Revolution - National Paralegal

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The American NationA History of the United States, 15th Edition

By: Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty

Chapter5The American

Revolution


5.1 Preliminary Hostilities (1 of 2)

How did a dispute between Massachusetts

colonists and the British Empire escalate into a

wider conflagration?

First Continental Congress prompted British military

response

• The Shot Heard Round the World

British captured militia armory at Concord amid

skirmishes with Minute Men


Ralph Earl’s painting of British troops at the Battle of Lexington: Painting shows about 200 British troops

marching in orderly lines into Lexington or Concord.


5.1 Preliminary Hostilities (2 of 2)

• The Second Continental Congress

Created the Continental Army, chose Washington

• The Battle of Bunker Hill

British captured Bunker Hill and Breed’s Hill with

terrible losses

George III declared colonies “in open rebellion”

After one last plea for compromise, Congress

embraced cause for arms, ordered attack on Canada


5.2 The Question of Independence (1 of 2 )

How did patriots and loyalists differ?

Reluctance to break with Britain, fear of mobs and

future government

•The Declaration of Independence

Hessian mercenaries

Thomas Paine’s Common Sense

Jefferson’s rationale for republican government

Jefferson’s indictment of George III

The global echo of the Declaration


Engraving of a Stamp Act Protest: Engraving

shows a scene in a street where a mob hangs a

Tory from a pole with his back supported; two

other Tories are seen sprawled on the ground

with a group of poor people around them.

Debating the Past: Was the American Revolution

Rooted in Class Struggle?


5.2 The Question of Independence (2 of 2)

• The Balance of Force

Pros: familiarity, proximity, divisions in England, poor

English leadership

Cons: lack of resources, industry, weaponry, navy,

experience, smaller population, government in

formation

• Loyalists versus Patriots

20 percent Tories, lacked organization and leadership

40 percent patriots


5.3 Towards Victory (1 of 3)

What was the path to victory for the patriots?

Continental offensive failed in Québec

•The British Assault on New York City

Defeats on Long Island and Manhattan

Washington’s Christmas surprise at the Delaware

Princeton: A boost for morale


Map 5.1 New York and New Jersey Campaigns,

1776–1777

Map shows part of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and the Atlantic Ocean

highlighting British advances, American advances, American withdrawals, and battles of

British victory and American victory.

Data from the map are shown below:

British advances:

• The British forces arrived by sea along three paths labeled “Sir William Howe,”

“Admiral Lord Howe,” and “Clinton.”

• They initially reached Flatbush Brooklyn Heights, New York, and moved north to

another battle site at Harlem Heights, New York; they continued north, crossed

Westchester and reached the battle site of White Plains, New York.

• From White Plains, the British forces turned southwest; a troop reached Harlem

Heights, while another moved to Princeton, New Jersey. From there, the forces moved

southwest to Trenton, returned to Princeton, and moved north to New Brunswick.

American advances:

• American forces moved north from south Pennsylvania and reached Trenton. Another

troop moved northeast from Newtown to reach Trenton.

• The troops from Trenton moved northeast to Princeton, crossed New Brunswick, and

reached Morristown (Winter Quarters) on the banks of the Passaic River.

American withdrawals:

American forces from Flatbush Brooklyn Heights moved north to Fort Washington and

reached White Plains.

From there, the troops moved south to Hackensack and reached Newark.

• Washington led the troops to Princeton, then to Trenton, and reached Newtown.

Battles of British victory marked are White Plains, Oct. 28, 1776; Fort Washington,

Sept.16, 1776; and Flatbush Brooklyn Heights Aug. 22, 1776.

Battles of American victory marked are Princeton Jan. 3, 1777 and Trenton Dec. 26,

1776.


Painting shows Washington standing in the bow of a small open boat, being rowed between large chunks

of ice.



• The Fall of Saratoga and the French Alliance

The adventures of General Howe

General Burgoyne’s defeat at Saratoga

Treaty with France: An opportunity for payback

Suffering and surviving at Valley Forge

• The War in the South

A draw at Monmouth

British captured Savannah and Charleston but had

no control over South


Map 5.2 Saratoga Campaign, September 19 to

October 17, 1777

Map shows a part of North America covering Canada, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire,

Maine, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Pennsylvania, highlighting

British advances, American advances, and battles of British victory and American victory.

Data from the map are shown below:

British advances:

• Burgoyne led British forces north of the Richelieu River, Canada, down Lake Champlain, along

the western border of Vermont, to Fort Ticonderoga July 6, 1777.

