparvata lugens

Symptoms of damage

Nymphs and adults congregate at the base of the plant above the water level

Affected plant dries up and gives a scorched appearance called “hopper burn”.

Circular patches of drying and lodging of matured plant

It is vector of grassy stunt, ragged stunt and wilted stunt diseases

Hopper burn Grassy stunt

Identification of insect pest

 Adult: Brown body and chestnut brown eyes. It has two forms viz.,

(Macropterous (long winged) and brachypterous (short winged)).

Management

Use resistant/tolerant varieties like Aruna, ADT 36, Co 42, Co 46 IR 36, IR 72.

Avoid close planting To provide 30 cm rogue spacing at every 2.5 m to

reduce the pest incidence. Avoid use of excessive nitrogenous fertilizers Control irrigation by intermittent draining Set up light traps during night Yellow pan traps during day time Conserve  natural enemies like Lycosa

pseudoannulata, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Avoid synthetic pyrethroids, methyl parathion,

fenthion and quinalphos causing resurgence Drain the water before the use of insecticides Apply any one of the following

o Phosphamidon 40 SL@ 1000 ml/ha,o Monocrotophos 36 SL @ 1250 ml/hao Carbofuran 3 G @ 17.5 kg/hao Imidacloprid 18.5@ 100 ml/hao Thiomethoxam 20 WDG@ 100 ml/hao Dichlorvos 76 WSC @  350 ml/ hao Neem oil   3% @  15 lit/hao Iluppai oil  6% @  30 lit/hao Neem seed kernel extract 5% @ 25 kg/ha

Top

 

13. White backed plant hopper, Sogatella furcifera, Damage

Suck the sap and cause stunted growth. “Hopper burn” is caused in irregular patches.

Identification of insect pest 

Nymph - White in colour and pronotum is pale yellow.

Adult - Possess a diamond like marking on the thorax and ovipositional site is black streaks.Nymphs and

adults

Management

Avoid use of excessive nitrogenous fertilizers Control irrigation by intermittent draining

Apply any one of the following

Phosphamidon 40 SL@ 1000 ml/ha, Monocrotophos 36 SL @ 1250 ml/ha Carbofuran 3 G @ 17.5 kg/ha Dichlorvos 76 WSC @  350 ml/ ha Neem oil   3% @  15 lit/ha Iluppai oil  6% @  30 lit/ha Neem seed kernel extract 5% @ 25 kg/ha

Top

14. Mealybug, Brevennia rehi

 Damage

Large number of insects remains in leaf sheath and suck the sap.

Plants become week, yellowish and very much stunted in circular patches.

Presence of white waxy fluff in leaf sheaths

Identification of insect pest  

Adult - Small reddish white, soft-bodied

wingless insect covered with filamentous materials.

Management

Durin field preparation - remove the grasses from the bunds and trim the bunds

Remove and destroy the affected plants.  Spray any one of the following insecticides in the

initial stage of infestationo dimethoate 30 EC 500 ml/hao methyl demeton 25 EC@ 500 ml/ha.o Conserve the natural enemies

like Scymnus sp.,Anatrichus pygmaeus, and Mepachymerus ensifer

Top

15. Rice earhead bug: Leptocorisa acuta

Symptoms of damage

Sucking the sap from individual grains, which are in milky stage.

Individual grains become chaffy Black spots on the grains at the site

of feeding puncture. Buggy odour in rice field during

milky stageEggs  Black spots 

Identification of insect pest 

Eggs: Dark, reddish brown and  laid in rows of 10-15 on the leaves (or) panicles

Nymphs: Green to brown. Adults: Slender with long legs and

antennae. They are brownish green in

colour, while disturbing it emittes stink odour

Adult

ManagementDust any one of the following at 25 kg/ha twice, the first during flowering and second a week later

Quinalphos  1.5 D                                           Carbaryl        10 D Malathion        5 D KKM             10 D KKM dust formulation consists of 10% of Acorus

calamus rhizome powder and 90% of fly ash

This dust formulation repels the rice earhead bug.                

Spray any one of the following twice as above

Fenthion 100 EC @ 500 ml/ha or Malathion 50 EC @ 500 ml/ha    

Neem seed kernel extract 5% @  25 kg/ha or Notchi or Prosopis leaf extract 10% .

Top

16. Thrips: Stenchaetothrips biformis

Symptoms of damage

Laceration of  the tender leaves and suck the plant sap

Yellow (or) silvery streaks on the leaves of young seedlings

Terminal rolling and drying of leaves from tip to base

It causes damage both in nursery and main field

Silvery streaks

Identification of insect pest 

Adults - are dark brown in colour

Management

Spray any one of the following in nursery stage

Phosphamidon    40 SL       50 mlMonocrotophos   36 SL       40 mlEndosulfan          35 EC      80 ml

Spray any one of the following in main field stage

Phosphamidon    40 SL       300 mlMonocrotophos   36 SL       30 ml

Socio-economic survey

“The farmer is the only man in economy who buys everything at retail,sells everything at wholesale,and pays the freight both ways”.

