Robot/Machine Robot/Machine Intelligence - 2Intelligence - 2

Kevin WarwickKevin Warwick

Reading University, UKReading University, UK

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Czech Technical University, Czech Technical University, Praha, CZPraha, CZ

Human IntelligenceHuman Intelligence

Try this test:Try this test: 1. Calculate x from: x1. Calculate x from: x2 2 + 2x + 3 = 0+ 2x + 3 = 0 2. Which is the odd one out? Cruise, Pitt, 2. Which is the odd one out? Cruise, Pitt,

Caine, Hoffman.Caine, Hoffman. 3. Which is the odd one out? Ileum, 3. Which is the odd one out? Ileum,

Clavicle, Duodenum, OesophagusClavicle, Duodenum, Oesophagus Each requires different knowledge – Each requires different knowledge –

cultural, context, environment dependantcultural, context, environment dependant But how can we compare humans on tests But how can we compare humans on tests

like this?like this?

Early Tests!Early Tests!

Often trying to satisfy a political needOften trying to satisfy a political need White/Black – Men/WomenWhite/Black – Men/Women Theory – white men are obviously more Theory – white men are obviously more

intelligent so we need some scientific intelligent so we need some scientific pointers to prove it!pointers to prove it!

Head size/brain size – 1911 52cm diam Head size/brain size – 1911 52cm diam head for a professor’s job in Germany!!! head for a professor’s job in Germany!!! (excluded women) (excluded women)

Length of armsLength of arms Distance from navel to sexual organsDistance from navel to sexual organs

TestingTesting

In the 18In the 18thth Century Sir Francis Century Sir Francis Galton conducted Intelligence tests Galton conducted Intelligence tests in the Science Museum Londonin the Science Museum London

Distance between pin pricksDistance between pin pricks Boxes in orderBoxes in order Speed of response to a soundSpeed of response to a sound Pain thresholdPain threshold But no statistical basis at allBut no statistical basis at all

IQ TestsIQ Tests

First tests due to Binet in 1904First tests due to Binet in 1904 Aimed at identifying those children who would Aimed at identifying those children who would

not be able to cope with normal schoolingnot be able to cope with normal schooling First tests – oral – for children aged 3 to 12First tests – oral – for children aged 3 to 12 Terman (Stanford) – included reasoning – Terman (Stanford) – included reasoning –

became the IQ test we knowbecame the IQ test we know But no reason they are a valid intelligence But no reason they are a valid intelligence

measuremeasure Culturally biasedCulturally biased

ValidityValidity Statistical evidence that people who do better Statistical evidence that people who do better

at IQ tests, on average, do better in school at IQ tests, on average, do better in school exams.exams.

Newer tests validated by comparing them with Newer tests validated by comparing them with previous testsprevious tests

Spiral support between school exams and IQ Spiral support between school exams and IQ teststests

High correlation between job status/IQ test High correlation between job status/IQ test performance performance

Low correlation between job performance/IQ Low correlation between job performance/IQ test performance test performance

Misuse of Test ResultsMisuse of Test Results Early 19Early 19thth century Goddard claimed IQ test century Goddard claimed IQ test

results indicated innate intelligenceresults indicated innate intelligence USA experiencing mass immigration thenUSA experiencing mass immigration then Test used to decide on feeble-mindedTest used to decide on feeble-minded Not allowed entry to the USANot allowed entry to the USA 80%Hungarians, 83%Jews, 79%Italians etc80%Hungarians, 83%Jews, 79%Italians etc Oral tests in English on entryOral tests in English on entry Virginia sterilising feeble-minded up to Virginia sterilising feeble-minded up to

19721972

YerkesYerkes Tests used for US Army recruits in 1Tests used for US Army recruits in 1stst World World

WarWar Av mental age Italians 11.34, Poles 10.74, Av mental age Italians 11.34, Poles 10.74,

American Blacks 10.41 – classed as moronsAmerican Blacks 10.41 – classed as morons Helped political cause to screen immigrationHelped political cause to screen immigration Example questions:Example questions: 1. Crisco is a: 1. Crisco is a:

medicine/disinfectant/toothpaste/food medicine/disinfectant/toothpaste/food product?product?

2. Christy Matthewson is famous as a: 2. Christy Matthewson is famous as a: writer/artist/baseball player/comedian?writer/artist/baseball player/comedian?

Yerkes resultsYerkes results

Two main peaks in resultsTwo main peaks in results One around 40% the other at 0%One around 40% the other at 0% Yerkes conclusion on the 0% - not that Yerkes conclusion on the 0% - not that

people didn’t understand the people didn’t understand the instructions but that they were morons!instructions but that they were morons!

