Rudy Soekamto SetiabudiEdited by

Hana eliyani

SPLANCHNOLOGY

• Science which study viscera of animals.• The root” sphlancnon” means internal organ (the

entrails).• Viscera includes only the organs belonging to

the systems that maintain the life of the individual and secure the continuity of the species, example:

• digestive, respiratory and urogenital System.

Structure in general

• Structure organs with or without a cavity, always surrounded by and, if hollow lined by special layers. Whether hollow or solid, most viscera are prominent in the cavity of the body.

• Viscera lined by layers : serous (outer wall) muscular (middle wall) mucous (inner layer).

SPLANCHNOLOGY

• Apparatus digestive deals with food.

• Apparatus respiratory with gases.

• Apparatus urinary removes the residues, as do the other two systems also to maintain the metabolic balance and, consequently, that of life itself.

• Apparatus genitalia for perpetuate the species.

BODY CAVITY

• Mamalia have two cavities:

thorax cavity and abdominal cavity separated by diaphragm.

• thorax & abdominal organs were protected by membrane (pleura, pericardia and peritoneum,) this layers produces mucous liquid in the cavity for protecting the adhesion and friction.

system digestive = apparatus digestorius =systema digestorium

• Composes of organs which receive & digest the food.

• This tube run along the body, starts from lips until anus

• example : mouth, pharynx, esophagus gaster, intestine & accessory organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver and pancreas.

Tractus digestivus (canalis alimentarius) composes of :

• esophagus,

• Ventriculus

• intestinum tenuae &

• intestinum crassum

Canalis alimentarius

oral cavity• LABIUM• LINGUA• DENTES• PALATUM MOLLE • PHARYNX• GLD. SALIVA

Oral Cavity

cavum oris

Gld sublingualis

tongue

PALATUM cattle/horse

tongue (LINGUAE)

• Position in the mouth between rami mandible• Fix in radix linguae• Dorsal surface is free = dorsum lingua.• On the mucousa surface have papillae,

filiformes, fungiformes, vallatae, foliatae & conicae.

• Salivary glands sublingualis/buccalis.• Support by intrinsic &extrinsic muscles• Arteri/vena/nervus

Function of the tongue

• is very motile, it shows differences in structure according to its varying usage for the species.

• Function:

1. Intake of solid & liquid food (licking and sucking).

2. Grasp and sort of food3. Taste the food.4. Mastication & deglutitation.5. Cleansing of the skin and hair coat.

LINGUA HORSE

tonsil

p.vallate

p.foliate

lingua

apex lingua

Corpus lingua

radix

Facies dorsal have:1. papillae filiformis2. papillae fungiformis3. papillae circumvalatae4. papillae foliatae

oesophagus

epiglottis

SALIVARY Glands

• The ducts open into the mouth.

• 1. parotid gland (under the ear).

2. mandibular gland (under the lower jow).

3. sublingual gland (under the tongue)

salivary glands cattle

gld.parotis

gld mandibula

Salivary glands cattle gld parotis

gld mandibularis

gld buccalis dorsales

Gld buccales ventrales

TEETH ( DENTES)

• portion within a socket in the upper and lower jaw and a portion exposed term as crown (corona).

• In the interior of the teeth is a pulp cavity containing soft material and including vessels & nerves.

• Function :d.Incisi biting, d.canini tearing, d.premolar and molar chewing food.

• Deciduous teeth (baby teeth) will replace with permanent• Composition of teeth such as. pulp (gelatin, blood vessels & nerves), dentin, enamel

and cementum.

DENTES

• animal I C PM M

• horse 2X (3/3 1/1 3-4/3 3/3) = 40/42

• bovine 2X (0/4 0/0 3/3 3/3) = 32

• pig 2X (3/3 1/1 4/4 3/3) = 44

• dog 2X (3/3 1/1 4/4 2/3) = 42

• cat 2X (3/3 1/1 3/2 1/1) = 30

TEETH (dentes)

Pulp cavity

cementumenamel

dentin

TEETH HORSE

TEETH DOG

Teeth no 4 term as carnassial

TEETH DOG

Carnissial teeth

PHARYNX & palatum molle

• In the crossing of digestive system with respiratory system.