- John F.Kennedy

1.Name of village - Loia

2.Name of block- Daurala

3.Name of District- Meerut

4.farmer’s generally grow- two crop per year

5.Population of the village -10000

6.POPULATION :

MALE - 6000

FEMALE- 4000

7.No. of agricultural families- 500-600

8.No. of agricultural labours- 1000

9.Total no. of house-hold - 1400

a.Pacca – 600

c.Mixed – 500

10.Land utilization pattern: a.Total geographical Area-9 sq.km

b.Area under rainfed- 3 sq.km

c.Area under irrigation-5 sq.km

d.Area under pasture and grazing land-1 sq.km

11.Source of irrigation-

a.Canals-NA

b.tanks-NA

c.wells- 2-3

d.tube-wells- 400-500

12.OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION :

S.N. PARTICULARS

NUMBER

1. No. of agricultural families

500-600

2. No. of agril. Labour

300

families

3. No. of non-agri.families

100

13.Type of agriculture families based on land holding:

1. Small farmers 250

2. Large farmers 200

14.Season wise cropping pattern in area:

CROP/SEASON/S.N.

KHARIF RABI ZAID

1. Rice field pea

2. Rice Chick pea

3. Rice lentil

4. Rice berseem

5. Rice sorghum

6. Rice Ground nut

7. Rice Wheat

8. Rice Potato Moongbean

9. Rice Torea Wheat

10. Rice Wheat Moongbean

11. Rice Pea Moongbean

19. Maize Potato Sugar-cane

20. Maize S-cane Wheat

21. Rice S-cane Wheat

22. Sorghum

Potato S-cane Wheat

23. Rice chickpea

S.cane-Ratoon-

Wheat

24. Rice Torea S.cane- Whea

Ratoon- t

25. Rice Wheat S.cane-Ratoon-

Wheat

SUBSIDIARY ENTERPRIZES

S.N. Enterprise No. of families engaged

1. Dairy 80%

2. piggery 2%

3. Sheep and goat rearing

5-6%

Details about live-stock programme:

S.N.

Animal

Breeds Total number

1. Buffalo Murrah 2000

2. Cows Non-descript,Sahiwal,Jersey

100

3. Goat Black-Bengal,Jamuna pari,

2000

Barbari

Details about different organization/institutions:

S.N. Name of organisation

In village Nearest place to village

Distance in kms.

1. Milk-producer co-op society

No Parthapur 23kms

2. Hospital No Modipuram

15kms

3. Veterinary hospital

No NA NA

4. Artificial insemination centre

No NA NA

6. Bull centre for natural services

No NA NA

7. Panchayat Yes - -

office

8. Post office Yes - -

9. Youth-club No - -

10. Mahila-mandal

No - -

11. Anganwadi Yes - 100-200m

12. Primary school

Yes - 200m

13. Middle -school

Yes (urdu)

- 300m

14. High-school

No Daurala 4km

15. College No Meerut 23km

16. Bank Yes - 200m

17. Bus transport

Yes - 2km

18. Train No Meerut 24km

TRANSPORTATION MEANS AVAILABLE IN THE VILLAGE:

S.N. TYPE NUMBERS

1. Cycle 8000

2. Motor-cycle 4000

3. Scooters 290

4. Cars 60

5. Bus -

FARM-EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY:

S.N. EQUIPMENT/MACHINERY

NUMBERS

1. Tractor 122

2. Power sprayer 450

3. Other sprayers 120

4. Threshers 20

5. Croff-cutter 10

6. Power-tiller NA

AGRO-BASED PROCESSING CENTRES/UNITS:

S.N. Name of the unit Number

1. Flour mills 10-15

2. Rice mills NA

3. Jaggery making 2

4. Oil mills NA

MASS MEDIA FACILITIES:

S.N. Mass media Numbers

1. News paper 500-600

2. General magazine subscribers

800

3. Agricultural magazine subscriber

400

4. Radio sets 400 families

5. T.V. sets 500-600 families

AVAILABILITY OF INPUT:

INPUTS IN VILLAGE

NEAREST PLACE

DISTANCE

IMPLEMENTS Yes - -

SEEDS Yes - -

FERTILIZERS No Sakauti 3-4km

P.P.CHEM. Yes - -

AVAILABILITY OF FEEDS AND VETRENARY MEDICINES

No Sakauti & Daurala

3-4 km

MARKETING:

INPUTS AGENCY PLACE OF AVAILABILITY

DISTANCE

Rice Daurala agency,

Daurala 4-5km

wheat PCF Daurala 4-5km

Sugarcane Daurala mill Daurala 4-5km

Mustard Daurala oil Daurala 4-5km

refinery

Okra Local consumption

- -

Guava Local agency - -

Mango Private agencies Dehradun,Delhi

- -

Milk Dairy modipuram

Meerut 8km

Eggs Private agency - -

Poultry birds

Private agency - -

Meat Govt. shop In village

Animals :goat and buffalo

In village and nearby areas

- -

PROGRAMMES RUNNING IN THE VILLAGE:

1. Indira Awas Yojana

2. MNREGA

3.Pension-plan

4.Below Poverty Line card

On going extension programme- MNREGA.

