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y#dyu©ukd em;vnfjcif;pmtkyf tokH;jyKenf; 2
tcef; (1) - y#dyu©ukd em;vnfjcif; 5
1.1 - y#dyu©tqifhrsm; 6 1.2 - y#dyu©rsm; jzpfyGm;ay:aygufykH 10 1.3 - y#dyu©rsm;twGif;rS Zmwfaumifrsm; 12 1.4 - qufqHa&;rsm;ESifh y#dyu© 16 1.5 - usm;? r jzpfrIa&;&mu@ - y#dyu©twGif;rS trsdK;orD;ESifh trsdK;om;rsm; 18 1.6 - y#dyu©? aumif;usdK;ESifh qkd;usdK;rsm; 22
tcef; (2) - tysufoabmaqmifaom r[mAsL[mrsm; 25
2.1 - y#dyu© ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;a&; r[mAsL[mrsm; 26 2.2 - t½IH;tEkdifwl½Iaom pdwf"mwf - vTrf;rkd;jcif;ESifh vTrf;rkd;cH&jcif; 28 2.3 - tjcm;Zmwfaumifrsm;tay: tysufoabmtjrifjzifh ½Ijrifjcif; 30 2.4 - tysufoabmaqmifaom r[mAsL[mtjzpf tMurf;zufrIukdokH;jcif; 32 2.5 - tysufoabmaqmifaom r[mAsL[mtjzpf jiif;ckHrIukd jyKvkyfjcif; 36 2.6 - t&Sdefjrifhwufjcif;ESifh t&Sdefavsmhusjcif; 39 2.7 - y#dyu©ukd a&SmifvTJjcif; 43 2.8 - tysufoabmaqmifaom r[mAsL[m\ ay;qyf&aom t&if;tESD;rsm; 46
tcef; (3) - tjyKoabmaqmifaom r[mAsL[mrsm; 49
3.1 - tjyKoabmaqmif &v'frsm; &SmazGjcif; 50 3.2 - tjyKoabmaqmifjzpfpOf 56 3.3 - y#dyu©rsm;ukd tjyKoabmaqmif ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;onfh enf;pepfrsm; 58 3.4 - tysufoabmaqmifaom r[mAsL[mESifh tjyKoabmaqmifaom r[mAsL[mwkdYMum; uGmjcm;csuf 68
tcef; (4) - y#dyu©rsm; jzpfyGm;onfhae&mESifh jzpfyGm;&onfh taMumif;t&if; 71
4.1 - y#dyu©\rlvZpfjrpfrsm; 72 4.2 - vkdtyfcsufrsm;u y#dyu©\ taMumif;t&if;cH jzpfvmykH 75 4.3 - 0daoo o½kyfvu©Pmrsm;u y#dyu©\ taMumif;t&if;cH jzpfvmjcif; 84 4.4 - pHwefzkd;xm;rIrsm;u y#dyu©\ taMumif;t&if;cH jzpfvmjcif; 92 4.5 - vdktyfcsufrsm;? pHwefzkd;rsm;? 0daoo o½kyfvu©PmESifh usm;? r jzpfrIqkdif&m y#dyu©rsm; 97
tcef; (5) - y#dyu©o½kyfcGJ qef;ppfa&; enf;pepfrsm; 101
5.1 - y#dyu©o½kyfcGJ qef;ppfjcif;[lonf tb,fenf; 102 5.2 - y#dyu© tcsdefjyrsOf;rsm; 104 5.3 - y#dyu©ukd ajrykHazmfMunfhjcif; 110 5.4 - y#dyu© a&cJawmif 115
½kyfykHrsm;twGuf todtrSwfjyKjcif; 122
2
y#dyu©ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&; - ausmif;om;vufpGJ
y#dyu©rsm;onf uREkfyfwkdY tm;vHk;\ ab;ywf0ef;usifwGif &Sdaeonf/
tqkdyg y#dyu©rsm;udk Nidrf;csrf;a&;toGifokdY ajymif;,lEkdifa&;rSm tvGef
w&m cufcJaom pdefac:rIwpf&yfvnf; jzpfonf/ y#dyu©ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;
bmom&yf onf y#dyu©rsm; ay:aygufwnf&Sdvm&jcif; taMumif;t&if;
rsm; ESifh tqkdyg y#dyu©rsm;udk a&&SnfwnfwHhí w&m;rQwaom
Nidrf;csrf;a&; tjzpfokdY toGiful;ajymif;ay;Ekdifrnfh enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh
ywfouf NyD; oifhtaejzifh ydkrkd euf½Idif;pGm em;vnfoabmaygufap&ef
taxmuftuljyKay;ygvdrfhrnf/ y#dyu©? tMurf;zufrI? Nidrf;csrf;rIwkdYu
oifukd,fwkdifESifh oif\ qufqHa&;rsm;? oifhvlrItodkif;t0kdif;rsm;tay:
½kdufcwfaom oufa&mufrIrsm;udk oifukd,fwkdif a0zefqef;ppfEkdifrnf
jzpfonf/ oifhtaejzifh pmemrI? em;vnfonf;cHrI? tMurf;rzufrI? rwl
uGJjym;rIrsm;jzifh Nidrf;csrf;pGm ,SOfwGJaexkdifaom A[k0g'wkdYukdvnf; ykdrkd
em;vnfodjrifvmvdrhfrnf jzpfonf/ xkdYtjyif atmufyg taMumif;t&m
wkdYESifh ywfoufaom enf;pepfykdif;qkdif&m uRrf;usifrIrsm;udkvnf; &&Sd
vmapvdrfhrnf jzpfonf/
• qufoG,fajymqkdrI
• y#dyu© tajctaewGif &Sdaeaom pdwfcHpm;rIrsm;ukd odjrif
em;vnfrIESifh pDrHcefYcGJrI
• vlyk*d¾Kvfcsif; y#dyu©rsm;udk t&SdefavQmhcsjcif;
• y#dyu©rsm;udk o½kyfcGJqef;ppfjcif;
• tMurf;rzuf y#dyu©rsm;ukd toGiful;ajymif;,ljcif;
• yk*d¾Kvfcsif; qufqHa&;rsm;udk jyefvnfoifhjrwfapjcif;
• Nidrf;csrf;aom vlrItajymif;tvJudk pwif azmfaqmifjcif;
• Nidrf;csrf;a&; pDrHudef; a&;qGJjcif;
þpmtkyfyg taMumif;t&mtcsdKUonf oifhtwGuf pdrf;aumif;pdrf;aeyg
vdrhfrnf/ oif\ q&muvnf; oif&if;ESD;NyD;jzpfaom taMumif;t&m
rsm;ukd oif,cifu rpOf;pm;cJhzl;aom enf;vrf;rsdK;jzifh pl;prf;azmfxkwf&ef
wkdufwGef;aumif; wkdufwGef;ygvdrhfrnf/ þpmtkyfyg taMumif;t&m
trsm;pkonf &Sif;vif;rSefuefaom tajzr&Sday/ rSefuefjynfhpHkaom
tajz ukd &SmazGa&;xuf tqkdyg taMumif;t&mrsm;tm; pl;prf;&SmazGonfh
jzpfpOf uom ykdí ta&;BuD;ygonf/
y#dyu©ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;pmtkyf\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm yk*d¾Kvfcsif; qufqHa&;ü
aomfvnf;aumif;? vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif;rSaomfvnf;aumif;? EkdifiH
wpfEkdifiHvHk; taejzifhaomfvnf;aumif; aeYpOfjzpfyGm;ay:aygufaeaom
y#dyu©rsm;udk qef;ppfazmfxkwfEkdifap&ef jzpfonf/
nnf;wGm;Zkef
Nidrf;csrf;a&;ynmay; bmom&yfonf tjcm;bmom&yf trsdK;tpm;rsm;
ESifh uGmjcm;onf/ y#dyu©ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&; bmom&yfESifh ywfoufaom
todynm A[kokwrsm;rSm toHk;awmh0ifygonf? okdYaomf ¤if;bmom
&yf&Sd ½IyfaxG;aom t,ltqykdif;ESifh taMumif;t&mrsm;udk pdwftm;
xufoefpGm pl;prf; azmfxkwfjcif;uom ykdí ta&;ygonf/
oifhukd,fykdif ,HkMunfcsufrsm;tm; pdefac:vmaom t,ltqrsm;ESifh
taMumif;t&mrsm;udk oifukd,fwkdif jyefvnfpOf;pm; qifjcifoHk;oyfzkdY
vkdtyfvmEkdifonf/ xkdokdY jyKvkyf&onfrSm yxrtpykdif;wGifawmh
auseyfrI &SdcsifrS &Sdayvdrfhrnf? pdwfroufrom jzpfaumif;vnf;
jzpfEkdifonf/ okdYaomf y#dyu©ESifh jidrf;csrf;a&;wkdY\ ½IyfaxG;aom
jyóem&yfrsm;udk ykdrkd euf½Idif;pGm em;vnfoabmaygufzkdYqkdvQif xkdokdY
qifjcifoHk;oyf&ef vkdtyfygonf/ ,ck pmtkyfukd oif,laepOfwGif oif
onf tjcm; ausmif;om;^ausmif;olrsm;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;? oif\
q&mESifhaomfvnf;aumif; tjrifoabmxm; uGJvGJMuonfh tajctae
rsdK;rsm; &SdvmEkdifygonf/ ¤if;onf Nidrf;csrf;a&; bmom&yfESifh
ywfoufaom A[kokwrsm;? enf;pepfykdif;qkdif&m uRrf;usifrIrsm;ESifh