PHARYNX

• Have 7 opening:

* ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae ( 2 )

* isthmus faucium

* choanae ( 2 )

* aditus oesophageum

* aditus laryngea

ESOPHAGUS

• Musculomembranous tube which extends from the pharynx to the stomach, start from cervical till abdomen

• Length in HORSE: 125 to 150 cm.• Its in median plane, its course from dorsal larynx

and trachea. level VC IV turn to the left trachea, in VC VI parallel and continue ventral trachea, then enters thorax cavity until VT III, the position turn to dorsal trachea, continue caudally parallel and in the left aorta, both of them inthe mediastinum continue between two lung piercing diaphragm ( hiatus esophageal and aorticus), and finally end in the cardia of the ventriculus, at the level costae XIV

Position of esophagus

• horse bovine

oesophagus

trachea

Ø esophagus horse, VC II

esophagus

trachea

Ø eso vertebrae C IV ( caudal view)

• Esophagus at the sinister trachea.

• The biggest cavity. Separate from thorax cavity by diaphragm. Continue caudally as pelvis cavity.

• Dorsal border : muscles and vert.lumbal• Lateral border: muscles and fascia

abdominal & m iliacus, cartilago costae asternale & diaphragm.

• Ventral border: muscles and abdominal aponeurosa & cartilago xyphoid.

• Cranial border : diaphragm,

ABDOMINAL CAVITY

peritoneum

• is the thin serous membrane which lines the abdominal cavity & pelvis cavity (PERITONEUM PARIETALIS), and covers to a greater or lesser extent, the viscera contained therein. PERITONEUM VISCERALIS) except kidney (ren).

• In the male covers properly the genital.• In the female have 2 holes for tuba Fallopii & uterus,• In several location, make fold such as fold for holding

term: mesenteries, omentum, ligaments, etc

VENTRICULUS = GASTER

• Is the large dilatation of GIT. Intervenes between esophagus and small intestine.

• Digest by mechanic and enzymatic.• Structure has variation depend on their food :

Simple stomach: equidae & carnivoraComplex stomach : ruminansiaChane stomach : pig has deverticulum ventriculi.

Ventriculus horse

• horse : look like J ; Volume 8 – 15 liter• cattle Volume : 115-150• Hanging by; ligamentum & omentum.

fungsi equide ruminansia

mekanik Pars cardiaca rumen

reticulum

omasum

enzimatis Pars fundica abomasum

Ventriculus HORSE

curvatura major

curvatura minor

Saccus cecus ventriculi

Incisura angularis

Margo plicatus

Pars cardiaca

Pars fundica

pylorus

oesophagus

VENTRICULUS ruminansia

sinister dexter

rumen

reticulum

reticulumomasum

abomasum

curvatura dorsal

curvatura ventral

CALF (baby cattle)

• rumen + reticulum have not function, make the milk directly go to the abomasum via sulcus ventriculi.

• 8 mgg: volume rumen + reticulum = abomasum.

• 12 weeks: r+r = 2 times abomasum

mucous ventriculus

• Rumen : the most part thickly sudded with large papillae like “towel” pilae ruminis

• Reticulum: raise into folds like bees house cellulae reticularis

• Omasum : have about hundred longitudinal folds lamina omasi.

• Abomasum : the surface is soft and has a reddish color and is marked by large permanent folds Plicae abomasi

Ventriculus peralihan

deverticulum ventriculi

Curvatura minor

curvatura major Omentum majus

Omentum minus

1.pars cardiaca2.pars fundica3.pars pylorica

1

2

3

pylorus

Intestinum horse

intestine : Duodenum,Jejunum,IliumCecumColon crassum: have 4 parts with 3 flexura colon tenuaerectum

plica cecocolica

Duodenum, 1m,like horse shoes, have ductus pancreaticus & choleducus, hanging by mesoduodenumJejunum,Ilium, hanging by mesenterium, many lymphonodule Cecum, 1.25 m, coma form, blind sac

Intestinum ruminansia

Intestinum :duodenum,jejunum, iliumcecumColon : coil, ansa proximalis coliansa spiralis: gyri centripetalis gyri cetrifugalisansa distalis: gyrus dorsalis gyrus ventraliscolon transversum,colon descendensflexura sigmoidea colirectum

Cecum horse

cecum

1. basis ceci2. corpus ceci3. apex ceci

apexcorpus

basis

RECTUM

• the caudal part of the tube; enters to pelvic cavity before finish in the anus.

