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7/28/2019 RM1. Introduction to Research 2012
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Introduction to Research:
Meaning of Research:When people faces problems, he or she sooner or
later seeks a solution. Research is born of these
problems and of peopless determination to solvethem. People's progress over the years hasdepend on research.
Today virtually every field of life has been touched
by the research process- Mathematics,Astronomy, Physics, Chemistry, Geology,Biology, Medicine, Space Exploration, NuclearWelfare, the Social fields and many others.
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Introduction to Research:
What is Research?Research is a process of scientific thinking that leads to
the discovery or establishment of new knowledge or
truth, which is not a subjective expression of ideas or
opinion.
According to various scientist, scientific thinking has four
common characteristics, such as:
(1) It is based on facts,(2) It starts from a complex of problems,
(3) It is free from personal bias or opinion, and
(4) It uses objective measurements
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Kerlinger (1973) defines:
Research as a systematic, controlled, emperical
and critical investigation of hypothetical
propositions about the presumed relations among
natural phenomena.
Parel (1973) defines:
Research is a systematic study or investigation of
something for the purpose of answering questions
posed by the researcher.
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What is good research?
Generates dependable data that are derived by
professionally conducted practices and that can beused reliably for decision making: Criteria's of good
research : Purpose clearly defined
Research process detailed
Research design thoroughly planned
High ethical standards applied
Limitations frankly revealedAnalysis adequate for decision makers needs
Findings presented with integrity
Conclusion justified
Researchers experience reflected
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Objectives of Research
The purpose of research is to discover answers to
questions through the application of scientificprocedures. The main aim of research is to find out
the truth which is hidden and which has not been
discovered as yet. Though each research study has
its own specific purpose, we may think of researchobjectives as falling into a number of following
broad groupings:
To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or toachieve new insights into it (studies with this object
in view are termed as exploratory or formulative
research studies);
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Objectives of Research
To portray accurately the characteristics of a
particular individual, situation or a group (studies
with this object in view are known as descriptive
research studies);
To determine the frequency with which something
occurs or with which it is associated with
something else (studies with this object in view are
known as diagnostic researchstudies);To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship
between variables (such studies are known as
hypothesis-testing research studies).
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Motivation of ResearchWhat makes people to undertake research? This is a
question of fundamental importance. The possible
motives for doing research may be either one or
more of the following:
Desire to get a research degree along with its
consequential benefits;
Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved
problems, i.e., concern over practical problems
initiates research; Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative
work;
Desire to be of service to society;
Desire to get respectability.
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Significance of Research
All progress is born of inquiry. Doubt is often betterthan overconfidence, for it leads to inquiry, and
inquiry leads to invention.
Research inculcates scientific and inductive
thinking and it promotes the development of logical
habits of thinking and organization.
The role of research in several fields of applied
economics, whether related to business or to the
economy as a whole, has greatly increased in
modern times.
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Research is equally important for social scientists
in studying social relationships and in seeking
answers to various social problems.
In addition the significance of research can also be
understood keeping in view the following points:
(a) To those students who are to write a masters or
Ph.D. thesis, research may mean a careerism or a
way to attain a high position in the social structure;
(b) To professionals in research methodology,
research may mean a source of livelihood;
(c) To philosophers and thinkers, research may
mean the outlet for new ideas and insights;
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(d) To literary men and women, research may mean
the development of new styles and creative work;
(e) To analysts and intellectuals, research may
mean the generalizations of new theories.
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Business Research?
Business research is a systematic andorganized effort to investigate a specific
problem encountered in the work setting that
needs a solution.
The business research provides the neededinformation that guides managers to make
informed decisions to successfully deal with
problems.
S
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Scientific Business Researchers
Operate at Two Levels
Abstract level of concepts (propositions)
Propositions are statements concerned with
the relationships among concepts. Explainthe logical linkage among certain concepts.
Empirical level of variables (hypotheses)
Empirical means verifiable by observation,
experimentation, or experiences.
T f R h (S h i ll )
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Types of Research (Schematically)from the view point
Application Objectives Inquiry mode
Basic orPure
Research
QuantitativeResearch
ExploratoryResearch
DescriptiveResearch
QualitativeResearch
CausalResearch
AppliedResearch
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Types of Research
Research can be classified from three
perspectives:
1. Application of the research study
2. Objective in understanding the research
3. Inquiry mode employed
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APPLICATION
Examine a research endeavor from the perspective
of its application with two broad categories.
1. Basic or Pure research
and2. Applied research
Basic or Pure research involves developing and
testing theories and hypotheses that are
intellectually challenging to the researcher but may
or may not have practical application at the present
time or in the future.
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Pure research is also concerned with the
development, examination, verification, and
refinement of research methods, procedures,
techniques and tools that from the body of researchmethodology.