pHwefzkd;xm;rIrsm; zGHUjzdK;ay:aygufvmapa&;twGuf yHkrSeftm;jzifh
vkdtyfaom tajctaewpf&yfvnf; jzpfonf/ oifukd,fwkdif pdwftvkd
rusjzpfí pdwfysufnnf;wGm;rdaom okdYr[kwf wpfckckESifh ywfoufí
oabmwlzkdY&m rjzpfEkdif[k cHpm;&aom tajctaersdK;vnf; BuHKaumif;
BuHK&vmEkdifygonf/ ¤if;onfvnf; yHkrSeftm;jzifh vkdtyfaom tajc
taewpf&yfvnf; jzpfonf/
atmufygwkdYonf oifhtaejzifh tqkdyg nnf;wGm;Zkefukd ausmfvTm;Ekdif
aprnfh enf;vrf;tcsdKU jzpfonf/
• acwåtem;,lvkdufyg/
• ykdrkd BuD;rm;aom jyóemwpf&yf\ ao;i,faom tpdwf
tykdif;rsm;udk wpfqifhcsif; ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;yg/
• oif\ aqG;aEG;rIESifh jyefvnfoHk;oyfrI vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmif
&mwGif tzGJUwGif;rS vlwkdif;\ tjrifoabmxm;rsm; tm;vHk;
yg0ifEkdifatmif pDpOf vkyfaqmifyg/
• trSm;vkyfrdrSmukdaomfvnf;aumif;? tajzrSm;ay;rdrSmukdaomf
vnf;aumif; rpkd;&drfygESifh/
• oifESifh oabmxm; uGJvGJaevQifawmifrS ar;cGef;rsm;udk
ar;yg/ tajzrsm;udk em;axmifay;yg/
y#dyu©ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;bmom&yf\ &nf&G,fcsufu bmvJ
y#dyu©ukd em;vnfjcif;pmtkyfwGif tMurf;zufrIrsm;? emusifcHpm;&rIrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom yHkrsm;? a&;om;azmfjycsufrsm; xnfhoGif;xm;ygonf/
oifhukd,fykdifb0xJrS pdwf'Pf&m&zG,f jzpf&yfrsm;udk jyefvnftrSwf&apEkdifrnfh aqG;aEG;csufrsm;ESifh jyefvnfoHk;oyfqifjcifrIqkdif&m ar;cGef;rsm;vnf;
þpmtkyfwGif yg0ifaeygonf/ xkdokdY jzpfvmygu oufqkdif&m oifcef;pmrsm;? pmykd'frsm;ukd ausmfoGm;vkdufyg? okdYr[kwf acwåcP tem;,lNyD;
aemufrS jyefvnf qufvuf avhvmoif,lyg/
þpmtkyfwGif oifhtm; tvGeftrif; pdwfxdckdufzG,f? xdwfvefYzG,f&mrsm; jzpfapEkdifonf[k oif,lqaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk awGU&Sd&ygu ¤if;wkdYudk
ausmfoGm;vkdufyg? okdYr[kwf oifhpdwftajctae ykdrkd oufawmifhoufom jzpfvmaomtcgrSomvQif tqkdyg taMumif;t&mukd qufvuf avhvmyg/
owday;azmfjycsuf
þpmtkyfukd toHk;rjyKrDatmufwGif azmfjyay;xm;aom &Sif;vif;csufrsm;udk OD;pGmzwf½Iyg/ ¤if;&Sif;vif;csufrsm;u pmtkyf\ 'DZkdif;ESifh zGJUpnf;xm;yHkwkdYukd
&Sif;jyay;xm;NyD; Nidrf;csrf;a&;qkdif&m todynmay;rI bmom&yfwGif yg0ifaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udkvnf; tusOf;csKyf rdwfquf azmfjyay;xm;onf/
tcef; 1 - y#dyu©udkk em;vnfjcif;
3
oif½kd;zGJUpnf;yHk
rkcfOD;\ Nidrf;csrf;a&; ynmay;oif½kd;ukd tykdif;ESpfykdif;jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;yg
onf/
tykdif; (1) onf ]]y#dyu©ukd em;vnfjcif;}} jzpfNyD; y#dyu©ukd o½kyfcGJqef;ppf
onfh enf;vrf;rsm;? tqkdyg y#dyu©rsm;udk tjyKoabmenf;jzifh
ukdifwG,f ajz&Sif;jcif;ESifh tysufoabmenf;jzifh ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;jcif;wkdY
ESifh ywfoufí &Sif;vif;csufrsm;udk azmfjyay;xm;onf/
tykdif; (2) onf ]]Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk em;vnfjcif;}} jzpfNyD; rnfokdYaom enf;
jzifh Nidrf;csrf;aom vlYtzGJUtpnf;tm; azmfaqmifxdef;odrf;Ekdifrnfukd
azmfjy ay;xm;onf/
Nidrf;csrf;a&;oabmudk ravhvmrD y#dyu©oabmudk OD;pGmavhvmzkdY vkdyg
onf/ taMumif;rSm jidrf;csrf;a&;[lonf y#dyu© uif;pifaom tajctae
ukd qkdvkdjcif; r[kwfaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ jidrf;csrf;a&;[lonf vlwkdYu
y#dyu©ukd tMurf;rzufbJ tjyKoabmenf;jzifh ajz&Sif;Mujcif;ukd qkdvkd
onf/ tqkdyg pmtkyfESpftkyfpvHk;udk wGJzuftoHk;jyKzkdY vkdygonf/
tykdif; (1) pmtkyf\ zGJUpnf;yHk
þpmtkyfudk tcef; 5 cef;jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;onf/ tcef;wpfcef;csif;pDonf
atmufyg ar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzay;&ef BudK;pm;xm;onf/
• tcef; 1 - y#dyu©[lonf tb,fenf;/
• tcef; 2 - rnfokdYaom vkyfaqmifrIrsm;u y#dyu©ukd ykdrkd qkd;&Gm;ap
ygoenf;/
• tcef; 3 - rnfokdYaom vkyfaqmifrIrsm;u y#dyu©ukd ykdrkd wkd;wuf
aumif;rGefapygoenf;/
• tcef; 4 - y#dyu©\ Zpfjrpfrsm;rSm tb,fenf;/
• tcef; 5 - y#dyu©wpf&yfESifh ywfoufí rnfonfht&mwkdYukd uREkfyfwkdY
odvkdygoenf;? xkdtaMumif;udk odEkdif&ef rnfonfh enf;pepfrsm;udk
toHk;jyKEkdifygoenf;/
oif,lavhvma&; &nfrSef;csufrsm;
tcef;wpfckcsif;pD\ tpwGif oufqkdif&m oifcef;pmESifh ywfoufaom
oif,lavhvmrI &nfrSef;csufrsm;ukd azmfjyay;xm;onf/ tqkdyg
oifcef;pm wpfavQmufvHk;wGif A[kokw? uRrf;usifrI pGrf;&nfrsm;ESifh
pHwefzkd;rsm;udk tm½kHpkdufMunfhEkdifygonf/
• A[kokwqkdif&m &nfrSef;csufrsm;u oufqkdif&m oifcef;pm NyD;qHk;
oGm;csdef wGif oifodvmrnfh taMumif;t&mwkdYukd azmfjyay;xm;onf/
• uRrf;usifrI pGrf;&nfqkdif&m &nfrSef;csufrsm;u oufqkdif&m
oifcef;pm NyD;qHk;oGm;csdefwGif oifvkyfaqmifEkdifrnfh pGrf;&nfwkdYukd
azmfjyay;xm;onf/
• pHwefzkd;qkdif&m &nfrSef;csufrsm;u oufqkdif&m oifcef;pm NyD;qHk;
oGm;csdefwGif oifhtaejzifh jyefvnfqifjcifoHk;oyfNyD;jzpfrnfh
taMumif;t&mwkdYukd azmfjyay;xm;onf/
vkyfief;trsdK;tpm;rsm;
oif\ avhvmoif,lrIudk taxmuftuljzpfaprnfh vkyfief;trsdK;tpm;
rsm;pGmudkvnf; þpmtkyfwGif xnfhoGif;ay;xm;onf/
• tBudKoifcef;pmrsm; / / oifcef;pmacgif;pOfcGJ wpfckcsif;pDwkdif;\
tpwGif tBudKoifcef;pmu@ yg0ifonf/ ¤if;u oif avhvm&awmh
rnfh taMumif;t&mwpfckESifh ywfoufí BudKwifpOf;pm;qifjcif
ap&ef tm;ay;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ ¤if;wkdYonf oifodxm;NyD;aom
taMumif;t&mudk tm½Hkpkduf pOf;pm;apjcif;rsdK;vnf; jzpfEkdifygonf/
• avhusifhcef;rsm; / / avhusifhcef;rsm;onf taMumif;t&mwpfckESifh
ywfoufaom oif\ A[kokwrsm;udk wkd;wufapNyD; xkdtaMumif;t&m
tay: oif\ odjrifem;vnfrIudk qef;ppfay;Ekdifap&ef &nf&G,fonf/
• vkyfief;rsm; / / ¤if;u@onf vufawGUtoHk;csEkdifrIpGrf;&nf?
