Reviewer Sa Psycho

8/10/2019 Reviewer Sa Psycho

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Psychologycome from the Greek words psyche means soul or spirit and logos means the

study. The Science of behavior and mental processes of both humans and animals

BehaviorIn its broader sense includes all types of human activity. It is the reaction of an

individual to a particular environment. The environment exerts influence of

individuals. Influence called stimulus.

StructuralismWilhelm Wundt, The Study of conscious experience. Sensation and Feelings.

Wilhelm WundtFather of experimental psychology.

FunctionalismWilliam James, The study of sensory Stimuli.

William JamesForemost American psychology.

Gestalt psychologyMax Wertheimer, Kurt Kafka, Wolfgang Kohler, The study of the organism

as a Whole.

Max Wertheimersaid it is a mistake to analyze psychological events into pieces, or element

as the structuralists did

PsychoanalysisSigmund Freud, The study of Unconscious. (1856-1939).

BehaviorismJohn Watson, The study of observable behavior.

Biological perspectiveIt state that behavior has a biological basis. The behavior of both

people and animals should be considered in terms of biological

functioning.

Cognitive perspectiveIt focuses on the process that helps people to know, Understand, and

think about the world. It explains how information in the memory is

processed at different stages and how thinking about the world

influences our behavior.

Behavioral perspectiveB.F.Skinner He showed that the consequences of behavior provide th

basic mechanism for predicting and shaping future behavior.

Humanistic perspectiveIt is a psychological approach that suggests that people are in contro

of their lives. This perspective assumes that people are naturally

endowed with the capacity to make decision about their lives and to

control their behavior.


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VariableIs something that undergoes changes.

Independent variableAny factors whose change is expected to affect the event that is being

studied.

Dependent variableThe event that is expected to change when the independent variable is

altered.

Experiment MethodThis enables to infer use-effect relationship with reasonable confidence

Experimental groupA group that is exposed to the independent variable under investigation

Control groupThe group that receive similar treatment except for the critical independent

variable.

Correlation ResearchIt is the research method, which studies the relationship between to ormore variables.

The Survey MethodIt is a method of getting information regarding peoples characteristics

attitudes, opinion or behavior by asking them all the same question.

Case StudyIt is an intensive investigation of one or a few individuals usually with reference t

single psychological phenomena.

Naturalistic ObservationIt is a method used to collect data by observing the overt behavior

an individual.

Behavioral GeneticsStudies of the inheritance related to behavior.

Behavioral NeuroscienceExamine the biological basis of behavior.

Clinical PsychologyDeals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders

Clinical NeuropsychologyUnites the areas of biopsychology and clinical psychology, focusingon the relationship between biological factors and psychological disorder

Cognitive PsychologyFocuses on the study of higher mental process.

Counseling Psychologyfocuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment

problems.

Cross-cultural PsychologyInvestigates the similarities and differences in psychological

functioning in and across various cultures and ethnic groups.


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Developmental PsychologyExamines how people grow and change from the moment of

conception through death.

Educational PsychologyIs connected with teaching and learning process such as relationship

between motivation and school performance.

Environmental PsychologyConsider the relationship between people and their physical

environment.

Evolutionary PsychologyConsider how behavior is influence by our genetic inheritance from

our ancestors.

Experimental PsychologyStudies the process of sensing, perceiving, learning and thinking

about the world.

Forensic PsychologyFocuses on legal issues, such as determining the accuracy of witness

memories.

Health PsychologyExplores the relationship between psychological factors and physical

ailments or disease.

Industrial/Organizational Psychologyis connected with the Psychological of the workplace.

Personality PsychologyFocuses on the consistency in peoples behavior over time and the

traits that differentiate one person from another.

Program EvaluationFocuses on assessing large-scale programs, such as the Head Start

preschool program, to determine whether they are effective in meeting

their goals.

Psychology of WomenFocuses on issues such as discrimination against women and the

causes of violence against women.

School PsychologyIs devoted to counseling children in elementary and secondary schools

who have academic or emotional problems.

Social PsychologyIs the study of how peoples thoughts, feelings and actions are affected by

others.

Central nervous system and Peripheral nervous systemTwo main divisions of nervous

systems.


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Central Nervous System- Brain and spinal cord are the parts of the central nervous system. CN

is encased in bone, the brain by the skull and the spinal cord by the

vertebrae. It is central both because it is physically located as the

core of the nervous system and because it is the core structure

mediating behavior.

