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Tomo Umemura
6.10.2015
Roles of parenting styles
and discipline in children
Roles of parenting styles and discipline in children
Overview for today 1. APA format
2. Aunola, K. & Nurmi, J. (2005). The role of parenting style in children’s problem behavior. Child Development, 76, 1144-1159.
3. Lansford, J. E. et al. (2005). Physical discipline and children’s adjustment: Cultural normativeness as a moderator. Child Development, 76, 1234-1246.
4. Cox, M. J., & Paley, B. (2003). Understanding families as systems. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 193-196.
Introduction paragraph is due on October 13th.
Timetable:
• September 22: Possible topics for your paper
• September 29: Guidelines for writing
introduction paragraph
• October 6: APA format
• October 13: Introduction due: please bring a
hard copy of your intro with a title page (and
references).
APA format
Title Page
↑Only title page
Title Page • Title
– Clear and concise
– Include your major
variables/constructs.
– No longer than two lines.
– Upper and Lowercase
• Authors’ names
• Authors’ affiliations
• Page number
• Running Head (Abbreviated form of the title)
– ALL UPPERCASE
Text Example
No “Running Head” any more
The title
Text Example
The title
Text • Last name(s) (YEAR)
• “and” and “&”
• Semicolons when you have multiple citations.
– The effect of multiple caregivers on children is not well understood
(Grossmann, Grossmann, Kindler & Zimmermann, 2008; Howes,
1999; Waters & Cummings, 2000).
– Colin and Lamb (1985) that children display affiliative behavior
towards their mother, father, and even other caregivers…
Text • If there are 1 or 2 authors, use the authors’ names every time
when this work is cited
– Colin (1985) -> Colin (1985)
– Colin and Lamb (1985) -> Colin and Lamb (1985)
• If there are 3, 4, or 5 authors, list all the authors’ names first
time, and then subsequently use “et al.”
– “et al.” is an abbreviation of “et alia” which means “and others.”
– Colin, Lamb, and Clark (1985) -> Colin et al. (1985)
• If there are 6 or more authors, use “et al.” since the first time
– Grossmann, Grossmann, Fremmer-bombik, Kindler, Scheuerer &
Zimmermann, 2002 = Grossmann et al. (2002)
References
References • Hanging indent (Microsoft Word: paragraph -> special -> hanging)
• Last name, Initial of first name. Initial of middle
name. (YEAR).
• Title (Use the uppercase letter only for the first letter
of the first word and after colon)
Belsky, J. (1979). Mother-father-infant interaction: A
naturalistic observational study. Developmental
Psychology, 15, 601-607. doi: 10.1037/0012-
1649.15.6.601
References • Journal Articles
– Name(s). (Year). Title. Name of Journal, Volume, page-
page. doi:xxxxxxx
– Belsky, J. (1979). Mother-father-infant interaction: A
naturalistic observational study. Developmental
Psychology, 15, 601-607. doi: 10.1037/0012-
1649.15.6.601
– Do not include the issue number, unless each issue of a
journal begins on page 1. – Belsky, J. (1979). Mother-father-infant interaction: A
naturalistic observational study. Developmental
Psychology, 15 (2), 601-607. doi: 10.1037/0012-
1649.15.6.601
References • Book chapter
– Name(s). (Year). Title. In Name(s) of editor(s) (Ed. or
Eds.), Title of the book. City, State/Country:
Publisher.
– Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1982). Attachment: Retrospect and
prospect. In J. Stevenson-Hinde & C. M. Parks
(Eds.), The Place of Attachment in Human
Behavior. New York, NY: Basic Books.
References • Book
– Name(s). (Year). Title. City, State (or Country):
Publisher.
– Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M., Waters, E., &
Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A
psychological study of the Strange
Situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
References • Internet sources (newspaper articles)
– Name(s). (Year, Month date) Title. Newspaper
Name. Retrieved from http://www…
– Squires, S. (2002, October 9). Study finds that in
U.S., 1 in 3 is obese. The Washington
Post. Retrieved from
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
dyn/articles/A62930-2002Oct8.html
You can copy from syllabus but add “doi” number for journal articles
← need doi
← need doi
← need doi
← need doi
← need doi
← need doi
How do we find “doi” numbers?
How do we find “doi” numbers?
Introduction paragraph is due on October 13th.
Timetable:
• September 22: Possible topics for your paper
• September 29: Guidelines for writing
introduction paragraph
• October 6: APA format
• October 13: Introduction due: please bring a
hard copy of your intro with a title page (and
references).
Mediation
Parenting ?
Child Outcome
Parenting
Child Outcome
?
Parenting
Child Outcome
A spurious relation
Parenting
Child Outcome
?
Moderation
Moderating relation
• A moderator variable is one that affects the strength of the relation between a predictor variable and an outcome variable. The size of the effect depends on the moderator.
– The effect of divorce may be higher for children’s behavior problems in poor families, compared to children in rich families.
– The effect of mothers’ physical discipline on their children’s behavior problems depends on cultural normativeness.
– The effect of mothers’ psychological control on their children’s behavior problems depends on mothers’ warmth.
Lansford, J. E. et al. (2005). Physical discipline and children’s
adjustment: Cultural normativeness as a moderator.
• Predictor: Physical discipline
– 3 physical discipline strategies (spank or slap, grab or shake, beat up)
• Outcome: Behavioral adjustment
– Aggression (one type of externalizing behavior problem)
– Anxiety (one type of internalizing behavior problem)
• Moderator: Cultural normativeness
– Perceptions of how frequently other people use physical discipline
Lansford, J. E. et al. (2005). Physical discipline and children’s
adjustment: Cultural normativeness as a moderator.
Physical
Discipline
Child
Outcome
The degree to which
physical discipline
is accepted
in your culture
Lansford, J. E. et al. (2005). Physical discipline and children’s
adjustment: Cultural normativeness as a moderator.
Lansford, J. E. et al. (2005). Physical discipline and children’s
adjustment: Cultural normativeness as a moderator.
Lansford, J. E. et al. (2005). Physical discipline and children’s
adjustment: Cultural normativeness as a moderator.
So should we or should not we use physical discipline?
Aunola & Nurmi (2005). The role of parenting style in
children’s problem behavior.
• Predictor: Parenting Styles
– Affection
• “I often show my child that I love him/her”
– Behavioral Control
• “If my child misbehaves I usually rebuke him/her”
– Psychological Control (control by guilt)
• “I let my child see how disappointed and ashamed I am if
he/she misbehaves”
– Positive psychological control? - Ludmila and Anna (Rabelova)
Aunola & Nurmi (2005). The role of parenting style in
children’s problem behavior.
Outcomes:
• Internalizing behavior problems
• Externalizing behavior problems
Moderators:
• The other parent’s parenting behaviors
• Another parenting style
Aunola & Nurmi (2005). The role of parenting style in
children’s problem behavior.
Aunola & Nurmi (2005). The role of parenting style in
children’s problem behavior.
Enmeshment:
• Defined as psychological and emotional fusion among family members.
• Mothers are supportive and close to the child (i.e., high affection) but, they communicate guilt-inducing attitudes (i.e., high psychological control), which manipulate the child’s psychological world and increase the child’s dependence.
• Restricts children’s free expression of their thoughts and emotions.
Inconsistent message/double message
Homework
• Read two articles – Doherty, W. J., Kouneski, E. F., & Erickson, M. F. (1998).
Responsible fathering: An overview and conceptual framework. Journal of Marriage & the Family, 60, 277-292.
– Paquette, D. (2004). Theorizing the father-child relationship: Mechanisms and developmental outcomes. Human development, 47, 193-219.
• Email me your thought questions by Tuesday midnight.
• Bring a copy of your introduction paragraph with a title page (and references) to class.