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Russia
Seen as backward, no warm water ports, little trade, undeveloped resources
1613: Boyars (nobles) elect Michael Romanov as Tsar.
Streltsy (Moscow garrison) have some control as well.
Peter the Great(1682-1725)
• Streltsy install Peter as Tsar
• Power struggle between, Sophia, streltsy and Peter.
• Four goals = 1) tame boyars and streltsy, 2)control of church, 3)reorganize gov., 4)develop the economy
Westernization
• Impressed by the West so enforces new customs
• 1697 Visited Western Europe in disguise to inspect shipyards, docks and military “factories”, and to seek help vs. Turks
• 1703 Relocates capital at St. Petersburg
Controlling Opposition
• 1698 streltsy rebel; 1,200 put to death
• In 1722 published the Table of Ranks that says privilege and social position are now from from rank in army and bureaucracy
• Clergy opposed westernization; 1721 replaced patriarch with a synod, no monks under 50
Domestic Administration
• Created “colleges” that dealt with foreign affairs, war and economy
• 1711 creates a nine-member senate to rule while he was away
• Needed a bureaucracy to collect taxes for military spending
War
• Fought the Ottoman Empire
• Fought Sweden in the Great Northern War (1700-1721); Peace of Nystad grants control of Estonia, Livonia and Finland and warm-water ports.
____________________________________• 1725 dies with no heir. Chaos ensues.
Habsburg Empire
• After 1648 Habsburgs still have title of H.R.E.
• Needed control of other territories
• 1714 gain control of Spanish Netherlands after War of Spanish Succession
Obstacles to Power
• ethnic and religious diversity of Empire
• legal diversity of claims
• established central councils but regional
Significant Rulers
• Leopold I (1658-1705): resists Turks and Louis XIV in Nine Years’ War, extends territory on the Balkans
• Pragmatic Sanction = legal doc. That allows hereditary succession of H.R.E.
• Maria Theresa (1740-1780) left without a strong army or treasury, has to elevate Hungary b/c War of Austrian Succession
Prussia• Hohenzollern family ruled Brandenburg, East
Prussia and other territories (2nd only to Habsburgs)
• Frederick William aka the Great Elector (1640-1688) broke the medieval parliaments, organized royal bureaucracy, and built a strong army
• Gave Junkers control over their serfs, tax collecting power, and military prestige
Monarchy Established
• Frederick I (1688-1713) receives crown from H.R.E. Leopold I for help in War of Spanish Succession.
• Frederick William I (1713-1740) militarized the bureaucracy and expanded the military, made the officer corps the highest social class
• Frederick II (1740-1786) invades Austria and consolidates Germany
The War of the Austrian Succession: (1740-1748)• Prussia seizes the Austrian province of Silesia with France
supporting Prussia. Britain comes to Austria’s aid to keep Belgium Austrian
• Prussia becomes head of a powerful German state• Ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
The Seven Years War: (1756-1763)• Prussia invades Saxony. France, Austria, Sweden, Russia
and other German states oppose while Britain aids.• Britain takes over France’s colonies in Canada and Prussia
becomes a great continental power.