• Length : 30 cm.• Hanging by: mesorectum.

anus

• Terminal part of the alimentary canal. • Situated below the root of tail ( vert cocygea IV)

structure sphichter (ring).• It covers externally by skin is thin, hairless and

provided with numerous sebaceous & sweat glands.

• Diameter lumen 5 cm long, closed except during defecation’ this part under control by m. sphincter ani internus/externus.

• M. levator ani protect prolapsus anus during defecation

TRACTUS RESPIRATORIUS

Respiration organ function in the Organism for :• Breath (respiration); as osmotic and chemical

process, the gasses exchange with their environment.

• The gas exchange between oxygen (O2) and Carbondioksida (CO2) (drawn in/ inspiration and expelled/ expiration). Its happen in the lung organ by the oxidative activity (diffusion) in the tissue.

TRACTUS RESPIRATORIUS

• Start from: nose (planum nasale), nose cavity (Cavum nasi), pharynx, larynx, trachea,

bronchi until lung (bronchioli and sacculi alveolares).

Supporting organs: >Pleura >Skeleton thoracalis (sternum, costae,

V.Thoracalis + respiratory muscles) >Diaphragm.

Nasal Cavity

Septum nasi

37.Ostium pharyngea tuba auditiva

cavum pharynxplica vocalis

Isthmus faucium

Os turbinnatum=conchae

Conchae nasalis dorsalis

Conchae nasalis ventralis

Nasal Cavity HORSE (cross section)

1, septum nasi33, plexus venosus nasalis

34, meatus nasi ventralis35, meatus nasi medius.36, meatus nasi dorsalis

Nasal Cavity CATTLE

1. os nasal2. os turbinata dorsal

3. os turbinata ventral4. Sinus maxillaris

5. Septum nasi6. Vomer

7. Proc palatinus maxilla8. mukosa palatina

Pharynx CATTLE

1. oesophagus2. trachea

3. arcus palatopharyngeus4. cartilago corniculata

5. aditus laryngis9. epiglottis

13.sinus tonsilaris14.radix linguae

15. papilla vallatae

LARYNX

• Short tube between pharynx and trachea.

• Compose of 5/6 cartilages, connecting each others

• Position a little bit superficial under head to the neck, between lower jaw.

• Fix to os basihyoid and thyrohyoid

Larynx HORSE

Cartilago larynx

3 Single Cartilage :

cricoidea, thyroidea, epiglottica

3 pairs cartilages: arytenoidea

corniculate

cuneiformis

( figure in sisson & grosmann vol. 1 page 505-507 )

Larynx with OSSA HYOID

1. stylohyoideum

2. epihyoideum

3. ceratohyoideum

4. proc lingualis

5. thyrohyoideum

6. pars cartilaginea thyrohyoid

7. cartilago epiglottica

8. cartilago corniculata

9. cartilago arytonoidea

10. cartilago thyroidea

15. cartilago cricoidea

Larynx CATTLE with muscles

3. m.vocalis

8. m.ceratohyoideus

9. m.thyrohyoideus

10.Stylohyoideum

11.Epihyoideum

12.Thyrohyoideum

13.Ceratohyoideum

14.proc.lingualis

15.Cart epiglottica

17.cart.corniculata

19.cart.thyroidea

20.cart.cricoidea

Larynx HORSE

Larynx DOG

1. Trachea

2. Oesophagus

3. Vestibulum oesoph

4. cart.arytenoidea

5. aditus laryngis

6. fornix pharyngis

7. cartilago corniculata.

9. velum palatini

11.tonsilla palatina

13 radix lingua

14 papilla vallata

16 epiglottis

TRACHEA

compose of Cartilage membranous connecting larynx with Pulmo courses in cervical (pars cervicalis) and enters thorax cavity (pars thoracalis) in the mediastinum space.

