Revision

What allomorphic features do words have in E and U if viewed from the

semasiological side?

What allomorphic features do words have in E and U if viewed from the

onomasiological side?

What are typologically relevant types of idioms? massacre of the innocents There is no use crying over spilt milk Don't whistle until you are out of the wood. Не знаючи броду, не лізь у воду. to apply for/to accept the Chiltern Hundreds dine with Duke Huphrey mind ones p's and q's when Queen Ann was alive a pretty penny товчеться, як Марко по пеклу

Word Formation

Word formation processes in English and Ukrainian

The lexical stock of every language is constantly growing outer means (borrowings) inner means.

The lexical system of English contains about 70% of borrowed words, Ukrainian -10%

An essential change of English an acceptor language => a donor language new words of English origin - 90-95%,

borrowed words - 5-10%. Most productive word-formation processes

now are: compounding(36%), affixation (20%) new trends, pointing up in the productive

field -clipping, blending and conversion, “Conversion will be more active in the future, because it is a very easy way to create new words in English” (Cannon, 1985: 415).

Common word-building processes in E and U: Derivation Compounding Abbreviation Blending Back-formation (reversion) Reduplication Accentual Word-formation Semantic changeSpecific English types of word-formation Conversion Lexicalisation of (some) grammatical forms

Derivation

Derivation is generally regarded as the most productive formation process in both languages. Derivational affixes can be either prefixes or suffixes.

Eng. non-re—present-ation-al-ismУкр. не-до-виторг-ув-ан-ий The allomorphism is that:

E has more root morpheme words U has a richer system of derivational affixes than E E derivation is usually either suffixation or prefixation

while in U prefixal-suffixal models prevail

Typological classification of prefixes International antivirus - антивірус Semantically identical foresee – передбачити, postwar - післявоєнний National

de- decamp mis- misstate mal- malnourish mid- midlife по- по-українському що- щонайкраще попо- попоїсти

Typological classification of sufixes

Noun suffixes Agent Abstract notions Diminutive Augmentative

Compounding

Another highly productive process is compounding. A compound iscreated by combining two or more free morphemes (often nouns).

talkshowverb + noun tightropeadjective + noun overshadowpreposition + noun

Allomorphisms in E and U compounding :

Ukr. сompounds are formed with the help of the linking interfixal element Землечерпалка, театрознавець

Eng. compounds are formed through the juxtaposition of free morpheme Motherland, social-economic, sky-blue

Though there a few cases of compounds with a linking element Anglo-Saxon, electro-therapy, craftsman, Sino-American, Afro-Asian

(Cont.) In Ukr. spelling of compounds is strict

while in E a great diversity of spelling is observed (dictionaries often give two variants), that is why stress is important as a marker of compounds in English.

Abbreviation

Clipping Partial abbreviation Blending Initialisms and acronyms

Abbreviation. ClippingShortening longer words is a popular strategy for conserving breath when speaking and space when writing or typing. Clipping is very productive in both conversational and official style. Beginning element – doc, prof, mayo (mayonnaise) Final element – phone, copter, vator (elevator) Omitting of beg. and final element simaltaneously

fridge, flue

In Ukr. such words can be used only within compound words генпрокуратура, міськрада

Abbreviation. Partial abbreviation.

Partial abbreviation is found in both languages modem (modulator-demodulator), hi-fi

(high fidelity), fro-yo ( frozen jogurt) yнівермаг, держдеп (державний

департамент) In translating they are usually

transformed into word phrases

(cont.) Abbreviation. Blending

Blends are combinations of two or more words in which the sound patterns overlap. Often parts of either or both words are reduced or lost in the blend, though usually the initial components are still recognizable.

brunch = breakfast + lunch, motel = motor + hotel, smog = smoke + fog, Oxbridge=Oxford+Cambridge, Wenglish (Welsh + English)

Аскофен (аспірін+кофеїн)

New blends :vodkatini = vodka + martini (vodka cocktail)wintertainment = winter + entertainmentJapanimation = Japan + animationspork = spoon + forkspooktacular events – Halloween eventsHalloweek – a week of scary eventsCocacolonization = Coca Cola + colonizationProduct names:Gogurt = go +yogurt (‘portable yogurt’)Craisins = cranberry + raisins (‘dried cranberies’)Dijonaise = Dijon + mayonnaise

Initialisms and acronyms

Other forms of shortenings are initialisms (also called alphabetisms)and acronyms, which reduce each component word to its initial letter.

The difference between the two types lies in how the resulting lexeme is pronounced in spoken language.

Initialism- a set of letters pronounced as such and standing for an idea, group, or institution (BBC, for British Broadcasting Corporation)

Initialisms: TV, CD, MP3, MP, CNN, UFO, BYOB - Bring your own beverages/bottle TGIFT

Укр. США, МВФ, НБУ Specifically English – initial abreviation and

complete word combined A-life (artificial life in computers), U-language (upper class English)

Acronym

a set of letters pronounced as a word (NATO, pronounced ‘Nay-toe’, for North Atlantic Treaty Organization

SCUBA Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome UNESCO; BBL, bf, u2, BRB, Hand Укр. СНІД, СОТ, ДАІ The newest: ELF - English as Lingua Franca

Back-formationSometimes speakers of a language will analyze a word as containing affixes where none are present. By removing these assumed affixes a lexeme can be back-formed.

Editor - to edit, babysitter - to babysit This word-formation process can be approached only

diachronically Examples:

editor (1649) edit (1791)

television (1907) televise (1927)

Paramedical (1921) paramedic (1967

Укр. Галасувати =>галас, говорити =>говір

Specific English types of word-formation

Conversion Lexicalisation of (some) grammatical

forms

Conversion

a word class change without any morphological marking

party (noun) -> party (verb)We will be at the partyThey like to party must (verb) -> must (noun)You must eat your soupIt is a must that you call him open (A, V, N) right (A, V, N, Adv) round

(A, V, N, Adv, Prep)

Conversion modelsfrom N to V: to pepper,to shape,to fuel, to shipfrom V to N: fear, laugh, judgefrom Adj to V: to open, to black, to quiet from a closed category (functionals) to notionals: ‘ifs' , 'buts'from phrase compounds to Adj.: down-to-earth languagefrom phrase compounds to V:

dog and pony show - to dog and pony, to have a green thumb - to green thumb, to give a green light - to green light a blue pencil to blue-pencil

Lexicalisation of (some) plural forms

Look up these words in the dictionary

Air - airs (UC pl) Minute - minutes (UC pl) Picture - pictures (UC pl) Damage - damages (UC pl)Add some more on the list

Revise independently: Affixation

E and U prefixes E and U suffixes

Reduplication Accentual Word-formation Semantic change

Mizin T.O. LECTURES IN CONTRASTIVE LEXICOLOGY OF THE ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN LANGUAGES. – Kyiv, 2005.

Мизин Т.О. Курс лекцій з порівняльної лексикології англійської та української мов. Навчальний посібник для студентів III курсу факультету лінгвістики. – Київ, 2005.