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R E V U E D ’ A R C H É O L O G I E E T D ’ H I S T O I R E A N C I E N N E J O U R N A L O F A R C H A E O L O G Y A N D A N C I E N T H I S T O R Y ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR ARCHÄOLOGIE UND GESCHICHTE DES ALTERTUMS Ж У Р Н А Л А Р X Е О Л О Г И И И Д Р Е В Н Е Й И С Т О Р И И

ÉTUDES MONICA MĂRGINEANU CÂRSTOIU, De l’architecture hellenistique de Callatis: une expression originale du style

ionique ……………………………………………………………………………………………………...…… STELUŢA GRAMATICU, On the metrology of the city of Istros in the autonomous period ……………………………. GEORGE CUPCEA, Careers in the guard of the Dacian Governor ……………………………………………………… FELIX MARCU, GEORGE CUPCEA, Recent developments in the fort of Bologa and on the northwestern Dacian

limes …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ROBERT GINDELE, Die römerzeitlichen Barbarensiedlungen von Livada/Ciuperceni – Photovoltaik-Anlage GPSP

Solaris und Supuru de Sus – Togul lui Cosmi. Neue Angaben bezüglich der rechteckigen Gruben mit gebrannten Wänden aus dem 2.-5. n. Chr. im oberen Theiss-Becken ……………………………………………………….

DANIELA TĂNASE, Considerations on the archaeology of the Early Migrations Period in Banat …………………… DANIEL-CĂLIN ANTON, Ethnische und chronologische Verhältnisse im Gräberfeld Nr. 3 von Brateiu, Siebenbürgen DANIELA MARCU ISTRATE, Byzantine influences in the Carpathian Basin around the turn of the millennium. The

pillared church of Alba Iulia …………………………………………………………………………………….. NOTES ET DISCUSSIONS FRED C. WOUDHUIZEN, The Sea Peoples: superior on land and at the sea …………………………………………… ADRIAN BĂLĂŞESCU, VALENTIN RADU, MIHAI CONSTANTINESCU, SORIN-CRISTIAN AILINCĂI,

Animal exploitation in Babadag culture. Satu Nou – Valea lui Voicu site (Oltina, Constanța County) ………….. EMILIAN TELEAGA, Die La-Tène zeitlichen Grabfunde aus Brateiu, jud. Sibiu, Rumänien. Ein Beitrag zum

Grabwesen Siebenbürgens ………………………………………………………………………………………. ALEXANDER RUBEL, Afterlife and the living. The Arginusae trial and the omission of burying the dead ……………….. CORIOLAN HORAŢIU OPREANU, A detachment of the legio VII Gemina Felix at Porolissum. When and why? …… FLORIN-GHEORGHE FODOREAN, Distances along the Roman roads in the ancient itineraries: from Britannia to

Asia. A short comparison ………………………………………………………………………………………... CRISTINA MUJA, ADRIAN IONIŢĂ, Sexual dimorphism and general activity levels as revealed by the diaphyseal

external shape and historical evidence: case study on a medieval population from Transylvania ……………….. SERGEY BOCHAROV, ANDREY MASLOVSKY, AYRAT SITDIKOV, The beginning of glazed ceramics production

in the Southeast Crimea during the last quarter of the 13th century – the first quarter of the 14th century …………… CĂTĂLIN NICOLAE POPA, Late Iron Age archaeology in Romania and the politics of the past ………………………

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760 p., 238 fig. (Thibaut Castelli) ………………………………………………………………………………… Ennio Sanzi, Iuppiter Optimus Maximus Dolichenus. Un “culto orientale” fra tradizione e innovazione: riflessioni

storico-religiose (I Saggi, 52), Roma, 2013, 398 p. (Florian Matei-Popescu) …………………………………… Materiale și Cercetări Arheologice (serie nouă), X, 2014, București, Editura Academiei Române, 300 p. (Liana Oţa)….. ABRÉVIATIONS ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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CONSIDERATIONS ON THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE EARLY MIGRATIONS PERIOD IN BANAT*

DANIELA TĂNASE**

Keywords: early migration, chronology, settlements, cemeteries, monetary hoard Abstract: All through the D1 stage of the early migration period, the Banat Plain was intensely populated. The settlements from this region, alike those from the Pannonian Plain experienced a period of prosperity, reflected by the wealth of the ceramic material on which the post-Cerneahov influences are to be noticed, most evident on the technology of pottery production, their morphology and decoration. Although cemeteries with numerous graves are characteristic of D1 stage, so far in Banat none had been exhaustively investigated. In the cemeteries from this period new elements of ritual and funerary furniture of Eastern origin are to be noticed. During the D2 stage one can observe a restriction of the dwelling area in Banat, as compared with the previous stage (D1). The artifacts come mostly from graves found by chance in the 19th century. Only the cemetery at Timişoara – Freidorf had been systematically investigated between 1988 and 2006. Finding of lavish pieces in Banat (in the graves from Izvin and Periam and also in the grave? with gold coins from Denta) indicates the presence of a tribal elite revolving around a Hun powerhouse, located most probably in the region west of the confluence of Mures and Tisa rivers. A less intensive dwelling is to be noticed for the D3 stage, when Banat fell under the domination of the Gepidic Kingdom, only two discoveries being archaeologically certified so far. Cuvinte-cheie: migraţii timpurii, cronologie, aşezări, cimitire, tezaur monetar Rezumat: În etapa D1 a epocii timpurii a migraţiilor, Câmpia Banatului a fost intens locuită. Aşezările din această regiune, la fel ca cele din Câmpia Panonică, au cunoscut o perioadă de prosperitate, reflectată de bogăţia materialului ceramic la care se observă influenţele post-cerneahoviene, mai evidente în privinţa tehnicii de producere a vaselor, precum şi a morfologiei şi a decorului acestora. Deşi etapei D1 îi sunt caracteristice cimitirele cu morminte numeroase, până în prezent, în Banat, nu a fost cercetat nici unul exhaustiv. În cimitirele din această perioadă apar elemente noi de ritual şi de mobilier funerar, de origine răsăriteană. În etapa D2 se observă o restrângere a ariei de locuire în Banat, comparativ cu etapa precedentă - D1. Artefactele provin mai ales din morminte găsite întâmplător în secolul XIX, doar cimitirul de la Timişoara – Freidorf a fost cercetat sistematic, între anii 1988-2006. Descoperirile de piese fastuoase din Banat (mormintele de la Izvin şi Periam, mormântul? cu monede din aur de la Denta) indică prezenţa unei elite tribale care gravita în jurul unui centru de putere hunic, situat cel mai probabil în regiunea de la vest de confluenţa Mureşului cu Tisa. O locuire puţin intensă se constată şi în etapa D3, când Banatul intră sub dominaţia regatului gepid, fiind atestate arheologic până în prezent doar două descoperiri.

Archaeological evidence points that starting with the last third of the 4th century AD in nowadays Banat emerged the first archaeological reflexes of an era that will lead to important changes in the political, social and economic, but also in the ethnic structure of vast territories and will foreshadow the map of Medieval Europe: the migration epoch.

For the migrations period, one of the most controversial and at the same time fascinating period in European history in the first millennium AD, as written information is contradictory, the main course of investigation is archaeological research. Based on the interpretation of archaeological sources, I shall try to

* This study represents a synthesis of the works published in 2013 (Tănase 2013a and 2013b), with subsequent

additions and conclusions. ** Muzeul Banatului din Timişoara; [email protected].

128 Daniela Tănase 2

sketch the historical and cultural context of the Banat plain (the region between Mureş, Tisa and Danube Rivers and Banat/Poiana Ruscă Mountains) during the early stage of the migration period.

In the current state of research, given the absence of extensive archaeological excavations in Banat (excepting perhaps the site from Timişoara – Freidorf) and because of partial publication of discoveries or failure to publish the results of research, we know very little about archaeological landscape of this period. The precariousness of archaeological information and the fact that we do not have a better chronology for the published discoveries, connected to Central European chronology of the Roman era and the early migration period resulted in a distorted image of the archaeological realities of this historical period in Banat.

