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7/31/2019 RF Planning Lucent
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/XFHQW7HFKQRORJLHVBell Labs Innovations
EG3:RF Coverage PlanningLM: 4
Engineering Guideline
401 - 380 - 333
Version 0.9
February 1998
Lucent Technologies ProprietaryThis document contains proprietary information of Lucent Technologies and is not to be
disclosed or used except in accordance with applicable agreements.Copyright 1998 by Lucent TechnologiesUnpublished and Not for Publication
All Rights Reserved
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Engineering Guideline EG3: RF Coverage Planning
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This material is protected by the copyright and trade secret laws of the United States and
other countries. It may not be reproduced, distributed or altered in any fashion by any
entity, including other Lucent Technologies Business Units or Divisions, without the
expressed written consent of the Customer Technical Support and Information
organisation.
Notice
Every effort was made to ensure that the information in this document was complete and
accurate at the time of printing. However, information is subject to change.
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Table of Contents
1.1 About this Guideline 7
1.2 Planning Objectives 7
1.3 Link Budgets 7
1.3.1 Downlink 10
1.3.2 Uplink 11
1.3.3 Propagation Prediction 12
1.3.4 Path Loss 121.3.5 Fade Margin 14
1.3.6 Penetration Losses 16
1.4 Antenna Diversity 17
1.5 CW Measurements/Surveys 17
1.6 Example Link Budget Calculation 18
1.7 Appendix A: Path Loss Calculations and Cell Radii 20
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1.1 About this GuidelineThis Engineering Guideline explains how RF planning is undertaken. It describes how
the process starts by agreeing the uplink and downlink budgets, and goes on to explain
how these influence the physical installation. Techniques for predicting path loss are
summarised, and default values for clutter factors are given for illustrative purposes. Fade
margin and penetration losses are discussed and an example link budget is shown. The
guideline ends with tables and graphs for path losses at GSM900 and DCS 1800
frequencies.
For details of creating coverage predictions using GRAND, refer to the Engineering
Guideline EG10: RF Planning Tools.
1.2 Planning Objectives
The most important objective in any network is that the marketed area should containcontiguous coverage with a minimum number of holes. This is seen by the operator as the
ability to set up, or receive a call and to communicate for the duration of the call. The
percentage of times and locations for which this occurs is known as Quality of Service.
This must e defined before undertaking RF planning.
The type of coverage required (i.e. on street, in car, in building) must also be specified
along with the expected type of mobile.
1.3 Link BudgetsThe starting point for designing any RF plan is the agreement of the RF link budgets with
the potential operator. These determine the classes of mobile and base station that shouldbe used and also have an influence on the type of physical installation e.g. feeder type,
antenna types, tower heights etc.
Typical link budgets for the uplink and downlink of a GSM system are shown in Figure 1
andFigure 2.
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MAXIMUM PATH LOSS FOR ENVIRONMENT
ANTENNA GAIN
BASE STATION
TRANSMIT
POWER
COMBINER LOSS
FEEDER AND
CONNECTOR
LOSS
MOBILE
RECEIVER
SENSITIVITY
MOBILE ANTENNA
GAIN
PENETRATION
LOSS
FADE MARGIN
BODY LOSS
DOWNLINK BUDGET
Figure 1: Gain and loss components in a typical downlink budget.
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MAXIMUM PATH LOSS FOR ENVIRONMENT
BODY LOSS
UPLINK BUDGET
MOBILE TRANSMIT
POWER
MOBILE
ANTENNA GAIN
BASE STATION
RECIEVER
SENSITIVITY
DIVERSITY
GAIN
FEEDER AND
CONNECTOR LOSS
LOW NOISE
AMPLIFIER
BASE STATION
ANTENNA GAIN
PENETRATION
LOSS
FADE MARGIN
Figure 2 : Gain and loss components in a typical uplink budget.
A number of the link budget elements are common to both the up- and downlink. These
are:
Feeder & Connector Loss: This figure is dependent on the number of connectors, feeder
type and length of feeder run. Typically the system should be designed to make this value
between 2-3dB. This can be done by using a higher grade feeder for longer runs.
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Antenna Gain: The choice of antenna has a direct relationship to the cell size. Typically
omni, 65 and 120 antennas are used, depending on the environment and coverage
requirements. The gain values for each antenna will vary depending on manufacturer. A
selection of antenna recommended by Lucent are included in the Antenna Engineering
Guidelines.
Maximum Path Loss for Environment:The maximum path loss is calculated by
knowing the values for the rest of the budget. These will depend on the equipment used
and the signal strength required. It is then possible to work out the maximum cell size for
each configuration. See the example at the end of this document and appendix A for
further information. The section on Propagation Prediction provides information on how
the path loss is calculated.
Fade Margin: A fade margin is used to reserve extra signal power to overcome potential
fading. The fade margin required depends on the required coverage probability and the
standard deviation of the fading. The section on propagation prediction provides further
information on this.
Penetration Loss: When a mobile is used indoors and the base station is situated outside
there is a loss when the wave penetrates the building. Where mobile units are to be usedindoors, an appropriate penetration loss must be included in the link budget. Additional
information is provided in the Propagation Prediction Section in this guideline.
Body Loss and Mobile Antenna Gain: These values are usually combined to give an
overall gain of 0dB. Any losses associated with car kit installations can also be addressed
here, the inclusion of this will be dependant upon the operators requirements.
The remaining link budget items are specific to each link budget and require careful
attention to ensure that the link is balanced to the operators requirements. For example
some operators prefer to have the downlink a few dB stronger that the uplink to prevent
the mobile going out of coverage, causing constant searches which consume a lot of
battery power. The items concerned for each budget are as follows:
1.3.1 Downlink
Base Station Transmit Power:Lucent base station transmitter powers are included in the
BTS Engineering Guideline.
Combiner Loss: The combiner loss occurs as a result of combining a number of
transmitter signals onto a single antenna. There are two common methods for combining.
Filter combiners enable a large number of carriers to be combined with a low loss, but at
extra cost and size. Hybrid combiners are smaller and cheaper but have a greater loss.
Refer to the Engineering Guideline EG18: Base Transceiver Station for further
information on the combinations offered with Lucent Technologies base stations.
Usually any diplexer loss for combining transmit and receive on the same antenna is
included in the overall combiner loss figure.
Mobile Receive Sensitivity: This is the most difficult element of the link budget to
predict and control. Most networks will contain a wide variety of mobiles with varying
performances. The operator must design the network to cover the worst case sensitivity as
defined by the GSM specifications. Classes of mobile receive sensitivities are included in
the GSM/DCS Specific Parameters guideline, under GSM recommendations.
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1.3.2 Uplink
Mobile Transmit Power: Most networks will typically contain a wide variety of mobiles
with varying performances. Classes of mobile transmit powers are included in the
GSM/DCS Specific Parameters guideline. Typically mobiles of around 1W are used as
the design criteria for most GSM900 and GSM1800 networks.
Low Noise Amplifiers:Low Noise Amplifiers (LNAs) are employed in the receive path,to improve the performance of the uplink. They can also be used to ensure link balance
between the uplink and downlink. LNAs are generally used to increase coverage
performance for DCS1800. The values of LNAs which are included as part of the Lucent
offering are included in the BTS Engineering Guideline.