o½kyfcGJqef;ppfrIESifh tuJjzwfEkdifrIpGrf;&nf? trsdK;rsdK;aom qef;ppf
awG;ac:rI pGrf;&nfwkdYudk wkd;wufzGHUNzdK;vmap&ef &nf&G,fxm;yg
onf/
• aqG;aEG;csufrsm; / / aqG;aEG;csufrsm;u@onf oif½kd;pmtkyfyg
taMumif;t&mrsm;ESifh oabmw&m;t,ltqrsm;u oifhvlrItokdif;
t0kdif;ESifh oifhEkdifiHtay: rnfokdY oufa&mufrI&Sdonfudk tm½Hkpkduf
xm;onf/ ¤if;@onf oif\ tjrifoabmxm;rsm;udk xkwfazmf
aqG;aEG;jcif;ESifh tjcm;olwkdY\ tjrif½Iaxmifhrsm;udk em;axmif
ay;jcif;tm;jzifh oif\ em;vnfrIpGrf;&nf wkd;wufvmap&ef
tm;ay; xm;jcif; jzpfonf/
• jyefvnfoHk;oyfcsufrsm; / / ¤if;u@onf oif\ cHpm;csufrsm;
tay: jyefvnfoHk;oyf&ef tm;ay;xm;onf/ oifcef;pmyg
t,ltq rsm; udk o½kyfcGJqef;ppfNyD; tqkdyg t,ltqrsm;ESifh
oif\ ukd,fykdifpHwefzkd;rsm;Mum; rnfodkY qufpyfaeyHkwkdYukd qifjcif
oHk;oyf&ef wkdufwGef; tm;ay;xm;onf/
• ed*Hk;csKyfrsm; / / ed*Hk;csKyf wifjycsufonf oufqkdif&m oifcef;pmESifh
ywfoufí oif\ em;vnfrIudk qef;ppfaom avhusifhcef;rsm;ESifh
vkyfief;rsm; jzpfonf/ tqkdyg vkyfief;rsm;ukd toHk;jyKí oifcef;pm
tcef;wpfcef;csif;pDtay: oifrnfrQ em;vnfonfqkdonfudk
tuJjzwf qef;ppfMunhfEkdifygonf/
jrefrmha&;&m
þpmtkyf\ oifcef;pmtrsm;pkwGif jrefrmha&;&m u@rsm; yg0ifonf/
¤if;u@onf oufqkdif&m oifcef;pmyg taMumif;t&mukd tajccHí
jrefrmhta&;ukd txl;jyK avhvmwifjyxm;aom tykdif;jzpfNyD; tqkdyg
taMumif;t&mrsm;ESifh ywfoufí oif\ em;vnfrIukd qef;ppfEkdifrnfh
twkdcsKyf avhusifhcef;rsm; yg0ifonf/
y#dyu©ukd em;vnfjcif;pmtkyfudk toHk;jyKenf;
5
tcef; (1) - y#dyu©udk em;vnfjcif;
tcef; (1) \ oif,lavhvma&; &nfrSef;csufrsm;
A[kkokkw
,ck oifcef;pmwGif atmufyg
taMumif;t&mwkdYESifh ywfouf
aom todynm A[kokwrsm;
wkd;yGm;vmapvdrfhrnf/
• y#dyu©tqifhrsm;
• y#dyu©wGif yg0ifaeaom
Zmwfaumif rsm;
• y#dyu©wpfcktwGif; &Sdaeaom
&nfrSef;csufrsm;
• tjyeftvSef qufqHa&;rsm;u
y#dyu©rsm;tay: oufa&mufyHk
• y#dyu©tay: wkH Y jyefyH kE Sif h
ywfouf í usm;? r jzpfrIa&;&m
u@u uREkfyfwkdYtm; avhusifh
oifMum;ay;yHk
• y#dyu©\ aumif;usdK;? qkd;usdK;
rsm;
uRrf;usifrI pGrf;&nfrsm;
,ck oifcef;pmwGif atmufyg
enf;pepfrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom
pGrf;&nfrsm; zGHUNzdK;wkd;wuf
vmap vdrfhrnf/
• rwluGJjym;aom y#dyu©tqifh
rsm; ukd cGJjcm;owfrSwfEkdifjcif;
• y#dyu©udk jzpfaprnfh udpö&yfrsm;
udk qef;ppf azmfxkwfEkdifjcif;
• y#dyu©wGif yg0ifaeaom t"du
ZmwfaumifESifh ZmwfykdYrsm;udk
azmfxkwf owfrSwfEkdifjcif;
• oymZmw jzpfEk di faom
&nfrSef;csuf rsm;ESifh oymZmw
rjzpfEkdifaom &nfrSef;csufrsm;
tMum; uGJjym; jcm;em;pGm em;vnf
Ekdifjcif;
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9
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ESifh ypfaygufcJh&m olemjyKwpfOD;\ajcaxmufudk xdrSefcJhonf/
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rausreyfjzpfum 3 em&DMum tvkyfrvkyfbJ aejcif;jzifh qEjycJhMuonf/ xYkdaemuf a'otmPmykdifrsm; a&mufvmNyD; olemjyKrsm;
ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;rIrsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf/ olemjyKrsm; tvkyfjyefvkyfrnfqkdygu ,ck jyóemudk ajyvnfatmif ajz&Sif;ay;rnf[k
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qE´jyrI NyD;qHk;oGm;onfhtcg olemjyKwpfOD;u ,ckvkd ajymMum;cJhonf/ ]]tJ'Dq&m0efu olemjyKawGudk jyefawmif;yef
vkdufygNyD? avmavmq,fawmh bmjyóemrS r&Sdawmhygbl;/}} tqkdyg jyóemudk ajz&Sif;NyD;NyD jzpfaMumif;vnf; aq;½Hkrefae*smu
ajymqkdcJhonf/ okdYaomf a'otpkd;&uawmh ppfawGaq;½HkrS olemjyKrsm;rSm auseyfrIr&ao;aMumif; ajymMum;cJhonf/
Source: http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/16722-inquiry-launched-after-nurses-in-sittwe-walk-off-job.htm
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13
vlyk*d¾KvfESifh Zmwfaumif
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jyifay;yg/
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wpfaumifu vkdcsifaeaomt&mrsdK; jzpfonf/ y#dyu©[lonf oufqkdif&m Zmwfaumif
wkdY\ tvkdqErsm; uGJvGJrI&Sdvmonfhtcg ay:aygufvmwwfonf/ xkdYtjyif Zmwfaumif