DISCUSSION ON THE CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

In the Romanian specialized literature the archaeological finds from the Banat belonging to the

antique and the migration period have never been related in any way with the chronological system1 for Central and Eastern Europe proposed by the V. Bierbrauer2 and J. Tejral3 , although this would have been possible, given the analogies with the findings from the Pannonian Plain, as an attempt in this respect was initiated in Romania during their '90s of last century4. Thus, it was preferred the dating of long intervals of time, 1st-4th centuries AD, 3rd-4th centuries AD, or 2nd-5th centuries AD, although chronological distinctions could have been made between the cultural layers and the dwelling complexes, as recently done for the archaeological site from Timişoara – Freidorf 5. For this reason, it was alleged that the last quarter of the 4th century AD in Banat is still unknown in terms of material culture6. Lately, the chronology of the early migrations in nowadays Romania is under discussions, with particular reference to Transylvania and extra-Carpathian region7. References to the discoveries from Banat are only circumstantially8.

The period of the 4th-5th centuries AD, specifically the last two to three decades of the 4th century and the first half of the 5th century AD is defined in the Hungarian specialized literature as the Hun era9, and divided into two historical periods. The first is the period before the arrival of the Huns, when population of Iranian and Germanic lineage living in the steppe north of the Pontus and outside the Carpathian arch, fled from their way and took refuge in the Sarmatian territories of the Pannonian Plain. The second period is called the Attila’s Hun era, marked by the settling of Huns in the Basin Carpathian and hence the change of political power in Barbaricum. As a result, the spread of the so-called artefacts of eastern origin is a phenomenon encountered in both periods mentioned10.

In my opinion, concerning the interval between AD 380 and 410/420, for the Carpathian Basin it would be more appropriate to use denominations connected to a chronological system based on the analysis of archaeological artefacts from settlements and cemeteries, stage D1 respectively, or generic names, such as the beginning of the period of migration. Although there was a penetration of eastern artefacts before the invasion of the Huns in the Carpathian Basin, one can notice evident cultural changes post 420 that have been archaeologically distinguished and assigned to stage D2 (410-450)11. In terms of material culture, there is still a goal of the research in defining specific artefacts of the two chronological horizons D1 and D2 (especially the ceramic forms). Until now there is no clear division for the archaeological materials from the settlements dated to the so-called Hun epoch with its two periods, some considering that there was a continuity of material culture from the last quarter of the 4th century to the battle from Nedao in 454.

1 Schmauder 2002, p. 26 Tab.1, p. 28. 2 Bierbrauer 1980, p. 131-138; Bierbrauer 1994, p. 133, 139, note 278. 3 Tejral 1997, p. 351, 391. 4 Harhoiu 1990; Harhoiu 1998, Pl. CXXXVIII-CXL. 5 Mare et alii 2011, see chapters II and IV. 6 Harhoiu 1999, p. 64. 7 Opreanu 2002; Stanciu 2008; Ciupercă, Măgureanu 2008. 8 Ciupercă, Măgureanu 2008, p. 123, 125. 9 Vaday 1989, p. 209-210; for a more detailed approach, see Tănase 2013a, p. 62-63. 10 Vaday 1994, p. 105. 11 Schmauder 2002, p. 26, Tab.1.

3 Considerations on the archaeology of the Early Migrations Period in Banat 129

Only in terms of cemeteries’ research, it could be noticed that in the Pannonian Plain begins to take shape an archaeological horizon contemporary with the end of the Sântana de Mureş - Cerneahov culture. It is characterized by the use of combs with semi-circular or sharpened handle, buckles with thickened ring and square plate, fibulae with the foot backed underneath, made of iron, 8-9 cm long, fibulae with plate on the head and foot made of silver and bronze, certain eastern forms of beads and pendants etc.12.

Chronological limits of stage D2 (400/410-450)13 for the Pannonian Plain correspond to the flourishing period of the Hun Empire that ruled a vast territory, from the Asian steppes to the centre of Europe. The settling of the Huns here around 420 and then the collapse of their power in the year 454 was essential. The fact is that one can broadly notice the cultural changes caused by these events, both in terms of artefacts and everyday life.

Once settled in the Pannonian Plain, between the Tisa and Danube14, the Huns led a major policy against the Roman Empire, on the one hand receiving fabulous sums as tribute for peace, on the other hand starting wars, organizing predatory and looting raids in the empire that left traces deep in the memory of the contemporaries. In that period, especially during Attila’s reign (434-453), in the barbarian world there were handled huge quantities of precious metal, gold as monetary subsidies and lavish attires and jewelleries or luxury vessels, received as gifts or representing spoils of war. Gold collars, necklaces, silver fibulae decorated in a polychrome style or decorated with palm-like ornaments and provided with knobs with bud-like ornaments, cricket shaped fibulae and appliques, gold plaques, gold buckle belts with square plate decorated with floral motifs, golden rings, shoe buckles decorated in cloisonné style, mirrors or drinking services are characteristic of stage D215.

Although a transitional period (D2/D3), dated around the middle of the 5th century16 is accepted, the D3 stage is broadly dated between 450 and 460-480/49017. This stage would be marked by the collapse of the Hun Empire after the battle of Nedao (454). It marked the ascent of the Gepidic Kingdom in the Tisa Plain, and the leaving of the Ostrogoths from Lower Moesia towards Italy in the year 48818 (Jordanes, LVII, 292). These chronological schemes are still approximate and regional differences may arise related to the socio-political situation, the perpetuation of some rituals or prolonged use of some types of artefacts, which makes the difference between certain regions and the generally accepted chronologies19.

We reiterate here that there are certain clothing fashion trends and thus of the metal processing technique that were changed because of certain events that led to population displacement. So, one can notice the disappearance of certain ornaments and objects of eastern origin: tiaras, hood ornaments and caldrons. New types of ornaments came into fashion, some of certain Byzantine origin20, such as chains of gold braided wire for hanging, according to the Byzantine fashion, gold pendants and beads of very diverse form and decoration21, or pectoral ornaments and gold fibulae with onion-shaped knobs. Also, cultural traits and habits highlighting specific clothing items for Germanic people, Gepids and Ostrogoths became obvious, while Eastern steppe features disappeared.

With the D3 stage of the early migrations, lavish artefacts made of gold, decorated with almandine in cloisonné style and rarely with cabochons are associated 22: earrings, pendants, fibulae, plaque buckles, bag fittings, shoe liners and also the emerging gilded silver fibulae, with the head plate usually decorated with three buttons and a diamond-shaped foot plate completed by a bird or animal head23. In addition, for this phase Kerbschnitt technique decorated objects are characteristic, which can be found on fibulae or belt

12 Schmauder 2002, p. 29. 13 Bierbrauer 1980, p. 131-138; Bierbrauer 1994, p. 133, 139, nota 278; Tejral 1997, p. 351, 391; Schmauder 2002,

p. 26, Tab. 1, p. 28. 14 Bóna 1991, p. 198. 15 Schmauder 2002, p. 31-32. 16 Harhoiu 1998, p. 155. 17 Bierbrauer 1994, p. 142; Schmauder 2002, p. 26, Tab. 1. 18 Bierbrauer 1994, p. 139-140. 19 Tejral 1997, p. 351-352. 20 Harhoiu, Gora 2000, p. 37. 21 Harhoiu, Gora 2000, p. 57. 22 Harhoiu, Gora 2000, p. 37. 23 Harhoiu 1998, Pl. CXXXIX.


pieces, decorated with volutes and coiled stalks24. At the end of this phase ends the era of gold and almandine in the Middle and Lower Danube region. The domination of silver begins, along with bronze, which will be the material of choice in making jewellery pieces until the last third of the 6th century25. Therefore, the finds of gold pieces, which can be attributed to the Gepidic Kingdom during the first two thirds of the 6th century, are very rare26.

STAGE D1

1. Settlements Starting with the last third of the 4th century AD, the settlements in the Banat Plain, as those from the

Pannonian Plain, experienced a period of prosperity reflected the richness of ceramic material27; cultural elements of eastern origin reflected in both settlements and in cemeteries began to emerge.