Diversity Gain: This is used to reduce the effects of fading on the uplink path. Two
common techniques used are space and polarisation diversity. Space diversity uses two
physically separated antenna to provide two signals with low correlation. Polarisation
diversity relies on the reception of two polarised components to provide two uncorrelated
signals. Typical gains range between 3 and 6dB with values of 3 or 4dB being commonly
used.
Base Station Receiver Sensitivity:
BTS receiver sensitivity for uplink budget calculations is shown in Table 1 andTable 2.
Table 1: Rx sensitivity values for SRFU900 BTS
Channel Type Static dB TU50 dB RA250 dB HT100
dB
TCH/FS -108 -106 -106 -105
FACCH -108 -104 -105 -104
SDCCH -108 -105 -105 -104
RACH -108 -105 -105 -104
Table 2: Rx sensitivity values for SRFU1800 BTS
Channel Type Static dB TU50 dB RA130 dB HT100 dB
TCH/FS -109 -107 -107 -106
FACCH -109 -105 -106 -104
SDCCH -109 -106 -106 -104
RACH -109 -105 -106 -104
This information is not presently available for the CUBE.
Where :
TU50 Typical case for an urban area with a MS speed (vehicle speed)
of 50 Km/h
HT100 Typical case for a hilly terrain with a MS speed (vehicle speed)
of 100 Km/h
RA130 Typical case for a rural area with a MS speed (vehicle speed) of
130 Km/h (Only for DCS1800)
RA250 Typical case for a rural area with a MS speed (vehicle speed) of
250 Km/h (Only for GSM900)
The most common model used in cell planning is the TU model, which is used in
approximately 95% of cases. The HT100 occurs very rarely and is only used in specific
cell planning conditions.
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Any assumptions, such as the multipath fading model used, must be stated alongside all
link budgets.
1.3.3 Propagation Prediction
A radio wave transmitted to and from a moving mobile station is subject to several effects
which cause a loss of signal strength. These are:
Distance attenuation
Shadowing/diffraction
Rayleigh fading.
The received signal can be characterised by microscopic and macroscopic components.
The macroscopic component is a result of local, long term fading and is due to the terrain
contour between the BTS and MS. The terrain obstacles introduce diffraction loss, which
can be estimated from the path profile. Shadowing may occur if an obstruction lies in or
close to the line of sight path. Shadowing does not always mean that no signal is received
behind an obstacle. A percentage of the radio waves may diffract around the obstruction.
This effect depends on the wavelength in relation to the size of the obstacle, and is greaterthe longer the wavelength.
The microscopic component of the received signal is a result of multipath, short term or
Rayleigh fading. Its variation is due to the fact that as the mobile station moves, radio
waves from many different reflection paths will be received.
1.3.4 Path Loss
Several methods of predicting the median path loss over irregular terrain have been
published. The method generally used for standard macro cells is Okumura-Hata.
The Okumura-Hata propagation prediction is based upon empirical information obtained
from measurements in Japan. The formula is limited to a certain range of input parametersand is applicable only over quasi-smooth terrain (height variations 20m) and no
obstacles are assumed to be close to the antenna.
The formula is quite good in urban and suburban areas, however it tends to be optimistic
over irregular, rural terrain. Correction factors are used for more irregular terrain types
such as rolling hills, isolated mountains and mixed land-water paths.
The mean value for path loss can be found using the formula below:
L a a f a h a h a a h d Lb m b c= + + 0 4 2 1 3log log ( ) [ log( )] log
where:
L is the path loss in dBf is the frequency in MHz
hb is the base station antenna heighthm is the mobile antenna heighta h f h f m m( ) ( . log( ) . ) ( . log( ) . )= 11 0 7 156 0 8 and is the mobile antenna height
correction
dis the distance between the BTS and MS in kmLc is the correction factor for land usage/clutter factors. SeeTable 3.
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Table 3: Default Values for the mobile antenna height correction.
900MHz 1800MHz
a0 69.55 46.3
a1 44.9 44.9
a2 13.82 13.82
a3 6.55 6.55
a4 26.16 33.9
The clutter in the vicinity of the MS is important, but the clutter along the propagation
path is not taken into consideration. Default clutter factors in the vicinity of the mobile are
shown in Table 4.
Table 4: Default clutter class factors for hand usage in the vicinity of the mobile.
Clutter Class Lc (dB)
W water 29
O1 open, no obstructions 24
O2 open, few obstructions 19F1 wood, low density with small trees
or bushes
19
F2 wood, mostly higher and more
densely packed trees
9
S1 low density suburban 11
S2 leafy suburban 5
S3 dense suburban 8
U1 low density urban 3
U2 dense urban 0
The propagation in built up areas is dependant upon the nature of the urban environment
e.g. the size of the buildings, the width of the roads and the existence of open areas. Theurban class definitions are not precise and can be subjective. It is necessary to calibrate the
clutter correction factors for each city.
A number of tables have been produced using a combination of the Okumura-Hata and
COST231 propagation models for different antenna/mobile heights and frequencies.
They can be used as look up tables when calculating the cell size for a particular link
budget combination. These are available in appendix A.
The graph Figure 3 shows an example of the comparative path losses at 900MHz for
different clutter environments.
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Frequency : 950 MHz ; Antenna Height : 25m ;
Mobile Antenna Height : 1.5m
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0.
5 2
3.
5 5
6.
5 8
9.
511
12
.5
14
15
.5
17
18
.5
20
21
.5
23
24
.5
26
27
.5
29
30
.5
32
33
.5
35
Distance (Km)
Path
(dB)
Urban
Suburban
Quasi-Rural
Rural
Free-space
Figure 3: Comparative path losses at 900MHz.
1.3.5 Fade Margin
This section looks at the calculation of fade margins for inclusion in link budget
calculations. The chosen fade margin can have a large impact on the number of base
stations required for a network and therefore should be calculated with care. The margin
required depends on the desired coverage probability and the standard deviation of thelog-normal fading. Hence, the first step is to understand the operators requirements for
coverage. This should be expressed in probability of call set up for inside cell area or at
cell edge.
The graph shown in Figure 4 (Jakes, 1974) is often used to calculate edge and area
probabilities given and n.
where
is the standard deviation of the log normal fading
and n is the propagation roll off power, which is the signal attenuation as a function of
distance.
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Figure 4: Edge and area probability relationships
According to GSM03.30 the normal case of urban propagation has a standard deviation
() of 7dB and distance exponential (n) of 3.5.
The value of edge probability derived from the graph can then be used to calculate the
fade margin by using standard normal distribution tables. The two tables below are
produced using common values of=7dB and=4dB for n=3.5. = 4 is often used for
in-car coverage.
Table 5: Fade margins for =7dB .
Edge Coverage Area Coverage Fade Margin (=7dB, n=3.5)
0.50 0.77 0dB
0.55 0.81 1dB
0.60 0.83 2dB
0.65 0.86 3dB
0.70 0.89 4dB
0.75 0.91 5dB
0.80 0.93 6dB
0.85 0.95 7dB
0.90 0.97 9dB
0.95 0.99 12dB
Table 6: Fade margins for =4dB
Edge Coverage Area Coverage Fade Margin (=4dB, n=3.5)
0.50 0.83 0dB
0.55 0.86 1dB0.60 0.89 1dB
0.65 0.90 2dB
0.70 0.92 2dB
0.75 0.94 3dB
0.80 0.95 4dB
0.85 0.96 4dB
0.90 0.98 5dB
0.95 0.99 7dB
In urban areas it is a common practice to allow a fade margin inside a building as well as
outside. In this case two separate margins should be calculated and then added together.,
as shown in the following example. This assumes no correlation:
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On-street requirement = 97% area with a =7. This gives a fade margin from above table
of 9dB.