ESpfOD; okdYr[kwf ESpfOD;xufykdaom Zmwfaumifrsm;u t&m0w¬K wpfrsdK;wnf;ukd tvkd&Sd
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pmrsufESm (10) wGif azmfjycJhaom Zmwfvrf; (u) ESifh (*) wGif Zmwfaumif ESpfOD;pvHk;\
&nfrSef;csufrsm; NyD;ajrmufatmifjrifap&ef rjzpfEkdifyg/ rdom;pkonf yGJawmfumvukd
bk&m;ausmif; okdYr[kwf ¤if;wkdY aus;&Gm ae&mESpfckxJrS wpfae&mwGifom ukefvGefEkdifonf/
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14
y#dyu©ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&; - ausmif;om;vufpGJ
1/ atmufazmfjyyg 0guswpfaMumif;pDwGif vkyfaqmifcsuf^jzpf&yf ESpfck yg0ifae
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tcef; 1 - y#dyu©udkk em;vnfjcif;
15
jrefrmha&;&m - &efukefNrdKUv,fwGif vlul;wHwm; wnfaqmufrItm; NrdKUjy
tarGtESpf xdef;odrf;a&;tzGJUu uefYuGufjcif;
&efukefNrdKUjy tarGtESpf xdef;odrf;a&;tzGJU (Yangon Heritage Trust) u &efukefNrdKUxJ
wGif vlul;wHwm;wpfck wnfaqmufa&; pDrHudef;tm; qefYusifuefYuGufcJhonf/ wHwm;
aqmufvkdufygu tqdkyg ywf0ef;usifrS a&S;a[mif;taqmufttHkrsm;tm; trsm;jynfol
jrifuGif;rS uG,foGm;aprnfjzpfNyD; ywf0ef;usifudkvnf; t½kyfqkd;oGm;apvdrfhrnf[k ¤if;wkdY
tzGJUu qkdonf/
vlul;wHwm;onf &efukefNrdKU\ a&S;tusqHk;ESifh tvSqHk;aom taqmufttkH
jrifuGif;rsm; udk ysufpD;oGm;apvdrfhrnf[k &efukefNrdKUjy tarGtESpf xdef;odrf;a&;tzGJU
(Yangon Heritage Trust) rS t&m&SdwpfOD;jzpfol ra&T,if;rmOD;u ajymMum;cJhonf/ ]]'Dvlul;wHwm;ESifh ywfoufNyD; EkdifiHwumu
ynm&SifawGeJYvnf; uRefrwkdY aqG;aEG;MunfhNyD;ygNyD? wHwm;aqmufvkdufwJhtwGufaMumifh trsm;jynfolwkdYtwGuf ykdNyD;
ab;uif;vHkNcHKrI &SdoGm;apjcif;rsdK; jzpfrvmEkdifovkd ,mOfaMumydwfqkdYrI jyóemudkvnf; ajz&Sif;ay;EkdifrSm r[kwfbl;vkdY olwkdYu
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axmufjy ajymqkdcJhonf/
&efukefNrdKUawmfpnfyifom,ma&;aumfrwDrS udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;uvnf; ,ckvkd ajymMum;cJhonf/ ]]wHwm;udkawmh
aqmufoifhygw,f? bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh vlaygif; 150,000 ausmf[m 'vbufurf;uae &efukefjrpfudk jzwfNyD; &efukefNrdKUxJukd
aeYpOfeJYtrQ vmaeMu&ygw,f/ NyD;awmh qdyfurf;ay:u qif;qif;csif; teD;qHk; um;vrf;udk jzwful;Mu&ygw,f? tJ'Dae&mrSm
vlul;wHwm;udk aqmufaewmyg/}} tqkdyg wHwm;ukd aqmufvkyfaeaom ukrÜPDrS refae*smu ]]wHwm;u NrdKUjytarGtESpf
taqmufttkHawGudk jrifuGif; uG,faprSm r[kwfovkd ysufpD;aprSmvnf; r[kwfygbl;? ykdawmif tvSwkd;apOD;rSmyg}} [k ajymMum;
cJhonf/
'vNrdKUe,frS uav;ESpfa,mufrdcif roEÅmuawmh wHwm;aqmufvkyfrItay: olrtaejzifh axmufcHonf[k
qdkonf/ ]]uRefr uav;awGudk NrdKUxJu ausmif;udk tNrJwrf; vkdufykdYay;&ygw,f/ tJ'Dae&mu ukefwifum;BuD;awG?
vkdif;um;awG? ½kd;½kd;um;awG? qkduúm;awG? aps;onfawGeJY wpfcsdefvHk; ½IyfaewJhae&myg? um;wkdufrIawGvnf; cPcP jzpfw,f/
wHwm;aqmufvkdufr,fqkd&ifawmh uRefrwkdYawG vrf;udk ab;tEÅ&m,fuif;uif;eJY jzwful;Ekdifr,f? ,mOfaMumjyóemudkvnf;
ajz&Sif;EkdifrSm jzpfygw,f}} [k olru ajymMum;cJhygonf/
Source: http://www.irrawaddy.org/burma/heritage-group-opposes-footbridge-rangoons-historic-downtown.html
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16
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wGif Zmwfaumifrsm;onf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; ,HkMunfrI &SdMuNyD; wpfOD;vkdtyfcsufudk
wpfOD;u xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;ay;avh &Sdygonf/ tajctaeudk y#dyu©wpf&yftjzpf
r½IjrifbJ jyóemwpf&yf tjzpfom ½IjrifMuonf/ yl;aygif;vufwGJ ajz&Sif;í &Ekdifaom
jyóemtjzpf ½Ijrifjcif;rsdK; jzpfonf/
tu,fí oufqkdif&m ZmwfaumifwkdY\ qufqHa&;rSm wif;rmNyD; tqifh okdYr[kwf
tcuftcJ &SdaeonfhtqifhokdY a&muf&SdaevQif uGJvGJrI tao;trTm;av;rsm;tay: taMumif;
cHíyif y#dyu©rsm; tvG,fwul ay:aygufvmEkdifonf/ aemufqHk; rnfonfh uGJvGJrIrsdK;rS
r&SdbJESifhvnf; y#dyu©rsm; tvG,fwul ay:aygufvmEkdifaom tajctaersdK; jzpfonf/
xkdtajctaewGif vlwkdYMum; &nfrSef;csufrsm; o[Zmw rjzpfrIrSm y#dyu©\ t"du
tajccHtaMumif;w&m; r[kwfawmhay/ txufu tajctaeESifh qefYusifbuf jzpfoGm;NyD;?