In the Banat Plain several settlements dating from the post-Roman period were investigated28, but not in the context of large-scale excavations allowing full delineation of the habitation space, except for the archaeological site of Timişoara – Freidorf where the almost entire surface was investigated. Only few researched settlements provided data about habitation levels that can be dated in the late 4th century - beginning of the 5th century AD.

Fig. 1. Discoveries belonging to D1 stage.

24 Bierbrauer 1980, p. 137, Schmauder 2002, p. 32. 25 Harhoiu, Gora 2000, p. 63. 26 For the discovery of a Gepid princely with golden artefacts at Tisa Plain, see Tănase 2010, p. 141-147. 27 Vaday 2011, p. 234. 28 Bejan 1981a; Bejan 1981b, Mare 2004, p. 27-61, Benea 1996, p. 222-300.


Thus, in the settlement from Timişoara – Freidorf a habitation level dating from the last third of the 4th - beginning of the 5th century AD was found 29, characterized by the presence of a significant share of the slow wheel made pottery made of a sandy paste, brick-red or brown coloured, slightly rough, with a rich decorative palette: beams of wavy lines, indented lines of slash wheel and rows of stitches. As for forms there are pots of different sizes, lids, bowls and colanders (fig. 5-6). This pottery was used mainly for cooking. There had been also found a large quantity of fine ceramics, worked at the fast wheel, made of a fine grey paste, with different shades. The typology of vessels includes various forms, some of them polished (fig. 3/1, 8, 10 and fig. 4/6-7): pots, amphorae, jugs, bowls, glasses, which were employed to preserve supplies, cooked food and dining.

Another settlement with a habitation level datable (in our opinion) to D1 stage has been documented at Foeni – Selişte (Timiş County)30. Along slow wheel shaped pottery, made from a sandy, brick-red coloured paste, a censer decorated with alveoli on the base, typical for the late 4th century AD was discovered31. A rectangular cult vessel with tamga type drawings, found in Timişoara – Cioreni32 could be an indication that there was a habitation level belonging to D1 chronological horizon in this settlement. At that time, in the Carpathian Basin tamga drawings did not serve as tribal mark, as in the eastern part of Europe33. So that these containers had rather a function related to the cult of the sun and fire, being spread east of Middle and Lower Tisa River course, i.e. that part of the Carpathian basin where the Alans reached, who knew and practiced this cult in their homeland34. The D1 habitation level from Timişoara – Cioreni is attested by the discovery of conical cups with handle and alveoli on the base and colanders35, ceramic forms specific only of the last third of the 4th century AD. The settlement was dated to the 3rd and 4th centuries AD36, as the existence of a habitation level from the 4th century was recognized only on the basis of the vessel with drawings considered to be “paleo-Christian”37.

Recently published results of the excavations in a settlement south of Mureş River, Arad – Barrier, where eight houses and their annexes were unearthed, along with exterior ovens, smokehouses and fountains. All are to be dated in the second half of the 4th century38. Without providing a remarkable archaeological material, the settlement can be ascribed to the archaeological landscape of stage D1, based on analogies with artefacts found in settlements investigated in other areas of the Banat Plain.

In Banat Plain there are few documented archaeological sites where excavations were made, but some little laconic information was published. So, near Izvin (Timiş County) surface collections and a small-scale test trench were performed, of which results are still unpublished. The discoveries, consisting in grey wheel made pottery, are specific of the Sântana de Mureş culture39. From a settlement discovered nearby Ictar-Budinţ (Timiş County)40 comes a comb with semi-circular handle, but we do not know the context of discovery. We only know that it was found in 1971 as a result of archaeological research41 (fig. 8/1). Another comb with semi-circular handle was discovered at Giarmata (Timiş County), in a pit belonging to a settlement investigated in 201042. It should be mentioned here that the combs with semi-circular handle begin to appear in the Pannonian Plain only after the second half of the 4th century AD43.

29 Tănase 2011a, p. 52-56. 30 Szentmiklosi, Timoc 2004-2005. 31 Timoc, Szentmiklosi 2008, p. 118. 32 Benea 1995-1996, p. 369-370. 33 Vaday, Medgyesi 1993, p. 87. 34 Vaday, Medgyesi 1993, p. 87-88. 35 Benea, Bejan, Mare 1986, p. 22-23. 36 Benea, Bejan, Mare 1986, p. 28. 37 Benea, Bejan, Mare 1986, p. 28. 38 Grumeza, Ursuţiu, Copos 2013, p. 15-22, 52. 39 Moroz-Pop 1983, p. 473. 40 Moroz-Pop 1993, p. 153. 41 Mare 2005, p. 35, 47, note 3. 42 The comb was discovered during archaeological investigations carried out in 2010 on the Arad-Timişoara

highway, site 10, km 43+300 – 43+600. I thank for the information to dr. Lavinia Grumeza, County Museum of Ethnography and of the Border Regiment in Caransebes.

43 Pintye 2009, p. 177.


A particularly interesting discovery is that from Lenauheim (Timiş County), which consists of seven integer vessels (bowls, amphorae and amphorae-like pots) for which, unfortunately, we do not know the context in which they occurred. It is known only that were found together44 (fig. 7). The vessels were dated to the 4th century AD45. It is still uncertain the purpose of storing these vessels: is it the case of a store of a potter or the “pantry” of a wealthy person, especially that no archaeological research have been undertaken at the site. Although we do not know the context of discovery, it is clear that there was a settlement there and the vessels were not isolated “deposited”.

The discovery of Lenauheim is not unique. Also in Banat, at Vršac – Crvenka (Serbia), a group of seven grey ceramic vessels was recovered from a pit with burnt walls, partly destroyed, and have been dated to the second half of the 4th century AD46. Depositing of the vessels at Lenauheim, Vršac – Crvenka, Subotica (Serbia) and in other places from the Middle Tisa plain is considered by A.H. Vaday as a consequence of attacks of the Gepids, following the fight from Nedao (454) and the destruction of the Hun Empire and of Sarmatians settlements47. Given the current state of research and while the contexts of discovery of those vessels is often uncertain, one can only formulate the hypothesis that storage of pots was not necessarily because of invaders, but it rather represented a way of preserving food in optimal conditions of temperature, especially in summer or, why not, a pottery deposit. There are also indications that these vessels are to be dated rather in D1 stage, as some of them are decorated with stylized animal motifs, being the product of a pottery which operated in southern Pannonian Plain towards the end of the 4th century AD and whose goods were spread in this region48.

In the last decades of the 20th century, excavations were undertaken in the settlements located in the nowadays Serbian Banat. S. Trifunović made a chronological division of the investigated settlements, which dates from the end of the 3rd - middle of the 4th century AD (alongside with those from Baranda – Ciglane, Alibunar – Male Livade and Selište, Banatski Karlovac – Ciglana-stari iskop) and the end of the 4th - beginning of the 5th century AD (Padej – Ciglane and Banatski Karlovac – Kalvarija)49. However, all archaeological sites mentioned above are to be assigned rather to the chronological horizon D1, having clear analogies both in the settlement from Timişoara – Freidorf and other settlements from the Southern Pannonian Plain dated to the last third of the 4th century and the first or second decade of the 5th century AD. In these settlements, sherds of pottery made at the slow wheel were found, brick red coloured, decorated with wavy lines50, which emerged only after mid-4th century AD51. On grey fragments of pottery made at the fast wheel, a polished decoration in a rhombic shaped mesh appears52, used especially during the Late Sarmatian - Hun period53. The same motif appears on a grey ceramic barrel-shaped bowl, found in Banatski Karlovac – Ciglana-stari iskop54, specific of the same era55.