In-building requirement = 89% area with a=7 . This gives a fade margin from above
table of 4dB.
The total fade margin for inclusion in the link budget is therefore SQRT(92 + 42) = 9.8dB
1.3.6 Penetration Losses
There are two mechanisms associated with building losses. The first of these is due to the
loss through the outer structure, known as the penetration loss. The second refers to the
losses between locations within the building, resulting from the nature of the materials
used in the construction of the walls and floors, and from the furniture present. This is
referred to as loss within buildings.
Penetration losses are very difficult to calculate due to the number of factors involved e.g.
wall construction, height & depth of user within the building, number of windows etc. In
practice average values are assumed for different environments. These values need to be
agreed with the operator before any design work is undertaken, as the chosen values willhave a large impact on the cost of the network.
There has, however, been some research done in this area by the COST 231 programme
which produced the transmission losses for different kinds of materials shown in Table 7
These values are for 1800MHz (there is no equivalent set of values for 900MHz)
Table 8: Transmission losses for different building materials.
Object Loss (dB) at 1800MHz
Thick (25cm) concrete, with large windows 4
Thick (25cm) concrete, with large windows large angle of incidence 11
Thick (25cm) concrete, no windows 13Double (2x20cm) concrete indoor 17
Thin (10cm) concrete indoor 6
Light wall 2.3
Brick wall, small windows 4
Steel wall (1cm) with reinforced windows 10
Glass wall 2
Reinforced glass 8
Concrete (20cm) large windows 5.4
Concrete (30cm) 9.4
Plasterboard 1.3
Bricks (10cm) 2.5Bricks (63cm) 4.0
Bricks (70cm) 4.5
Porous concrete 6.6
The wide ranging values in the table for single walls clearly shows the need to perform
some empirical tests. These could simply consist of measuring the average value outside
a building (or a vehicle) and then taking readings inside, and using the difference between
the two with an appropriate fade margin.
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1.4 Antenna DiversityDiversity refers to techniques for sampling the received signal more than once and
combining these signals. This improves the signal to noise at the receiver.
Diversity reception for mobile radio communication systems reduces both thermal and co-
channel interference noise. The improvements depend on the correlation coefficient
between signals received at the diversity antenna and increases as the correlationcoefficient becomes smaller. This correlation coefficient depends on the characteristic of
the propagation path and the physical configuration of the diversity antennas.
Space diversity uses two physically separated antennas to provide two signals with low
correlation. These antenna arrays are fairly bulky and obtrusive and therefore not suitable
for urban, indoor use.
Polarisation diversity relies on the transmission of two orthogonal polarised components
to provide two uncorrelated signals. This type of diversity reduces the number of physical
antennas required and hence reduces the visual impact of the antenna installation.
For further information on antenna diversity please see the Engineering Guideline on
Coverage Enhancement Techniques.
1.5 CW Measurements/SurveysNarrow band or carrier wave measurements are used for the verification of critical and
borderline coverage areas and for calibrating the prediction model.
Rayleigh fading makes an instantaneous measurement unrepresentative. It is therefore
necessary to record the averaged value. The aim is to average out the Rayleigh fading, but
not the shadow fading. The recommended averaging interval is >40 wavelengths for
outdoor measurements, and >20 wavelengths for indoor measurements. The distance
between instantaneous measurements should be more than 36 wavelengths per interval to
reduce the averaging variation to less than 1dB.
When taking the measurements the measurement antenna should be the same as the
planned antenna, both in type and installation. It is necessary to measure along a variety
of street directions and widths to get a full picture of the coverage area. Special features
which will affect the propagation characteristics, such as tunnels, should be clearly
marked.
For information on how to perform CW measurements and what equipment is required
please refer to the Engineering Guideline EG16: Drive Testing.
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1.6 Example Link Budget CalculationThis section contains an example link budget for a network with the following
characteristics:
Frequency Band : 900MHz
Base Station Class : 5
Mobile Class : 4
Antenna Gain : 18.0dBi
Diversity Gain : 4.0dB
Feeder & Connector Losses : 3.0dB
Combiner Loss : 4.0dB
Tower Height : 50m
Coverage Requirement : 95% edge coverage, standard deviation of 7dB, on
street coverage
The link budget is shown in Table 9:
Table 9: Example of a link budget (refer to text).
DOWNLINK UPLINK
Transmitter
Tx Peak Power 43.0dBm 33.0dBm
Combiner Loss -4.0dB 0.0dB
Feeder & Connector Loss -3.0dB 0.0dB
Tx Antenna Gain 18.0dBi 2.0dBi
Body Loss 0.0dB -2.0dB
Tx EIRP 54.0dBm 33.0dBm
Receiver
Sensitivity -102.0dBm -104.0dBm
Diversity Gain 0.0dB -4.0dB
Rx Antenna Gain -2.0dBi -18.0dBi
Body Loss 2.0dB 0.0dB
Feeder & Connector Loss 0.0dB 3.0dB
Effective Rx Level -102.0dBm -123.0dBm
Fade Margin 12.0dB 12.0dB
Penetration Loss 0.0dB 0.0dB
Isotropic Required Rx Sig Lev(Effective Rx level -FM)
-90.0dBm -111.0dBm
Maximum Path Loss(Tx EIRP - Isotropic Rx Sig Lev)
144dB 144dB
The table shows the link is balanced. Using Appendix A it can be seen that this link
budget would provide the following cell radii:
Urban : 4Km
Sub-Urban : 8Km
Quasi Open : 20Km
Open : 27Km
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Clearly these radii would be significantly reduced if the requirement was for in-building
coverage. In that case the fade margin would increase and a penetration loss would be
added.
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1.7 Appendix A: Path Loss Calculations and Cell RadiiThis Appendix contains tables and graphs for path losses at 950MHz and 1850MHz for
various tower heights and environment types.