• Trachea make bifurcation on dorsal COR at the level V.T 5, this branch term as :bronchus dexter et sinister.

• length : cattle = 65 cm

horse = 70 -80 cm.

goat/sheep = 25 cm

.

tracheal ring

horse bovine goatsheep

trachea ringm.trachealis

Trachea

• Pars cervicalis:

course at the ventral esophagus, a little bit right position.

• Young animal thymus can be found in the ventro-lateral trachea.

• Trachea no 1-4: position of thyroid glands

Thymus CALF

thymus

Trachea horse/cattle

Gld thyroidea

Trachea cattle

trachea

a.Carotis communis

m.sternohyoideus

Vena jugularis

• Thorax cavity have pleura which fold covers lungs and heart

• margin:dorsal: V.thoracalis, ligamentum and mm.

thoracalis.lateral : costae with their muscles.ventral: sternum, cartilago costae pars sternalis and

muscles. • Apertura thoracalis cranialis: small,narrow and

oval passed throuh by m.longus coli, trachea, oeso, a/v/n lgg.

CAVUM THORAX

Cavum thorax

• Apertura thoracalis caudalis: composes of diaphragm fixing tho the costal cartilage no 8, 9 and 10 costal.

• Thorax cavity line by pleural sacs which invaginate from dorsal fold down makes cavum pleura dexter et sinister, which covers lungs.

• Septum longitudinal mediastinum, is a longitudinal space between pleura dexter et sinister

Thorax Cavity CATTLE

Cav thorax pleura dexter > sinister

Mediastinum: celah antarapleura dexter et sinister

LUNG (PULMO)

• Compose of dexter et sinister, fill the large part of thorax cavity.

• Covers by pleura and fixing by ligamentum pulmonaris• Pulmo of horse compose of sveral lobulus in sinister

part: apicalis & diafragmatica (caudal).• Pulmo dexter: apicalis (=cranialis), diafragmatica &

accessorius• Pulmo dexter et sin same big, only the dexter part more

thicker because it has lobus accessorius (intermediate).

pulmo

• Divides into: basis (facies diafragmatica) and apex (cranial).

• 2 surfaces:(facies costale with impressio costale & medial with impressio cardiaca)

• 3 margo : dorsale, ventrale, basale.• Hilus : location enters/out blood vessels

(A/V), Lymphonodulus and Nerves in the lungs.

PULMO SINISTRA CATTLE

1,2 lobus cranialis3. lobus caudalis4. margo dorsalis

5. margo ventralis6. fissura interlobaris7. Incisura cardiaca

8. facies diafragmatica9. impressio aortica

10 impressiooesophagea12.bronchus

11.Impressio v azygos15.Ins pleura mediastinalis

16.Impressio cardiaca.

PULMO DEXTRA CATTLE

1,2 lobus cranialis3 lobus medius

4 lobus caudalis5 lobus accessorius.

6 margo dorsalis7 margo ventralis

8 incisura cardiaca9 fissura interlobaris10 impressio oesoph11 impressio v.c.cran

12 impressio a,v thoracica interna

13 impressio cardiaca14 facies diafragmatica

20 sulcus vena cava caudalis

Pulmo sinistra HORSE

Pulmo dextra HORSE

Pulmo HORSE DOG facies diafragmatica

horsedog

BRONCHUS TRACHEALIS

• Develops only in the cattle, goat & sheep.

• The branch from trachea at the right position at the level costae III

• cattle: ± 10 cm before bifurcation

• Goat/sheep : ± 5 cm

• Enters the right lobus apical.

Ruminant’s Pulmo

Bronchus trachealis

bifurcatio

Vascularisation & innervation

• Branches of the artery pulmonary carry venous blood to the lungs. They accompany the bronchi.

• The pulmonary veins (vv pulmonalis) return most of the blood from the lungs and the pulmonary pleura to the left atrium of the heart.

• The nerve supply to the lungs and pulmonary pleura are nn. pulmonalis branch of the n. vagus and nervi symphaticus. Passes through the hilus & supply branches of aa bronchialis and bronchial tree wall.

STUDY WELL STUDY WELL & GOOD LUCK& GOOD LUCK