2. Cemeteries Though cemeteries with numerous graves are characteristic of stage D1, so far in Banat no one is

exhaustively investigated. We know of the grave from Timişoara – Pădurea Verde56, N-S oriented, the part of cemetery from Dudeştii Vechi – Movila lui Dragomir, with graves oriented S-N57 and the recently excavated six graves from Giarmata oriented S-N (five of them) and N-S (one)58. Only in Novi Kneževac

44 Bejan 1973, p. 131. 45 Bejan 1973, p. 136. 46 Simovljević 1957, p. 62, 65, Pl. VII/1-7. 47 Vaday 1997, p. 106-107. 48 Vaday 1980-1981, p. 127-128. 49 Trifunovič 1999-2000, p. 82. 50 Trifunovič 1999-2000, p. 85, Pl. I/30-36. 51 Vaday, Medgyesi 1993, p. 63. 52 Trifunovič 1999-2000, p. 86, Pl. II/9; p. 89, Pl. V. 53 Vaday 1989, p. 161. 54 Trifunovič 1999-2000, p. 89, Pl. V. 55 Vaday 1989, p. 159. 56 Radu 1973, p. 147-149. 57 Tănase 2002-2003, p. 233-234. 58 I thank for the information to dr. Lavinia Grumeza.


(Serbia) ten graves were found59, apparently S-N oriented60 and 12 graves at Vršac – Crvenka61, oriented N-S. In a destroyed grave from Šurjan (Serbia), a fibula with semi-circular head plate and rhombic foot plate was found. From another grave discovered in Starčevo (Serbia) comes a comb with semi-circular handle, while other five bone combs with semi-circular handle were found in Stara Palanka (Serbia)62. The two tombs discovered in the northwestern corner of Banat, in Újszentiván and Klárafalva B (Hungary)63 seem to be related to the same chronological horizon.

Until recently, in Banat there was no published data on an archaeological site dating from the early migration era in which both the settlement and the related cemetery had been investigated. Archaeological researches along the Timişoara-Arad section of the highway, south of Mureş River, have unearthed a settlement and a cemetery in the site of Arad – Barieră64. Among the dwelling complexes several graves were found, which led to the conclusion that they belong to the settlement’s cemetery65. The analysis of settlements and cemeteries from the Tisa Plain indicates that the cemetery were located at some (more or less) distance from the settlement66. So it is unlikely that in this case the settlement and cemetery had functioned simultaneously, especially since the graves are located very close to houses67 or even in an abandoned one68. Probably the cemetery is to be dated later than the abandonment of the settlement, which was used for a short period of time, as shown in stratigraphic context69.

In Timişoara – Pădurea Verde archaeological complexes belonging to a settlement70 and a grave71 were discovered. Researches were made at the beginning of the second half of the last century and in year 200072, but no connections could be made between complexes (whether they do or not belong to the same settlement). In my opinion, the complexes, on the basis of ceramics, seem rather to belong to the end of the 3rd - first half of the 4th century AD. In 1969, a woman grave was discovered oriented N-S, dated at the end of the 3rd - first half of the 4th century AD73. Subsequently, it was dated at the end of the 4th century74, which seems more likely. In the grave two fibulae were discovered, a situation usually encountered in cemeteries from the area ruled by the Goths, suggesting contacts between the bearers of Cerneahov culture and Sarmatians from Banat plain. Besides, the biconical form of mug’s body and the maximum diameter line placed near the bottom is common in the area of culture Sântana de Mureş - Cerneahov75.

A discovery alike that of the Timişoara – Pădurea Verde from 1969, comes from Sânpetru German - Hotarul Rech (Arad County), where a few pieces were found by chance, probably deriving from a single grave. They were two fibulae with the foot backed underneath, two semi-circular necklaces bronze and faceted amber beads76. The presence of this two fibulae indicates a later dating of the discovery of the Sânpetru German, towards the end of the 4th - beginning of the 5th century AD.

The cemetery from Vršac – Crvenka with graves oriented N-S, can be ascribed to the chronological horizon D1, originally being assigned to an interval between the end of 3rd and the end of the 4th century

59 Párducz 1957, p. 94-98. 60 Párducz 1957, p. 94. 61 Simovljević 1957, p. 57-58, 63-64. 62 Ivanišević, Bugarski 2008, p. 42. 63 Vaday, Medgyesi 1993, p. 82. Fig. 16/1-5, 16/24-37; p. 83 with bibliography. 64 Grumeza, Ursuţiu, Copos 2013, p. 9, 23. 65 Grumeza, Ursuţiu, Copos 2013, p. 23. 66 Vaday 1997, p. 105. 67 Grumeza, Ursuţiu, Copos 2013, p. 102, Pl. II. 68 Grumeza, Ursuţiu, Copos 2013, p. 24. 69 Grumeza, Ursuţiu, Copos 2013, p. 51. 70 Tănase 1998. 71 It is possible that the cemetery was larger, as other pieces entered the collections of the Banat Museum, coming

from the area of the former Mechanic Plant, most probably from graves. See Tănase 2013a, p. 69-70. 72 Medeleţ, Tănase 2001. 73 Radu 1973, p. 149. 74 Sâmpetru 1992, p. 141. 75 Stanciu 2008, p. 155. 76 Dörner 1970, p. 454, Fig. 11/4, p. 455-456.


AD77. But in grave no. 7 two fibulae had been found, a crossbow-shaped one and the other with the foot backed underneath, which is not characteristic of Sarmatian attire and a cup with biconical shape and maximum body diameter line marked by an edge, a form that can be ascribed to stage D178. In the case of the findings from Vršac – Crvenka no connection could be established between the settlement to which to the group of the above-mentioned vessels belonged and the cemetery.

A rectangular vessel decorated with concentric circles, similar to the one from Vršac – Crvenka79, was found in a grave from Újszentiván80. Another, undecorated one comes from grave no. 54, found in the cemetery from Klárafalva B. At Klárafalva B there were investigated graves dated in Sarmatian, Avar and Arpadian period. The graves from the Sarmatian period are oriented S-N and N-S (one) and were dated in the late Sarmatian period81. Yet, grave no. 54 seems to belong rather to the end of the 4th century, since ritual depositing of several pots was documented82.

In 1959 several grey vessels, worked at the fast wheel, discovered on a location belonging to Jebel brickyard were entered in the registered the inventory of Banat Museum in Timişoara (fig. 3/5). It seems that these vessels come from an inhumation cemetery dated to 3rd / 4th century AD83. In fact, these bowls and small dishes are characteristic forms of the repertoire of serving dishes from the late 4th - early 5th century. In the same area, on the edge of excavations carried out by the brickyard workers, a test trench was conducted in 196284. A hut with a kiln was discovered and several hearth fragments were recovered. On the basis of the ceramics, complex was dated to the 4th century AD85. The sherds come from restorable pots, worked at the slow wheel from a sandy semi fine paste, brick coloured, decorated with oblique rows of dashes made with the wheel, pottery similar to that found in the settlement from Timişoara – Freidorf (fig. 5/7). Consequently, the hut rather belongs to a settlement from the same chronological interval as the cemetery, but one have not this certitude, in the absence of archaeological excavations, that there is any connection between the cemetery and settlement; we can only say that they may be contemporary.

From Comloşu Mare (Timiş County) comes a sword with two edges (spatha), found in a surface collection carried out in 1957 by the archaeologist Marius Moga86. On the same occasion a ceramic drinking glass and a cup with the maximum diameter close to the bottom and marked by an edge (fig. 8/5-7) were discovered. No other details about the conduct of this field research are available. However, we can assume that the objects come from a cemetery, given that the sword, an artefact usually found in graves, was discovered in a fairly good state of preservation. Double-edged swords, however fragmentary, were found in Banat at Vršac – Crvenka in grave 1187 and in Novi Kneževac in grave 688.

These examples facilitate the dating of Comloşu Mare find and place it on the map of cemeteries dating to the end of the 4th century - 5th century AD.

In a grave from Saravale (Timiş County) a string of beads, a barrel-shaped bowl and a small cup, both grey coloured were found89 (fig. 8/2-4). The presence of a single vessel in the grave is a Sarmatian tradition, but the presence of several vessels with food offerings is significant for the eastern, Cerneahov influence90.