Table 10: Path losses at 950MHz, with 25m tower.Transmitter Frequency 950 MHz
Fixed Station Antenna Height 25 Metres
Mobile Station Antenna Height 1.5 Metres
Distance (KM) Urban Suburban Quasi-Rural Rural Free-space
0.5 117.15 107.06 93.41 88.41 85.98
1 127.91 117.82 104.17 99.17 92
1.5 134.2 124.12 110.46 105.46 95.52
2 138.67 128.58 114.93 109.93 98.02
2.5 142.13 132.05 118.39 113.39 99.96
3 144.96 134.88 121.22 116.22 101.54
3.5 147.35 137.27 123.61 118.61 102.88
4 149.43 139.34 125.69 120.69 104.04
4.5 151.26 141.17 127.51 122.51 105.06
5 152.89 142.81 129.15 124.15 105.98
5.5 154.37 144.29 130.63 125.63 106.8
6 155.72 145.64 131.98 126.98 107.56
6.5 156.96 146.88 133.22 128.22 108.25
7 158.11 148.03 134.37 129.37 108.9
7.5 159.19 149.1 135.44 130.44 109.5
8 160.19 150.1 136.45 131.45 110.06
8.5 161.13 151.04 137.39 132.39 110.58
9 162.02 151.93 138.27 133.27 111.08
9.5 162.85 152.77 139.11 134.11 111.55
10 163.65 153.57 139.91 134.91 112
10.5 164.41 154.32 140.67 135.67 112.42
11 165.13 155.05 141.39 136.39 112.82
11.5 165.82 155.74 142.08 137.08 113.21
12 166.48 156.4 142.74 137.74 113.58
12.5 167.11 157.03 143.37 138.37 113.93
13 167.72 157.64 143.98 138.98 114.2813.5 168.31 158.22 144.57 139.57 114.6
14 168.87 158.79 145.13 140.13 114.92
14.5 169.42 159.33 145.68 140.68 115.22
15 169.94 159.86 146.2 141.2 115.52
15.5 170.45 160.37 146.71 141.71 115.8
16 170.95 160.86 147.2 142.2 116.08
16.5 171.42 161.34 147.68 142.68 116.35
17 171.89 161.8 148.15 143.15 116.61
17.5 172.34 162.25 148.6 143.6 116.86
18 172.78 162.69 149.03 144.03 117.1
18.5 173.2 163.12 149.46 144.46 117.34
19 173.61 163.53 149.87 144.87 117.57
19.5 174.02 163.93 150.28 145.28 117.8
20 174.41 164.33 150.67 145.67 118.02
20.5 174.79 164.71 151.05 146.05 118.23
21 175.17 165.08 151.43 146.43 118.4421.5 175.53 165.45 151.79 146.79 118.65
22 175.89 165.8 152.15 147.15 118.84
22.5 176.24 166.15 152.5 147.5 119.04
23 176.58 166.49 152.84 147.84 119.23
23.5 176.91 166.83 153.17 148.17 119.42
24 177.24 167.16 153.5 148.5 119.6
24.5 177.56 167.48 153.82 148.82 119.78
25 177.87 167.79 154.13 149.13 119.96
25.5 178.25 168.16 154.51 149.51 120.13
26 178.62 168.53 154.88 149.88 120.3
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26.5 178.99 168.9 155.25 150.25 120.46
27 179.35 169.27 155.61 150.61 120.62
27.5 179.72 169.63 155.98 150.98 120.78
28 180.08 170 156.34 151.34 120.94
28.5 180.44 170.36 156.7 151.7 121.09
29 180.8 170.72 157.06 152.06 121.24
29.5 181.16 171.07 157.41 152.41 121.39
30 181.51 171.43 157.77 152.77 121.54
30.5 181.86 171.78 158.12 153.12 121.68
31 182.21 172.13 158.47 153.47 121.82
31.5 182.56 172.47 158.82 153.82 121.96
32 182.91 172.82 159.16 154.16 122.1
32.5 183.25 173.16 159.51 154.51 122.23
33 183.59 173.51 159.85 154.85 122.37
33.5 183.93 173.84 160.19 155.19 122.5
34 184.27 174.18 160.53 155.53 122.63
34.5 184.6 174.52 160.86 155.86 122.75
35 184.93 174.85 161.19 156.19 122.88
Frequency : 950 MHz ; Antenna Height : 25m ;
Mobile Antenna Height : 1.5m
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0.
5 2
3.
5 5
6.
5 8
9.
511
12
.5
14
15
.5
17
18
.5
20
21
.5
23
24
.5
26
27
.5
29
30
.5
32
33
.5
35
Distance (Km)
Path
(dB)
Urban
Suburban
Quasi-Rural
Rural
Free-space
Figure 5: Comparative path losses at 950MHz, with tower height of 25m.
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Table 11: Path losses at 950MHz with tower height of 50m.
Transmitter Frequency 950 MHz
Fixed Station Antenna Height 50 Metres
Mobile Station Antenna Height 1.5 Metres
Distance (Km) Urban Suburban Quasi-Rural Rural Free-space
0.5 113.58 103.5 89.84 85.98 85.98
1 123.75 113.66 100.01 95.01 92
1.5 129.69 119.61 105.95 100.95 95.52
2 133.91 123.83 110.17 105.17 98.02
2.5 137.19 127.1 113.44 108.44 99.96
3 139.86 129.78 116.12 111.12 101.54
3.5 142.12 132.04 118.38 113.38 102.88
4 144.08 133.99 120.34 115.34 104.04
4.5 145.81 135.72 122.07 117.07 105.06
5 147.35 137.27 123.61 118.61 105.98
5.5 148.75 138.67 125.01 120.01 106.8
6 150.03 139.94 126.28 121.28 107.56
6.5 151.2 141.12 127.46 122.46 108.25
7 152.29 142.2 128.55 123.55 108.9
7.5 153.3 143.21 129.56 124.56 109.5
8 154.25 144.16 130.5 125.5 110.06
8.5 155.14 145.05 131.39 126.39 110.58
9 155.97 145.89 132.23 127.23 111.08
9.5 156.77 146.68 133.02 128.02 111.55
10 157.52 147.43 133.78 128.78 112
10.5 158.23 148.15 134.49 129.49 112.42
11 158.92 148.83 135.17 130.17 112.82
11.5 159.57 149.48 135.83 130.83 113.21
12 160.19 150.11 136.45 131.45 113.58
12.5 160.79 150.71 137.05 132.05 113.93
13 161.37 151.28 137.63 132.63 114.28
13.5 161.92 151.84 138.18 133.18 114.6
14 162.45 152.37 138.71 133.71 114.92
14.5 162.97 152.88 139.23 134.23 115.22
15 163.47 153.38 139.72 134.72 115.52
15.5 163.95 153.86 140.2 135.2 115.8
16 164.41 154.33 140.67 135.67 116.08
16.5 164.86 154.78 141.12 136.12 116.35
17 165.3 155.22 141.56 136.56 116.61
17.5 165.73 155.64 141.98 136.98 116.86
18 166.14 156.05 142.4 137.4 117.1
18.5 166.54 156.46 142.8 137.8 117.34
19 166.93 156.85 143.19 138.19 117.57
19.5 167.31 157.23 143.57 138.57 117.8
20 167.69 157.6 143.94 138.94 118.02
20.5 168.05 157.96 144.31 139.31 118.23
21 168.4 158.32 144.66 139.66 118.44
21.5 168.75 158.66 145 140 118.65
22 169.08 159 145.34 140.34 118.8422.5 169.41 159.33 145.67 140.67 119.04
23 169.74 159.65 145.99 140.99 119.23
23.5 170.05 159.97 146.31 141.31 119.42
24 170.36 160.27 146.62 141.62 119.6
24.5 170.66 160.58 146.92 141.92 119.78
25 170.96 160.87 147.22 142.22 119.96
25.5 171.37 161.28 147.63 142.63 120.13
26 171.77 161.69 148.03 143.03 120.3
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26.5 172.18 162.09 148.44 143.44 120.46
27 172.58 162.49 148.84 143.84 120.62
27.5 172.98 162.89 149.24 144.24 120.78
28 173.38 163.29 149.63 144.63 120.94
28.5 173.77 163.69 150.03 145.03 121.09
29 174.16 164.08 150.42 145.42 121.24
29.5 174.55 164.47 150.81 145.81 121.39
30 174.94 164.85 151.2 146.2 121.54
30.5 175.33 165.24 151.58 146.58 121.68
31 175.71 165.62 151.97 146.97 121.82
31.5 176.09 166 152.35 147.35 121.96
32 176.47 166.38 152.72 147.72 122.1
32.5 176.84 166.76 153.1 148.1 122.23
33 177.21 167.13 153.47 148.47 122.37
33.5 177.59 167.5 153.84 148.84 122.5
34 177.95 167.87 154.21 149.21 122.63
34.5 178.32 168.23 154.58 149.58 122.75
35 178.68 168.6 154.94 149.94 122.88
Frequency : 1850 MHz ; Antenna Height : 50m ;
Mobile Antenna Height : 1.5m
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
0.5 2
3.5 5
6.5 8
9.5
11
12
.514
15
.517
18
.520
21
.523
24
.526
27
.529
30
.532
33
.535
Distance (Km)
Path
(dB)
Urban
Suburban
Quasi-Rural
Rural
Free-space
Figure 6: Comparative path losses at 950MHz, with tower height of 50m.