General Data on net income of the Loia village:

The data on net income reveal that net income per year was higher under large sized holding (>10 acres).However ,per unit net income was higher in small and medium sized holdings.Income per year from subsidiary occupation like sale of vegetable is Rs.6100,operating telephone booth is Rs.49000,sale of animal feed is 60220,operating a shop is Rs.1722,ration depot is Rs. 1866 add a good income to farmers family.

Therefore income per earning family member per acre per year was higher in families having a subsidiary occupation with farming.

This on farm study indicates that small farm can give good earning provided sufficient resource base is available with farmer.The combination of

farming including livestock with a subsidiary occupation may help in improvement of economic condition of farmer.

Information about the farmers

In this RAWE programme I was asked to interact with 4 farmers and to bring about their details:

Farmer no.1:

a.NAME OF FARMER: Sharafat Ali Rizvi

b.Fathers name: Liakat Ali

c.Main occupation: Farmer

d.Subsidiary occupation: Retired from Modi rubber

Name Age

Education

Relation to head

occupation

remarks

self 60 MA - Farmer Large farmer

Zubaida

55 BA Wife House wife

Restricted to only house hold jobs

Shakeeb

32 Ph.D. son Job Comes to village

rarely

Sadika 29 Ph.D. daughter

Job Comes to village rarely

Sohaib 25 MBA son Job Comes to village rarely

FAMILY LABOUR AVAILABLE FOR FARM USE :

MALE: No

FEMALE: No

CHILDREN: No

Permanent labourers engaged: 6 daily

Details of land:

Total area 4 hectare

Total cultivated area

4 hectare

Land sown more than one time

4 hectare

FARM IMPLEMENT / EQUIPMENT / MACHINERY:

Name of implements

Numbers Value of one

Total

Wooden plough

7 7700 5390

Bullock cart

1 6000 900

Seed drill 1 10000 10000

Harrow 1 10000

Knap sack sprayer

5 700 3500

Foot sprayer

1 3000 2000

Power sprayer

1 5000 5000

Tractor 2 500000 380000

Power tiller

1 100000 100000

Chaff 2 4000 8000

cutter

House hold materials:

S.N. NAME OF IMPLEMENT/EQUIPMENT

NO. VALUE

1. Bi cycle 2 2000 each

2. Radio 2 1000 each

3. Radio cum tape recorder NA NA

4. Television 2 25000 each

5. Mixer juicer 1 2000

6. Grinder 1 2000

7. Steel almirah 4 1600 each

8. Car 1 300000

9. scooter 1 30000

10. Moped NA NA

11. Refrigerator 2 9000 each

12. Solar heater/cooker NA NA

13. DVD 1 3500

14. Computer NA NA

15. Laptop NA NA

LIVESTOCK POSSESION:

1. BULLOCK 1

2. BUFFALO 5

3. COW NA

4. POULTRY 2 hen

Any biogas plant the farmer possess?

No ,the farmer doesn’t possess.

Organizational participation:

Yes,only in Gram panchayat.Mr.Sharafat Ali was earlier its member ,too.

Mass media use:

Listening to radio- Yes

Programmes Regular Occasionally

General No Yes

Krishi Yes (6 times in a week)

No

Watching television-YesGeneral programmes- rarely

Regular krishi programmes-regularly

SUBSCRIPTION TO ANY NEWS PAPER: Yes, Dainik Jagran

Is farmer regular at reading agricultural?Yes

Is farmer regular at reading news on politics?

Yes Other news: on economy?

Yes

No , agricultural magazine is been subscribed by Mr.Sharafat Ali Rizvi.

Farmer no.2:

a.NAME OF FARMER: Intsar Ali Rizvi

b.Fathers name: S. Ali Rizvi

c.Main occupation: Farmer

d.Subsidiary occupation: No

Name Age

Education

Relation to head

occupation

remarks

self 50 MA - Farmer Large farmer

Suraiyya

43 12th passed

Wife House wife

Restricted to only house hold jobs

Sohail 18 . son studying Not involved in farming affairs.

Rizwana

20 daughter

studying Not involved in farming

affairs.

