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R E V U E D ’ A R C H É O L O G I E E T D ’ H I S T O I R E A N C I E N N E

NOUVELLE SÉRIE

LIX

2015

EDITURA ACADEMIEI ROMÂNE

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MARIA ALEXANDRESCU VIANU (Bucureşti), ALEXANDRU AVRAM (Le Mans), DOUGLAS W. BAILEY (San Francisco), MIHAI BĂRBULESCU (Cluj-Napoca), PIERRE DUPONT (Lyon), SVEND HANSEN (Berlin), ANTHONY HARDING (Exeter), RADU HARHOIU (Bucureşti), ATTILA LÁSZLÓ (Iaşi), SILVIA MARINESCU-BÎLCU (Bucureşti), MONICA MĂRGINEANU-CÂRSTOIU (Bucureşti), VIRGIL MIHAILESCU-BÎRLIBA (Iaşi), JEAN-PAUL MOREL (Aix-en-Provence), IOAN PISO (Cluj-Napoca), CLAUDE RAPIN (Aix-en-Provence), WOLFRAM SCHIER (Berlin), VICTOR SPINEI (Iaşi)

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CRISTINA ALEXANDRESCU, ALEXANDRU DRAGOMAN, EUGEN NICOLAE, ALEXANDRU NICULESCU, CONSTANTIN C. PETOLESCU, DANIEL SPÂNU

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DACIA N.S., tome LIX, Bucarest, 2015, p. 3-388

ACADÉMIE ROUMAINE

INSTITUT D’ARCHÉOLOGIE «V. PÂRVAN»

D A C I A L I X , 2 0 1 5

R E V U E D ’ A R C H É O L O G I E E T D ’ H I S T O I R E A N C I E N N E J O U R N A L O F A R C H A E O L O G Y A N D A N C I E N T H I S T O R Y ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR ARCHÄOLOGIE UND GESCHICHTE DES ALTERTUMS Ж У Р Н А Л А Р X Е О Л О Г И И И Д Р Е В Н Е Й И С Т О Р И И

ÉTUDES MONICA MĂRGINEANU CÂRSTOIU, De l’architecture hellenistique de Callatis: une expression originale du style

ionique ……………………………………………………………………………………………………...…… STELUŢA GRAMATICU, On the metrology of the city of Istros in the autonomous period ……………………………. GEORGE CUPCEA, Careers in the guard of the Dacian Governor ……………………………………………………… FELIX MARCU, GEORGE CUPCEA, Recent developments in the fort of Bologa and on the northwestern Dacian

limes …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ROBERT GINDELE, Die römerzeitlichen Barbarensiedlungen von Livada/Ciuperceni – Photovoltaik-Anlage GPSP

Solaris und Supuru de Sus – Togul lui Cosmi. Neue Angaben bezüglich der rechteckigen Gruben mit gebrannten Wänden aus dem 2.-5. n. Chr. im oberen Theiss-Becken ……………………………………………………….

DANIELA TĂNASE, Considerations on the archaeology of the Early Migrations Period in Banat …………………… DANIEL-CĂLIN ANTON, Ethnische und chronologische Verhältnisse im Gräberfeld Nr. 3 von Brateiu, Siebenbürgen DANIELA MARCU ISTRATE, Byzantine influences in the Carpathian Basin around the turn of the millennium. The

pillared church of Alba Iulia …………………………………………………………………………………….. NOTES ET DISCUSSIONS FRED C. WOUDHUIZEN, The Sea Peoples: superior on land and at the sea …………………………………………… ADRIAN BĂLĂŞESCU, VALENTIN RADU, MIHAI CONSTANTINESCU, SORIN-CRISTIAN AILINCĂI,

Animal exploitation in Babadag culture. Satu Nou – Valea lui Voicu site (Oltina, Constanța County) ………….. EMILIAN TELEAGA, Die La-Tène zeitlichen Grabfunde aus Brateiu, jud. Sibiu, Rumänien. Ein Beitrag zum

Grabwesen Siebenbürgens ………………………………………………………………………………………. ALEXANDER RUBEL, Afterlife and the living. The Arginusae trial and the omission of burying the dead ……………….. CORIOLAN HORAŢIU OPREANU, A detachment of the legio VII Gemina Felix at Porolissum. When and why? …… FLORIN-GHEORGHE FODOREAN, Distances along the Roman roads in the ancient itineraries: from Britannia to