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Table 12: Path losses at 950MHz with tower height of 75m.
Transmitter Frequency 950 MHz
Fixed Station Antenna Height 75 Metres
Mobile Station Antenna Height 1.5 Metres
Distance (Km) Urban Suburban Quasi-Rural Rural Free-space
0.5 111.49 101.41 87.75 85.98 85.98
1 121.31 111.23 97.57 92.57 92
1.5 127.06 116.97 103.32 98.32 95.52
2 131.13 121.05 107.39 102.39 98.02
2.5 134.29 124.21 110.55 105.55 99.96
3 136.88 126.79 113.13 108.13 101.54
3.5 139.06 128.97 115.32 110.32 102.88
4 140.95 130.87 117.21 112.21 104.04
4.5 142.62 132.53 118.88 113.88 105.06
5 144.11 134.03 120.37 115.37 105.98
5.5 145.46 135.38 121.72 116.72 106.8
6 146.7 136.61 122.95 117.95 107.56
6.5 147.83 137.74 124.09 119.09 108.25
7 148.88 138.79 125.14 120.14 108.9
7.5 149.86 139.77 126.11 121.11 109.5
8 150.77 140.69 127.03 122.03 110.06
8.5 151.63 141.54 127.89 122.89 110.58
9 152.44 142.35 128.7 123.7 111.08
9.5 153.21 143.12 129.46 124.46 111.55
10 153.93 143.85 130.19 125.19 112
10.5 154.62 144.54 130.88 125.88 112.42
11 155.28 145.2 131.54 126.54 112.82
11.5 155.91 145.83 132.17 127.17 113.21
12 156.51 146.43 132.77 127.77 113.58
12.5 157.09 147.01 133.35 128.35 113.93
13 157.65 147.56 133.91 128.91 114.28
13.5 158.18 148.1 134.44 129.44 114.6
14 158.7 148.61 134.96 129.96 114.92
14.5 159.2 149.11 135.45 130.45 115.22
15 159.68 149.59 135.93 130.93 115.52
15.5 160.14 150.05 136.4 131.4 115.8
16 160.59 150.5 136.85 131.85 116.08
16.5 161.03 150.94 137.28 132.28 116.35
17 161.45 151.36 137.71 132.71 116.61
17.5 161.86 151.77 138.12 133.12 116.86
18 162.26 152.17 138.52 133.52 117.1
18.5 162.65 152.56 138.9 133.9 117.34
19 163.02 152.94 139.28 134.28 117.57
19.5 163.39 153.31 139.65 134.65 117.8
20 163.75 153.67 140.01 135.01 118.02
20.5 164.1 154.02 140.36 135.36 118.23
21 164.44 154.36 140.7 135.7 118.44
21.5 164.78 154.69 141.03 136.03 118.65
22 165.1 155.02 141.36 136.36 118.8422.5 165.42 155.33 141.68 136.68 119.04
23 165.73 155.65 141.99 136.99 119.23
23.5 166.04 155.95 142.29 137.29 119.42
24 166.33 156.25 142.59 137.59 119.6
24.5 166.63 156.54 142.88 137.88 119.78
25 166.91 156.83 143.17 138.17 119.96
25.5 167.32 157.24 143.58 138.58 120.13
26 167.73 157.65 143.99 138.99 120.3
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Version: 0.9 LM: 4 25
26.5 168.14 158.05 144.4 139.4 120.46
27 168.54 158.46 144.8 139.8 120.62
27.5 168.95 158.86 145.2 140.2 120.78
28 169.35 159.26 145.6 140.6 120.94
28.5 169.74 159.66 146 141 121.09
29 170.14 160.05 146.4 141.4 121.24
29.5 170.53 160.45 146.79 141.79 121.39
30 170.92 160.84 147.18 142.18 121.54
30.5 171.31 161.22 147.57 142.57 121.68
31 171.7 161.61 147.95 142.95 121.82
31.5 172.08 161.99 148.34 143.34 121.96
32 172.46 162.38 148.72 143.72 122.1
32.5 172.84 162.76 149.1 144.1 122.23
33 173.22 163.13 149.48 144.48 122.37
33.5 173.59 163.51 149.85 144.85 122.5
34 173.97 163.88 150.22 145.22 122.63
34.5 174.34 164.25 150.59 145.59 122.75
35 174.7 164.62 150.96 145.96 122.88
Frequency : 950 MHz ; Antenna Height : 75m ;
Mobile Antenna Height : 1.5m
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
0.
5 2
3.
5 5
6.
5 8
9.
511
12
.5
14
15
.5
17
18
.5
20
21
.5
23
24
.5
26
27
.5
29
30
.5
32
33
.5
35
Distance (Km)
Path
(dB)
Urban
Suburban
Quasi-Rural
Rural
Free-space
Figure 7: Comparative path losses at 950MHz, with tower height of 75m.
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Table 13: Path losses at 950MHz, with tower height of 100m.