One should notice that the N-S grave orientation is specific of the Sântana de Mureş - Cerneahov culture bearers91. This orientation has been documented for both Timişoara – Pădurea Verde and Vršac – Crvenka, being another argument for their dating in stage D1. The appearing of other funeral rituals is to

77 Simovljević 1957, p. 66. 78 For illustration, see Simovljević 1957, p. 64, Pl. V/1- cup, 6-7- fibulae. 79 Simovljević 1957, p. 63, Pl. I/2. 80 Vaday, Medgyesi 1993, p. 82, Fig. 16/1. 81 Párducz 1950, p. 143, 218. 82 Párducz 1950, p. 144; Vaday, Medgyesi 1993, p. 83. 83 Bejan 1981b, p. 156-157. 84 Record from the inventory of the Banat Museum Timişoara. 85 Bejan 1981b, p. 157. 86 Protase 2000, p. 217. 87 Simovljević 1957, p. 58, Fig. 5. 88 Párducz 1957, p. 96. 89 Only these information were recorded in the inventory of the Museum of Banat from Timişoara in 1980. 90 Vaday, Medgyesi 1993, p. 83. 91 Istvánovits 2000, p. 198.


be explained by the fact that in the last quarter of the 4th century - first two decades of the 5th century AD (corresponding to the time of disintegration of Sântana de Mureş - Cerneahov culture)92 the bearers of this culture moved westward, inclusively in the territories ruled by the Sarmatians, bringing new types of artefacts and other burial customs93. Moreover, early presence of Germanics and other tribes has been documented in several archaeological sites in the western part of Banat, in today Serbia94.

STAGE D2

1. The issue of settlements About the habitation in the low plain of southern and western Banat at the peak of Hun domination,

one can learn from the notes of Priscus Panites. In 448, as envoy of Emperor Theodosius II to the court of Attila, he minutely recorded as he passed the Danube and then some rivers, Drecon, Tigas and Tifisas (Priscus Panites, III.3, p. 131). From his reports, it seems he rather passed through the south and southwest of Banat on his way to Attila's main residence located beyond the Tisa. The journey took the Byzantine Emperor’s envoys across a plain swampy flat, bathed by the waters of navigable rivers and dotted with villages whose inhabitants had millet and mead. These details of wealth point to the hypothesis of the sedentary existence for these communities, who cultivated grain and increased bees. Curiously, until now, there are no documented archaeological discoveries to prove the existence of the Hun settlements or of their subjects, Sarmatians, Germanic tribes or Alans in the Banat region hypothetically crossed by Priscus Panites.

Fig. 2. Discoveries belonging to stage D2 and stage D3.

92 Harhoiu 1999, 61. 93 Stanciu 2008, p. 150 and note 27. 94 Ivanišević, Bugarski 2008, p. 41-43.


In stage D1 of early migrations, the Banat plain area has been intensively inhabited, as shown by the chance finds or the result of archaeological excavations in settlements and cemeteries (fig. 1). But for the stage D2 a collapse of the dwelling area in Banat can be noticed (fig. 2) as compared with the previous period. The findings come mainly from the northwest region, near the Mureş River, sporadically being documented a few graves in the plain, in the area of Bega and Bârzava Rivers, that is around pathways as were rivers, navigable at the time, so as otherwise noted Priscus Panites (Priscus Panites, III.3, p. 131). It should be noted that the findings datable to the stage D2 are related to the funeral horizon of the time; no such finds come from archaeological complexes located in settlements.

Therefore, in the current state of research we can assert that in Banat no settlement that can certainly be attributed to D2 chronological horizon has been archaeologically investigated. Unfortunately, especially pottery was discovered in the settlements, which is far from being an exact element of dating, since there are certain types of vessels that can be found in both D1 and D2 stages. However, according to our observations, it appears that for the grey pottery, worked at the fast wheel, dating from the D1 stage, the ring or backing base is characteristic, while vessels with flat or slightly profiled base are especially characteristic of stage D2 (see for example fig. 7 for the D1 stage and fig. 9/6-7 for the D2 stage).

Note here that certain types of vessels that appear to be specific of Attila95 reign, have not been archaeologically documented in Banat. Therefore, Banat settlements dated back to the so-called Hun era correspond rather to the last quarter of the 4th - beginning of the 5th century, respectively to D1 stage, because there were no artefacts found to enable their dating them after the first two decades of the 5th century AD96. Also, we have no archaeological evidence that these settlements existed until around the takeover by Gepids (454), as was assumed in the case of middle Tisza settlements, where a destruction layer dated to the ending period of the Hun Empire has been detected97. In the settlements investigated so far, some partly (Foeni – Selişte98, in the Serbian Banat99 at Baranda and Alibunar), other almost exhaustively (Timişoara – Freidorf)100, no traces of violent end of the housing were recorded. Nor recent research from the Serbian Banat could identify any settlement dating to the second third of the 5th century AD101. So, from an archaeological point of view we have a completely different picture than the one depicted by Priscus Panites, a fact also noticed by Serbian researchers102.

In light of archaeological sources, the hypothesis of a partial forsaking of the region of Banat plain by the local population sometime in the early years of the 5th century, perhaps to shelter from the imminent invasion of the Huns or to participate alongside other populations in invading the western provinces of the Roman Empire seems plausible. Sarmatians are mentioned along with the Goths led by Radagaisus who went through the passes of the Alps to the provinces of Italy in 405103. Turbulence related to the Hun westward movement and transformation of the Lower Danube in a ripa Hunica104 (around 410 they reached the Danube beyond the Iron Gates105) could have caused a movementr of the population to areas considered safer at that time. In stage D1 a slow penetration was archaeologically noticed, that of the refugees into Pannonian Plain fleeing to the west in fear of Huns, that later became their allies, Germanic tribes and Alans who lived together with Sarmatians. Hun appearance could also create unrest for the locals and local leaders. This is especially due to the fact that the region was located near the Roman border and could become a theatre of war between the Huns and Romans, whose incursions could disturb daily life as it previously happened in the 4th century, during the wars led by Constantine the Great and his sons.

95 Vaday 1997, p. 98, Fig. 19/3-4. 96 Tănase 2013a, p. 64-68. 97 Vaday 1997, p. 86. 98 Szentmiklosi, Timoc 2004-2005, p. 657-661. 99 Trifunovič 1999-2000, p. 64-68. 100 Mare 2011, p. 15-28. 101 Trifunovič 1999-2000, p. 82, 83, Map 1. 102 Ivanišević, Bugarski 2008, p. 43. 103 Bóna 1991, p. 20. 104 Harhoiu 2011, p. 41. 105 Bóna 1991, p. 22.


We note here that Priscus Panites still remembers the Huns who wandered north of the Danube and crossed the Danube in wooden boats made of one trunk, led by barbarians (Priscus Panites, III.3, p. 125), which implies the existence of sedentary communities, considered Sarmatian by some researchers106. Therefore, one cannot rule out presence of a sedentary population in the Banat plain in the most flourishing period of the Hun power structure, but its material culture is not yet archaeologically proven.

On the other hand, the shortage of settlements in stage D2 can be explained by the scarcity of population. It is possible that during this period there was a demographic decline over wide territories of Europe, since there were repeated invasions, wars and epidemics. Moreover, an outbreak of epidemic was recorded in literary sources, scattering over northern Italy in 453107. Therefore such diseases were common in the first half of the 5th century AD, a period of great turmoil, when mobility of people was high and various endemic diseases generated inclusively by the rotting corpses in the towns ravaged by Huns could be transmitted on considerable distance, as the same Priscus Panites tells us (Priscus Panites, III.3, p. 124).

The situation found in Banat settlements is not a particular one. The difficulty in delimitate the artefacts between stages D1 and D2, including the territory of nowadays Romania, was noticed by researchers. Both the findings from extra Carpathian area and those from Transylvania and western Romania were analysed. But this time also, based on artefacts that have a tighter chronology (fibulae with the foot backed underneath, buckles, strap ends, earrings, bone combs), found in the analysed settlements one could only chose their dating in chronological horizon D1, for which a much more intense habitation was detected than for stage D2108.