Asia. A short comparison ………………………………………………………………………………………... CRISTINA MUJA, ADRIAN IONIŢĂ, Sexual dimorphism and general activity levels as revealed by the diaphyseal

external shape and historical evidence: case study on a medieval population from Transylvania ……………….. SERGEY BOCHAROV, ANDREY MASLOVSKY, AYRAT SITDIKOV, The beginning of glazed ceramics production

in the Southeast Crimea during the last quarter of the 13th century – the first quarter of the 14th century …………… CĂTĂLIN NICOLAE POPA, Late Iron Age archaeology in Romania and the politics of the past ………………………

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S O M M A I R E C O N T E N T S I N H A L T

ÉPIGRAPHIE CONSTANTIN C. PETOLESCU, Notes prosopographiques (VIII) …………………………………………………….. RAINER WIEGELS, Zwei gestempelte Silberbarren und ein spätantiker Goldbarren aus Crasna (Rumänien) …………. COMPTES RENDUS Ion Țurcanu, Antichitatea greco-romană la Nistru de Jos și în teritoriile învecinate, Editura Cartier, Chișinău, 2014,

760 p., 238 fig. (Thibaut Castelli) ………………………………………………………………………………… Ennio Sanzi, Iuppiter Optimus Maximus Dolichenus. Un “culto orientale” fra tradizione e innovazione: riflessioni

storico-religiose (I Saggi, 52), Roma, 2013, 398 p. (Florian Matei-Popescu) …………………………………… Materiale și Cercetări Arheologice (serie nouă), X, 2014, București, Editura Academiei Române, 300 p. (Liana Oţa)….. ABRÉVIATIONS ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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DACIA N.S., tome LIX, Bucarest, 2015, p. 329-336 

THE BEGINNING OF THE GLAZED CERAMICS PRODUCTION IN THE SOUTHEAST CRIMEA DURING THE LAST QUARTER OF THE 13th CENTURY - THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE 14th CENTURY

SERGEY BOCHAROV*, ANDREY MASLOVSKY**, AYRAT SITDIKOV***

Keywords: Golden Horde, glazed pottery, Azak, Solkhat, Сaffa, Sudak Abstract: The authors analyze the data from the excavations at Azak and Crimea towns, which brings new information on the establishment of the most powerful glazed ceramics production’s center in the territory of the Golden Horde – the pottery manufactory of the Southeast Crimea towns (Solkhat, Сaffa, Sudak). These findings are important for the research of an initial stage of the Golden Horde towns investigated to the least degree as a whole, and for studying the history of pottery establishment at these towns in particular. Archaeometry of the closed assemblage with coins, found at Azak, gives us a unique opportunity to do this. Definable characteristics of this ceramics group are described here, as well as changes of the glazed jars ornamentation for about fifty years. Two chronological phases of the pottery production’s formation have been distinguished. Assumptions of the ways of its establishment are also made. Cuvinte-cheie: Hoarda de Aur, ceramică smălţuită, Azak, Solkhat, Сaffa, Sudak Rezumat: Autorii analizează acele date, provenind din cercetările de la Azak şi din oraşele din Crimeea, care permit o privire asupra fenomenului începuturilor unuia dintre cele mai importante centre pentru producerea ceramicii smălţuite în teritoriul controlat de Hoarda de Aur, reprezentat de oraşele din sud-estul peninsulei (Solkhat, Сaffa, Sudak). Aceste descoperiri sunt importante pentru cercetarea stadiului iniţial al investigării oraşelor Hoardei de Aur privite ca un întreg, ca şi pentru istoria acestor aşezări drept centre de producţie ceramică. Arheometria complexelor închise conţinând monede, descoperite la Azak, oferă ocazia unui asemenea demers. Sunt descrise caracteristicile difinitorii ale acestei grupe ceramice, precum şi modificările decorului urcioarelor smălţuite pentru o perioadă de jumătate de secol. Din punct de vedere cronologic, au fost identificate două faze ale procesului formării unei producţii ceramice. Au fost presupuse şi modalităţile prin care aceasta a fost iniţiată.