Transmitter Frequency 950 MHz
Fixed Station Antenna Height 100 Metres
Mobile Antenna Height 1.5 Metres
Distance (KM) Urban Suburban Quasi-Rural Rural Free-space
0.5 110.01 99.93 86.27 85.98 85.98
1 119.59 109.5 95.85 92 92
1.5 125.19 115.1 101.44 96.44 95.52
2 129.16 119.07 105.42 100.42 98.02
2.5 132.24 122.16 108.5 103.5 99.96
3 134.76 124.67 111.02 106.02 101.54
3.5 136.89 126.8 113.15 108.15 102.88
4 138.73 128.65 114.99 109.99 104.04
4.5 140.36 130.27 116.62 111.62 105.06
5 141.81 131.73 118.07 113.07 105.98
5.5 143.13 133.05 119.39 114.39 106.8
6 144.33 134.25 120.59 115.59 107.56
6.5 145.44 135.35 121.7 116.7 108.25
7 146.46 136.38 122.72 117.72 108.9
7.5 147.41 137.33 123.67 118.67 109.5
8 148.31 138.22 124.56 119.56 110.06
8.5 149.14 139.06 125.4 120.4 110.58
9 149.93 139.85 126.19 121.19 111.08
9.5 150.68 140.59 126.94 121.94 111.55
10 151.39 141.3 127.65 122.65 112
10.5 152.06 141.98 128.32 123.32 112.42
11 152.7 142.62 128.96 123.96 112.82
11.5 153.32 143.23 129.58 124.58 113.21
12 153.9 143.82 130.16 125.16 113.58
12.5 154.47 144.38 130.73 125.73 113.93
13 155.01 144.92 131.27 126.27 114.28
13.5 155.53 145.45 131.79 126.79 114.6
14 156.03 145.95 132.29 127.29 114.9214.5 156.52 146.43 132.78 127.78 115.22
15 156.99 146.9 133.24 128.24 115.52
15.5 157.44 147.35 133.7 128.7 115.8
16 157.88 147.79 134.14 129.14 116.08
16.5 158.3 148.22 134.56 129.56 116.35
17 158.72 148.63 134.97 129.97 116.61
17.5 159.12 149.03 135.37 130.37 116.86
18 159.5 149.42 135.76 130.76 117.1
18.5 159.88 149.8 136.14 131.14 117.34
19 160.25 150.17 136.51 131.51 117.57
19.5 160.61 150.52 136.87 131.87 117.8
20 160.96 150.87 137.22 132.22 118.02
20.5 161.3 151.22 137.56 132.56 118.23
21 161.63 151.55 137.89 132.89 118.44
21.5 161.96 151.87 138.22 133.22 118.65
22 162.28 152.19 138.53 133.53 118.8422.5 162.59 152.5 138.84 133.84 119.04
23 162.89 152.8 139.15 134.15 119.23
23.5 163.19 153.1 139.44 134.44 119.42
24 163.48 153.39 139.74 134.74 119.6
24.5 163.76 153.68 140.02 135.02 119.78
25 164.04 153.96 140.3 135.3 119.96
25.5 164.44 154.35 140.69 135.69 120.13
26 164.83 154.74 141.09 136.09 120.3
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Version: 0.9 LM: 4 27
26.5 165.22 155.14 141.48 136.48 120.46
27 165.61 155.52 141.87 136.87 120.62
27.5 166 155.91 142.25 137.25 120.78
28 166.38 156.3 142.64 137.64 120.94
28.5 166.76 156.68 143.02 138.02 121.09
29 167.15 157.06 143.4 138.4 121.24
29.5 167.53 157.44 143.78 138.78 121.39
30 167.9 157.82 144.16 139.16 121.54
30.5 168.28 158.19 144.54 139.54 121.68
31 168.65 158.57 144.91 139.91 121.82
31.5 169.02 158.94 145.28 140.28 121.96
32 169.39 159.31 145.65 140.65 122.1
32.5 169.76 159.67 146.02 141.02 122.23
33 170.12 160.04 146.38 141.38 122.37
33.5 170.49 160.4 146.75 141.75 122.5
34 170.85 160.76 147.11 142.11 122.63
34.5 171.21 161.12 147.47 142.47 122.75
35 171.57 161.48 147.82 142.82 122.88
Frequency : 950 MHz ; Antenna Height : 100m ;
Mobile Antenna Height : 1.5m
80
100
120
140
160
180
1 4 710
13
16
19
22
25
28
31
34
37
40
43
46
49
52
55
58
61
64
67
70
Distance (KM)
Path
(dB)
Urban
Suburban
Quasi-Rural
Rural
Free-space
Figure 8: Comparative path losses at 950MHz, with tower height of 100m.
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Table 14: Path losses at 1850MHz with tower height of 25m.
Transmitter Frequency 1850 MHz
Fixed Station Antenna Height 25 Metres
Mobile Station Antenna Height 1.5 Metres
Distance (KM) Urban Suburban Quasi-Rural Rural Free-space
0.5 124.94 112.91 97.86 92.86 91.76
1 135.7 123.67 108.62 103.62 97.79
1.5 141.99 129.97 114.92 109.92 101.31
2 146.46 134.43 119.38 114.38 103.81
2.5 149.92 137.9 122.85 117.85 105.74
3 152.75 140.73 125.68 120.68 107.33
3.5 155.15 143.12 128.07 123.07 108.67
4 157.22 145.19 130.14 125.14 109.83
4.5 159.05 147.02 131.97 126.97 110.85
5 160.68 148.66 133.61 128.61 111.76
5.5 162.16 150.14 135.09 130.09 112.59
6 163.51 151.49 136.44 131.44 113.35
6.5 164.76 152.73 137.68 132.68 114.04
7 165.91 153.88 138.83 133.83 114.69
7.5 166.98 154.95 139.9 134.9 115.29
8 167.98 155.95 140.9 135.9 115.85
8.5 168.92 156.9 141.84 136.84 116.37
9 169.81 157.78 142.73 137.73 116.87
9.5 170.65 158.62 143.57 138.57 117.34
10 171.44 159.42 144.37 139.37 117.79
10.5 172.2 160.18 145.12 140.12 118.21
11 172.92 160.9 145.85 140.85 118.61
11.5 173.61 161.59 146.54 141.54 119
12 174.27 162.25 147.2 142.2 119.37
12.5 174.91 162.88 147.83 142.83 119.72
13 175.52 163.49 148.44 143.44 120.06
13.5 176.1 164.08 149.03 144.03 120.39
14 176.67 164.64 149.59 144.59 120.71
14.5 177.21 165.19 150.13 145.13 121.01
15 177.74 165.71 150.66 145.66 121.31
15.5 178.25 166.22 151.17 146.17 121.59
16 178.74 166.71 151.66 146.66 121.87
16.5 179.22 167.19 152.14 147.14 122.13
17 179.68 167.66 152.6 147.6 122.39
17.5 180.13 168.11 153.05 148.05 122.65
18 180.57 168.54 153.49 148.49 122.89
18.5 180.99 168.97 153.92 148.92 123.13
19 181.41 169.38 154.33 149.33 123.36
19.5 181.81 169.79 154.73 149.73 123.59
20 182.2 170.18 155.13 150.13 123.81
20.5 182.59 170.56 155.51 150.51 124.02
21 182.96 170.94 155.88 150.88 124.23
21.5 183.33 171.3 156.25 151.25 124.43
22 183.68 171.66 156.61 151.61 124.6322.5 184.03 172.01 156.95 151.95 124.83
23 184.37 172.35 157.3 152.3 125.02
23.5 184.71 172.68 157.63 152.63 125.21
24 185.03 173.01 157.96 152.96 125.39
24.5 185.35 173.33 158.28 153.28 125.57
25 185.67 173.64 158.59 153.59 125.74
25.5 186.09 174.06 159.01 154.01 125.92
26 186.5 174.48 159.43 154.43 126.08
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Version: 0.9 LM: 4 29
26.5 186.92 174.89 159.84 154.84 126.25
27 187.33 175.3 160.25 155.25 126.41
27.5 187.74 175.71 160.66 155.66 126.57
28 188.14 176.12 161.07 156.07 126.73
28.5 188.55 176.52 161.47 156.47 126.88
29 188.95 176.92 161.87 156.87 127.03
29.5 189.35 177.32 162.27 157.27 127.18
30 189.74 177.72 162.67 157.67 127.33
30.5 190.13 178.11 163.06 158.06 127.47
31 190.53 178.5 163.45 158.45 127.61
31.5 190.91 178.89 163.84 158.84 127.75
32 191.3 179.27 164.22 159.22 127.89
32.5 191.68 179.66 164.6 159.6 128.02
33 192.06 180.04 164.98 159.98 128.16
33.5 192.44 180.41 165.36 160.36 128.29
34 192.81 180.79 165.74 160.74 128.41
34.5 193.18 181.16 166.11 161.11 128.54
35 193.55 181.53 166.48 161.48 128.67
Frequency :1850 MHz ; Antenna Height : 25m ;
Mobile Antenna Height : 1.5m
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0.