2. Funeral horizon Artefacts dating from the D2 stage in Banat come mainly from graves found by chance in the 19th

century; so we know little about the context of discovery. One cemetery only was systematically investigated, the one in Timişoara – Freidorf, between 1988 and 2006.

About the golden polyhedral pair of earrings, with garnets embedded, discovered in Izvin (Timiş County)109, we know that it was a donation made by the collector Ormos Zsigmond (1813-1894), a prominent figure in politics and culture from the 19th century Timişoara. The earrings were found in a grave, on June 12th 1876 during the construction works of a railway110 (fig. 9/1). Another grave with gorgeous pieces of gold and silver, decorated with almandine, was found in the 19th century in Periam (Timiş County)111 (fig. 10/1-10).

The cemetery at Timişoara – Freidorf was initially assigned to stage D1112. But the discovery of the graves in 2006 proved that it is to be dated in stage D2: in terms of stratigraphy the graves were superposing the features of the settlement from stage D1113 (in the filling of the grave labelled "complex no. 17" a fragment of bowl was found, dating from the last third of the 4th - beginning of the 5th century AD114) and funerary inventory leads us to the same conclusion115. Even if in this cemetery no graves with sumptuous inventory were discovered, they are dated however at the height of Hun power, reflecting the image of the poorer population. Grey pottery worked at the fast wheel was found in the graves (fig. 9/5-6), along with

106 Ivanišević, Bugarski 2008, p. 44. 107 Bóna 1991, p. 99. 108 Ciupercă, Măgureanu 2008, p. 120-122. 109 Initially, it was thought that it was an earring, discovered in 1866, this information being released by D.

Csallány, 1961, p. 195, Pl. CCXVIII/4 and then taken by Harhoiu 1998, p. 178; Pl. XCV/B; Tănase 2011b, p. 87. In the inventory records of the Banat Museum Timişoara, both in the pre-1918 one and the current one, a pair of gold earrings is mentioned. The earrings were transferred to the National History Museum of Romania in Bucharest in 1974. I thank to dr. Rodica Oanţă-Marghitu from the National History Museum of Romania which granted me access to the photographs of the pieces. Photos: Marius Amarie.

110 For an ampler discussion of this find see Tănase 2013b, p. 150. 111 Harhoiu 1998, Pl. XCV A/1-8; Prohászka 2003, p. 90. 112 Harhoiu 1998, p. 152. 113 Mare 2011, p. 28, Timişoara – Freidorf 2006 – General plan. 114 Tănase 2011a, p. 46. 115 Tănase 2011b, p. 82-84.


silver116 (fig. 9/4) and bronze pieces, of a special facture, as the ring with volutes affront, alike those silver and bronze rings discovered in the Middle Danube area, which date from the last decade the first half of the 5th century AD117 (fig. 9/2). Therefore, a dating of this cemetery in the second third of the 5th century AD was proposed, in stage D2 respectively118.

In analysing the attire elements and adornments and the funerary rituals documented in the cemetery of Timişoara – Freidorf, it can be said that those buried were of Alan and Germanic origin. Fibulae specific of the so-called “Germanic fashion”119 were found in the grave labelled "complex no. 57/2006" N-S oriented. It seems that the deceased woman belonged to the Gepidic tribe, as anthropological analysis of the skeleton revealed the fact that her skull has features that resemble the northern and east Baltic characteristics120. Also, certain rituals, such as the intentionally broken mirror grave M3/1988, W-E oriented, prove that the buried person was of Alan origin121. We note here that in this grave no fibulae were found. In the case of graves M2/1988, W-E oriented, M3/1988 and complex no. 27/2006, W-E oriented, the habit of skull deformation was documented. It had been propagated by the Huns and taken over by subject populations, becoming a fashion in the first half of the 5th century AD122. But this does not mean that buried person of Hun origin, but points to the mentioned acculturation phenomenon.

Thus, in light of funerary finds, the Banat Plain seems to have been inhabited rather by tribes of Alan and Germanic origin, probably Gepids123.

Regarding a tighter chronological dating of these funerary findings from Banat, it seems that the gorgeously ornate pieces from Izvin or Periam can be dated to the end of the stage D2, around 450, or to the shifting stage D2b/D3, according to V. Bierbrauer124. Around the same time, even earlier, the group of graves Timişoara – Freidorf can be dated. So these findings may be contemporary and indicate social stratification, in the latter case the dead were members of a modest community. Findings of gorgeous pieces point to elite, indicating rather intentionally isolated graves. As noticed, for the early period of migrations the presence of isolated graves and groups of graves and not of large cemeteries is characteristic125. The cemetery in Timişoara – Freidorf falls into the category of groups of graves, as here were documented a number of nine graves with skeletons, of which eight with inventory and a rectangular pit, assumed to be cenotaph126.

A discovery that can be dated at the middle of the 5th century AD cannot be overlooked: the gold coins found at Denta (Timiş County). Within village boundaries, below the railway bridge, in the newly dug bed of the Roiga canal, on the 9th of August 1875, a skeleton facing east was discovered, around which there was a "large number" of Roman Imperial gold coins127. Information on the number of coins are contradictory, the fact is that 23 pieces seemingly entered the Zsigmond Ormos collection. In a still unpublished manuscript, collector would have noted in 1889 that 50 coins were found, that workers would have divided between them and then sold them in Vršac and Timişoara128. Probably these coins were the wealth of a chieftain from the Hun confederation.

Because the context of discovery is uncertain, although it is said that the coins were buried next to a skeleton, we cannot be sure that this was a funerary deposit. This would be singular as no grave with so many gold coins from this epoch had ever been discovered and no other inventory items have been found129.

116 Mare 1998, p. 289, 303, Pl. VII/2-3, 6. 117 Tejral 1973, p. 53. 118 Tănase 2011b, p. 85. 119 Bóna 1991, p. 196. For other names of the 5th century AD fashion clothing, see Ciupercă, Măgureanu 2008, p. 125. 120 Gál 2011, p. 93. 121 Kouznetsov, Lebedynsky 1997, p. 46. 122 Harhoiu 1998, p. 32. 123 Mare 1998, p. 287-288. 124 Bierbrauer 1994, p. 139, note 278. 125 Harhoiu 1998, p. 30. 126 Mare 2011, p. 28. 127 TRÉT I, IV (1875), p. 194; TRÉT II, I (1876), p. 37; Berkeszi 1907, p. 15; Toma-Demian 2002-2003, p. 177-

178, nr. 12.2. 128 Toma-Demian 2002-2003, p. 177. 129 Prohászka 2010, p. 410.


Gold coins were discovered in graves dated to the 4th and 5th centuries, the most consistent lot consisting of four solidi found in grave 734 from Csákvár (Hungary) in the province of Valeria, without being able to establish if the deceased was part of the Roman provincial elite or Hun troops; the grave inventory is still unpublished130.

If we accept that the find from Denta has a funerary character, then we are dealing with an unusual ritual of scattering of coins in the grave, at least according to the account of the discoverers, which said the coins were around the skeleton. The coins have been accumulated over time, being minted by Jovian (363-364 - 1 piece) Valentinian I (364-375 - 7 pieces), Valens (364-378 - 2 pieces) Gratianus (367-383 - 6 pieces) Valentinian II (375-392 - 4 pieces), Theodosius I or Theodosius the Great (379-395 - 1 pieces) and Valentinian III (425-455 - 2 pieces). Burial of this treasure marks, in my opinion, the end of the Hunic reign and was probably hidden under disturbances that occurred after the death of Attila (453).

STAGE D3

After the battle of Nedao, Gepids led by Ardaric took possession of the Hunic territories and whole of Dacia, while the Ostrogoths took the territories to the west and south of the Middle Danube, i.e. Pannonia and two decades later Moesia Inferior (Jordanes, L, 264). The plains east of the Danube, along with today's Transylvania region were included in the sphere of power of the Kingdom of the Gepids. Thus, Banat came under the rule of Gepids, whose main dwelling territory lied west of the Tisa and north of the Mureş.

