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Effect of Chelated Trace Mineral Supplementation on Production Performance

in Ruminants

CREDIT SEMINARON

The word “chelate” is derived from Greek word “chele” means claw. The metal is held and protected in a claw like grip by the ligand. (mineral + ligand).

When metal ion combines with an electron donor, it forms a coordinate covalent bond & thus metal chelate is formed.

Ligand must contain a minimum of two functional groups (oxygen, nitrogen, amino or hydroxyl)

Introduction

Classification of Chelates

i. On the basis of source

a. Natural Chelates :

b. Synthetic Chelates :

•Chlorophyll •Cytochrome •Vit.B12•Haemoglobin

•Metal amino acid complex

•Metal polysaccharide complex

•EDTA-Zn

•proteinates

ii. On the basis of their action

• Type l:

chelates which help in storage & transport of metal ions.

e.g. metal amino acid , EDTA.

• Type ll.

Chelates essential in metabolism.

e.g. Heamoglobin , Cytochrome.

• Type lll.

Chelates which interfere in utilization of essential cations.

e.g. Phytic acid – Zn , Oxalic acid – Ca.

Types of Chelates and Other Complexes

1. Metal (Specific Amino Acid) Complex: e.g. CuLys Complex, ZnLys Complex, MnMet Complex.

2. Metal Amino Acid Complex: e.g. Cu amino acid complex, Zn amino acid complex etc.

3. Metal Amino Acid Chelate: e.g. Cu amino acid chelate, Zn amino acid chelate etc.

4. Metal Proteinate: e.g. Cu proteinate, Zn proteinate, Mn proteinate etc.

5. Metal Polysaccharide Complex: e.g. Cu polysaccharide complex etc.

(According to the AAFCO, 1997)

Mode of action

Chelated minerals must be stable in the rumen environment & abomasum but utilized in small intestine intact. (Kidds et al.,1998)

↑ Absorption of Zn from Zn-Met. May lead to a larger Zn pool , thereby ↑ Zn-metallothionine , plasma zinc & immune cell function. (Wedekind et al., 1992)

Zn-Methionine may be metabolized intact after absorption. (Spears et al., 1989)

Layout of Zn Uptake and Excretion

Dietary Zinc

Lumen of Intestine

Chelate

Inorganic Ionised

Diet

Non-Available Zn

Feacal Zn

Enterocytes

Zn-Pool

Metallothionine

Chelate Chelate

Plasma

Zn-Albumin Complex Pool

Tissue

PortalCir.

Liver

Hair

Kidney

Muscle

Bone

Panc-rease

Peri-pheral

Cir.

UrineShedding

(Kidd et al., 1996)

Technique for Preparation of Chelated Minerals

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Protein

Separation by Centrifuge and Ultra filtration

Chelation Process

Drying, Grinding and Storage

Removal of Unbound Minerals

(Dinh and Chhabra, 2003)

Adjustment of pH

Heating to 350C

Addition of 0.1M Mineral Soln.

Incubation at Room Temp.

Significance of Chelated Minerals

Mineral chelates are

i. More bio-available.

ii. Highly stable. iii. Increase voluntary intake.

iv. Protected from forming complex with other dietary components that inhibit their absorption.

( e.g. phytate - ↓ zinc absorption)

(Ward et al., 1993)

Relative Bioavailability of Trace minerals from different sources in (%)

Minerals Sulfate Oxide Carbonate Chloride Organic form

Zn 100 - 60 40 159-206

Cu 100 0 - 105 130

Mn 100 58 28 - 176

Fe 100 0 0-75 - -

Co 100 31 110 - 85

(Greene et al., 1999)

Effect of form of mineral on performance of calves

Parameter Control Oxide Sulfate Complex

No. of animals

Initial BW (lbs)

31

454

31

454

31

456

31

452

Daily gain (lb/d)

2.93ab 2.76ab 2.69b 3.44a

DMI (lb/d) 9.9ab 10.1ab 10.0b 10.4a

(Ward et al., 1992)

a,b Values within a row with different superscripts varies (p<0.01)