The study of glazed ceramics produced in the towns of the Southeast Crimea (Sudak, Solkhat, Caffa) is of great importance for the archaeology of the Golden Horde period of the Eastern Europe (the 13th-14th centuries). In pre-Mongolian times, there was no local production of glazed ceramics in this territory. Therefore, except for several Crimean towns, such ceramics was quite rare and insignificant in number and was considered luxury, as well as other overseas wonders. This ceramics has been regarded to be the production of Byzantium, Asia Minor or Transcaucasia. The situation changed during the rise of the Golden Horde towns during the 14th century, when a mass production of the typical table ceramics has appeared in the pottery workshops from a number of centres. The towns in the Lower Volga region and the Southeast Crimea became the most powerful production centres. The goods made in the Lower Volga region were generally limited in distribution into the Volga region and Russian lands, whereas the products of the Crimean potters gained universal widespread in all areas of Eastern Europe. These findings are not single                                                             

* Crimean Branch of Institute of Archaeology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Simferopol; sgbotcharov@mail.ru.

** Archaeology and Palaeonthology Museum-Reserve, Azov; maslovskiazak@mail.ru. *** Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan; sitdikov_a@mail.ru.

330 Sergey Bocharov, Andrey Maslovsky, Ayrat Sitdikov 2

even in northern regions, thus it is a question of import of plain products, basically, cheap goods of mass production1.

Throughout the end of the 13th and the 14th centuries, there was a continuous change of the structure of the glazed pottery import from the towns of the Southeast Crimea. Thus, we deal with many jars, with an identical decor made for sale on the market. There was a dynamic change of the decor. Not to the same extent, but still there was also a change of morphology of jars. The structure of the centres of exporters and their market share changed. All this makes glazed ceramics produced in the towns of the Southeast Crimea a valuable dating material. The materials recovered during the researches of the town Azak (modern town of Azov in the Rostov Region) and the Posidima settlement (modern village Koktebel, Crimea) are described in the article. Findings from the excavation at Azak2, made within a large number of the closed assemblages dated by coins, together with the materials of excavation of the single-layered settlement of Posidima3 allow the elaboration of a chronological order of these changes.

The results of the study of the Southeast Crimean glazed ceramics as a whole has been published insufficiently, but the initial stage of its production has been elucidated especially poorly. Meanwhile determination of the first decades of function of this pottery workshops group would strongly help in the search of the materials related to the initial stage of life of the Golden Horde towns. Currently findings of this chronological period were considered in single publications4.

The data that we currently have are summarizing in this work. The chronological frame of the period is defined as follows. The lower bound may be connected with the period of the khan Mengu-Timur rule (1266-1282) when all large Golden Horde city centres appeared, and a number of mints began to work. At this time plenty of people, including the qualified handicraftsmen were forced to migrate. Potential sales market of pottery production was formed and the trade ways in Ulus Juchi (Juchi Khanate) were organized. The upper chronological bound coincides with the turn of 1320-1330. By this time, accommodation system of the settled, especially urban population of the Golden Horde had been finally established as well as its culture and economy, including the monetary circulation.

The products of the potters of the Southeast Crimea have a number of characteristic features and can be easily identified. Both unglazed and glazed ceramics have been created. We are interested in glazed ceramics as it was generally taken outside the territory of the Crimea.

1. The clay loam is plastic, very homogeneous, without visually noticeable sandy admixtures. Clay may contain (but it is not obligatory) natural impurity of secondary (oolitic) limestone concretions of various concentration and different size, up to very large (6-7 mm in the diameter). In case of these inclusions are close to a sherd surface, the characteristic crater-form chip is formed around it.

2. The chamotte, which can have the colour coinciding with colouring of a sherd or may be darker, was added into the moulding compound. The size and concentration of chamotte particles is much greater in products of Solkhat artisans.

3. The firing process, as a rule, is thorough and of various shades: light brown, pink-brown, orange-brown, sometimes brick-red colour. The external surface of a sherd is often lighter than the fracture. Sometimes the lightened layer is less than a millimetre thick and is can be fixed not on all the surface of a jar. In other cases, baking is double-layer. Thus, the external layer is of beige or beige-brown colour and its thickness varies from 0.5-1 mm to 3-4 mm. The jars of Solkhat production can have signs of a higher firing temperature and have a darker colouring of surface and fracture.