FAMILY LABOUR AVAILABLE FOR FARM USE :

MALE: No

FEMALE: No

CHILDREN: No

Permanent labourers engaged: 3 daily

Details of land:

Total area 2 hectare

Total cultivated area

2 hectare

Land sown more than one time

2 hectare

FARM IMPLEMENT / EQUIPMENT / MACHINERY:

Name of implement

Numbers Value of Total

s one

Wooden plough

4 800 3200

Bullock cart

NA NA NA

Seed drill 1 10000 10000

Harrow NA NA NA

Knap sack sprayer

3 700 2100

Foot sprayer

NA NA NA

Power sprayer

1 5000 5000

Tractor 1 500000 500000

Power tiller

NA NA NA

Chaff cutter

1 4000 4000

House hold materials:

S.N. NAME OF IMPLEMENT/EQUIPMENT

NO. VALUE

1. Bi cycle 1 2000

2. Radio 1 1000

3. Radio cum tape recorder NA NA

4. Television 1 25000

5. Mixer juicer 1 2000

6. Grinder NA NA

7. Steel almirah 2 1600 each

8. Car NA NA

9. scooter 1 30000

10. Moped NA NA

11. Refrigerator 1 9000

12. Solar heater/cooker NA NA

13. DVD 1 3500

14. Computer NA NA

15. Laptop NA NA

LIVESTOCK POSSESION:

1. BULLOCK NA

2. BUFFALO 2

3. COW NA

4. POULTRY NA

Any biogas plant the farmer possess?

No ,the farmer doesn’t possess.

Organizational participation:

No,Mr.Intsar Ali don’t participate in any such organisation.

Mass media use:

Listening to radio- Yes

Programmes Regular Occasionally

General Yes No

Krishi No No

Watching television-Yes

General programmes- regularly

Regular krishi programmes-Hardly.

SUBSCRIPTION TO ANY NEWS PAPER: Yes, Amar ujala.

Is farmer regular at reading agricultural?No

Is farmer regular at reading news on politics?

Yes Other news: on economy?

No

No , agricultural magazine is been subscribed by Mr.Intsar Ali Rizvi.

Farmer no.3:

a.NAME OF FARMER: Ikhtidar Ali

b.Fathers name: S.L.Ali

c.Main occupation: Farmer

d.Subsidiary occupation: No

Name Age

Education

Relation to head

occupation

remarks

self 47 BA - Farmer Large farmer

Saira 44 10th passed

Wife House wife

Restricted to only house hold jobs

Azman Rizvi

17 . son Studying in class 12th

Not involved in farming affairs.

FAMILY LABOUR AVAILABLE FOR FARM USE :

MALE: No

FEMALE: No

CHILDREN: No

Permanent labourers engaged: 2 daily

Details of land:

Total area 2 hectare

Total cultivated area

2 hectare

Land sown more than one time

2 hectare

FARM IMPLEMENT / EQUIPMENT / MACHINERY:

Name of implements

Numbers Value of one

Total

Wooden plough

3 800 2400

Bullock cart

1 5000 5000

Seed drill NA NA NA

Harrow NA NA NA

Knap sack sprayer

3 700 2100

Foot NA NA NA

sprayer

Power sprayer

1 5000 5000

Tractor 1 550000 550000

Power tiller

NA NA NA

Chaff cutter

1 4000 4000

House hold materials:

S.N. NAME OF IMPLEMENT/EQUIPMENT

NO. VALUE

1. Bi cycle NA NA

2. Radio NA

3. Radio cum tape recorder 1 3500

4. Television 1 20000

5. Mixer juicer 1 2500

6. Grinder NA NA

7. Steel almirah 2 1600

each

8. Car NA NA

9. scooter NA NA

10. Moped 1 24000

11. Refrigerator 1 8000

12. Solar heater/cooker NA NA

13. DVD NA NA

14. Computer NA NA

15. Laptop NA NA

LIVESTOCK POSSESION:

1. BULLOCK 1

2. BUFFALO 3

3. COW NA

4. POULTRY NA

Any biogas plant the farmer possess?

No ,the farmer doesn’t possess.

Organizational participation:

No,Mr.Ikhtidar Ali don’t participate in any such organisation.

Mass media use:

Listening to radio- Yes

Programmes Regular Occasionally

General Yes No

Krishi Yes No

Watching television-YesGeneral programmes- regularly

Regular krishi programmes-very often .

SUBSCRIPTION TO ANY NEWS PAPER: Yes, Amar ujala.

Is farmer regular at reading agricultural?Yes

Is farmer regular at reading news on politics?

Yes

Other news: on economy?No

No , agricultural magazine is been subscribed by Mr.Ikhtidar Ali Rizvi.

:Farmer no.4:

a.NAME OF FARMER: Hakam Ali

b.Fathers name: S.L. Ali Rizvi

c.Main occupation: Farmer

d.Subsidiary occupation: Retired from Modi rubber

Name Age

Education

Relation to head

occupation

remarks

self 56 MA - Farmer Large farmer

Rizwana

49 10th passed

Wife House wife

Restricted to only house hold jobs

Shaqeel

34 B.Sc. son Farmer Lives in village

Sadiq 24 MBA son Job Comes to

village rarely

FAMILY LABOUR AVAILABLE FOR FARM USE :

MALE: Yes his son,Shaqib.

