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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
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2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 TRADITIONAL TRAINING TOOLS
According to the Indian Air Force Flight Safety Strategy “Effective training is
the foundation of a professional. If any deficiency in the equipment or personal
capability exists, it must be improved by appropriate training. Needless to mention,
training must be focused and appropriate for ensuring safety”.
The aerospace and defense industry in India is faced with the need to train
maintenance technicians in removal and installation procedures required for
maintenance of aircrafts, helicopters and engines. Some of the aircrafts, helicopters and
engines in operation are as follows:
a. Aircrafts
• Mirage
• Jaguar
• Sea Harrier
• SU-30 MKI
• Dornier
• HJT-36
• MiG 21
• MiG 23
• MiG 27s
• Light Combat Aircraft
• Indian Hawk
b. Helicopters
• Seaking
• Cheetah
• Chetak
• Lancer
• Advanced Light Helicopter
• Light Combat Helicopter
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c. Engine
• AVON Engine
• GARRETT 331 – 5
• Artouste III B
• ORPHEUS 70105
• AL-31 FP Engine
• R25 Engine
• R-29B Engine
This training requires a reduction in the amount of time spent in hands-on
training on real equipment. Moreover in many cases this equipment might be too
delicate for constant use in training and may not be available for every student to
practice.
Some procedures are found to be hazardous and need to be demonstrated to
maintenance personnel without damaging equipment or injuring personnel. These
procedures require continuous practice and where necessary retraining.
The technician is also to be trained in problem solving and decision making
skills. The training should consider technicians widely distributed with various skills and
experience levels.
The Indian aerospace and defense industry in the past have imparted training
using traditional blackboard outlines, physical demonstrations and video (Figure 2.1)
that is limited in their ability to convey information about tasks, procedures and internal
components. “Most of the Computer Based Training currently in use would now be
considered early or old technology. New training technologies need to be developed to
complement or in some cases even replace on-the-job training. Early Computer Based
Training provided a tutorial type instruction but today's students have a greater
expectation for interactive training” says an Indian Air Force Training Command Senior
Maintenance Staff.
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FIGURE 2.1: TRADITIONAL TRAINING TOOLS
In aircraft maintenance colleges, training is mostly being imparted to students
through Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) and Computer Based Training (CBT).
Computer Aided Instruction (CAI)
This training approach is best suited to teaching generic background theory and
specific operating principles. This technology helps the instructor deliver lessons
benefiting from the multimedia capabilities of computers. The instructional content is
provided by the instructor which means that there is more flexibility than with CBT to
cope with Student questions.
Computer Based Training (CBT)
This training approach enables the student to work through training material at
their own pace. It can be designed to present information in different formats and with
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low levels of student interaction. As the computer is providing the instruction in this
case the scope for dealing with student questions is limited. The ability for the student to
progress at their own pace and to revisit topics and the low levels of interaction make
this tool again useful for only teaching generic background theory and specific operating
principles without the need for instructor input.
The process for development of Computer Aided Instruction and Computer Based
Training courseware materials are shown in Figure 2.2 are as follows:
a. Development of lesson definition documents from the data pack supplied by
aircraft, helicopter, engine or equipment manufacturer
b. Design of human machine interface, graphical user interface and style guide
c. Creation of 2D raster and vector graphics, computer generated images, system
schematic diagrams and block diagrams
d. Editing of digital photographs
e. Creation of 3D graphics and editing of digital photos
f. Creation of 2D Vector animations
g. Creation of 3D animations
h. Conversion and editing of video
i. Courseware materials will be provided with audio that includes narrative
scripting and recording, background sounds and special effects
j. Integration of text, graphics, animations, digital photos, video clips, audio with
user-friendly features
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FIGURE 2.2: DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF CAI/CBT COURSEWARE
For development of Computer Aided Instruction and Computer Based Training
courseware materials, designers adopt the ADDIE Model (Figure 2.3) as shown below:
FIGURE 2.3: ADDIE
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Each of the development phases of ADDIE model is explained below:
a. Analysis
This phase will include the study of the data pack that includes engineering
drawings, photos, electronic training notes and instructor guides. During this phase
the multimedia product requirement specification document, project management
plan, configuration management plan and quality plan will be prepared
b. Design
During this phase, the courseware designer will develop human machine
interface, which will include style guide and graphical user interface for the
Computer Aided Instruction and Computer Based Training. The details of which are
given below:
Human Machine Interface (HMI) Design Document
The courseware designer will produce a Human Machine Interface (HMI) design
which includes the Computer Aided Instruction and Computer Based Training
courseware lessons style guides and graphical user interface design documentation
for all courseware lessons and media items at the start of the development process.
