Carbs, Lipids, & Nucleic Acids

Chapter 5

Carbohydrates

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Carbohydrates

Sugars (Monosaccharides) Monomer of polysaccharide Glucose (Blood Sugar)

Disaccharides 2 Monosaccharide Glycosidic Linkage Sucrose (table sugar) (Gluc-Fruc)

Polymers of sugars (Polysaccharides) Macromolecule Starch, Glycogen - Energy Cellulose, Chitin - Structure

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Animations

05_05Disaccharides_A.swf

05_07Polysaccharides_A.swf

Nucleic Acids

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Nulceotides Nucleic Acid

Nucleic Acid = Polynucleotide (polymer)

Nucleotide = monomer

Nucleotide consists of 3 parts Pentose sugar Phosphate group Nitrogenous base

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Purines & Pyrimidines

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More Animations

Animation-03-01.swf (Nucleic Acids)

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DNA vs. RNA

DNA RNAStrands Double Single

Sugar Deoxyribose(Lacks “O” at 2’ carbon)

Ribose

Nitrogenous Bases C, G, A, & T C, G, A, & U

Progression DNA RNA RNA Protein

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Questions (P1)

What are the 3 components of a nucleotide?

How does a nucleotide differ from a nucleic acid?

How does a nucleotide differ from a nucleoside?

What are 3 structural differences between DNA & RNA?

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Questions (P2)

Which n-base type has 1 ring? 2-rings?

What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?

In DNA, the amount of A = ? Amount of G = ?

In DNA, the amount of purines equals the amount of ____ ?

In DNA, if G = 15% then what is the percent of the other nucleobases?

Lipids

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Lipids are…

Diverse class of molecules

Commonality: Hydrophobic Macromolecules Will they dissolve in water?

NOT Polymers

Fats – Energy storage Phospholipids – Main component of membranes Steroids - Hormones

Cholesterol

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Fats

Constructed from Glycerol + Fatty acids

Ester linkage forms 1 fat from these parts What type of reaction forms an ester linkage?

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Types of Fats

Saturated No double bonds in the fatty acid Animal fats Linked to heart disease Solid at room temperature

Unsaturated At least 1 double bond Plant fats Called oils Liquid at room temperature

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Trans Fats

Do NOT occur naturally Only in Labs

Unsaturated fats are chemically “saturated” with hydrogen atoms Some double bonds FAIL, trans- configuration

Taste really good

Cardiovascular Killers

Food labels & 0% Trans fats Also called Partially Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils

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Trans fatElaidic Acid

Cis fatOleic Acid

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Nutrition FactsServing Size: 1 oz (28g)Amount per ServingCalories 160 Calories from Fat 90

% Daily ValueTotal Fat 10g 22% Saturated Fat 1.5g 7% Trans Fat 0g Cholesterol 0mg 0%Sodium 290mg 13%Total Carbohydrates 15g 5% Fiber 0g 0% Sugar 1g Other Carbohydrates 14g Protein 2g 2%

Enriched Corn Meal (Corn Meal, Ferrous Sulfate, Niacin, Thiamin Mononitrate, Riboflavin, and Folic Acid), Vegetable Oil (Contains One or More of the Following: Corn, Soybean, or Sunflower Oil), Whey, Salt, Cheddar Cheese (Cultured Milk, Salt, Enzymes), Partially Hydrogenated Soybean Oil, Maltodextrin, Disodium Phosphate, Sour Cream (Cultured Cream, Nonfat Milk), Artificial Flavor, Monosodium Glutamate, Lactic Acid, Artificial Colors (Including Yellow 6), and Citric Acid.

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Questions (P1)

What is the difference between the 2 main types of fats?

What is the common feature for all lipids?

What are the 3 main types of lipids?

What are the components of a fat?

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Questions (P2)

Name 3 ways that unsaturated fats differ from saturated fats?

Why are trans fats different that unsaturated fats?

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Phospholipids

Similar to a fat, but only 2 fatty acids Also has a phosphate group

Hydrophilic + Hydrophobic regions

Found in Phospholipid Bilayer of membranes The dual nature of phospholipids = barrier

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Steroids

Considered lipids because they are hydrophobic!!

Consist of 4 fused rings

Cholesterol is a steroid (huh?)

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Questions (P1)

Where would we find phospholipids in an organism?

Name 2 ways that phospholipids are different from fatty acids.

What major type of lipid contains cholesterol?

What is the definition (chemical structure) of a steroid?

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Questions (P2)

Which macromolecules always contain Nitrogen?

Which macromolecules are polymers?

Which macromolecules contain Carbon? Oxygen? Hydrogen?

Which macromolecules are used for energy production?

What is the main use of nucleic acids?