There are very few discoveries from Banat which can be chronologically assigned to stage D3 (450/460-480/490)131, located relatively close to the Mureş River or the Danube132 (fig. 2). So, in the early months of 1895, on the ground of Sânnicolau Mare brick factory, while removing earth for brick, workers found several graves from the Roman and migrations epoch (fig. 10/11-13). Some items from the graves reached the National Museum in Budapest133. These include a gold ring, decorated with cloisonné style garnets and two gilded silver fibulae, with semi-circular head plate provided with three buttons (one of them has rhombic plate foot, which ends into a human mask; the other fibula has the plate foot broken). These objects, which date back to the stage D3134, may have constituted a single grave inventory, probably of a woman. This discovery was wrongly considered by Serbian researchers as coming from Srpski Krstur (Serbia) and wrongly dated in the first half of the 6th century135.

A gold handbag fitting decorated in cloisonné style, was discovered on the north bank of the Danube, at Stara Palanka (Serbia)136 (fig. 10/14). We do not exclude the possibility that this piece is linked to the presence of the Ostrogoths, who ruled for a short period of time137 the territories situated on the opposite bank of the river. We recall here the episode recounted by Jordanes linked to the city of Singidunum, taken from the Sarmatians by the Ostrogoths in 472 (Jordanes, LV, 282), which in turn will leave it in the hands of the Gepids.

It should be noted that the artefacts datable in stage D3 were found in places located on the Danube bank or close to the mouth of the Mureş River, representing waterways and also easily accessible communication routes, where one could enter the Banat Plain from territories already in Germanic kingdoms’ possession. It seems, however, that this penetration was not in vast territories, but was limited to the low plain area located closely to the Tisa and the Danube. Towards the end of the 5th and the beginning of the 6th century, the number of discoveries in Banat slightly rises; archaeological sites are located mainly in the low plains of western Banat, relatively close to the Tisa River.

130 Prohászka 2011, p. 64. 131 Bierbrauer 1994, p. 139, note 278. 132 Ivanišević, Bugarski 2008, p. 45. 133 Milleker 1899, p. 171. 134 Harhoiu 1998, Pl. CXXXIX. 135 Ivanišević, Bugarski 2008, p. 44, Fig. 4/2-4; p. 45, see also bibliographic reference. 136 Ivanišević, Bugarski 2008, p. 44, Fig. 4/5. 137 Between 473-488 (see Bierbrauer 1994, p. 139).


FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

In light of the findings presented here, the archaeological landscape of the last quarter of the 4th - first/second decade of the 5th century AD in Banat Plain is that of settlements rich in ceramics made at the fast wheel and also at the slow wheel, of a sandy, semi fine paste, with a slightly lumpy appearance, with a rich repertoire of forms for the fast wheel made pottery and of decoration for the slow wheel made pottery. The houses are represented by buried and semi-buried huts, more rarely by surface houses, while the storing pits and the waste pits are numerous. Some houses have open fireplaces or ovens, but most had no fire installation, probably portable fireplaces being used138.

Cemeteries contemporary to these settlements bring new elements of ritual and funerary furniture. Thus, some graves are oriented N-S, there are more vessels and two or more fibulae in a grave, collars with a hook and pear-shaped clasp, specific of Germanic attire139. Among the attire elements bronze or silver earrings are to be mentioned, along with plaited wire, collars, beads (especially those of amber and carnelian), fibulae of crossbow type or fibulae with foot backed underneath, fibulae the with a semi-circular head plate and a rhombic leg plate, D-shaped buckles, sometimes with rectangular plate, bracelets with loose ends. Whole or fragmentary swords and spearheads were also found in graves.

Some of the artefacts that in the lands of northern Pannonia Plain can be ascribed to stage D1140 have not been archaeologically documented in Banat yet, while others appear only in stage D2/D2a (mirrors made of a white metal, buckles with thickened oval ring). Only bone combs with semi-circular handle were found in settlements in the Timiş Banat Plain and in cemeteries located near the Danube. A fibula with semi-circular head plate and rhombic foot comes from a grave located in the Serbian Banat. Therefore, manifestations of material culture dating from the chronological horizon D1 are slightly different in Banat in comparison with other regions of the Carpathian basin, as the post-Cerneahov influences are much stronger in terms of ceramics production technique, their morphology and decoration. Artefacts of eastern origin and funerary rituals specific of Germanic and Alans tribes were documented in the cemeteries, but the cultural characteristics of the Sarmatian local tribes are still obvious.

From the archaeological contexts distinguished in the settlements investigated in Banat, a hypothesis takes shape: they had ceased to be inhabited before the arrival of the Huns or near their arrival here, because complexes of the settlement from Timişoara – Freidorf, belonging to D1 horizon were superposed by graves that are dated in D2 chronological horizon141, and the Foeni – Selişte or other investigated settlements there are no artefacts dating towards the middle of the 5th century AD.

It is worth mentioning here that Roman bronze coin circulation ceased in Banat around 400142, the last coins dating from the reign of Arcadius (395-408)143. Huns already controlled Lower Danube region around the year 400. So, at Sucidava coins from the beginning of the 5th century and a fragment of a Hunic caldron were found in a layer of burn, another fragment of a caldron was found at Hinova (Mehedinţi County) in a contemporary archaeological layer, proving the new political situation created by the transformation of the space from the Iron Gates to the mouths of the Danube into a ripa Hunica144. The echoes of events caused by the emergence of the Huns at the border of the Eastern Roman Empire probably led to a movement of the inhabitants from the plains of Banat, who left the settlements, so that only after the establishment of Hun power in Pannonian Plain there are documented archaeological sites, but in a much reduced number compared with the previous period.

Therefore, with all shortcomings of the current state of research, we believe that stage D1 that makes the transition from late Roman period to migrations period can be archaeologically identified on Banat plain territory also. The absence of gorgeous artefacts is an indication that members of these communities were about the same social status145, farmers and shepherds who live in a relatively prosperous condition, but without reaching the specific opulence of the flowering period of the Hunic Empire, displayed at the elite level by splendour of adornments and pompous burial customs.

138 A portable fireplace was discovered by chance at Parţa (see Tănase 2013a, p. 74). 139 Párducz 1957, p. 102, 104. 140 Schmauder 2002, p. 29. 141 Mare 2011, p. 28-29, Tănase 2011b, p. 87; see also the general plan of 2006 excavations. 142 Protase 2000, see Table B-Banat. 143 Protase 2000, p. 209: Banatska Palanca (Serbia); p. 232: Jupa (Caraş-Severin County); p. 240: Orşova. 144 Harhoiu 2011, p. 41. 145 Bierbrauer 1994, p. 168.


Thus, following the settling of the Huns in the Carpathian Basin, one can archaeologically highlight the leading stratum of society through graves with sumptuous objects; such findings are documented in the Banat Plain also. Funerary finds from Banat corresponding to stage D2 indicate the presence of tribal elite gravitating around a Hun powerhouse, most likely located near the flowing of the Mureş River into Tisa. Relevant in this respect is the find from Nagyszékszós, not far from Szeged, west of the confluence of rivers Mureş and Tisa, indicating a possible princely tomb146.

In light of the findings presented here, the archaeological landscape of Banat during the time when Huns were seated in Tisa Plain is rather poor, which means that this region was less inhabited.

Little dwelling is also documented for stage D3, when the Banat falls under domination of the Gepidic Kingdom, only two archaeological discoveries being certified to date. In fact even later, from the end of the 5th century and until the last third of the 6th century, there are few discoveries in Banat, coming mostly from sites located relatively close to Tisa and Mureş or on the Danube bank. Only for the period following the collapse of the Gepid Kingdom in 567 and the settling of the Avars in the Pannonian Plain, probably in the context of a population growth generated also by the arrival of new populations gravitating in the orbit of the Avar khaganate, a significant endorsement propagation of archaeological finds in Banat can be noticed.

