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RSCH 6109: Assessment & Evaluation Methods
More Overview
Ethical Considerations
Historical Trends in AssessmentRelated Reading: Clarke, M., et.al. (2000). Retrospective on
Educational Testing & Assessment in the 20th Century.
Historical Figures in Assessment
What do tests measure?
Affective Domains
Cognitive Domains
Behavioral Domains
Attitudinal Domains
Overview of Testing Concepts
Affective Domains
personality
temperament
motivational factors
emotional states
MMPI, BDI
Overview of Testing Concepts
Cognitive Domains
achievement
aptitude
intelligence
specific cognitive abilities
SAT, WJ, WRAT
Overview of Testing Concepts
Behavioral Domains
observable actions
social behaviors
work behavior
specific skills
SSRS, CBCL
Overview of Testing Concepts
Attitudinal Domains
type of cognitive measurement
self report of perceptions / opinions / attitudes / values
similar to what many surveys do, but more developed
Career measures, job satisfaction measures
Overview of Testing Concepts
What makes a test “standardized”?
Rigorous development process
Standards for administration
Objective scoring procedures
Norms for interpretation
Guidelines for proper use
Overview of Testing Concepts
Counselors can access the technical properties of standardized tests.
What are “acceptable measurement properties”?
Reliability
Validity
Cultural sensitivity
Overview of Testing Concepts
Ethical Testing Practices
1920s Giles Ruch wrote the Minimum Essentials for Reporting Data on Standard Tests
1930s Oscar Buros directed the Buros Institute for Mental Measurements
1954 APA published Technical Recommendations for Psychological Test and Diagnostic Techniques
1955 Technical Recommendations for Achievement Tests published by the National Education Association
1966 Standards for Educational and Psychological Tests and Manuals was a joint publication by the AERA, NCME,
and APA. Standards revised in 1974, 1985, and 1999.
There is urgent need for a fact-finding organization which will undertake impartial, experimental, and statistical evaluations of tests – validity, reliability, legitimate uses, accuracy of norms, and the like. This might lead to the listing of satisfactory tests in the various subject matter divisions in much the same way that Consumer’s research, Inc. is attempting to furnish reliable information to the average buyer. -Ruch 1925
Ethical Testing Practices
Confidentiality
Do no harm
Proper Use
Ethical Testing Practices
Do no harm
Respect the client
Build rapport
Understand the client’s goals / needs
Explain the results appropriately
Rights of test takers (pp. 32-33)
Ethical Testing Practices
Rights of test takers (pp. 32-33)
Inform the test taker:
purpose of testing
who has access to scores
how scores will be used
consequences of not taking tests
Ethical Testing Practices
Proper Use
selection of appropriate tests
follow standards for administration, scoring, and interpretation
proper cautions in decision making
follow the ethical guidelines
user qualification issues
Ethical Testing Practices
User qualification standards
handout
First known standardized test: 2200 B.C. Chinese Civil Service Examination System 3 year, oral, certification examination in Music, Archery, Horsemanship, Writing, Math, Public & Private Rights & Ceremonies
No formal study or scientific investigation of individual differences took place until the 19th century when experimental psychologists (Wundt, Ebbinghaus, and others) demonstrated that psychological phenomenon could be described in quantitative and rational terms.
Not until the 20th century did the field of testing become more scientific and rigorous.
Historical Trends in Testing
Historical Trends in Testing
First Test of Personality: Robert Woodworth’s Personal Data Sheet Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory
During WWI, government committee on Emotional Fitness developed a quick, group administered, measure of adjustment and emotional stability
Yes/No questions regarding existence of various psychopathologies
“Are you troubled with the idea that people are watching you on the street?”
Historical Trends in Testing
First Intelligence Test Published: 1905 Binet- Simon Intelligence Scale
Commissioned by the Minister of Public Instruction in Paris to develop a procedure for identifying children who were seemingly unable to benefit sufficiently from instruction in regular classrooms.
30-item, individually administered, written test of ability to judge, understand, and reason.
1908: Revision included subtests grouped by age levels. First introduction of the concept of “mental age.”
1911: Final revision extended the test to the adult level.
handout
Historical Figures in Testing1. Charles Spearman (Test Theory)
2. Frederick Kelly (Achievement Testing)
3. Edward Thorndike (Achievement Testing)
4. Lewis Terman (Intelligence Testing)
5. James McKeen Cattell (Intelligence Testing)
6. E.F. Lindquist (Achievement Testing)
7. Hermann Rorschach (Personality Testing)
8. E.K. Strong, Jr. (Interest Measurement)
9. Arthur Otis (Intelligence Testing)
10. O.K. Buros (Mental Measurement)
11. Benjamin Bloom (Achievement Testing)
12. David Wechsler (Intelligence)
13. Starke Hathaway (Personality Testing)
14. Howard Gardner (Intelligence Testing)
15. Robert Sternberg (Intelligence Testing)
Charles Spearman
Edward Thorndike
Lewis Madison Terman
James McKeen Cattell
Hermann Rorschach
Oscar Buros
David Wechsler
Starke Rosecrans Hathaway
Howard Gardner
Robert Sternberg
Anne Anastasi
Florence Goodenough
Ana Felicia Munoz-Sandoval