Role of Geospatial Technology in Crime Mapping: A ... · crime under IPC) per lakh population ... robbery, theft whereas record was found lowest in riots. Keywords: Crime Analysis,

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( Received 17 October 2017; Accepted 05 November 2017; Date of Publication 06 November 2017 )

WSN 88(2) (2017) 211-226 EISSN 2392-2192

Role of Geospatial Technology in Crime Mapping: A Perspective View of India

Firoz Ahmad1,*, Md Meraj Uddin2, Laxmi Goparaju1 1Vindhyan Ecology and Natural History Foundation, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, India

2Department of Mathematics and MCA, Ranchi University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India

*E-mail address: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The advancement in computer science technology and development of GIS application

softwares and the accessibility of various geographic data through open source data sources make it

feasible for police and law enforcement departments to use it effectively.Crime mapping and spatial

analysis using GIS tools such as hot spot generation, zonation, navigation, and crime profiling, mobile

location identification and web based various application are well recognized and can be scientifically

applied for betterment of citizens whereas it can be effectively used for prediction and control of

crime. The present study analyzed the temporal crime data (Murder, dacoity, robbery, burglary, theft

and riots) of India from the year 2001 to 2015 to understand the temporal trend whereas state wise

crime data (IPC crime registered) from the year 2011 to 2015 was utilized to generate crime density

map and percent change. We have also used the crime data for 10 citis (highest crime rate) of India

including all metro cities for the year 2015 to understand city crime trend towards various crimes

types. By analyzing the crime data of 2015 the study reveals that the crime density was in the range of

65.8 to 1140 the lowest in Nagaland whereas highest in Delhi which was found to be roughly 4.5 times

than the national average. After the evaluation of crime percent change for the year 2015 with

preceding year it was found that 29.6% largest increase in crime in Daman and Diu whereas Kerala

and Delhi got second and third position with value 24.3% and 23% respectively. The evaluation of ten

cities including the metro cities was done for the year 2015. The various city crime (total cognizable

crime under IPC) per lakh population varies from 189.4 to 925.9 was found highest in the city Indore

whereas it was found lowest in Chennai city. Murder, dacoity, robbery, burglary, theft, riots and other

IPC crime per lakh population were found in the range of (0.9 to 11.3), (0 to 1.7), (0.6 to 31.1), (1.1

to 57.17), (14.8 to 445.6), (0.5 to 35.4) and (147.7 to 576.2) respectively. Patna city leads in Murder

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World Scientific News 88(2) (2017) 211-226

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and dacoity. Indore leads in the crime like burglary and other IPC crime. Delhi city reported highest in

robbery, theft whereas record was found lowest in riots.

Keywords: Crime Analysis, Geographical Information Systems, Crime Mapping, India

1. INTRODUCTION

Crime is a human phenomenon which violates the existing law of any country

punishable under various existing countries laws. In India it is punishable under various

section of Indian Penal Code (IPC) in India. In developing and less developed countries such

as third world the crime data is still organized manually in the form of hardcopies. Although

in India, apart from various important cities the crime maps are mostly not available in the

context of crime locations, police station jurisdiction areas, administrative boundaries etc in

GIS domain or in digital form. This limits the scope of better monitoring because crime

analysis such as hot spotting, zonation, navigation facilities, criminal profiling, landuse

patterns, terrain conditions etc. cannot be analyzed and assessed. Crime mapping and spatial

analysis using GIS tools are well recognized for the study and control of crime. This is the

most powerful information technology required in law enforcement. GIS has been widely

used by law enforcement agencies for better policing in developed countries. It is in

developing stage in India. Although the police forces have started using GIS technology but it

is limited to the metro cities for developing a (spatial) system by examining patterns of crime

and for predicting the future criminal events and their probable locations gives a huge boost

as operational and tactical aspects is the major concern.

In India GIS technology is in budding stage. It is not adequately recognized in crime

mapping and analysis therefore it is not considered as an mandatory tool within the police

force, whereas National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs started GIS utilities

even though due to lack of GIS experts.

Why Geo-informatics in crime mapping?

The advancement in information technology, software and hardware has become boon

to utilize this for specific purposes. Remote sensing data, GIS and GPS can be potentially

used to harness in variety of applications in crime. The tools in GIS efficiently capture, store,

manipulate, update, visualize all forms of geographically reference material (https://www.igi-

global.com/dictionary/gis/12192). The data queries (simple and complex) and data analysis

such as hotspot generation, understanding the spatial, temporal trend and its pattern analysis

can be used in crime mapping process. GPS data of crime can be utilized for

updating/identifying various crime and its activites spatially. The high resolution remote

sensing data can be successfully utilized for delineating urban area building, roads parks,

shopping malls, police station and various features which are useful for crime mapping

especially in cities. The simple example of one of the data clock of crime only retain date and

time which was used for temporal hotspot mapping by Richard Weiss is given in the figure 1.