4. All the glazed jars have been made of clay lumps DFC (Development of functions of a circle) – 6-75 by means of pulling. Some large unglazed jugs have been made with the use of a sculptural moulding (DFC-4). Plane-bottomed jars have been cut off from a pottery wheel by a thread. In the analysis of the glazed ceramics production technology special attention should be paid to the peculiar features of pallets production. This technological property is recognized as a substrate6. Considering finished products

                                                            1 Koval 2010, p. 193-195. 2 Maslovsky 2006a, p. 284. 3 Bocharov 2007. 4 Belinsky, Maslovsky 2007, p. 326-327; Bocharov 2007; Dmitriyenko, Maslovsky 2006, p. 237. 5 Bobrinsky 1978, p. 27, 55-64. 6 Volkov 2005, p. 135; Volkov 2007, p. 33-34.

3 The beginning of the glazed ceramics production in the Southeast Crimea 331

according to this criterion, it is possible to note that a group of potters, working in the towns of the Southeast Crimea, was genetically divergent. Both basic versions of pallets production are presented. The first variant – cutting a cavity of the pallet in the monolithic section was made in the course of moulding a bowl. The second version – gluing a ring of the pallet was made separately from the bowl formed at a thin flat bottom. The first way is more often found in the jars of Solkhat production. If we consider the variants of pallets profiling, this heterogeneity becomes even more noticeable.

The first findings testify that the production of glazed ceramics in the towns of the Southeast Crimea dates back to the middle of the third quarter of the 13th century7. At this time, its share made 2-5% of all glazed ceramics complexes. The singularity of findings does not allow characterize the features of production of this period. The complexes dated by coins form the next chronological stage, but their definition causes considerable difficulties. Among these numismatic discoveries, there are types with still unread inscriptions, non-signed coins and coins with the legend “Good luck new pul (copper coin)”. This group of complexes can be dated within the last quarter of the 13th - the beginning of the 14th century8. At this time, the share of East Crimean production of Azak glazed ceramics increased to 20-30%. Monochrome non-ornamented bowls, tiny cups, plates and dishes of green, yellow colour (pl. 1/1-2, 5-6; 3/2; 4/1-3) prevailed. Bowls with poor ornament made in sgraffito scratch-work can be noted. Among ornamental compositions concentric circles in the centre (pl. 1/9), the stylized image of vegetative sprout on a side (pl. 1/11), the ribbons dispersing from the centre with single wavy lines uncurling in them can be found (pl. 2/2; 4/5). There are single samples with more complex composition, for example, with the flower socket (pl. 3/3). There are also rare samples with ornament colouring made in sgraffito colour spots (pl. 2/5). Bowls with ornamentation made by manganese splashes (pl. 1/3) are also seen. Most likely, the potters of the Southeast Crimea copied the most widespread ornament of Byzantine glazed ceramics of that time. Among the product vessels there are jugs of two types. These are the jugs with a stamped ornament (pl. 3/6, 8) and the jars resembling the South European jugs for wine, with a wide neck and a pouring stopping ring (pl. 2/13-14; 4/4). The last type, most likely, has appeared as a result of copying the Italian Protomajolica jugs arriving at the Northern Black Sea Coast9 at that time. Unlike prototypes, East Crimean jugs had no polychrome paintings. In the majority they were monochrome and less often they were ornamented with manganese spots.

The second chronological stage is formed by the complexes dated by copper coins struck in the Crimea in 1315 as well as in Sarai in 1321, 1325, 1326, i.e. relating to the first quarter of the 14th century. Despite the available distinctions, the article reveals these materials totally. The share of pottery production of East Crimea in Azak, in comparison with the previous period, practically does not increase, and still makes 20-30% of all glazed ceramics. Perhaps, the situation in the Crimean towns was a bit different, yet the closed assemblages of this time are not found here. A specific and standard variety increases. Bowls of different size, from tiny to very big plates, dishes, jugs of different types, albarellos, aftabas, water-carriers of the most various profiling are represented (pl. 1/4, 7-8, 10, 12-16/; 2/1, 3-4, 6-12; 3/1, 4-7, 9-10). A significant part of the jars has not been decorated (pl. 2/7-12). All ornamentation technics used by the Crimean master craftsmen later, are represented: sgraffito, sgraffito with a polychrome colouring (pl. 1/12; 2/4), polychrome painting, colouring with manganese spots, engobe or slip painting (pl. 1/8; 2/6; 4/7), stamping (pl. 3/5-10). Among sgraffito compositions, the elementary ornaments borrowed from the Byzantine production – concentric circles (pl. 2/3; 4/6), the single wavy line between straight lines (pl. 1/13; 2/1; 4/8) are still noted. However flower sockets are taking up the entire ornamental field (pl. 1/7; 2/4; 3/4) start getting wider distribution. These compositions would dominate further on the glazed bowls of the East Crimean production.