vlwkdYonf y#dyu©udk pwifrD;arT;&eftwGuf o[Zmw rjzpfrIudk taMumif;&SmwwfMuonf/
y#dyu©rsm;ukd ykdrkd em;vnfapzkdYqkdvQif t"dutcsufBuD; ESpfcsufudk MunfhzkdYvkdygonf/
yg0ifywfoufaeaom ZmwfaumifwkdY\ &nfrSef;csufrsm; o[Zmw rjzpfrIESihf
oufqkdif&m Zmwfaumifrsm;Mum; qufqHa&;wkdY jzpfonf/
avhusifhcef; atmufyg tajctaewkdYudk zwf½Ií ay;xm;aom ar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzqkdyg/
ukda&T&ESifh ukdNzdK;armifwkdYonf taqmifwpfckwGif twlaeMuonf/
ukda&T&u ocFsmpmar;yGJwpfck ajz&eftwGuf pmMunfhaeonf/ olonf wdwfwdwf
qdwfqdwf pmMunfh&wmrsdK;udk ESpfoufol jzpfonf/ ukdNzdK;armifu aemufwpfaeY
naewGif wD;&rnfh yGJwpfyGJ&SdaomaMumifh *pfwmwD;aeonf/ udka&T&u ol pmvkyfí
r&aomaMumifh ukdNzdK;armif *pfwmwD;aewmukd &yfapcsifonf/ ukdNzdK;armifuvnf;
aemufaeY yGJBuD;wpfyGJwGif wD;&eftwGuf *pfwmwD; avhusifhzkdY vkdaeonf/
udka&T&u pmar;yGJtwGuf pmavhvmcsifaomaMumifh udkNzdK;armifudk
taqmifrS xGufoGm;ckdif;onf/ aemufwpfaeYwGif udkNzdK;armifu udka&T&taMumif;udk
taqmifodkY wkdifavawmhonf/ udka&T&onf olwkdY twlaeaom tcef;udk rnfonfh
tcgrS oefY&Sif;a&;rvkyfcJhyg[k udkNzdK;armifu ajymonf/
1/ txufyg Zmwfvrf;wGif udkNzdK;armifu tb,faMumifh udka&T&ESifh pwif
pum;rsm;cJh&oenf;/
2/ txufyg pmykd'ft& acsmarGUaom (aumif;rGefaom) qufqHa&;&SdrIESifh cufcJ
aom (qkd;&Gm;aom) qufqHa&;&SdrIwkdYMum;&Sd t"du uGmjcm;csufrSm tb,fenf;/
3/ jyóemESifh y#dyu©wkdYMum;wGif rnfodkYaom uGmjcm;csuf &Sdoenf;/
ay;xm;aom pmaMumif;rsm;teuf rnfonfh pmaMumif;u txufyg pmydk'f\ t"du
qdkvdk&if;udk tusOf;csKyf azmfjyygoenf;/ toifhawmfqkH;jzpfrnfh tajzukd a&G;cs,fyg/
u/ Zmwfaumifrsm; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; rwnfhvQif y#dyu©jzpf&ef ydkí vG,ful
onf/
c/ aumif;rGefaom qufqHa&; &Sdxm;vQif &nfrSef;csufrsm; o[Zmw rjzpf
onfhwdkif y#dyu©odkY tNrJwrf; OD;wnf raeEkdifyg/
*/ Zmwfaumifrsm;\ qufqHa&;onf y#dyu©wpfckudk ajymif;vJoGm;apEkdifonf/
avhusifhcef;
tcef; 1 - y#dyu©udkk em;vnfjcif;
17
,ck vkyfief;pOfwGif aumif;rGefaom okdYr[kwf qkd;&Gm;aom qufqHa&;&SdrIu y#dyu©
wpf&yftay: rnfuJhokdY vTrf;rkd;oufa&mufwwfonfukd oifhtaejzifh udk,fawGU
odjrifEkdifrnf jzpfonf/ oifwef;q&m\ nTefMum;csufrsm;ukd vkdufemyg/
jrefrmha&;&m - rl;,pfaq;0g; jyóemukd tajz&Smjcif;
NrdKUi,fav;wpfNrdKUwGif rl;,pfaq;0g; jyóemonf BuD;rm;aom jyóemwpf&yf jzpfaeonf/ rl;,pfaq;0g;
oHk;pGJrIonf vlrsdK;? bmomra&G; vlrItokdif;t0kdif;tm;vHk;udk xdcdkufvmonf/ okdYaomf bmoma&;tkyfpktoD;oD;u tqkdyg
rl;,pfaq;onf tjcm;bmoma&;tkyfpkrsm;u pwifonf[kyif tckdiftrm ajymqkdaeonf/
c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;u ¤if;wkdY vlrItokdif;t0kdif;twGif;okdY rl;,pfaq;rsm; pwif oGwfoGif;vmolrsm;rSm
Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;jzpfNyD; c&pf,mefvli,frsm; tm;vHk;rSm rl;,pfaq; oHk;avhr&Sdaom vlaumif;av;rsm; jzpfMuonf[k
qkdonf/ Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;url c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;onf rl;,pfaq;pGJaeMuolrsm;jzpfNyD; rl;,pfaq;0,f&eftwGuf
cdk;Mu0SufMuonf[k qkdjyefonf/ rl;,pfaq;oHk;pGJjcif;onf Ak'¨bmomESifh qefYusifonf? xkdYaMumifh Ak'¨bmomvli,frsm;rSm
rl;,pfaq; oHk;pGJavh r&SdMu[k ¤if;wkdYu qkdonf/ tqkdyg tjyeftvSef jiif;cHkpGyfpGJrIrsm;onf wpfpwpfp jyif;xefvmNyD;
wpfzufESifhwpfzuf tMurf;zuf wkdufckdufrIrsm; jyKvkyfonfh tqifhtxd jzpfvmonf/
tqkdyg rl;,pfaq;jyóemudk ajz&Sif;&ef c&pf,mefESifh Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; yl;aygif;í rl;,pfaq;0g; jyóemESihf
ywfoufNyD; todynmay; vkyfief;rsm;udk vufwGJ vkyfaqmifMuonf/
¤if;wkdYonf vpOfvwkdif; rl;,pfaq;0g; qefYusifa&;aeYrsm; pDpOfusif;yí tjcm;aom bmoma&; tkyfpkrsm;udkvnf;
yl;aygif; yg0if&ef zdwfac:cJhonf/ NyD;cJhaomESpfu ¤if;wkdYonf a'ocHrsm; MunfndKav;pm;aom Ak'¨bmom bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;?
AvDq&mrsm; ESifh c&pf,mef"r®q&mrsm;udk zdwfMum;í qHk;rMo0g'rsm; a[mMum;apNyD; bmomtm;vHk; yl;aygif;rIjzifh rl;,pfaq;0g;
jyóemudk ajz&Sif;EkdifaMumif; yl;aygif;jyEkdifcJhonf/
Source: Unpublished Report, Independent Researcher
1/ Ak'¨bmomtokdif;t0kdif;\ &nfrSef;csufrSm tb,fenf;/
2/ c&pf,meftokdif;t0kdif;\ &nfrSef;csufrSm tb,fenf;/
3/ tpykdif;wGif Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;ESifh c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;onf rl;,pfaq;0g; jyóemudk ajz&Sif;&ef tb,faMumifh
vufwGJaqmif&GufrI rjyKcJhMuoenf;/
4/ bmomESpfckMum; qufqHa&; wkd;wufap&ef rnfonfht&mwkdYudk vkyfaqmifEkdifcJhoenf;/
5/ tjcm; rnfonfht&mwkdYudk vkyfaqmifEkdifao;oenf;/
6/ rl;,pfaq;0g; jyóemonf rwluGJjym;aom bmoma&;tkyfpkrsm;Mum; qufqHa&;udk wkd;wufrI &SdapcJhygovm;?
rnfonffh yHkpHjzifh wkd;wufapcJhygoenf;/
vkyfief;rsm;
aumif;rGefaom qufqHa&;ESifh
qkd;&Gm;aom qufqHa&;
y#dyu©wpf&yfwGif &nfrSef;csufrsm; o[Zmw rjzpfrIu ydkí ta&;BuD;ygovm;
okdYr[kwf oufqkdif&m Zmwfaumifrsm;Mum; qufqHa&;u ykdí ta&;BuD;ygovm;?
tb,faMumifhenf;/
aqG;aEG;csuf
1/ wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; aumif;rGefaom qufqHa&;&Sdonfh vl 3 OD; taMumif;udk pOf;pm;
Munfhyg? rnfokdYaom vkyfaqmifcsufrsdK;u tqkdyg vl 3 OD;Mum; qufqHa&;
aumif;rGefrIudk xdckdufysufpD;apEkdifygoenf;/
2/ wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; qkd;&Gm;aom qufqHa&;&Sdonfh vl 3 OD; taMumif;udk pOf;pm;
Munfhyg? rnfokdYaom vkyfaqmifcsufrsdK;u tqkdyg vl 3 OD;Mum; qufqHa&;
qkd;&Gm;rIudk aumif;rGefwkd;wufvmapEkdifygoenf;/
jyefvnfokH;oyfcsuf
18
y#dyu©ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&; - ausmif;om;vufpGJ
1.5 - usm;? r jzpfrIa&;&mu@ - y#dyu©twGif;rS
trsdK;orD;ESifh trsdK;om;rsm;
tBudKoifcef;pm
Z,m;uGuftwGif;&Sd pum;vHk;rsm;ESifh
ywfoufí ay;xm;aom ar;cGef;rsm;
udk ajzqkdyg/
Muifemwwfaom? &Suf&GHUwwf
aom? vGwfvyfaom? qlnH
wwfaom? pdwfcHpm;rI jzpfvG,f
aom? vSyaom? &J&ifhaom? jyKpk
,k,wwfaom? pdwfwkdwwf
aom? ulnDwwfaom? tm;upm;
vkdufpm;wwfaom? ÓPfaumif;
aom? acgif;aqmifwwfaom?