This study simply reveals the most of the crime taken place in the month of November and

December whereas robbery is roughly a night time phenomenon whereas burglary is day time

phenomenon.


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Figure 1. Data clock of crime provide temporal hotspot analysis

The spatial relationship between crime location and other factors such as demography

including education level, housing (pakkah, kachha and jhuggis) and socio-economic

conditions including employment status and laborer class people can give better

understanding of the place and crime and its relationship based on the compared parameters

(Alves et al 2013; Anderson and Anderson 1984; Lawrence and Cohen 1979; Cotte Poveda

2012; Cusimano et al 2010; Hojman 2002; Hojman 2004; Kelly 2000; Levitt 2001).The

prediction of crime occurrences has gained large attention because of its prospective benefits

and utility.(Alves et al 2013; Gerber 2014: Gorr et al 2003; Liao et al 2010; Mohler et al

2011; Wang et al 2010).


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Location is the one the most important aspects in crime (Brantingham and Brantingham

(1991). The place of crime and any other information geographic information involved with

criminal incident gives lot of information about the nature of crime and its characteristics.

This help in better design of prevention, assessment and analysis of criminal incidence. The

spatial relationship of crime with respect to the education level was studied by Weisburd and

McEwen (1997). He found inverse connection between the education levels of the resident

population and regions of violent crime. A mobile phone location identification in a cellular

network based on the signal strength & angle of radio waves with a cell phone has become

boon for crime prediction and identification. http://www.electroschematics.com/5231/mobile-

phone-how-it-works/

Although GIS has been adequately used in India in various applications such as urban

mapping (Ahmad and Goparaju 2016), forest change mapping (Ahmad and Goparaju 2017b),

agroforestry mapping (Ahmad et al 2017; Ahmad and Goparaju 2017a ) etc. whereas crime

mapping is still devoid of its utility effectively in the field of crime.

The crime mapping/analysis is widely used in developed country such as in Canada

(Eikelboom et al 2017), in USA (Jefferson 2017; Bunting et al 2017) and in New Zealand

(Curtis-Ham and Walton, 2017) but very few research has been done in the field of crime

mapping especially in developing country. Khalid et al 2017 evaluated and generated hotspot

mapping of crime in Faisalabad, Pakistan The study reveals that street crimes are strongly

concentrated in the central part of the city whereas, the results manifest that the functional

nature of different urban land use affects the frequency of crime events. They finally

concluded that the hotspot analysis has real potential, impacting the police patrolling

protocols. Wang et al 2013 studied the crime mapping with real world dataset from a

northeastern city in the United States. Comparison studies with the Hot Spot Analysis tool

executed by Esri ArcMap 10.1 validates that HOT is capable of accurately mapping crime

hotspots. Malvika (2015) did the crime mapping of Rajasthan, India at district level. The

study reveals the application of GIS and graphical tool as well as some important statistics

in crime mapping is the need of the hour and should be given preference over the

traditional crime recording methods. Karuppannan et al 2004 studied the crime of Chennai

city of India in GIS domain. The study showed that, GIS is a much more robust and

compatible tool of crime pattern analysis than the current processes because of its

geographic referencing capabilities.

In India the GIS mapping/analysis/queries/hotspot generation in crime evaluation is

almost nil therefore it is considered as a potential research gap which can be highly useful for

the policy makers if the outcome will be suitably interpolated in time for the betterment of the

citizens and for the law enforcement agencies.

The present study aims to applying state wise crime data from the year 2011 to the year 2015

for India and generation of crime map in GIS domain year wise and understanding the

temporal trend of crime, state wise. It is also recorded percent wise and depicted in the form

of map. The trend of crime for 10 major cities of India was also evaluated.

Study area

The study area was taken as the whole country including 4 union territories includes

Delhi, Chandigarh, Pondicherry and Daman and Diu. The study area falls between roughly 8º

29' 40'' N to 36º 54' 28'' N latitude and 68º 14' 45 '' E to 97º 28' 30 '' E longitude. India

occupies 10th

rank (1.76 million crimes) in the world as far as the world crime ranking is


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concerned which is equivalent to roughly 15% of the crime of USA

(http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Crime/Total-crimes). India retains land

equivalent of 2.41% of the world's land area but supports over 18% of the world's population.