By the end of the first quarter of the 14th century all characteristic features of glazed ceramics typical for the Southeast Crimea had been formed.

In conclusion, it is necessary to dwell on the genesis of this production. The developed pottery craft in the Crimean coastal areas, which were under the control of the Byzantine Empire, used the same clay and the same non-plastic material, already existed in the 8th-10th centuries. Judging by some rather specific

                                                            7 Volkov 2005, p. 137; Maslovsky 2006a, p. 284, 286. 8 Maslovsky 2001. 9 Maslovsky 2006b, p. 437, 439, fig. 52/1.

332 Sergey Bocharov, Andrey Maslovsky, Ayrat Sitdikov 4

technological features (the glazed jars ornamentation made by a narrow comb with frequent teeth, use of the attached handles at the bottom smeared in the sides), there was a certain consistency in operations between the potters of the Golden Horde time and those from the Khazar Empire period. On the other hand, it is clear that production technologies of glazed ceramics were brought here only during the Golden Horde period. In addition, these technologies have been introduced by alien artisans. Moreover, two of the three main production centres – Caffa and Solkhat appeared only at this time. Among the probable centres, from where these technologies could be borrowed, it is necessary to exclude the main territories of Byzantine Empire. The difference in pallets production technique clearly indicates it.

Glazed ceramics production by the natives of the Caucasus who did not organize pottery production, but joined ranks of artisans already working here, seems the most probable. These potters came from various places and repeatedly moved to the cities of the Southeast Crimea. It also caused certain distinctions in stylistics and some processing methods between Solkhat, Sudak and Caffa potters.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Belinsky, Maslovsky 2007 – I. Belinsky, A.N. Maslovsky, Tri zakrytykh kompleksa iz raskopok zolotoordynskogo Azaka [Three closed assemblages from the excavation at the Golden Horde Azak], in Srednevekovye drevnosti Dona [Medieval antiquities of Don], Materials and researches on archaeology of Don [Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii Dona], 2nd edition, Moscow-Jerusalem, 2007, p. 325-344.

Bobrinsky 1978 – А. Bobrinsky, Goncharstvo Vostochnoy Evropy: istochniki i metody izucheniya [Pottery of Eastern Europe: sources and methods of study], Moscow, 1978.

Bocharov 2007 – S. Bocharov, Rubezh XIII-XIV vv., po materialam keramicheskogo kompleksa poseleniya Posidima (Koktebel') [At the turn of the XIII-XIV centuries, based on materials of a pottery complex of the settlement of Posidima (Koktebel)], in Polivnaya keramika Vostochnoy Evropy, Prichernomor'ya i Sredizemnomor'ya v X-XVIII vv., II mezhdunarodnaya nauchnaya konferentsiya (Yalta, 19-23 noyabrya 2007 g.) [Glazed ceramics of Eastern Europe, Black Sea Coast and the Mediterranean in the X-XVIII centuries, IInd International scientific conference (Yalta, November 19-23, 2007], Yalta, 2007, p. 12-18.

Dmitriyenko, Maslovsky 2006 – M. Dmitriyenko, A. Maslovsky, Kompleks 1310-kh godov iz raskopok Azaka [The Complex of the 1310 s from the excavation at Azak], Istoriko-arkheologicheskie issledovaniya v Azove i na Nizhnem Donu [Historical and archaeological researches in Azov and in Lower Don] 22, 2006, p. 231-257.

Koval 2010 – V. Koval, Keramika Vostoka na Rusi IX-XVII vv. [Ceramics of the East in Russia IX-XVII centuries], Moscow, 2010.