Spinal cordmost of the connections between the brain and the rest of the body are done inthis part of the body.

Peripheral Nervous System- All the nerve processes radiating out beyond the brain and spina

cord as well as all the neurons outside the brain and spinal cord.

Sensory Neuronsit connects to the receptors on the bodys surface, internal organs, and

muscles to gather Sensory information for the CNS

Motor Neuronsconvey information from the CNS to move muscles of the face, body and

limbs. It also governs the workings of your bodys internal organs, autonomic

functions, such as the beating of the heart, the contractions of your stomach

and the movement of your diaphragm to inflate and deflate lungs.

SPINAL CORD- It communicates with the sense organs ad muscles below the level of the head

It is a segmented structure, and each segment has on each side both a sensory

nerve and a motor nerve. Each segment of the spinal cord sends sensory

information to the brain and receives motor commands from the brain.

Axons - Many neurons of the spinal cord send axons from the gray matter toward the brain or

to other parts of the spinal cord through the white matter, which is composed mostly o

MYELINATED AXONS.

CEREBRAL CORTEX/ CEREBRUM- Higher order.Thinking, problem solving, speech and languag

CEREBELLUM- A large convoluted protuberance at the back of the brain stem that is essential

for coordinated movement and balance. It looks like a supplementary brain.

HYPOTHALAMUS- A SMALL brain structure that is vital for temperature regulation, emotion,and sexual behavior and motivation. It is for organisms survival thirst,

hunger, aggression, and lust it controls the PITUITARY GLAND. It is the only

place in the brain where CLEAR DIFFERENCES exists between males and

females.

THALAMUS- The gateway to the brain that receives almost all incoming sensory information

before it reaches the cortex. EXCEPT: Sense of smell!it has a direct route to the

cortex, bypassing the thalamus During sleep, the thalamus shuts the gate on

incoming sensations while the brain rests. Plays a role in attention.


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Pituitary GlandRegulate by the hypothalamus

ThyroidMetabolism, weigh, body temperature.

AdrenalAdrenaline, coping stress mood, energy level.

HormonesChemical that circulate throughout our body.

VisionEyesretinacolors/photoceptors.

RodsBlack and white.

ConesRainbow

Olfactorysmell

AuditionEar- vestibular systembalance: left, right.

TasteTaste

TouchPain temperature

SensationPhysical Stimuli

PerceptionPhysical Interpretation

Law of Proximity- The law of proximity states that when an individual perceives an assortmen

of objects they perceive objects that are close to each other as forming a

group.

Law of Similarity- The law of similarity states that elements within an assortment of objects a

perceptually grouped together if they are similar to each other.

Law of Closure- The law of closure states that individuals perceive objects such as shapes,

letters, pictures, etc., as being whole when they are not complete. Specificallywhen parts of a whole picture are missing, our perception fills in the visual ga

Law of SimplicityThe Law of Simplicity indicates that elements are always perceived in the

easiest way possible. Further, simplicity of the whole emphasizes the

importance of striking features.

Top-down processUse experience and prior knowledge to interpret.

Bottom-up processUse individual Stimulus to interpret.


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Industrial/Organizational Psychologyis connected with the Psychological of the workplace.

SynapseGap between Neuron.

Developmental PsychologyExamines how people grow and change from the moment of

conception through death.

BehaviorismJohn Watson, The study of observable behavior.

NeuronCells ability to communicate other cells.

PsycheLiterarily means soul

Endocrine SystemChemical communication, Send Messages.

FunctionalismState of Humans behave survival.

Spinal CordTransmitting message between brain and body.

ReticularInvolved in behavioral arousal cycle.

DopamineLow level of neurotransmitter.

Independent variableAny factors whose change is expected to affect the event that is being

studied.

EndorphinsNatural pain killer.

Pituitary GlandRegulate by Hypothalamus.

The brain and Spinal cord LinkTrue

Peripheral Nervous SystemTwo main division.

Cerebrum considered a little brainFalseCerebellum

Principle of proximity close togetherTrue

DendritesParts of Neurons sends message.

Growth HormonesPituitary gland produces this kind of Hormones.

CerebellumPart of the brain influences balance.

AxonCarrier the message.

TemporalLobe of the brain influences audio.

Top down processWe use our experience to interpret stimuli around us.

OccipitalLobe of the brain influences vision.

Terminal ButtonSends messages.

AcetylcholineInfluences memory.


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Reviewer Sa Psycho