Based on 2001 census of India 72.2% of the population lives in villages whereas

remaining 27.8% lived in towns. Based on 2011 census data of India Delhi city has the

highest population density equivalent to 9340, whereas as far as the states are concerned Bihar

has the highest 1102.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

The vector file for the country and various states was downloaded from DIVA GIS

website (http:// www.diva-gis.org/Data). Various state wise crime data ( IPC crime registered)

from the year 2011 to 2015 was downloaded from National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry

of Home Affairs, India. We have also downloaded the India wise crime data of the country

(Murder, dacoity, robbery, burglary, theft and riots) from the year 2001 to 2015 to understand

the temporal trend. We have also downloaded the crime data for 10 citis (highest crime rate)

of India including all metro cities for the year 2015 to understand city trend towards various

crimes types.

The analysis was done in ARC/ GIS Software/ MS EXCEL. Six columns in polygon

vector in attribute for the year 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011 and for population 2011were

created. The state wise crime number and population were filled in each respected column.

India census data is only available at 10 years interval. We have used Indian census data 2011

(latest) to understand crime density of each state in each year. In our study crime density from

the year 2011 to 2015 were also evaluated based on same population data available of the year

2011. Based on data we have also created crime map showing temporal crime density as well

as state wise percent change in crime (decrease and increase) when compared with the crime

data to preceding year. Telangana state was created in the year 2014 and data was only

available for the year 2015 and 2014.

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Temporal trend of various crimes in India

The country wise crime in India is given in figure-2 and figure-3. Murder crime was

more in the year 2001 and shows a decreasing trend from the year 2001 to 2009 whereas it

shows increasing trend from 2009 to 2012. Dacoity crime was more in the year 2001 and

2002 but further shows a decreasing temporal trend whereas in the year 2015 it is sharply

reduced.

Robbery was noted to be roughly within the control from the year 2001 to 2006, it also

showing the constant increasing trend from 2006 onwards whereas a sharp increase was

observed from 2010 to 2014. Riots were highest in the year 2001 and 2012, whereas the

burglary was reported highest in the year 2014 and 2015. Theft was recorded lowest in the

year 2002 whereas it showing constantly increasing trend till the year 2015.

http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Crime/Total-crimes

http://www.diva-gis.org/Data


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Figure 2. Crime (Murder, Dacoity and Robbery) in India in lakh from 2001-2015

Figure 3. Crime (burglary, theft, riots) in India in lakh from 2001-2015

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,42001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

20082009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Crime of India in lakh from the year 2001 to 2015 Source: National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of

Home Affairs

Murder

Dacoity

Robbery

0

1

2

3

4

52001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

20082009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Crime of India in lakh from the year 2001 to 2015 Source: National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of

Home Affairs

Burglary

Theft

Riots


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State wise temporal trend of crime (IPC crime registered) in India

The crime map generated for the year 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012 and 2011 were given in

figure from figure-4a, figure-4c, figure-4e, figure-4g and figure-4i respectively whereas crime

percent increase and decrease for the year 2015, 2014, 2013 and 2012 with preceding year is

given in figure-4b, figure-4d, figure-4f and figure-4h respectively.

The crime density values state wise for the year 2015 varies from 65.8 to 1140 the

lowest in the state of Nagaland whereas highest in Delhi whereas national average was 243.6.

The second highest is Kerala which retains the value 769.5 was found roughly 3 times with

national average value. After evaluation of crime percent change for the year 2015 it was

found 29.6% largest increase in crime in Daman and Diu when compared with preceding year

whereas Kerala and Delhi got second and third position with value 24.3% and 23%

respectively. In the same year largest decrease in crime was observed in Goa with value

31.2% followed by Sikkim with value 28.1%.

Similarly crime density values state wise for the year 2014 varies from 58.5 to 927.2,

once again the lowest in the state of Nagaland whereas highest in the Delhi whereas national

average was 235.5. The second highest is Kerala which retain the value 619. After evaluation

of crime percent change for the year 2014 it was found 94.3% largest increase in crime in

Delhi when compared with preceding year whereas Mizoram got second position with value

25.2%. In the same year largest decrease in crime was observed in Chandigarh with value

21.0 % followed by Gujarat with value 16.5%.

Crime density values state wise for the year 2013 varies from 61.5 to 527.9, once again

the lowest in the state of Nagaland whereas highest in the Kerala whereas national average

was 218.7. The second highest is Delhi which retain the value 477.6. After evaluation of

crime percent change for the year 2013 it was found 61.2% largest increase in crime in

Sikkim when compared with preceding year whereas Delhi got second position with value

47.7%. In the same year largest decrease in crime was observed in Manipur with value 15.0 %

followed by Pondicherry with value 12.3%.



was 197.2.