El;nHhodrfarGUaom? aumif;pGm
em;axmifay;wwfaom
1/ ay;xm;aom tcsufrsm;xJrS
rnfonfh tcsufrsm;onf
a,mufsm; wkdYESifh ykdí oufqkdif
NyD; rnfonfh tcsufrsm;onf
rdef;rwkdYESifh ydkí oufqkdif
ygoenf;/ tb,faMumifhenf;/
2/ tqkdyg tjrifrsm;onf rnfonfh
ae&mrS qif;oufvmygoenf;/
3/ y#dyu©wpf&yfwGif rdef;rwkdY\
jyKrl yHkESif h a,mufsm;wkd Y\
jyKrlyHkwkdY rSm uGJjym;jcm;em;avh
&Sdyg ovm;/ rnfuJhokdYenf;/
y#dyu©wpf&yftay: uREkfyfwkdY\ em;vnfrIonf usm;? r jzpfrIa&;&mu@tay: uREkfyf
wkdY em;vnfxm;rIESifhvnf; qufEG,fvsuf&Sdonf/ usm;? r jzpfrIu@onf ZD0vdif
uGJjym;rIESifh roufqkdifay? a,mufsm;jzpfjcif;? rdef;rjzpfjcif;wkdYtay: rlwnfí ,Ofaus;rI
"avht& xm;&Sdaom arQmfrSef;rIrsm;? t,ltqrsm;ESifhom oufqkdifonf? vlYtzGJUtpnf;
twGif; &Sd&rnf[k ,lqxm;aom a,mufsm;ESifh rdef;rwkdY\ tcef;u@ uGJjym;rIrsm;ESifh
ykdí oufqkdifonf/
vlom;wkdYonf a,mufsm;wpfa,muftjzpf rnfokdY usifhBuHaexkdif&rnf? rdef;rwpfa,muf
tjzpf rnfokdY usifhBuHaexkdif&rnf ponfwkdYudk vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif;&Sd tjcm;olrsm;xHrS
avhvmoif,lavh &SdMuonf/ vlom;wkdYonf arG;zGm;ptcsdefwGif rnfokdY qif,if
oifhonf? rnfokdY 0wfqifoifhonf? rnfokdY ajymqkdoifhonf? rnfodkY jyKrloifhonf?
rnfokdY awG;ac:pOf;pm; usifhBuHoifhonf qkdonfudk rodMuacs/ rdbrsm;? q&mrsm;?
rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;rsm;? vkyfazmfukdifzufrsm;ESifh rD'D,mrsm;u a,mufsm;? rdef;rtjzpf
BuD;jyif;vmMuaom uREkfyfwkdYtm; a,mufsm;av;yDyD rnfokdY jyKrlaexkdifoifhonf?
rdef;uav;yDyD rnfokdY jyKrlaexkdifoifhonf ponfwkdYukd ajymqkdnTefjyavh &SdMuonf/
azmfjyyg ykHrsm;ukd Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh usm;? r
jzpfrIa&;&m u@rsm; uGJjym;rIukd jrifawGU&ygovm;/
tcef; 1 - y#dyu©udkk em;vnfjcif;
19
1/ oifwef;om;rsm;taejzifh a,mufsm;wpfOD;\yHk okdYr[kwf rdef;rwpfOD;\yHkudk
tzGJUvkduf a&;qGJyg/ oufqkdif&ma,mufsm; okdYr[kwf rdef;rESifh ywfoufaom
tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;udk wwfEkdiforQ jznfhpGuf a&;qGJay;yg/
2/ rdrdtzGJUu a&;qGJaomyHkESifh qefYusifbufvdif&JUyHkudk a&;qGJaom tzGJUESifh yl;aygif;
yg/ yHkcsif; EIdif;,SOfyg/ tqkdyg uGJjym;rIrsm;onf vlom;wkdY\ arG;&mygvm;
okdYr[kwf avhvmoif,lcJhaomt&mrsm; jzpfygovm;/
a,mufsm;qefjcif; (yk&doyDojcif;) \ p½kdufvu©Pmtrsm;pkonf y#dyu©udk udkifwG,f
ajz&Sif;&mwGif olYxufig tNydKiftqkdifyHkpHudk tm;ay;vQuf&Sdonf/ ,Ofaus;rI"avh
trsm;pkwGif vlwkdYonf a,mufsm;yDorIudk &J&ifhjcif;? &efvkdjcif;? tiftm;&Sdjcif; ponf
wkdYESifh ,SOfwGJí jrifMuonf/ a,mufsm;wkdYonf emusifrIudk vspfvsL½IEkdif&rnf?
pdwfcHpm;rIrsm;udk rajymqkdoifh pojzifh vlwkdYu cH,lxm;Muonf/ a,mufsm;wkdYonf
tjcm;olwkdYESifh ,SOfNydKifEkdifpGrf;&Sdí rdrdwkdYudk,fukd rdrdwkdY a,mufsm;yDoaMumif; jyoEkdif&rnf?
a,mufsm;av;wkdYu tMurf;zuf jyKrljcif;onf rdef;uav;rsm; tMurf;zufjcif;xuf ykdí
vufcHEkdifzG,f&m jzpfonf/ ol&Jaumif;yHkjyifrsm;? ½kyf&Sifrsm;? oDcsif;rsm;ESifh pmtkyfrsm;wGif
vnf; a,mufsm;wkdY\ pGefYpm;jcif;? y#dyu©rsm;wGif tMurf;zufenf;rsm; toHk;jyKjcif;wkdYukd
azmfusL;jyoxm;onf/ wkdufckdufrIjyK&ef jiif;qefaoma,mufsm;? pdwfcHpm;rIudk a&SUwef;
wif ajymavh&Sdaom a,mufsm;? tm;EGJUoltjzpf ay:vGifatmif jyKrlaom a,mufsm;wkdYudk
aysmhnHhol? ol&JabmaMumifolrsm;tjzpf vlrsm;pku ½IjrifMuonf/
rdef;rqefjcif; (£wd¬,yDojcif;) \ p½kdufvu©Pmrsm;udkvnf; y#dyu©tay: wkHYjyefrI
rsm; ESifh qufpyfwGJjrifwwfMuonf/ tpOftvmt& rdef;r[lonf rdcif jzpf&rnf? ZeD;
r,m; jzpf&rnf[lí vufcH,lqxm;Muonf/ rdef;rwkdYonf rdrdwkdY vkdtyfcsufxuf
wpfyg;olwkdY\ vkdtyfcsufrsm;udk OD;pm;ay; jznfhqnf;ay;&rnf[k vlwkdYu vufcHxm;Mu
onf/ rdef;ryDojcif;[lonf emcHrI&Sdjcif;ESifh El;nHhodrfarGUrI &Sdjcif;wkdYudk nTef;qkdavh&Sdonf/
½kyf&Sifrsm;? yHkjyifZmwfvrf;rsm;wGif rdef;rwkdYonf tm;EGJUolrsm;jzpfNyD; a,mufsm;\
umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;rI vkdtyfaMumif;udk azmfusL;jyoavh&Sdonf/ rdef;rwkdYudk
acgif;aqmiftjzpf azmfusL;jyojcif;rsdK;rSm &Sm;onf/ oefrmtm;aumif;í trSDtckduif;pGm?
vGwfvyfpGmaewwfNyD; tpOftvmt& a,mufsm;wkdY\ tcef;u@[k owfrSwfxm;aom
ae&mwkdYtm; ,lwwfonfh rdef;rrsdK;udk vlYtzGJUtpnf;wGif odyfvufrcHcsifMuay/
Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk &,lvkdvQif okdYr[kwf y#dyu©tm; ykdrkd aumif;rGefpGm ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;vkdvQif
uREfkyfwkdYtaejzifh vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; tpOftvmu jy|mef;xm;aom rdef;rESifh
a,mufsm; wkdY\ tcef;u@rsm;udk ar;cGef;xkwfzkdY vkdtyfayvdrfhrnf/
vkyfief;rsm;
a,mufsm;ESifh rdef;rwkdY\ yHk&dyfrsm;
20
y#dyu©ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&; - ausmif;om;vufpGJ
1/ ay;xm;aom p½kdufvu©Pmrsm;udk zwf½Iyg/ tqkdyg p½kdufvu©Pm wpfckcsif;pD
tay: vlYtzGJUtpnf;u pHwefzkd;xm;yHkudk tqifhvkdufowfrSwfí yd&rpfwGif
jznfhay;yg/
• vlYtzGJUtpnf;u wefzkd;xm;rIjrifhaom p½kdufvu©Pmrsm;udk yd&rpfxdyfykdif;
wGif jznfhpGufyg/
• vlYtzGJUtpnf;u wefzkd;xm;rIedrfhaom p½kdufvu©Pmrsm;udk yd&rpf
atmufajcykdif;wGif jznfhpGufyg/
2/ yd&rpfxdyfykdif;wGif &Sdaeaom p½kdufvu©Pm 3 ckonf oifhvlYtzGJUtpnf;wGif
a,mufsm;rsm;ESifh ykdí oufqkdifygovm; odkYr[kwf rdef;rrsm;ESifh ydkí oufqkdifyg
ovm;/
3/ yd&rpfxdyfykdif;wGif &Sdaeaom p½kdufvu©Pmrsm;onf vlYtzGJUtpnf;udk ykdí
Nidrf;csrf;rI &Sdapygovm;? tb,faMumifh &Sdapygoenf; okdYr[kwf tb,faMumifh
r&Sdapygoenf;/
4/ yd&rpfatmufajcykdif;wGif &Sdaeaom p½kdufvu©Pmrsm;onf vlYtzGJUtpnf;udk
ykdí Nidrf;csrf;rI &Sdapygovm;? tb,faMumifh &Sdapygoenf; okdYr[kwf tb,f
aMumifh r&Sdapygoenf;/
5/ oifhtaejzifh vlYtzGJUtpnf;udk ykdrkd Nidrf;csrf;rI &SdapvkdvQif tqkdyg yd&rpfESifh
ywfoufí rnfokdY jyifqifajymif;vJ vkdygoenf;/
u/ tjcm;olrsm;udk vTrf;rkd;xdef;csKyf jcif;
c/ cGeftm;&Sdjcif;
*/ emcHrI&Sdjcif;
C/ ÓPf&nfxufjrufjcif;
i/ tjcm;olrsm;udk jyKpkay;jcif;
p/ em;axmifay;vkdpdwf&Sdjcif;
q/ tmPm&Sdjcif;
Z/ yl;aygif;vufwGJ aqmif&Gufvkdpdwf &Sdjcif;
vkyfief;rsm;
p½kdufvu©Pmjy yd&rpf
]]usm;? r jzpfrIa&;&mu@&Sd pnf;rsOf;owfrSwfcsufrsm;onf...