• The forces continued southward, then split and rejoined in Fort Anne, crossed Fort Edward, and

moved southeast to a battle site in Bennington, New York, Aug. 16, 1777.

• St. Leger led British forces north of Montreal, southwest along the St. Lawrence River to Fort

Oswego, New York, on the south shore of Lake Ontario. Then they continued east over land to

battle sites in Fort Stanwix, New York, and Oriskany, New York.

• Clinton led another troop from New York in Long Island and moved north to reach Fort

Montgomery, Oct. 6, 1777, and Kingston, Oct. 25, 1777.

American advances:

• Arnold led American forces from Albany south of the Fort Stanwix. Another troop moved north

from Albany to Saratoga.

A British victory is marked in Fort Montgomery, Oct. 6, 1777, west of the Hudson River.

American victories are marked in Kingston, Oct. 25, 1777, west of the Hudson River, Battle of

Oriskany, Aug. 6, 1777, west of the Mohawk River, Saratoga, Oct. 17, 1777, and Bennington,

Aug. 16, 1777.


Map 5.3 Campaign in the South, 1779–1781

Map shows a part of United States covering Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland,

Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia highlighting British

advances, battles of British victory and American victory, land with strongholds of

Loyalists, land divided between Patriots and Loyalists, land with strongholds of

Patriots, land occupied by Indians, and towns still held by British, end 1781.

British advances:

• Clinton sailed with Cornwallis from New York, Dec. 1779, and led British forces

from the north by sea to Savannah and then to a battle site in Charleston, South

Carolina.

• The British forces moved north from Charleston to Georgetown, then to a battle site

in Camden, and then moved northwest to Charlotte, North Carolina, and then south

to Winnsboro.

• Some forces moved northwest from Winnsboro to a battle site in Cowpens; another

moved north from Winnsboro to a battle site in Kings Mountain, then continued

northeast past Guilford Court House, and looped back to a battle site there.

• The forces moved southeast from Guilford Court House to Wilmington, then north

to Petersburg, Virginia. From there, some moved east to Yorktown, while others

moved to Richmond. A set detached from Richmond to Monticello and returned to

Richmond.

Battles of British victory are marked in Camden and Charleston (captured), South

Carolina.

Battles of American victory are marked in Guilford Court House, Kings Mountain,

and Cowpens in North Carolina.

Loyalist strongholds: a tiny region in east Pennsylvania adjoining New Jersey; part

of Virginia south of Yorktown; swath of land in North Carolina from Guilford Court

House to Wilmington; region around Winnsboro and Camden in North Carolina;

region around Charleston (captured) and Savannah in South Carolina

Divided between Patriots and Loyalists: New Jersey, southern Delaware, small parts

of Maryland and Virginia, and western part of North Carolina and South Carolina

Patriot strongholds: south Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia,

eastern part of North Carolina and South Carolina

Land occupied by Indians: Pennsylvania, Georgia, and Spanish Territory

Towns still held by British, end 1781: Charleston and Savannah



• Victory at Yorktown

Cornwallis’s camp at Yorktown and interception by

French Navy

American troops forced surrender, October 17, 1781

• Negotiating a Favorable Peace

Playing off European rivalries for a favorable treaty:

- Independence

- Generous boundaries

- Troop removal

- Fishing rights


Map 5.4 The Yorktown Campaign,

April to September 1781

Map shows part of the United States covering Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island,

Massachusetts, New Jersey, Delaware, and Virginia, highlighting British, French, and American

movements.

British movements:

• In April–May 1781, Cornwallis led the British forces from the region south of Petersburg, reached

Petersburg, crossed Richmond and reached Yorktown.

• In late August 1781, Graves took the sea route from New York, New Jersey, and moved south up to

Yorktown.

French movements:

• In June–July 1781, Rochambeau led the French forces from Newport and moved southwest to reach

Trenton in New Jersey.

• De Barras, in August 1781, crossed the Atlantic Ocean from Newport to Yorktown.

• De Grasse, in August 1781, also reached Yorktown by a sea route.

• In April 1781, Lafayette moved south from Baltimore in Virginia and reached the region northeast

of Richmond.

American movements:

• Washington moved southwest from the bank of the Hudson River, crossed Philadelphia, and the

forces divided into two; one reached Baltimore while the other, led by Washington, crossed Elkton

and reached Yorktown.