FEMALE: No

CHILDREN: No

Permanent labourers engaged: 5 daily

Details of land:

Total area 3 hectare

Total cultivated area

3 hectare

Land sown more than one time

3 hectare

FARM IMPLEMENT / EQUIPMENT / MACHINERY:

Name of Numbers Value of Total

implements

one

Wooden plough

4 900 3600

Bullock cart

1 5600 5600

Seed drill 1 10000 10000

Harrow 1 12000 12000

Knap sack sprayer

4 700 2800

Foot sprayer

NA NA NA

Power sprayer

2 5000 10000

Tractor 2 507000 507000

Power tiller

1 100000 100000

Chaff cutter

2 3000 6000

House hold materials:

S.N. NAME OF IMPLEMENT/EQUIPMENT

NO. VALUE

1. Bi cycle 2 2000 each

2. Radio 2 1000 each

3. Radio cum tape recorder NA NA

4. Television 1 25000

5. Mixer juicer 1 1700

6. Grinder 1 2400

7. Steel almirah 3 1600 each

8. Car 1 250000

9. scooter 1 33000

10. Moped NA NA

11. Refrigerator 1 10000

12. Solar heater/cooker NA NA

13. DVD 1 3500

14. Computer 1 25000

15. Laptop NA NA

LIVESTOCK POSSESION:

1. BULLOCK 1

2. BUFFALO 4

3. COW NA

4. POULTRY 5 hen(Layer)

Any biogas plant the farmer possess?

No ,the farmer doesn’t possess.

Organizational participation:

Yes,only in Gram panchayat.Mr.Hakam Ali was earlier its member ,too.

Mass media use:

Listening to radio- Yes

Programmes Regular Occasionally

General No Yes

Krishi Yes (4 times No

in a week)

Watching television-YesGeneral programmes- rarely

Regular krishi programmes-regularly

SUBSCRIPTION TO ANY NEWS PAPER: Yes, Dainik Jagran

Is farmer regular at reading agricultural?Yes

Is farmer regular at reading news on politics?

No Other news: on economy?

Yes

No , agricultural magazine is been subscribed by Mr.Hakam

Ali .

Calendar of activities at village:

In a period of 4 mths. I visited the village Loia and the farmers who were allotted to me.I had done the following things I hav learned a lot of practical aspects from my farmers as well as I taught them innovative ideas regarding farming.So my activities in village and my observations are here under:

DAY 1:

1/9/11

I went in the village by bus and then covered 2 km distance by foot.What I found there was that the farmer (Mr.Shrafat Ali’s field) was applying insecticides in the rice field.

The field was infested with with the yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulus)..I told him the following things.

Paddy stemborer: Scirpophaga incertulus

Symptom of damage

Presence of brown coloured egg mass near leaf tip.

Caterpillar bore into

central shoot of paddy seedling and tiller

Causes drying of the central shoot known

Identification of insect pest

Egg - Laid in a mass and covered with buff coloured hairs.

Larva - Pale yellow with dark brown head.

Pupa - White silken cocoon.

Adult Female moth - bright

yellowish brown fore wings with a black spot possess a tuft of yellow hairs.

Male moth - Smaller with pale yellow

forewings without black spot.Management

Resistant varieties: Ratna, Jaya, TKM 6. Avoid close planting and continuous water

stagnation Pull out and destroy the affected tillers Set up light traps to attract and kill the moths Harvest the crop upto the ground level and

disturb the stubbles Release the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma

japonicum on twice @ 5  cc/ha/

(followed by monocrotophos 36 SL spray thrice @ 1000 ml/ha on 58, 65 and 72 DAT)

Apply Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki and neem seed kernel extract

Spray any one of the following insecticides

o Monocrotophos         36 SL       1000 ml/hao Endosulfan                35 EC      1000 ml/hao Quinalphos                25 EC      1000 ml/hao Phosphamidon           40 SL        600 ml/hao Profenophos               50 EC     1000 ml/ha

Day 2:

5/9/11

I went to Mr. Hakam ali’s field he was applying irrigation, he was taking care that every part of field has adequate amount of water or not.irrigation is very important for rice.

When I visited the field it was in the tillering stage,the irrigation was applied by means of a tube well.

Vegetative stage:

from transplant to panicle initiation; duration varies from 1½ to 3 months. Vegetative stage includes the tillering. Tillering means that several stems develop on one plant

If the rice is sown directly (broadcast), the two stages combined are called the vegetative stage.

Day 3:

10/9/11

I again visited the field of Mr. Hakam ali,he was at this time too been in TILLERING stage was ready to be applied with the remaining dose of NITROGEN(1/4 dose).

I asked him to apply it and on the very day he applied the dose.

The nitrogen was applied in the form of urea.