5 2
3.
5 5
6.
5 8
9.
511
12
.5
14
15
.5
17
18
.5
20
21
.5
23
24
.5
26
27
.5
29
30
.5
32
33
.5
35
Distance (Km)
Path
(dB)
Urban
Suburban
Quasi-Rural
Rural
Free-space
Figure 9: Comparative path losses at 1850MHz, with tower height of 25m.
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Table 15: Path losses at 1850MHz with tower height of 50m.
Transmitter Frequency 1850 MHz
Fixed Station Antenna Height 50 Metres
Mobile Station Antenna Height 1.5 Metres
Distance (KM) Urban Suburban Quasi-Rural Rural Free-space
0.5 121.37 109.35 94.3 91.76 91.76
1 131.54 119.51 104.46 99.46 97.79
1.5 137.49 125.46 110.41 105.41 101.31
2 141.71 129.68 114.63 109.63 103.81
2.5 144.98 132.95 117.9 112.9 105.74
3 147.65 135.63 120.58 115.58 107.33
3.5 149.91 137.89 122.84 117.84 108.67
4 151.87 139.85 124.8 119.8 109.83
4.5 153.6 141.57 126.52 121.52 110.85
5 155.14 143.12 128.07 123.07 111.76
5.5 156.54 144.52 129.47 124.47 112.59
6 157.82 145.79 130.74 125.74 113.35
6.5 158.99 146.97 131.92 126.92 114.04
7 160.08 148.05 133 128 114.69
7.5 161.09 149.07 134.02 129.02 115.29
8 162.04 150.01 134.96 129.96 115.85
8.5 162.93 150.9 135.85 130.85 116.37
9 163.77 151.74 136.69 131.69 116.87
9.5 164.56 152.53 137.48 132.48 117.34
10 165.31 153.29 138.23 133.23 117.79
10.5 166.03 154 138.95 133.95 118.21
11 166.71 154.68 139.63 134.63 118.61
11.5 167.36 155.34 140.28 135.28 119
12 167.99 155.96 140.91 135.91 119.37
12.5 168.58 156.56 141.51 136.51 119.72
13 169.16 157.13 142.08 137.08 120.06
13.5 169.71 157.69 142.64 137.64 120.39
14 170.25 158.22 143.17 138.17 120.71
14.5 170.76 158.74 143.68 138.68 121.01
15 171.26 159.23 144.18 139.18 121.31
15.5 171.74 159.71 144.66 139.66 121.59
16 172.2 160.18 145.13 140.13 121.87
16.5 172.66 160.63 145.58 140.58 122.13
17 173.09 161.07 146.02 141.02 122.39
17.5 173.52 161.49 146.44 141.44 122.65
18 173.93 161.91 146.86 141.86 122.89
18.5 174.33 162.31 147.26 142.26 123.13
19 174.73 162.7 147.65 142.65 123.36
19.5 175.11 163.08 148.03 143.03 123.59
20 175.48 163.45 148.4 143.4 123.81
20.5 175.84 163.81 148.76 143.76 124.02
21 176.19 164.17 149.12 144.12 124.23
21.5 176.54 164.51 149.46 144.46 124.43
22 176.88 164.85 149.8 144.8 124.6322.5 177.21 165.18 150.13 145.13 124.83
23 177.53 165.5 150.45 145.45 125.02
23.5 177.84 165.82 150.77 145.77 125.21
24 178.15 166.13 151.08 146.08 125.39
24.5 178.45 166.43 151.38 146.38 125.57
25 178.75 166.73 151.67 146.67 125.74
25.5 179.17 167.14 152.09 147.09 125.92
26 179.58 167.55 152.5 147.5 126.08
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26.5 179.99 167.96 152.91 147.91 126.25
27 180.4 168.37 153.32 148.32 126.41
27.5 180.8 168.78 153.72 148.72 126.57
28 181.2 169.18 154.13 149.13 126.73
28.5 181.6 169.58 154.53 149.53 126.88
29 182 169.98 154.93 149.93 127.03
29.5 182.4 170.37 155.32 150.32 127.18
30 182.79 170.77 155.71 150.71 127.33
30.5 183.18 171.16 156.1 151.1 127.47
31 183.57 171.54 156.49 151.49 127.61
31.5 183.95 171.93 156.88 151.88 127.75
32 184.34 172.31 157.26 152.26 127.89
32.5 184.72 172.69 157.64 152.64 128.02
33 185.09 173.07 158.02 153.02 128.16
33.5 185.47 173.44 158.39 153.39 128.29
34 185.84 173.82 158.77 153.77 128.41
34.5 186.21 174.19 159.14 154.14 128.54
35 186.58 174.56 159.5 154.5 128.67
Frequency : 1850 MHz ; Antenna Height : 50m ;
Mobile Antenna Height : 1.5m
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0.
5 2
3.
5 5
6.
5 8
9.
511
12
.5
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.5
17
18
.5
20
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.5
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24
.5
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.5
29
30
.5
32
33
.5
35
Distance (Km)
Path
(dB)
Urban
Suburban
Quasi-Rural
Rural
Free-space
Figure 10: Comparative path losses at 1850MHz, with tower height of 50m.
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Table 16: Path losses at 1850MHz with a tower height of 75m.