Table 5.1 Turning Points in the American Revolution

Date, Action, Consequence

Spring and summer 1775

Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Breed’s Hill: Patriots fight well; British sustain heavy losses

Summer 1776

Declaration of Independence: American patriots commit to war

Fall 1776

British take New York City: Patriots retreat to Pennsylvania but win morale-building battle at Trenton, New Jersey

Fall 1777

British fail in attempt to seize Hudson Valley (Saratoga Campaign): Burgoyne’s army surrenders; France allies with

Continental Congress

1778–1780

British move to suppress patriots in southern colonies: Despite taking Savannah and Charleston, British fail to suppress

patriots; British retreat to Yorktown peninsula

Fall 1781

American and French trap British at Yorktown: British surrender at Yorktown

September 1783

Armistice signed: American independence secured; Congress agrees to recommend restoration of lands confiscated from

loyalists

Date Action Consequence

Spring and summer 1775

Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Breed’s Hill

Patriots fight wellBritish sustain heavy losses

Summer 1776 Declaration of Independence

American patriots commit to war

Fall 1776 British take New York City Patriots retreat to Pennsylvania but win morale-building battle at Trenton, New Jersey

Fall 1777 British fail in attempt to seize Hudson Valley (Saratoga Campaign)

Burgoyne’s army surrendersFrance allies with Continental Congress

1778–1780 British move to suppress patriots in southern colonies

Despite taking Savannah and Charleston, British fail to suppress patriots British retreat to Yorktown peninsula

Fall 1781 American and French trap British at Yorktown

British surrender at Yorktown

September 1783

Armistice signed American independence securedCongress agrees to recommend restoration of lands confiscated from loyalists


5.4 The United States under the Articles of

Confederation (1 of 4)

How did the United States function under the

Articles of Confederation?

A loose union with sovereign states and a weak

central government

• Financing the War

War costs for Congress and states

Paper money and inflation: The hidden tax

Robert Morris: Restoring a stable currency


Map 5.5 The United States under the Articles of

Confederation, 1787

Map shows a part of the United States highlighting claims by Virginia,

North Carolina, Georgia, joint claim by United States, Georgia and

Spain, New York, England, Western Reserve, and the region ceded by

South Carolina to the United States in 1787.

The map shows the following data.

Northwest Territory 1787: swath of land bordered by the Great Lakes

Spanish Louisiana: region west of the Mississippi River and Spanish

Florida

Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia claim the region

to their west, trans-Appalachian, respectively.

A part of land to the southwest of Georgia is claimed by the United

States, Georgia and Spain.

New York claims the region to the west of New Hampshire; the small

region south of Lake Erie is marked “Western Reserve (Conn.).”

The region to the north of Maine is claimed by England.




• State Republican Governments

Early state constitutions provided executive,

legislative, judiciary branches

Rejection of “virtual representation”

Bills of rights protected civil liberties

The novelty of written constitutions




• Social Reform and Antislavery

Legislative reapportionment

Abolition of primogeniture, quitrents, and entail

Jefferson’s Statute of Religious Liberty

Northern move toward gradual abolition

Southern embrace of manumission

More middling Americans in legislatures

Limited social upheaval




• Women and the American Revolution

Late-eighteenth-century trend toward women’s legal

rights

Women’s enhanced authority on the home front

The impact of revolutionary rhetoric

Increased educational opportunities


Portrait shows Abigail

Adams seated in a

chair, wearing a lace

cap and lace coat.


5.5 American Nationalism (1 of 3)

How did the war contribute to the creation of

American nationalism?

Freedom preceded nationalism in the United States

Union as a means to an end

•Sources and Expression

Common war sacrifices and experiences

Soldiers’ travel and camaraderie across state lines

Common solutions for practical problems, e.g., postal

service, diplomacy



• The Great Land Ordinances

1785: Surveying western territories—a checkerboard

pattern

1787: From territorial government to statehood


Photo shows an aerial

view of a huge farmed

landscape with square

and rectangular plots of

land.



• Towards a National Culture

Protestant autonomy: From Anglican to Protestant

Episcopalian Church

An American Catholic bishop

Noah Webster and American English

The patriotic themes of writers and painters

National heroes:

- Ben Franklin

- George Washington


Timeline (1 of 2)

1775 Colonists fight British in Battles of Lexington and

Concord.

Second Continental Congress names George

Washington commander in chief (of Continental

Army).

1776 Second Continental Congress issues Declaration of

Independence. Washington evacuates New York City.

1777 American victory at Saratoga turns the tide and leads

to alliance with France.

1780 British capture Charleston.


Timeline (2 of 2)

1781 States ratify Articles of Confederation.

General Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown.

1783 Great Britain recognizes independence of United

States by signing the Peace of Paris.

1785 Congress passes the Land Ordinance of 1785.

1787 Northwest Ordinance of 1787 establishes

governments for the West.

Documents

Revolution - National Paralegal