LGBTrule
no gender
dis
tcef; 1 - y#dyu©udkk em;vnfjcif;
21
1/ ae&mtuefYi,fwpfckxJwGif 0if&yfaeyg? okdYr[kwf puúLykdif;wpfckay:wGif
&yfaeyg/ oifhtwGuf owfrSwfay;xm;aom a,mufsm;jzpfjcif; odkYr[kwf rdef;r
jzpfjcif;twGuf vkdufem&rnfh pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk pOf;pm;Munfhyg/
2/ xkdYaemuf tqkdyg ae&mtuefYi,fav;xJrS azmufxGufvkdufyg/ oifhtaejzifh
owfrSwfpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk vkdufemjcif; r&Sdawmh[lí pdwful;Munfhvkdufyg/ vlwkdY
u oifhtm; rnfokdY ajymMurnfenf; odkYr[kwf rnfokdY wHkYjyefjyKrlMurnfenf;/
3/ ay;xm;aom ar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzqkdyg/
u/ oif\ vufawGUb0wGifvnf; ,ckuJhodkY usm;? r owfrSwfcsuf tuefYi,f
twGif;rS azmufxGufzl;ygovm;/
c/ xkdtuefYi,fxJrS ykdrkd vG,fulpGmESifh ydkrkd ab;uif;vHkNcHKpGm azmufxGufEkdifap
rnfh enf;vrf;tcsdKUudk azmfjyyg/
]] usm;? r jzpfrIa&;&mu@&Sd pnf;rsOf;owfrSwfcsufrsm;onf uREkfyfwkdY tNrJwrf;
0if&yfae&aom abmiftuefYi,fav;rsm;ESifh ydkwlonff/}}
aqG;aEG;csuf1/ vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; usm;? r jzpfrIu@ uGJjym;rIaMumifh rdef;rESifh a,mufsm;wkdY
wGif rnfolwkdYu tusdK;tjrwf ykdrkd &&SdcHpm;Mu&ygoenf;/
2/ oifhvlYtzJGUtpnf;twGif;&Sd y#dyu©udk rdef;rESifh a,mufsm;wkdYu rnfuJhokdY
udkifwG,fajz&Sif;Muoenf;/ xkdy#dyu©rsm;ukd ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;&mwGif rdef;rESifh
a,mufsm;wkdY\ udkifwG,fykHrSm wlnDMuygovm;? uGJjym;Muygovm;/
3/ tm;vHk;aom a,mufsm;wkdYonf y#dyu©rsm;udk wpfyHkpHwnf; ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;avh
&SdMuygovm;/ tm;vHk;aom rdef;rrsm;onfvnf; y#dyu©rsm;udk wpfyHkpHwnf;
ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;avh &SdMuygovm;/
vkyfief;rsm;
azmufxGufjcif;
... uREkfyfwkdY tNrJwrf; 0if&yfae&aom
abmiftuefYi,fav;rsm;ESifh ydkwlonff/}}
22
y#dyu©ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&; - ausmif;om;vufpGJ
1.6 - y#dyu©? aumif;usdK;ESifh qkd;usdK;rsm;
1/ y#dyu©r&Sdaom urÇmBuD;onf
rnfokdY jzpfvdrfhrnfenf;/
2/ xkduJhodkYaom urÇmrsdK; tb,f
aMumifh &SdEkdif okdYr[kwf r&SdEkdif
onfh taMumif;t&if;rsm;udk
azmfjyyg/
tBudKoifcef;pm
y#dyu©ESifh ywfoufí uREkfyfwkdY\ ,HkMunf,lqxm;rIrsm;rSmvnf; ta&;ygayonf/
y#dyu©uif;aom urÇm[lonf &SdEkdifygrnfvm;/ okdYr[kwf y#dyu©onf b0\
tpdwftykdif; wpf&yf[k uREkfyfwkdY,HkMunf ,lqxm;Muygovm;/ uREkfyfwkdYonf y#dyu©
uif;aom qufqHa&;udk tvkd&SdonfqkdvQif y#dyu©udk tqkdyg qufqHa&; NydKvJysufpD;rI
tjzpf ½Ijrif&vdrfhrnf jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdY qufqHa&;rsm;wGif y#dyu©u wGJvsufygaeonf
qkdonfhtcsufudk vufcHonfqkdvQif tqkdyg y#dyu©rsm;udk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;Ekdifrnfh
enf;vrf;rsm;udkvnf; &SmazG&vdrfhrnf jzpfonf/
1/ oifhtaejzifh Zmwfaumiftjzpf yg0ifcJhzl;aom y#dyu©wpfcktaMumif;udk jyef
pOf;pm;Munfhyg/ (Zmwfaumif ESpfOD;xufru yg0ifaom y#dyu©rsdK;udk a&G;cs,f
yg/) tqkdyg y#dyu©taMumif; pmykd'fwpfykd'f a&;yg/
• tqkdyg y#dyu©onf rnfonfh taMumif;udpöESifh ywfoufaeoenf;/
• rnfol (wkdY) u t"duZmwfaumif (rsm;) tjzpf yg0ifcJhoenf;/
• oifu rnfonfht&mudk vkdcsifcJhoenf;? tjcm;olrsm;u rnfonfh t&mudk
vkdcsifcJhMuoenf;/
• tqkdyg y#dyu©wGif t&HZmwfaumifrsm; yg0ifcJhygovm;/
2/ ESpfa,mufwpfwGJ wGJí oif\ y#dyu© taMumif;udk aqG;aEG;yg/
1/ tzGJUrsm; zGJUyg/ (NyD;cJhaom vkyfief;pOfrS) tzGJU0ifwpfOD;\ Oyrm y#dyu©wpfckudk
a&G;cs,fyg/ ¤if;y#dyu©ESifh ywfoufí o½kyfazmfrIwpfck jyKvkyfyg/
2/ twef;okdY oifwkdY\ o½kyfazmfrIudk jyoyg/
3/ tjcm;tzGJU\ o½kyfazmfrIESihf ywfoufí atmufyg ar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzqkdyg/
u/ jzpfyGm;aom y#dyu©onf rnfonfh taMumif;tcsufESifh oufqkdifoenf;/
vkyfief;rsm;
oif\udk,fykdif y#dyu©
vkyfief;rsm;
o½kyfazmfjcif;
tcef; 1 - y#dyu©udkk em;vnfjcif;
23
4/ oifwkdY\ tajzrsm;udk wpfwef;vHk;taejzifh EIdif;,SOfavhvmyg/ y#dyu©udk o½kyf
azmfrI vkyfaqmifcJhaom ausmif;om;ESifhvnf; tajzukd EIdif;,SOfavhvmMunfhyg/
1/ y#dyu©[laom pum;vHk;ukd Mum;vkduf&onfhtcg oifhtaejzifh awG;rdaom
pum;vHk;rsm;udk a&;csyg/
2/ oifcsa&;xm;aom pm&if;udk oif\ wGJzufudk jyyg/ oifwkdYMum;rSm wlnDae
aom pum;vHk;rsm; &Sdygovm;/
3/ oifwdkY\ pm&if;wGif yg&Sdaom pum;vHk;rsm;ukd ESpfa,mufwpfwGJpD twGJvkduf
trsdK;tpm; oHk;rsdK;pD cGJjcm;jyyg/ (aumif;usdK; jzpfapaom? qkd;usdK; jzpfapaom?