Example: include
Developing a sampling technique to a particular
situation
Developing methodology to assess the validity
Developing an instrument to measure stress level
Finding the best way of measuring peoples
attitudes
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Most of the research in the social sciences is
applied. In other words the research techniques,
procedures and methods that form the body of
research methodology are applied to the collection
of information about various aspects of a situation,
issue, problem or phenomena so that informationgathered can be used in other ways-such as for
policy formulation, administration and the
enhancement of understanding of a phenomena.
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OBJECTIVE
Business research classified as
1.
Descriptive research (DR)2. Exploratory research (ER)
3. Causal Research (CR)
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Descriptive Research
DR describe systematically a situation,problem, phenomena, service, or program or
provides information about, say, the living
conditions of a community or describestowards about attitudes.
Determine answers to:who, what, where, andhow questions. Conduct in the form of
current population survey.
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Exploratory ResearchER usually conducted during the initial stage of the
research process.
Management may have discovered general
problems but research is needed to gain better
understanding of the dimensions of the problems.
ER provides information to use in analyzing a
situation. Usually is conducted with the expectation
that subsequent research will be required to provide
conclusive evidence.
When a study is carried out to determine the
feasibility it is also called a feasibility study or a
ilot stud .
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Casual Research
The main goal of casual research is to identify
Cause
and
Effectrelationship among variables.
DRand ERnormally lead cause and effect
relationship studies.CRpredicts about the price, packaging, advertising
and the like of sales but a casual relationship is
impossible to prove.
R h t d f th i i t f
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Research study from the view point ofobjectives
Descriptive research:Aim: To describe what is prevalent or established
regarding:
a group of people a community
a phenomena
a situation a program
an outcome
Main theme:To describe what is prevalent?
E l
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Example:
Socio-economic characteristics of a community
Attitudes of students towards quality of teaching
Types of service provided by an agency
Needs of a community
Sale of a product
Attitude of nurses towards death and dying
Attitude of workers towards management
Problem faced by new comers
Consumers likes - dislikes with regard to product
Effects of living in a house with domestic violence
Strategies put in place by a company to increase
productivity of workers.
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Exploratory researchAim:To explain:
Why a relationship, association or interdependenceexists?
Why a particular even occurs?
Main theme:
To explain why the relationship is formed?
Example:
Why does stressful living result in heart attacks?
H d l d hild h l h i
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How do maternal and child health services
affect infant mortality?
How do some people have a positiveattitude towards an issue while others do not?
How does a particular intervention work for
some people and not for others?Why do some people use a product while
others do not?
Why do some people migrate another
country while others do not?
Why do some people adopt a program while
others do not?
C l R h
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Causal ResearchAim:To establish or explore:
A relationshipAn association
An interdependence
Main theme: To research if there is a
relationship
Example:Impact of a program
Relationship between stressful living
and incident of heart attacks
I f h l l
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Impact of technology on employment
Impact of maternal and child health
services on infant mortalityEffectiveness of a marriage counseling
services on extent of marital problems
Impact of an advertising campaign on sale
of a product
Impact of incentives on productivity ofworkers
Effectiveness of an immunization program
in controlling infectious disease
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INQUIRY MODE
Research Approaches
There are two basic approaches to research:
Quantitative (structured) approach
andQualitative (unstructured) approach
Q i i h i b d h
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Quantitative research is based on the
measurement of quantity or amount. It is
applicable to phenomena that can beexpressed in terms of quantity.
Forms the research process:
ObjectivesDesign
Sample and
The questions that you plan to ask of
respondents-it is predetermined
Q i i h
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Quantitative approach:Inferential,
Experimental and
Simulation approaches
Inferential approach to research is to form a
data base from which to infer characteristics
or relationships of population. This usuallymeans survey research where a sample of
population is studied (questioned or
observed) to determine its characteristics.
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Experimental approach is characterized by
much greater control over the researchenvironment and in this case some variables
are manipulated to observe their effect on
other variables.
Simulation approach involves the construction
of an artificial environment within whichrelevant information and data can be
generated.
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Qualitative approach to research is concerned
with subjective assessment of:Attitudes,
Opinions and
Behavior.
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Research Methods versus Methodology
Research methods may be understood as all those
methods/techniques that are used for conduction ofresearch. Research methods, refer to the methods
the researchers use in performing research
operations. Research methods can be put into thefollowing three groups:
1. In the first group we include those methods
which are concerned with the collection of data.These methods will be used where the data already
available are not sufficient to arrive at the required
solution;
2 The second group consists of those statistical
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2.The second group consists of those statistical
techniques which are used for establishing
relationships between the data and the unknowns;
3. The third group consists of those methods which
are used to evaluate the accuracy of the results
obtained.
Research methodology is a way to systematically
solve the research problem. It may be understood as
a science of studying how research is done
scientifically.