Effect of chelated mineral supplementation on growth

Change in Body Wt. of goats at periodical interval (Kg)

periods Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4

Initial BW 12.90 + 1.15 12.90 + 1.44 12.93 + 1.01 12.93 + 0.92

15 days 13.68 + 1.20 13.83 + 1.13 13.84 + 1.04 13.87 + 0.95

30 days 14.46 + 1.26 14.74 + 1.15 14.83 + 1.08 14.88 + 0.99

45days 15.28 +1.30 15.73 + 1.33 16.02 + 1.09 15.94 + 1.01

60 days 16.31 + 1.22 16.68 + 1.22 17.30 + 1.13 17.14 + 0.97

75 days 17.35 + 1.17 17.76 + 1.09 18.52 + 1.13 18.25 + 0.98

90 days 18.18 + 1.12 18.68 + 1.07 19.48 + 1.12 19.38 + 0.90

Final BW 19.22 + 1.10 19.94 + 1.03 20.72 + 1.09 20.60 + 0.94

% Increase 51.02 + 4.66 57.04 + 5.69 61.78 + 4.46 60.91 + 5.16

ADG (g/d) 60.16a + 0.92 67.06b + 1.19 74.13c + 1.73 73.02c + 2.60

(Dihn, 2002)

Group 1 : Basal Diet + Protein Equiv. From SPIGroup 2 : Basal Diet + Protein Equiv. + Inorg. Cu, Mn, ZnGroup 3 : Basal Diet + Imported ChelatesGroup 4 : Basal Diet + Prepared Chelates

Ward et al., (1996) & McDonald (1995) found similar results in cattle with Cu Proteinate and in sheep with ZnLys.

Roshan Lal (1990) fed Karan Swiss calves with diets supplemented with Cu , Zn & Mn in chelated form and showed that ADG was better than control & ADG of the group fed 50% with mineral Chelate was almost similar to the animal fed 100% of mineral in inorganic form.

Puchla et al., (1999) found that Angora goats fed supplemented ZnMet diet had ↑ ADG in comparison to control goat receiving ZnO (65.5 vs 55.9 g/d).

Milk and Milk component Production in 1st Calf heifers given supplements of IOMs or AACs in a 305 day Milking Period

Study Groups

Mean Milk Prod.305

days

(kg)

Mean Prod./day

for 305 days

(kg)

Mean Milk Fat

(%)

Mean Total Milk

Fat

(kg)

Mean Milk Protein

(%)

Mean Total Milk Protein

(kg)

IOM group 10,047

+

1456.36

32.94 3.57

+

0.48

355.9

+

46.11 a

3.01

+

0.21

302.1

+

40.76 c

AAC group 10,568

+

911.76

34.65 3.76

+

0.35

389.1

+

47.02 b

3.06

+

0.17

326.4

+

29.89 d

(Ashmead et al., 2004)

Effect of chelated mineral supplementation on Milk Production and its components

Parnerkar (1991) fed 4 groups of cross bred cows with Albion chelates and Cu, Mn, Zn caseinate (prepared) and showed that the production of milk significantly differed between groups with the Albion chelates being the best, followed by the prepared chelates and inorganic form of minerals.

In Bombay veterinary college (2002) researchers reported 15% ↑ in total milk production and milk fat ↑ from 3.67 to 4.16 % in cross bred cows (Gir Holstein Jersey) supplemented with a mixture of Cu, Co, Zn, Mn AAC. The % of milk protein was same for both groups.

Effect of Chromium supplementation on lactation performance & feed intake of Holstein cows

Parameters Control Chromium Yeast

Daily milk yield (kg) 29.87 +0.76 a 33.24 +0.58 b

Fat (g/l) 30.0 +5.6 ns 33.0 +5.6 ns

Protein (g/l) 31.0 +7.6 ns 34.0 +7.6 ns

Lactose (g/l) 45.0 +0.3 ns 44.0 +0.3 ns

SNF (g/l) 82.0 +0.5 ns 82.0 +0.5 ns

Daily feed intake (kg) 19.56 +0.3 a 21.24 +0.28 b

Production efficiency (kg milk/kg) feed

1.53 +0.36 ns 1.56 +0.28 ns

BCS 3.1 +0.10 ns 3.0 +0.10 ns

BW change (kg/d) 0.33 0.40

BW (kg) 602 +4.08 ns 598 +4.08 ns

(Shaikh et al., 2004)

Diff. letters within rows indicates significant difference.

Shaikh et al., (2004) found that adding Cr yeast improved significantly feed intake in Holstein cows as compared to control group, but no difference in production efficiency were found.