Transmitter Frequency 1850 MHz
Fixed Station Antenna Height 75 Metres
Mobile Station Antenna Height 1.5 Metres
Distance (Km) Urban Suburban Quasi-Rural Rural Free-space
0.5 119.29 107.26 92.21 91.76 91.76
1 129.11 117.08 102.03 97.79 97.79
1.5 134.85 122.82 107.77 102.77 101.31
2 138.92 126.9 111.85 106.85 103.81
2.5 142.09 130.06 115.01 110.01 105.74
3 144.67 132.64 117.59 112.59 107.33
3.5 146.85 134.83 119.78 114.78 108.67
4 148.74 136.72 121.67 116.67 109.83
4.5 150.41 138.39 123.34 118.34 110.85
5 151.91 139.88 124.83 119.83 111.76
5.5 153.26 141.23 126.18 121.18 112.59
6 154.49 142.46 127.41 122.41 113.35
6.5 155.62 143.6 128.55 123.55 114.04
7 156.67 144.65 129.6 124.6 114.69
7.5 157.65 145.62 130.57 125.57 115.29
8 158.56 146.54 131.49 126.49 115.85
8.5 159.42 147.4 132.35 127.35 116.37
9 160.23 148.21 133.16 128.16 116.87
9.5 161 148.97 133.92 128.92 117.34
10 161.72 149.7 134.65 129.65 117.79
10.5 162.42 150.39 135.34 130.34 118.21
11 163.07 151.05 136 131 118.61
11.5 163.7 151.68 136.63 131.63 119
12 164.31 152.28 137.23 132.23 119.37
12.5 164.89 152.86 137.81 132.81 119.72
13 165.44 153.42 138.36 133.36 120.06
13.5 165.98 153.95 138.9 133.9 120.39
14 166.49 154.47 139.41 134.41 120.71
14.5 166.99 154.96 139.91 134.91 121.01
15 167.47 155.44 140.39 135.39 121.31
15.5 167.93 155.91 140.86 135.86 121.59
16 168.38 156.36 141.31 136.31 121.87
16.5 168.82 156.79 141.74 136.74 122.13
17 169.24 157.22 142.16 137.16 122.39
17.5 169.65 157.63 142.58 137.58 122.65
18 170.05 158.03 142.97 137.97 122.89
18.5 170.44 158.41 143.36 138.36 123.13
19 170.82 158.79 143.74 138.74 123.36
19.5 171.18 159.16 144.11 139.11 123.59
20 171.54 159.52 144.47 139.47 123.81
20.5 171.89 159.87 144.82 139.82 124.02
21 172.23 160.21 145.16 140.16 124.23
21.5 172.57 160.54 145.49 140.49 124.43
22 172.89 160.87 145.82 140.82 124.63
22.5 173.21 161.19 146.14 141.14 124.83
23 173.52 161.5 146.45 141.45 125.02
23.5 173.83 161.8 146.75 141.75 125.21
24 174.13 162.1 147.05 142.05 125.39
24.5 174.42 162.39 147.34 142.34 125.57
25 174.7 162.68 147.63 142.63 125.74
25.5 175.12 163.09 148.04 143.04 125.92
26 175.52 163.5 148.45 143.45 126.08
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26.5 175.93 163.91 148.85 143.85 126.25
27 176.33 164.31 149.26 144.26 126.41
27.5 176.74 164.71 149.66 144.66 126.57
28 177.14 165.11 150.06 145.06 126.73
28.5 177.53 165.51 150.46 145.46 126.88
29 177.93 165.9 150.85 145.85 127.03
29.5 178.32 166.29 151.24 146.24 127.18
30 178.71 166.68 151.63 146.63 127.33
30.5 179.1 167.07 152.02 147.02 127.47
31 179.48 167.46 152.41 147.41 127.61
31.5 179.86 167.84 152.79 147.79 127.75
32 180.25 168.22 153.17 148.17 127.89
32.5 180.62 168.6 153.55 148.55 128.02
33 181 168.97 153.92 148.92 128.16
33.5 181.37 169.35 154.3 149.3 128.29
34 181.74 169.72 154.67 149.67 128.41
34.5 182.11 170.09 155.04 150.04 128.54
35 182.48 170.45 155.4 150.4 128.67
Frequency : 1850 MHz ; Antenna Height : 75m ;
Mobile Antenna Height : 1.5m
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0.
5 2
3.
5 5
6.
5 8
9.
511
12
.5
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15
.5
17
18
.5
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.5
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24
.5
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.5
29
30
.5
32
33
.5
35
Distance (Km)
Path
(dB)
Urban
Suburban
Quasi-Rural
Rural
Free-space
Figure 11: Comparative path losses at 1850MHz, with tower height of 75m.
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Table 17: Path losses at 1850MHz with tower height of 100m.
Transmitter Frequency 1850 MHz
Fixed Station Antenna Height 100 MTR
Mobile Station Antenna Height 1.5 MTR
Distance (KM) Urban Suburban Quasi-Rural Rural Free-space
0.5 117.81 105.78 91.76 91.76 91.76
1 127.38 115.35 100.3 97.79 97.79
1.5 132.98 120.95 105.9 101.31 101.31
2 136.95 124.93 109.88 104.88 103.81
2.5 140.03 128.01 112.96 107.96 105.74
3 142.55 130.53 115.48 110.48 107.33
3.5 144.68 132.66 117.6 112.6 108.67
4 146.52 134.5 119.45 114.45 109.83
4.5 148.15 136.13 121.07 116.07 110.85
5 149.61 137.58 122.53 117.53 111.76
5.5 150.92 138.9 123.85 118.85 112.59
6 152.12 140.1 125.05 120.05 113.35
6.5 153.23 141.2 126.15 121.15 114.04
7 154.25 142.23 127.18 122.18 114.69
7.5 155.21 143.18 128.13 123.13 115.29
8 156.1 144.07 129.02 124.02 115.85
8.5 156.93 144.91 129.86 124.86 116.37
9 157.72 145.7 130.65 125.65 116.87
9.5 158.47 146.45 131.39 126.39 117.34
10 159.18 147.15 132.1 127.1 117.79
10.5 159.85 147.83 132.78 127.78 118.21
11 160.5 148.47 133.42 128.42 118.61
11.5 161.11 149.08 134.03 129.03 119
12 161.7 149.67 134.62 129.62 119.37
12.5 162.26 150.24 135.18 130.18 119.72
13 162.8 150.78 135.73 130.73 120.06
13.5 163.32 151.3 136.25 131.25 120.39
14 163.83 151.8 136.75 131.75 120.71
14.5 164.31 152.29 137.23 132.23 121.01
15 164.78 152.75 137.7 132.7 121.31
15.5 165.23 153.21 138.16 133.16 121.59
16 165.67 153.65 138.59 133.59 121.87
16.5 166.1 154.07 139.02 134.02 122.13
17 166.51 154.48 139.43 134.43 122.39
17.5 166.91 154.88 139.83 134.83 122.65
18 167.3 155.27 140.22 135.22 122.89
18.5 167.68 155.65 140.6 135.6 123.13
19 168.04 156.02 140.97 135.97 123.36
19.5 168.4 156.38 141.33 136.33 123.59
20 168.75 156.73 141.68 136.68 123.81
20.5 169.09 157.07 142.02 137.02 124.02
21 169.43 157.4 142.35 137.35 124.23
21.5 169.75 157.73 142.67 137.67 124.43
22 170.07 158.04 142.99 137.99 124.6322.5 170.38 158.35 143.3 138.3 124.83
23 170.68 158.66 143.61 138.61 125.02
23.5 170.98 158.95 143.9 138.9 125.21
24 171.27 159.25 144.19 139.19 125.39
24.5 171.55 159.53 144.48 139.48 125.57
25 171.83 159.81 144.76 139.76 125.74
25.5 172.24 160.22 145.16 140.16 125.92
26 172.65 160.62 145.57 140.57 126.08
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26.5 173.05 161.02 145.97 140.97 126.25
27 173.45 161.42 146.37 141.37 126.41
27.5 173.85 161.82 146.77 141.77 126.57
28 174.24 162.22 147.17 142.17 126.73
28.5 174.64 162.61 147.56 142.56 126.88
29 175.03 163 147.95 142.95 127.03
29.5 175.42 163.39 148.34 143.34 127.18
30 175.8 163.78 148.73 143.73 127.33
30.5 176.19 164.16 149.11 144.11 127.47
31 176.57 164.55 149.5 144.5 127.61
31.5 176.95 164.93 149.88 144.88 127.75
32 177.33 165.31 150.25 145.25 127.89
32.5 177.71 165.68 150.63 145.63 128.02
33 178.08 166.05 151 146 128.16
33.5 178.45 166.43 151.37 146.37 128.29
34 178.82 166.79 151.74 146.74 128.41
34.5 179.19 167.16 152.11 147.11 128.54
35 179.55 167.53 152.47 147.47 128.67
Frequency : 1850 MHz ; Antenna Height : 100m ;
Mobile Antenna Height : 1.5m
80
100
120
140
160
180
0.
5 2
3.
5 5
6.
5 8
9.
511
12
.5
14
15
.5
17
18
.5
20
21
.5
23
24
.5
26
27
.5
29
30
.5
32
33
.5
35
Distance (Km)
Path
Loss(dB)
Quasi Rural
Freespace
Rural
Suburban
Urban
Figure 12: Comparative path losses at 950MHz, with tower height of 100m.
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