Review of Organic Molecules

1.Carbohydrates2.Lipids3.Proteins4.Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates• Composed of carbon (C),

hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O)

• USUALLY: 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for every carbon atom.

• Example: CH2O, C6H12O6

• Exceptions include carbohydrates that may be one or two oxygen short

• Example: C12H24O11

Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharide: Only one sugar molecule

• Disaccharide: Two sugar molecules bonded together

GLUCOSE

SUCROSE

Carbohydrates• Polysaccharide:

Many sugar molecules bonded together

• Examples:

Starch

Cellulose

Glycogen

What are Polysaccharides Used For?

1. Starch: Plants use starch for food storage

2. Cellulose: Plants use cellulose for structural support for their cell walls.

3. Glycogen: Glycogen is a starch used for long-term energy storage in animal cells.

How are polysaccharides made?

• Think of making a long train

• One train car is called a monomer

• Many train cars linked together is called a polymer

• The action of linking the train cars together is called polymerization

monomer polymer

Polymerization is not just for carbohydrates!

Monomers single molecule, called a SUBUNIT

Polymers monomers linked together

Polymerizationmonomers being linked into polymers carbohydrates, lipids, proteins &

nucleic acids are ALL able to link together and polymerize

Lipids• Mostly Carbon and

Hydrogen, with the possibility of a few Oxygen

• Used for storing energy in fats and oils

• Most common is three fatty acids bonded to molecule of glycerol

Saturated vs. Unsaturated

• Saturated means that all Carbons have single bonds. This makes them straight.

• Unsaturated means there are some double bonds, causing bent angles.

Saturated vs. Unsaturated

Two Saturated Lipid Chains &One Unstaturated Lipid Chain

Polymerization of Amino Acids• Made from of

carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen

• Building blocks of proteins are amino acids

• There are 20 types of amino acids

Only the “R” Group Changes!

Proteins built from Amino Acids

• 8 amino acids are essential because the human body cannot build them, so they must be eaten

• The other 12 amino acids are nonessential because we can build them on our own.

Connecting Amino Acids• Amino acids are bonded into proteins

• Amino acids are connected by peptide bonds

Nucleic Acids• Subunit is called a Nucleotide

• Nucleotides are composed of:

1.Nitrogen Base

2.Ribose Sugar

3.Phosphate Group

Types of Nucleic Acids

Two types of nucleic acids:

RNA: Ribo- Nucleic Acid

DNA: Deoxyribo-Nucleic Acid

Stores and transmits genetic information

SINGLE

HELIX

DOUBLE

HELIX

Testing for Organic Molecules LabPurpose: In this lab you will test different foods to

determine if they have carbohydrates (starch and/or sugar), proteins, and/or lipids.

Materials: Food Products: Raw Meat, Potato, Spinach, Vegetable Oil, Egg White, & Apple Juice Indicators: Benedict’s Solution ( tests sugar), Iodine (tests starch), Paper (tests lipids), and Biuret’s Solution (tests protein).Other: 1 beaker

• Which organic molecules will you investigate for each food item?

• Do you think foods only have one type of organic molecule in them?

• Design a Procedure. • What are the SPECIFIC steps of your

procedure? • Design a Data Table. • What will the data table look like? Remember

observations • Which organic molecule(s) do you predict will

be in each food item?

Testing for Organic Molecules Lab