rnfonfh tusdK;oufa&mufrIrS r&Sdaom[lí trsdK;tpm; 3 rsdK; cGJjcm;jy&rnf
jzpfonf/) ¤if;wkdYudk ay;xm;aom Z,m;uGufxJwGif a&;om; jznfhpGufyg/
4/ rnfonfh pum;vHk;trsdK;tpm;rsm;ukd trsm;qHk; awGU&avh&Sdoenf;/ tb,f
aMumifh xkdokdY oif,lq&oenf;/
vltrsm;pkonf y#dyu©u ¤if;wkdY b0ukd emusifxdckdufapaomaMumifh y#dyu©udk
rvkdvm;Muay/ okdYaomf y#dyu©wGif aumif;usdK;rsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ y#dyu©[lonf
taMumif;&Sdíom ay:aygufvm&jcif; jzpfonf/ ¤if;onf uREfkyfwkdY vlyk*d¾Kvftcsif;csif;
Mum;? tpktzGJUrsm;Mum;? vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; qufqHa&;wkdYwGif &Sdaeaom jyóem
rsm;udk azmfjyaeonf/ tqkdyg jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Ekdifa&;twGufvnf; uREkfyfwkdYudk
wkdufwGef; tm;ay;aeonf/ ¤if;onf tajctaewpf&yfudk wkd;wufaprnfh tcGifhtvrf;
wpf&yfvnf; jzpfonf/ tqkdyg tcGifhtvrf;udk uREkfyfwkdY toHk;jyKEkdifjcif;? rjyKEkdifjcif;onf
jyóemudk uREkfyfwkdYb,fvkd udkifwG,fajz&Sif;rvJqkdonfh tcsufay: rlwnfaeonf/
y#dyu©onf aumif;onf[k rqkdEkdifovkd raumif;[lívnf; rqkdEkdifay/ y#dyu©\
aumif;jcif; qkd;jcif;onf tqkdyg y#dyu©udk uREkfyfwkdY b,fvkd udkifwG,fajz&Sif;ovJ
qkdonfhtcsufay:wGifom rlwnfaeygonf/
vkyfief;rsm;
y#dyu©\ tqkd;? taumif;
c/ rnfolawGu t"duZmwfaumiftjzpf yg0ifaeoenf;/
*/ rnfolawGu t&HZmwfaumiftjzpf yg0ifaeoenf;/
C/ ZmwfaumifwkdY\ &nfrSef;csufrsm;rSm rnfonfht&mrsm; jzpfoenf;/
i/ t"duZmwfaumifwkdYu ¤if;wkdY\ &nfrSef;csufrsm; jynfh0ap&ef rnfonfh
t&mwkdYudk vkyfaqmifMuoenf;/
p/ t&HZmwfaumifwkdYu rnfonfht&mwkdYudk vkyfaqmifMuoenf;/
q/ ZmwfaumifwkdY\ rnfonfh vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;u ¤if;wkdYMum; qufqHa&;
udk tjyKoabm oufa&mufapcJhoenf;/
Z/ rnfonfh vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;u ¤if;wkdYMum; qufqHa&;udk tysufoabm
oufa&mufapcJhoenf;/
rnfonfh tusdK;oufa&mufrIrS
r&Sdaom
aumif;usdK; jzpfapaom qdk;usdK; jzpfapaom
NEUTRAL
24
y#dyu©ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&; - ausmif;om;vufpGJ
aqG;aEG;csuf 1/ ay;xm;aom pmykd'ft& y#dyu©\ t"dutusdK;aus;Zl;rSm rnfonfht&m
jzpfoenf;/
2/ y#dyu©wGif tjcm;rnfonfh tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm; &Sdonf[k oifem;vnfxm;yg
oenf;/
jrefrmha&;&m - y#dyu©udk ajz&Sif;jcif; - ESpfzufpvHk; tEkdif&aomtcg
aus;vufNrdKUe,fav;wpfck&Sd a'ocHvlxktrsm;pkonf NrdKUe,fwGif;
vma&mufzGifhvSpfaom puf½Hktopfrsm;ü tvkyftukdif r&&SdMuaomaMumifh
rcHr&yfEkdif jzpfaeonf/ a'oEÅ&tpkd;&u tjcm;a'orS vlrsm;udkom
puf½HkwGif tvkyfay;&ef puf½Hkykdif&Sifrsm;ESifh n§dEIdif;rIrsm; jyKvkyfxm;aMumif;
aumv[mv owif;rsm;udk a'ocHvlxku Mum;odxm;onf/ xdkudpötay:
a'ocHvlxku a'gojzpfaeonf/ okdYaomf ¤if;wkdYonf xkdjyóemudk
a'oEÅ&tpkd;&xH yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ajymqkd&ef r0Hhr&J jzpfaeMuonf/
a'ocH NGO wpfcku xkdjyóemudk odxm;NyD; jynfe,fwGif;
aus;&Gmrsm;wGif oifwef;rsm; pDpOfusif;yay;onf/ xdyfoD;EkdifiHa&;
acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh a'ocHvlxkMum; em;vnfrI uGm[csuf &dSaeonfudk ¤if;wkdY tzGJUu od&Sdxm;onf/ a'ocHvlxkonf
aumv[mvowif;rsm;tay: rMumcP a'gojzpfavh&SdNyD; a'ocHEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;uvnf; vlxk\ jyóemudk rod&SdMuacs/
oifwef;wpfckwGif &Gmom;rsm;onf vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh awGUqHkcGifh&&ef awmif;qkdcJh&m tqkdyg tzGJUtpnf;u
vlxkESifh ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;udk oifwef;wpfckwGif awGUqHkEkdif&ef pDpOfay;cJhonf/
vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf &Gmom;wkdYESifhtwl oifwef;okdY wufa&mufvmMuonf/ yxrwGif &Gmom;rsm;onf
tqifhjrifhEkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk pum;ajymqdk&ef r0Hhr&J jzpfaeMuonf/ vTwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;bufrS &Gmom;wkdY
ajymrnfh pum;rsm;udk em;axmif&ef pdwf0ifwpm;&SdaMumif; od&Sdvkduf&onfhtcgrS &Gmom;rsm;onf ¤if;wkdY\ jyóemudk pwif
ajymqkdMuawmhonf/
aemufqHk;wGif vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf a'ocH&Gmom;wkdY\ vkdtyfcsufudk od&SdoGm;Muonf/ &Gmom;wkdYbufrS
vnf; tqifhjrifhEkdifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESifh &Sif;jyajymqkdcsufrsm;udk em;vnfod&SdoGm;Muonf/ xkdtajctaeu NrdKUe,fwGif;
aemufxyfoifwef;rsm;ESifh tvkyftukdif tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ykdrdk &&Sdvmap&ef OD;wnfoGm;apNyD; a'ocHvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh
a'ocHvlxkMum; qufqHa&;udkvnf; ykdrkd aumif;rGefoGm;apcJhygonf/
Source: Unpublished Report, Independent Researcher
1/ azmfjyyg y#dyu©rS vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;twGuf rnfonfh tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm; &&SdapcJhoenf;/
2/ &Gmom;rsm;twGufvnf; rnfonfh tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm; &&SdapcJhoenf;/
jyefvnfokH;oyfcsuf tcef; (1) udk avhvmzwf½INyD;aemuf y#dyu©tay: xm;&Sdaom oif\ tjrifoabm
xm;rsm; ajymif;vJoGm;ygovm;/ rnfuJhokdY ajymif;vJoGm;cJhygoenf;/
y#dyu©wpfckudk a&G;cs,fNyD; twef;odkY wifjyaqG;aEG;yg/ y#dyu© jzpfapaom aemufcH
taMumif;udpö? yg0ifywfoufaeaom Zmwfaumifrsm;ESifh ¤if;wkdYMum; qufqHa&; tajc
taeudk azmfjyay;yg/ tqkdyg y#dyu©wGif vlwkdYonf rnfokdYaom qif;&J'ku©rsm;udk
cHpm;Mu&oenf;/ tqkdyg y#dyu©u rnfonfh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk ay;oenf;/
tqkdyg y#dyu©wGif usm;? r jzpfrIa&;&mu@rS t,ltqrsm;u rnfonfh tcef;u@
rS yg0ifaeoenf;/
ed*Hk;csKyf
aqG;aEG;wifjyjcif;