The second highest is Pondicherry which retain the value 343.1. After evaluation of

crime percent change for the year 2012 it was found 16.4% increase in crime in Assam when

compared with preceding year whereas Manipur got second position with value 16.1%. In the

same year largest decrease in crime was observed in Himachal Pradesh with value 12.3 %

followed by Sikkim with value 11.4%.



was 192.1. The second highest is Pondicherry which retain the value 349.5.


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a

b


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c

d


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e

f


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g

h


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Figure 4. Crime map of India (a: crime density 2015, b: crime map percent change 2015,

c: crime density 2014, d: crime map percent change 2014, e: crime density 2013, f: crime map

percent change 2013, g: crime density 2012, h: crime map percent change 2012, i: crime

density 2011)

City crime evaluation

Ten cities including the metro city was evaluated for the year 2015 based on higher

crime data types are given in the figure-5. The various city crime per lakh population varies

from 189.4 to 925.9 was found highest in the city Indore whereas was found lowest in

Chennai as per total cognizable crime under IPC is concern.

Murder crime varies among the cities were in the range of 0.9 to 11.3 per lakh

population was found highest in Patna whereas found lowest in Mumbai. Dacoity as a crime

per lakh population was 0 in Jaipur to highest 1.7 in Patna. The crime such as robbery per

lakh population was least in Kolkata ( 0.6) whereas it was highest (31.1) in the city of Delhi.

Burglary, theft, riots and other IPC crime per lakh population were found with the range

of (1.1 to 57.17), (14.8 to 445.6), (0.5 to 35.4) and (147.7 to 576.2) respectively. Indore leads

in the crime like burglary and other IPC crime. Delhi was found highest in theft whereas

found lowest in riots.

i


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0

200

400

600

800

1000AHMEDABAD

BENGALURU

CHENNAI

DELHI

HYDERABAD

INDORE

JAIPUR

KOLKATA

MUMBAI

PATNA

City crime of India 2015 per lakh of 10 city Source: National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of

Home Affairs

Murder

Dacoity

Robbery

Burglary

Theft

Riots

Other IPC crimes

Total CognizableCrimes under IPC

Figure 5. City crime 2015 (Murder, dacoity, robbery, burglary, theft,

riots and other IPC crime)

4. CONCLUSIONS

Remote sensing, GIS and GPS are highly useful add-on technology in crime mapping

and crime prediction and identification. Historical crime data and its location when analyzed

with other thematic data sets such as location of police station, road network, shopping malls,

buildings, recreational centre with urban sprawl and girls school and colleges, mobile police

van location and installed camera location etc manifest several clues which can be highly

useful for crime identification and prevention. The Unique Identification Number (UID) and

its linking with mobile SIM in India are going on will further boost to reduce the crime. The

data of various hotspot of crime can be utilized to install cameras/ establishing the new police

station/and mobilizing the police patrolling in these locations.

Crime rate and its nature varies from state to state and from city to city and its cause

mostly related to social, economic, mental abnormality, geographical and political

(http://lawnn.com/crime/). The Kerala state overall represents the highest cognizable crime

rate whereas in union territory Delhi is on top of the list.


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The state of Kerala shows better policing as well as the people are more aware as a

result, most of the crime incidents get reported. In contrary, most of the other states of India,

police themselves refuses to register the crimes so as to keep the crime rate low. Delhi shows

a huge gap between the rich and the poor. About one-third of the city population lives in

slums which mostly consist of migrated people from the other states in search of job retain

poor socioeconomic condition with high illiteracy rates. They live in inhuman conditions

devoid of any basic amenities. Therefore due to unemployment, poverty and illiteracy crime

flourishes. Also, people have become habituated with crime because of the slow judicial

process, they develops a feeling that he/she can easily get away with after committing a crime.

Based on the report of the national newspaper Time of India (TOI, 2016) A retired

supreme court judge Justice Markandey Katju blames poverty as the main cause of crime. He

also quoted “Unless you create a social and political order in which everybody gets a decent

life, which means proper employment, proper incomes, healthcare, education and nutritious

food for the children, you cannot abolish crime.” Our study reveals crime in Nagaland is low

and showing the continuous decreasing trend every year. The leading Indian newspaper “The

Hindu” quoted the statement of Neingulo Krome, secretary general Naga People Movement

for Human Rights, told “Ours is a very peaceful society. There are negligible cases of crime

within society and if we come across anyone with criminal instincts, the person is usually

ostracised from the society,” Singh (2016)

Acknowledgement

The authors are grateful to National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, India portal for providing

the crime data and DIVA GIS website for vector data.

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Role of Geospatial Technology in Crime Mapping: A ... · crime under IPC) per lakh population ... robbery, theft whereas record was found lowest in riots. Keywords: Crime Analysis,