Maslovsky 2001 – A. Maslovsky, K datirovke zolotoordynskikh pulov s legendoy V dobryy chas [Dating the Golden Horde pools with the legend Good luck], in Devyataya Vserossiyskaya numizmaticheskaya konferentsiya [The ninth All-Russia numismatic conference Novgorod], St. Petersburg, 2001, p. 85-86.

Maslovsky 2006a – A. Maslovsky, O vremeni vozniknoveniya Azaka [About the time of Azak emergence], Istoriko-arkheologicheskie issledovaniya v Azove i na Nizhnem Donu [Historical and archaeological researches in Azov and in Lower Don] 22, 2006, p. 257-295.

Maslovsky 2006b – A. Maslovsky, Keramicheskiy kompleks Azaka. Kratkaya kharakteristika. [Ceramics complex of Azak. Synopsis], Istoriko-arkheologicheskie issledovaniya v Azove i na Nizhnem Donu [Historical and archaeological researches in Azov and in Lower Don] 22, 2006, p. 308-473.

Volkov 2005 – I. Volkov, Polivnaya keramika kompleksa Kabardi (1240-1260) [Glazed ceramics from the Kabardi complex (1240-1260)], in S.G. Bocharov, V.L. Mytz (eds.), Polivnaya keramika Sredizemnomor'ya i Prichernomor'ya X-XVIII vv. [Glazed ceramics of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea Coast of the X-XVIII centuries], Kiev, 2005, p. 122-159.

Volkov 2007 – I. Volkov, Polivnaya keramika Madzhara [Glazed ceramics of Madjar], in Polivnaya keramika Vostochnoy Evropy Prichernomor'ya i Sredizemnomor'ya v X-XVIII vv., II mezhdunarodnaya nauchnaya konferentsiya (Yalta, 19-23 noyabrya 2007 g.) [Glazed ceramics of Eastern Europe, Black Sea Coast and the Mediterranean in the Xth-XVIIIth centuries, IInd International scientific conference (Yalta, November 19-23, 2007)], Yalta, 2007, p. 32-42.

5 The beginning of the glazed ceramics production in the Southeast Crimea 333

Pl. 1. Southeast Crimean pottery. 1-3, 5-14 – bowls; 4, 15-16 – jugs. Drawings by Sergey Bocharov and Andrey Maslovsky.

334 Sergey Bocharov, Andrey Maslovsky, Ayrat Sitdikov 6

Pl. 2. Southeast Crimean pottery. 1-3 – dishes; 4-12 – bowls; 13-14 – jugs. Drawings by Sergey Bocharov and Andrey Maslovsky.

7 The beginning of the glazed ceramics production in the Southeast Crimea 335

Pl. 3. Southeast Crimean pottery. 1 – water-carrier; 2 – cup; 3-4 – bowls; 5-10 – stamped jugs. Drawings by Sergey Bocharov and Andrey Maslovsky.

336 Sergey Bocharov, Andrey Maslovsky, Ayrat Sitdikov 8

Pl. 4. Southeast Crimean pottery. 1-3, 7 – bowls; 4 – jug; 5-6, 8 – dishes. Photos by Sergey Bocharov and Andrey Maslovsky.

DACIA N.S., tome LIX, Bucarest, 2015, p. 383-388

ABRÉVIATIONS

AA – Archäologischer Anzeiger. Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Darmstadt, München, Tübingen–Berlin

ABSA – The Annual of the British School at Athens, Athens ActaArchCarp – Acta Archaeologica Carpatica, Kraków ActaArchHung – Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest Acta Classica – Acta Classica. Journal of the Classical Association of South Africa, Pretoria ActaHistHung – Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest ActaMN – Acta Musei Napocensis. Muzeul Național de Istorie a Transilvaniei, Cluj-Napoca ActaMP – Acta Musei Porolissensis. Muzeul Judeţean de Istorie şi Artă, Zalău ActaTS – Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis. Institutul pentru Cercetarea Patrimoniului Cultural Transilvănean

în Context European, Sibiu AÉ – L’Année Épigraphique, Paris Aegean Studies – Aegean Studies. Aegeus - Society for Aegean Prehistory, Athens AEM – Archäologisch-epigraphische Mitteilungen aus Österreich-Ungarn, Wien Aevum – Aevum. Rassegna di Scienze Storiche Linguistiche e Filologiche. Vita e Pensiero –