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Fig. 3. Grey pottery worked at the fast wheel - stage D1. Discoveries made at Timişoara – Freidorf settlement (1, 8, 10); chance finds from Romania, Timiş County: Sânnicolau Mare (2), Checea (3, 4), Jebel (5), Uliuc (6, 7) and Serbia:

Hetin (9).


Fig. 4. Grey pottery worked at the fast wheel - stage D1: chance finds from Timiş County

(1, 4. Periam, 2. Sânnicolau Mare, 3. Gottlob, 5. Satchinez, 6, 7. Timişoara – Freidorf settlement).


Fig. 5. Lids, colanders, whole and fragmentary pottery worked at the slow wheel - stage D1 from Timişoara – Freidorf.


Fig. 6. Pottery worked at the slow wheel – stage D1 from Timişoara – Freidorf.


Fig. 7. Grey pottery, worked at the fast wheel – stage D1 from Lenauheim (Timiş County).


Fig. 8. 1. Comb from Ictar-Budinţ; 2. beads and 3-4. grey pottery, worked at the fast wheel from Saravale; 5-6. grey pottery, worked at the fast wheel and 7. two-edged sword (spatha) from Comloşu Mare

(all discoveries from Timiş County).


Fig. 9. Objects discovered in the graves from Banat. 1-2. polyhedral earrings from Izvin, 3. bronze ring, 4. bronze fibula, 5. silver mirror, 6-7. grey pottery, worked at the fast wheel – Timişoara – Freidorf, stage D2.


Fig. 10. Objects discovered at Periam (Timiş County) (no scale; according to Harhoiu 1998) – stage D2 (1-10), Sânnicolau Mare (Timiş County) (no scale, according to Milleker 1899) (11-13) and Stara Palanka (Serbia) (no

scale, according to Ivanišević, Bugarski 2008) – stage D3 (14). 1-2. polyhedral gold earrings, 3. barrel shaped gold beads, 4, 6. amber beads, 5. glass bead, 7-8. bronze fragments,

9-10. silver fibulae, decorated with gold applications cloisonné style; 11-12. gilded silver fibulae, 13. gold ring decorated with garnets in cloisonné style, 14. golden fitting of a bag, decorated in cloisonné style.



ABRÉVIATIONS

AA – Archäologischer Anzeiger. Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Darmstadt, München, Tübingen–Berlin

ABSA – The Annual of the British School at Athens, Athens ActaArchCarp – Acta Archaeologica Carpatica, Kraków ActaArchHung – Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest Acta Classica – Acta Classica. Journal of the Classical Association of South Africa, Pretoria ActaHistHung – Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest ActaMN – Acta Musei Napocensis. Muzeul Național de Istorie a Transilvaniei, Cluj-Napoca ActaMP – Acta Musei Porolissensis. Muzeul Judeţean de Istorie şi Artă, Zalău ActaTS – Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis. Institutul pentru Cercetarea Patrimoniului Cultural Transilvănean

în Context European, Sibiu AÉ – L’Année Épigraphique, Paris Aegean Studies – Aegean Studies. Aegeus - Society for Aegean Prehistory, Athens AEM – Archäologisch-epigraphische Mitteilungen aus Österreich-Ungarn, Wien Aevum – Aevum. Rassegna di Scienze Storiche Linguistiche e Filologiche. Vita e Pensiero –

Pubblicazioni dell’Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Agria – Agria. Az Egri Múzeum Évkönyve – Annales Musei Agriensis. Dobó István Vármúzeum, Eger AHA – Acta Historiae Artium. Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest AHB – The Ancient History Bulletin (digital version only: http://ancienthistorybulletin.org/) AHR – The American Historical Review, Bloomington AIIA (Cluj-Napoca) – Anuarul Institutului de Istorie şi Arheologie, Cluj-Napoca AInf – Archäologische Informationen, Mitteilungen zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte, Bonn AISC – Anuarul Institutului de Studii Clasice, Cluj-Napoca AJA – American Journal of Archaeology, Boston AJN – American Journal of Numismatics. American Numismatic Society, New York AJPh – American Journal of Philology, Baltimore AM – Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Athenische Abteilung, Athen Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. – American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Journal of the American Association

of Physical Anthropologists, (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1096-8644) American Anthropologist – American Anthropologist. Journal of the American Anthropological

Association, (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1548-1433) American Antiquity – American Antiquity. Society for American Archaeology, Washington ANarch – Archäologisches Nachrichtenblatt, Berlin AnB (S.N.) – Analele Banatului (Serie Nouă), Muzeul Banatului, Timişoara AnSt – Anatolian Studies. British Institute at Ankara, Ankara Antaeus – Communicationes ex Instituto Archaeologico Academiae Scientiarium Hungaricae, Budapest Anthropology Today – Anthropology Today. Royal Anthropological Institute, London Antiquity – Antiquity. A Review of World Archaeology, Durham, UK AntOr – Antiguo Oriente: Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Historia del Antiguo Oriente. Pontificia

Universidad Católica Argentina Santa María de los Buenos Aires AO – Arhivele Olteniei, Craiova АО …. Moskow – Arheologicheski Otkritja, Moskva Apulum – Acta Musei Apulensis. Muzeul Naţional al Unirii, Alba Iulia ArchA5 – Archaeologia Aeliana, Fifth Series. Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle Archaeol. Rev. Camb. – Archaeological Review from Cambridge. University of Cambridge, Cambridge Archaeologia – Altum castrum online. Mátyás király Múzeum, Visegrád Archeometriai Műhely – Archeometriai Műhely a Magyar Régészeti és Művészettörténeti Társulat

interdiszciplináris kutatásokkal foglalkozó vitaülés-sorozata, Budapest ArchÉrt – Archeológiai Értesítő, Budapest

384 Abréviaions 2

ArchHung – Archaeologia Hungarica, Acta Archaeologica Musei Nationalis Hungarici, Budapest ArchKorr – Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, Mainz ArchPolski – Archeologia Polski, Wrocław – Warszawa ArchRozhledy – Archeologické Rozhledy, Praha ArhMed – Arheologia Medievală. Complexul Muzeal Bistriţa-Năsăud, Bistriţa ArhMold – Arheologia Moldovei. Academia Română, Institutul de Arheologie, Iaşi ArhVestnik – Arheološki vestnik, Ljubljana AŞUI – Analele Ştiinţifice ale Universităţii “Al. I. Cuza” din Iaşi, Iaşi Athenaeum – Studi di Letteratura e Storia dell’Antichita` pubblicati sotto gli auspici dell’Università di

Pavia, Pavia AVANS – Archeologické Vyskumy a Nálezy na Slovensku, Nitra Banatica – Banatica. Muzeul Banatului Montan, Reşiţa BARBrSer – British Archaeological Reports, International Series, Oxford BARIntSer – British Archaeological Reports, British Series, Oxford BayVgBl – Bayerische Vorgeschichtsblätter. Kommission für bayerische Landesgeschichte bei der

Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Verbindung mit dem Bayerischen Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und der Archäologische Staatssammlung, München

BCH – Bulletin de Correspendance Hellénique, Athènes–Paris BÉ – Bulletin Épigraphique, Paris BerRGK – Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts,

Frankfurt am Main BIAUL – Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology (University of London), London BIDR – Bulletino dell'Istituto di Diritto Romano, Roma BJb – Bonner Jahrbücher des Rheinischen Landesmuseums in Bonn, Bonn BMN – Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis, Cluj-Napoca Britannia – Britannia. Journal of the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, Cambridge BSNAF – Bulletin de la Société nationale des antiquaires de France, Paris BSNR – Buletinul Societăţii Numismatice Române, Bucureşti BUFM – Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas, Wilkau-Haßlau - Langenweißbach Byzantina (Thessalonic) – BYZANTINA. Annual Review of the "Byzantine Research Centre",

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REVUE D’ARCHÉOLOGIE ET D’HISTOIRE ANCIENNEdaciajournal.ro/pdf/dacia2015/06. Tanase.pdf · REVUE D’ARCHÉOLOGIE ET D’HISTOIRE ANCIENNE ... Ion Țurcanu, Antichitatea greco-roman