Day 4:

15/9/11

I visited Mr. ikhtidar’s sugarcane field he was spraying the field as it was infested by Early shoot borer ie Chilo infuscatellus .

I observed and advised the following things:

Appearance:Adult moth : Straw coloured fore-wings and whitish hind wings with apical light buff areas, wing-span 25-40mm. Larvae : 20mm long, white and mottled with brown when fully grown. 

  Life CycleEggs (240, scale-like, overlapping) laid in 3-5 rows in masses of 4-100. Larvae hatch after 3-8 days and pupate after 22-45 days. Adults emerge after a pupation of 6-18 days. 

  Notes Serious pest of sugarcane : larvae feed on the central whorl of leaves, which dries up forming dead heart. Crop yields can fall by 70% in cases of heavy infestation.

1.  Release of egg parasitoid,Tricogramma chilonis @ 50, 000/ha at 7 days interval in southern India

2. Foliar spray of shoot borer grainulosis virus (G. V. ) 107 - 109IB/ml in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka

3. Release of Sturmiopsis inferens @ 125 gravid female/ha

DAY 4:

14/9/11

Today I visited Mr.Intsar’s field weeding operations were performed in his field.It was paddy field and there I saw 3 labours were employed for hand weeding.

SI. No.  Scientific name English name

Local name

1.Echinochloa colonum

Wild ricechotta sawank 

2.Echinochloa crusgalli

Banyard grass

sawank

3.Cyperus rotundus

Purple nut sedge

motha

4. Cyperus irriYellow sedge

chhatriwala dila

5. Cyperus Common motha

difformis sedge

6. Eclipta albafalse daisy

jal bhangra

7.Celosia argentia

Cock's comb

chilmil, sarai

8.Dactylotenium aegypticum

Crowfoot grass

makra

9. Setaria glaucaCattail millet 

laptana, banra

10. Scripus spp.Club rushes

-

11. Panicum spp. - -

12. Paspalum spp. - -

I told him about integrated weed management .A glimpse of which is here under:

 Integrated weed Management (IWM) in wet seeded rice:

1. Pre.em application of Anilofos @ 0.4 kg/ha + 2 hand weedings at 30 and    60 DAS1. Pre.em application of Pretilachlor  @ 0.5 kg/ha + 2 hand weedings at 30 and  60 DAS

I observed the following things :

  1. Hand weeding:

               Pulling by hand or using tools like hoe, spade or sickle

              Take up one or two hand weeding between 20-42 days after sowing

          2. Mechanical weeding:

              Repeated inter cultivation by passing hoe or small blade harrow 2-3 times

              between 20-45 days after sowing.

Day 5:

18/9/11

I visited field and given a field demonstration to all my allotted farmers.

I told them about the lepidopteran pests of rice and given the following useful information about biological control through Trichogramma spp ,an egg parasitoid.

I have told them the following things:

Release should begin when moths are first present and periodically thereafter. Timing is the key to getting a good kill - parasitism - of pest eggs. The use of insect traps to monitor pest presence can be a very helpful tool in determining when to start your beneficial insect releases..

General release rates (low to medium infestation):

Release 5,000 trichogramma wasps (1 square) per 5,000 square feet, weekly or every other week, for 3 to 6 consecutive weeks. Moths usually hatch over this time period with the peaks known as "flight." Depending on the climate you live in, several of these flights can occur during the season.

Interesting Factoid: Adult females use their antennae to measure the size of the host egg in order to determine how many eggs to lay in it.

Day 6:

25/9/11

Today there I found Mr. Sharafat ali’s field has many white ears when I broke that stem I found larvae of yellow stem borer.

I immediately went to the farmer and told him about it and asked him to remove all the diseased panicle as soon as possible.

Day 7:

30/9/11

I found that there was infestation of leaf miner also and hence I told him following things:

injury is caused by leafminer larvae feeding in mines between the two epidermal layers of a leaf. The mines usually contain a swelling, which is the body of the feeding or pupating leafminer. The mined area on the leaf fades to a light green color at first, then turns yellow and may appear white with time if it dries. Because high humidity is required for hatching, leafminer infestationsare usually confined to leaves lying on the water surface. The larvae are mobile and move on to new leaves after old ones are completely mined. In severe infestations, they may also mine the leaf sheath.

Biological ControlSeveral parasitic wasps attack the rice leafminer. The most effective are Chorebus

aquaticus and Opius hydrelliae. Parasites control up to 50% of the generations of leafminers that feed on grasses before rice fields are flooded. In rice, parasitism of the first generation of leafminers is low, but increases to 70 to 80% on the second and third generations. Normally a combination of parasites, predators, and high temperatures cause leafminer populations to drop rapidly by June.