Hayirli et al., (2001) reported that heat stress decreases feed intake & milk production, and adding chromium yeast to the diet relieved this effect.

Effect of chelated Minerals in repeaters

Parameters Group 1 Group 2 Group 3

Total no. of repeaters 16 16 16

No. of repeaters conceived 7 10 12

Percent success (%) 43.75 62.50 75.00

Avg. no. of days taken for conception after start of treatment

51.28+16.93 33+11.85 37+9.41

Group 1 – Unsupplemented.Group 2 – Ionic salt form of Cu, Mn & Zn.Group 3 – Chelated Cu, Mn & Zn.

(Roshan Lal , 1990)

Effect of chelated mineral supplementation on reproduction

Reproductive performance of cows supplemented with Organic vs Inorganic trace Minerals

Parameters Treatments

Control (%) ORG (%) ING (%)

Estrous cyclicity 26 28 23

Pregnancy rate to AI (yr 1) 65 67 52

Pregnancy rate to AI (yr 2) 34 57 58

Pregnancy rate to AI if observed in estrous

58 77 65

Pregnancy rate to AI if mass inseminated

19 13 21

Overall pregnancy rate 89 93 95

ORG= 50% organic and 50% inorganic Cu, Zn, and Mn.ING=100% inorganic Cu, Zn, and Mn- sulfate. (Whittier et al., 2004)

Parameters Control (%) Treated ( %)

Follicle 1 (Small) 40.5 45.1

Follicle 2 (Medium) 11.9 19.6

Follicle 3 (Large) 0.0 1.9

No Activity 26.2 21.6

Cysts 4.9 1.9

Ovarian Activity of Holstein heifer Fed Amino Acid Chelated Minerals vs Control

(Manspeaker et al., 2004)

Stanton et al., (2000) reported that a higher pregnancy rate to AI was observed in cows receiving organic Cu, Zn, and Mn Vs inorganic forms.

Manspeaker et al., (1993) found that treatment of cows with selected mineral amino acid chelates produced positive effect on ovarian activity, endometrial health, embryonic viability and overall fertility.

Corbellini et al., (1997) reported that there was a significant

reduction in prevalence of dystocia, endometritis and parturition conception interval in cows supplemented with Zn-Met chelates.

Effect of Zn source and level on plasma and liver Zn concentrations and liver metallothionein

Treatment

Parameters control ZnSO4 Zn Prot Zn M Hi ZnSO4 Hi ZnProt Hi ZnM

Plasma Zn (mg/l)

1.10 1.20 1.19 1.14 1.79 2.33 2.30

Liver Zn (mg/kg DM)

133.2 127.9 146.1 175.9 231.0 331.0 286.8

Liver MT (g/g tissue)

334.8 425.4 418.8 377.1 616.1 683.6 668.8

(Spears et al., 2004)

Control : no supp. ; 20mg or 500mg of supp. Zn/kg DM as ZnSo4(ZnSo4 & HiZnSO4), Zn Proteinate (ZnP & HiZnProt) or a mixture supplying 50% supp. Zn from each source (ZnM & HiZnM).

Effect of chelated mineral supplementation on Blood and Tissue Levels

Influence of copper source on copper retention in calves; pre- vs. post-stress

(Nockles et al., 1993)

Rojas et al., (1996)

showed no difference between organic and inorganic Zn sources in plasma or tissue concentrations of cattle supplemented with normal or low concentration of Zn .

Spears and Kegley (2002)

Kessler et al., (2003)

Cao et al., (2000)

showed that Lambs supplemented with 1400mg of Zn/kg from ZnProt had greater liver MT than lambs receiving ZnSO4.

Plasma Selenium concentrations in dairy cow during a supplementation period of 12Wk

(Pehrson et al., 1999)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

-2 4 12

Time, Weeks

Pla

sm

a s

ele

niu

m (

µg

/lit

)

control

selenite

selenate

Se-Yeast

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

-2 0 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 12

Time,weeks

Milk

sel

eniu

m (

µg/li

t)

control

Selenite

Selenate

Se-Yeast

Milk Selenium concentrations in dairy cow during a supplementation period of 12Wk

(Pehrson et al., 1999)

Selenite and selenate have a limited capacity to increase the concentration of Se in milk from dairy cow, and there are no significant difference between two inorganic compounds.