Pubblicazioni dell’Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Agria – Agria. Az Egri Múzeum Évkönyve – Annales Musei Agriensis. Dobó István Vármúzeum, Eger AHA – Acta Historiae Artium. Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest AHB – The Ancient History Bulletin (digital version only: http://ancienthistorybulletin.org/) AHR – The American Historical Review, Bloomington AIIA (Cluj-Napoca) – Anuarul Institutului de Istorie şi Arheologie, Cluj-Napoca AInf – Archäologische Informationen, Mitteilungen zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte, Bonn AISC – Anuarul Institutului de Studii Clasice, Cluj-Napoca AJA – American Journal of Archaeology, Boston AJN – American Journal of Numismatics. American Numismatic Society, New York AJPh – American Journal of Philology, Baltimore AM – Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Athenische Abteilung, Athen Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. – American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Journal of the American Association

of Physical Anthropologists, (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1096-8644) American Anthropologist – American Anthropologist. Journal of the American Anthropological

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Universidad Católica Argentina Santa María de los Buenos Aires AO – Arhivele Olteniei, Craiova АО …. Moskow – Arheologicheski Otkritja, Moskva Apulum – Acta Musei Apulensis. Muzeul Naţional al Unirii, Alba Iulia ArchA5 – Archaeologia Aeliana, Fifth Series. Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle Archaeol. Rev. Camb. – Archaeological Review from Cambridge. University of Cambridge, Cambridge Archaeologia – Altum castrum online. Mátyás király Múzeum, Visegrád Archeometriai Műhely – Archeometriai Műhely a Magyar Régészeti és Művészettörténeti Társulat

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Pavia, Pavia AVANS – Archeologické Vyskumy a Nálezy na Slovensku, Nitra Banatica – Banatica. Muzeul Banatului Montan, Reşiţa BARBrSer – British Archaeological Reports, International Series, Oxford BARIntSer – British Archaeological Reports, British Series, Oxford BayVgBl – Bayerische Vorgeschichtsblätter. Kommission für bayerische Landesgeschichte bei der

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BCH – Bulletin de Correspendance Hellénique, Athènes–Paris BÉ – Bulletin Épigraphique, Paris BerRGK – Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts,

Frankfurt am Main BIAUL – Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology (University of London), London BIDR – Bulletino dell'Istituto di Diritto Romano, Roma BJb – Bonner Jahrbücher des Rheinischen Landesmuseums in Bonn, Bonn BMN – Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis, Cluj-Napoca Britannia – Britannia. Journal of the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, Cambridge BSNAF – Bulletin de la Société nationale des antiquaires de France, Paris BSNR – Buletinul Societăţii Numismatice Române, Bucureşti BUFM – Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas, Wilkau-Haßlau - Langenweißbach Byzantina (Thessalonic) – BYZANTINA. Annual Review of the "Byzantine Research Centre",

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Akademie věd ČR, Praha C&M – Classica et Mediaevalia: Danish Journal of Philology and History, Aarhus Caiete ARA – Caiete ARA. Arhitectură, Restaurare, Arheologie. Asociaţia ARA, Bucureşti CCA. Campania ….. – Cronica Cercetărilor Arheologice din România, București Chiron – Mitteilungen der Kommission für Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik des Deutschen

Archäologischen Instituts, München CICSA – Centrul de Istorie Comparată a Societăților Antice, Universitatea Bucureşti, Bucureşti CIL – Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, Berlin CN – Cercetări Numismatice. Muzeul Naţional de Istorie a României, Bucureşti ComArchHung – Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae, Budapest CQ – The Classical Quaterly, The Classical Association, Cambridge CRAI – Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Paris Crisia – Crisia. Muzeului Ţării Crişurilor, Oradea CSCA – California Studies in Classical Antiquity. University of California, Los Angeles Current Anthropology – Current Anthropology. University of California, Merced CW – Classical World. Temple University, Philadelphia Dacia – Dacia. Fouilles et recherches archéologiques en Roumanie, Bucureşti Dacia N.S. – Dacia (Nouvelle Série). Revue d’archéologie et d’histoire ancienne. Académie Roumaine.

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