Cultural ControlTo reduce the potential for damage, level the field as accurately as possible and start the crop in 3 to 4 inches (7–10 cm) of water. Under these conditions, the rice will more likely emerge quickly and develop stout stems and erect leaves. Increase the water depth slowly after the leaves begin to grow upright. Similarly, where the crop is growing slowly in a cool season, lower the water to encourage more rapid growth. (See restrictions on water release in section on TREATMENT DECISIONS.) If the source of water is cold, such as some wells, you may want to establish a warm

Day 8:

5/10/11

I went to Mr. Ikhtidar ali’s field and found that her wife was milking the Buffalo.

I asked them not to drink raw milk and only drink after boiling as it contains many microorganisms like Brucella abortus.

Day 9:

10/10/11

I went to Mr. hakam ali’s field and asked him to deworm his animals.

I suggested them to use the following g medicines to deworm his animals.

There are several several anthelmintics approved for use in beef cattle.  It is probably a good idea to rotate the wormer you use.  Consult your veterinarian concerning the type to use and the timing to be the most cost effective for your area.  Several are listed below by active ingredient and (brand).

Albendazole (Valbazen) is available in paste or suspension. It is effective against all intestinal worms including tapeworms, and lungworms as well as liver flukes. It has a 27-day withdrawal for slaughter. It should not be used in animals during the first 45 days of pregnancy.

Fenbendazole (Panacur, Safeguard) is available as a stable suspension or granules. It is effective against roundworms in the gut, larval forms in the tissues, and lungworms. Withdrawal time to slaughter is 8 days.

Ivermectin (Ivomec) for cattle is an effective medication against the internal worm parasites including lungworms as well as cattle grubs and sucking lice. It is available in injectable or pour-on formulations. Withdrawal time to slaughter is 35 days.

Levamisole (Levisol, Tramisol) is available in boluses, a paste for oral administration, as a pour-on or an injectable form. Levamisole is effective against roundworms and lungworms. Withdrawal time is orally 2 days and injected 7 days.

Morantel tartrate (Rumatel) comes in boluses or crumbles for oral use. It is effective against roundworms, and has a 14-day withdrawal time to slaughter.

Oxfendazole (Synonthic) is a new wormer that is effective against intestinal parasites including tapeworms. This wormer has a unique delivery system in that the wormer is injected directly into the rumen. Oxfendazole is also available in the drench form.  It has a 7 day withdrawal time to slaughter.

Thiabendazole (Omnizole, TBZ) for oral administration is available in paste, boluses, suspension, or crumbles. It is effective against roundworms. Withdrawal time to slaughter is 3 days.

Day 11:

15/10/11

I visited Mr. ikhtidar ali’s field of paddy and I found his labourers doing hand weeding removing the Echinochloa

grass and cleaning the irrigation channels which has sedges in it.

Day 12:

21/10/11

I visited Mr. sharafat ali’s field and was astounded to see a lot of Parthenium growing everywhere in the field .

I asked them to uproot all the parthenium from the field as it produces a large number of seeds and a lot of allergic reactions.

Day 13 :

27/10/11

I visited Mr. Intsar’s field of paddy and there too I have found the parthenium weed growing in the entire field.

I also observed and discussed that no single method appears to be satisfactory due to  high cost, impracticability, environmental safety, tem and

Mechanical Eradication.  It is observed that cutting or slashing of parthenium enhances its regeneration. So uprooting manually is the finest option. During the rainy season, the soil remains wet and hence manual or mechanical removal can be done before the onset of flowering with people's participation. This operation should be started before blooming as uprooting after fruit setting will be a sheer waste of time and money. As manual removal is not cost effective, it can be advocated only in limited situations. If it becomes imperative to use labour, they should be equipped with protective measures including ascertaining their parthenium sensitiveness.  During the last few years much emphasis has been laid on controlling parthenium through various biological agents like insects, pathogens etc . It was found that Cassia species can control parthenium

 

Day 14:

30/10/10

I today viusited the cattle shed and found that there was no proper sanitation and hygiene.

I asked them the following things:

. Sanitation is necessary in the dairy farm houses for eliminations of all micro organisms that are capable of causing disease in the animals. The presence of organisms in the animal shed contaminates the milk produced thus reducing its self life, milk produced in an unclean environment is likely to transmit diseases which affect human health: Dry floorings keeps the houses dry and protects from foot injury. Similarly the presence of flies and other insects in the dairy farm area are not only , disturbs the animals but also spreads deadly diseases to the animals egg. Babesiosis, Theileriosis.

Sanitizers Sunlight is the most potent and powerful sanitizer which destroy most of the disease producing organism. Disinfection of animal sheds means making these free from disease  producing bacteria and is mainly-carried out by sprinkling chemical agents such as bleaching powder, Iodine and lodophor, sodium carbonate, Washing soda, Slaked Lime (Calcium hydroxide), Quick Lime (Calcium oxide) and phenol.

Bleaching powder: This is also called calcium hypo chloride. It contains upto 39 % available chlorine which has high disinfecting activity.  

Iodine and lodophor: This is commercially available as lodophores and contains between 1 and 2 % available Iodine which is an effective germicide.