Organic Se yeast is much more effective than inorganic compounds and increases the Se in milk within 1 wk after the beginning of supplementation. (Ortman et al., 1999)

Cell mediated immune response in goats (SI)

Parameters Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 P

Beginning 2.74 + O.38 2.57 + O.21 2.35 + 0.40 2.46 + 0.24 NS

Mid-

experiment

2.27a + 0.34 2.54b + 0.14 2.74c + 0.25 3.07d + 0.27 *

At the end 1.94a + 0.14 2.55b + 0.17 3.02c + 0.11 3.20c + 0.20 **

(Dihn, 2002)

Means in same rows bearing different superscripts differ significantly. * P<.05 ; ** P<.01

Effect of chelated mineral supplementation on immunity

Clark et al., (1995) found that Heifers fed ZnMet, CuLys, MnMet, Cobalt glucoheptonate showed greatest response to cell mediated immunity & highest no. of leucocytes & neutrophils.

Spears et al., (1991) reported that the Serum antibody titre in response to BHV-1 and PI-3 vaccination were 47% and 37% higher in Steers fed ZnMet compared to control and ZnO.

Effect of Zn-Met supplementation on mammary mastitis infections in dairy goat

Parameters Control Supplemented

Animals 10 10

Halves 20 20

Positive samples 6 1

Infected animals 3 (30%) 1 (10%)

Infected Halves 3 1

Incidence, % 15 5

(Casal et al., 2001)

Results showed that percentage of positive sample tended to be decreased by ZnMet supplementation. (Casals, 2001)

Zn Proteinate supplementation might enhance the keratin synthesis in the teat canal tissue, thus decreasing the incidence of new infections.

(Spain, 1994)

Milk production ,scc & conc. of plasma IgG & protein of cows fed supplementary Zn & Cu of different sources for 15 days

(Inkee Paik., 2001)

Parameters Zinc (100 ppm) Copper (20 ppm)

Met. Chelate Sulfate Met. Chelate Sulfate

Before After Before After Before After Before After

Milk Production,kg/d

29.46 32.85 30.70 30.50 29.18 23.73 30.55 31.36

Somatic Cell, 104

114.8a 87.6b 94.2 91.4 122.2 117.9 114.6 116.2

Plasma IgG, mg/ml

26.0 27.3 28.2 27.6 29.6b 35.7a 37.1 35.4

Plasma Protein, mg/ml

59.3 56.3 58.8 54.4 71.5 70.1 56.8 51.9

Means in same rows bearing different superscripts differ significantly.

Effect of chromium level and source on performance of

steer fed corn silage-based diets

Parameters Control CrCl3 Cr Yeast CrNica

Initial wt, kg 215.1 214.4 214.9 215.0

Final wt, kg 261.7 263.7 263.2 264.8

ADG, kg 0.83 0.88 0.86 0.89

Feed intake, kg/d

6.31 6.15 6.41 6.34

IgG, mg/dl 314 300 378 330

IgM, mg/dl 1,616b 1,725bc 1,649b 1,900c

(Spears and Kegley, 1995)

a : Cr-nicotinic acid complexb,c: means between rows lacking a common superscript letter differ (p<.05)

Chromium supplementation (0.4 mg/kg) from CrCl3, High-Cr yeast, Cr nicotinic acid did not significantly affect performance of feeder steers fed a corn silage based diet.

Mowat and Shageer ( 1993) reported that supplemental chromium from a high Cr-yeast improve performance and immune response in stress feeder calves.

Chang and Mowat (1992) Observed increased serum IgM and a tendency for increased serum IgG1 and IgG2 in calves supplemented with high Cr-yeast.

Conclusion

Bio-availability of chelated minerals is more than inorganic form of minerals.

Supplementation of Chelated Trace minerals has positive effect on the growth and reproductive performance of ruminants.

Chelated minerals improves the immune status of animals.

Chelated minerals have the potential to maintain/improve the performance of ruminants during stressful conditions like adverse environment, transit, parturition and high production.

1. Determine the mode of action whereby organic trace mineral

supplements improve ruminant performance.

2. Better define conditions where performance or health responses may be expected.

3. Define the optimal level of organic trace minerals that should be added to the diet, and

4. Determine if responses observed are of a magnitude necessary to justify the cost.

Future Research Areas