Immigration Act of 1924Immigration Act of 1924 Many jews found their route blocked in Many jews found their route blocked in

the 1930s because of this.the 1930s because of this. Subjectivity?????Subjectivity?????

IQ ImprovementIQ Improvement

Regular vitamin C, + 8 pointsRegular vitamin C, + 8 points Lead pollution (doubling), -1 pointLead pollution (doubling), -1 point Breast fed babies, + 3 pointsBreast fed babies, + 3 points Use of dummy, - 4 pointsUse of dummy, - 4 points Older mother (35+), +6 pointsOlder mother (35+), +6 points Adopted/sibling studies Adopted/sibling studies

Can we improve mental Can we improve mental performance?performance?

Fun with IQ tests!!!Fun with IQ tests!!! Two sets of results.Two sets of results. Q1: If I wish to improve my mental Q1: If I wish to improve my mental

performance in the short term – performance in the short term – what can I do?what can I do?

Q2: Can the food I regularly eat Q2: Can the food I regularly eat affect my mental performance?affect my mental performance?

Experiment 1:Experiment 1:

200 first year students at Reading 200 first year students at Reading University given an IQ test, then an University given an IQ test, then an activity + food, then another IQ test.activity + food, then another IQ test.

How did their results change over that How did their results change over that short time period? (IQ points score)short time period? (IQ points score)

Trying to answer the question “What is Trying to answer the question “What is it best to do immediately before an it best to do immediately before an examination, to maximize your examination, to maximize your performance?” performance?”

Results - FoodResults - Food

Alcohol 0Alcohol 0 Chocolate -2Chocolate -2 Coffee +3Coffee +3 Orange Juice -2Orange Juice -2 Peanuts +1Peanuts +1

Results - ActivityResults - Activity

Reading/Swatting -6Reading/Swatting -6 Listening to classical music -2Listening to classical music -2 Watching a chat show on TV +5Watching a chat show on TV +5 Playing with a construction toy -4 Playing with a construction toy -4 Sitting/Chatting -2Sitting/Chatting -2 Watching a documentary on TV +4Watching a documentary on TV +4 Walking +1Walking +1 Meditating +2 Meditating +2 Watching Friends on TV +1Watching Friends on TV +1 Completing a crossword puzzle 0Completing a crossword puzzle 0

Experiment 2:Experiment 2:

50 children (aged 8-11) at Thameside 50 children (aged 8-11) at Thameside School, Caversham were given regular School, Caversham were given regular breakfasts over a one month period.breakfasts over a one month period.

They were tested at start/end and during They were tested at start/end and during to see how their performance altered.to see how their performance altered.

IQ equivalent tests in numerical IQ equivalent tests in numerical ability/word association/shape ability/word association/shape recognition.recognition.

Results – BreakfastResults – Breakfast

Toast + Orange Juice +3Toast + Orange Juice +3 Bacon Sandwich +3Bacon Sandwich +3 Control 0Control 0 Cereal -1Cereal -1 Eggs (various) -5Eggs (various) -5

IQ TestsIQ Tests Trying to compare human performanceTrying to compare human performance Which human is more/less intelligent Which human is more/less intelligent

than the other?than the other? Neglect all other factors – just test Neglect all other factors – just test

resultsresults Some (Psychologists) assume we all have Some (Psychologists) assume we all have

an IQ which is a fixed numberan IQ which is a fixed number But humans have different abilities in But humans have different abilities in

different areas – can a single number different areas – can a single number indicate some overall performance level?indicate some overall performance level?

Intelligence?Intelligence?

What does this teach us about What does this teach us about human intelligence?human intelligence?

What does this teach us about What does this teach us about intelligence in general?intelligence in general?

Can we learn anything from this as Can we learn anything from this as far as machine intelligence is far as machine intelligence is concerned?concerned?

MistakesMistakes

Only compare humans and machines re: Only compare humans and machines re: intelligenceintelligence

Penrose: Machines do not genuinely Penrose: Machines do not genuinely understandunderstand

Therefore machines cannot be genuinely Therefore machines cannot be genuinely intelligentintelligent

Therefore machines will always be Therefore machines will always be subservient to humans!!!subservient to humans!!!

Pure Hollywood – what folk want to hear. Pure Hollywood – what folk want to hear.

ConclusionsConclusions

Human intelligence is appropriate Human intelligence is appropriate for humansfor humans

It is multi-facetted – many-skilledIt is multi-facetted – many-skilled It is subjectiveIt is subjective It cannot be well described by a It cannot be well described by a

single number – PQsingle number – PQ Should compare on an even playing Should compare on an even playing

fieldfield