Sodium carbonate: A hot 4 % solution of washing soda is a powerful disinfectant against many viruses and certain bacteria.

Slaked lime and quick lime:White washing with these agents makes the walls of the sheds and the water troughs free from bacteria.

Phenol:Phenol or carbolic acid is very disinfectants which destroy bacteria as well as fungus.

Insecticide:Insecticides are the substances or preparations used for killing insects. In dairy farms, ticks usually hide in cracks and crevices of the walls and mangers. Smaller quantities of insecticide solutions are required for spraying. Liq

Day 15:

3/11/11

It is the Harvesting time only Mr. Sharafat Ali’s field is been harvested and remaining three allotted farmers were having their harvesting.Large combines were e3mployed for this purpose which they took on rents from a firm at Meerut.

Harvesting went on in a very easy manner unlike that which the common Indian farmer does.As all my allotted farmers are large farmers hence they employed combines..

Day 16:

6/11/11

I visited Cattle shed of Mr. Hakam Ali and told them that the Exposure to the sun and protection from wind A dairy building should be located to a maximum exposure to the sun in the north and minimum exposure to the sun in the south and protection from prevailing strong wind currents whether hot or cold. Buildings should be placed so that direct sunlight can reach the platforms, gutters and mangers in the cattle shed. As far as possible, the long axis of the dairy barns should be set in the north-south direction to have the maximum benefit of the sun.

Day 17 :

10/11/11

The paddy was packed in sacks and were taken to the safe places for storage.

The field of Mr. Hakam Ali has a lot of paddy remining to be packed and rest all the farmers had already done their job satisfactorily.

Day 18:

15/11/11

Tying up operations were going on in the sugarcane fields of Mr. Shrafat ali.

Varieties of sugarcane that posses soft rinds and are raised under good crop management frequently lodge and needs tying up.

This is done by tying sugarcane in several clumps .it was already done in august but now it is again rejuvenated.

Day 19:

20/11/11

I today gave tips to control the white flies as they are very much posing threat to the yields of sugarcane.

Management:

Waterlogging conditions should be avoided. Ratoon cropping should be discouraged if

pest attack was severe in planted crop. Spray the crop with 1.5 litres of endosulphan

35 EC or monocrotophos (Nuvacron) 36 EC in 1000 litres of water per hectare.

Day 20:

25/11/11

I went to the field of Mr.intsar and Mr. hakam there I found out that the irrigation was going on.

Judicious use of sugarcane is one of the main factors that govern cane’s yields and recovery.

The total water requirement of sugarcane is 200 to 300 centimetre.

Seven irrigations are needed on an average in north india,5 before and 2 after monsoon,while spring planted crop may be irrigated only 6 times.

Day 21:

27/11/11

I visited the village and participated in tree plantation campaign which was organized by an NGO to avoid erosion in fields on the field bunds.

Day 22:

30/11/11

I visited Mr. Intsar ali’s field his fields were been ploughed by tractors so as to incorporate the stubbles in the field.

It seems that they were preparing the fields for the next crops to be taken.

Day 23:

2/11/11

It was the last day of my visit to the village I have taken an overlook of village with which I got too much familiar .

I had my lunch at Mr.Sharafat Ali’s house.

I asked them to get their farming more scientific and told them that they could also start organic farming.

Then,I visited Mr.Hakam’s house and I told him about fertigation which they can employ in their fileds of sugarcane.

Conclusion of RAWE Programme:

Experiential learning approaches towards problem solving and improving interaction with the world outside. The learning process essentially provides a direction to the students

to think and act and eventually creates self-confidence. It helps the students develop their competence, capability, capacity building, skills, expertise, in short a holistic development. However, it requires an individual’s total commitment, involvement, participation, reception, active interest, dedication, skill, curiosity, vision and mission.

Rural development aims at finding the ways to improve the rural lives with participation of the rural people themselves so as to meet the required need of the rural area. The outsider may not understand the setting, culture, language and other things prevalent in the local area. As such, general people themselves have to participate in their sustainable rural development. Indeveloping countries like Nepal, India, integrated development approaches are being followed up. In the context of many approaches and ideas have been developed and followed up, for instance, Bottom-up approach, PRA- Participatory Rural Appraisal, RRA- Rapid Rural Appraisal etc.

I learned a lot from this programme,being from a city I hardly knew about the practical agriculture.

Its was great applying the theoretical knowledge into practical world,I came to know about the actual rural localities.

I also improved my skills as to how to interact with the rural people and understanding the problems of rural areas.

Mr. Nazim Ali,our Rawe coordinator improved our skills greatly through his innovative,relevant ,professional outlook ,he was always there for us to tell us as to what things to be done when.

Finally I would like to say that if not a maestro out of us came out but definitely through this RAWE programme we have gained a lot of practical knowledge about agriculture and villages that would help us in our forthcoming professional life.