The style guide will define the quality of various computer graphics to appear in the
multimedia product courseware lessons, which will be stored in digital form.
These lessons, frames and sub-frames will be developed in a modular format. These
lessons will also allow for progressive build up for complex systems.
The HMI documents will include: -
• User Log on
• Graphical user interfaces
• Style guides for all courseware media items
During the design phase, the designer will develop prototype of multimedia
product lessons containing various media elements and user interface type and
demonstrate it to the representatives of the aircraft/helicopter/engine manufacturer
for acceptance. The design document will also be submitted to representatives of the
aircraft/helicopter/engine manufacturer for approval.
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c. Development
Following activities will be carried out after approval of the human machine
interface: -
• Development of lesson definition documents based on the data pack
supplied by the manufacturer. The lesson definition documents will
contain the following:
o The lesson objectives
o The lesson sequence
o Description of illustrations to be used
o Description of interactions
o Text to appear on the screen
o Script for the narrative
o Other special effect sounds
• Creation of 2D raster and vector graphics
• Creation of 3D graphics and modification of digital photos
• Creation of 2D Vector animations
• Creation of 3D animations
• Audio scripting and recording
• Creation of graphical user interface
• Integration of text, graphics, animations, digital photos, video clips, audio
with user-friendly features
Media Elements for Multimedia Product Courseware Lessons
The designer will develop and maintain media elements for the development of
multimedia product courseware lessons based on mutual agreement between the
designer and manufacturer. The choice of media for specific material within a
module will be based on the best instructional method for teaching as agreed with the
manufacturer.
During development of graphical media elements, color schemes of the real
aircraft including internal and external views are incorporated. Block diagrams of
complex systems are presented in hierarchical manner, descending from a top-level
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concept to details of individual elements of the system. The designer will produce
instructor narrative audio for courseware lessons. The designer produces and
maintains an integrated common media source repository for all media items. On
completion of each multimedia product courseware, the designer will deliver the
media elements on a media like CD to the manufacturer.
d. Implementation
CAI/CBT Production & Delivery of BETA version
The designer will deliver a BETA version for each CAI and CAT courseware
lesson to the manufacturer on media like CD-ROM with a Software Release Note
(SRN) for review and acceptance by the manufacturer. The designer will provide the
necessary installation instructions for the beta version courseware lesson.
Review of BETA Multimedia Product courseware lessons
The designer will establish and agree a format for review of the BETA CAI/CBT
courseware lessons. The designer will review comments received from the
manufacturer and will provide a response identifying the rectification action to be
carried out.
Rework to ‘BETA’ Version
Rework to the BETA version in accordance with the BETA review comments
will be carried out. The reworked BETA version will become the "final" version of
the CAI/CBT courseware lesson. The designer will deliver the “final" version of
each courseware lesson to the manufacturer on media like CD together with a
Software Release Note (SRN) for review and acceptance by the manufacturer.
e. Evaluation
During this phase the courseware lesson will be evaluated for the implementation
of refinements documented during the implementation phase.
Final item review
The manufacturer will undertake a review of the "final" items and confirm their
completeness and suitability. In the event that defects or errors which have
previously been commented upon against the original BETA version of the
CAI/CBT courseware lesson has not been rectified to the satisfaction of the
manufacturer, then manufacturer will re-issue a comments proforma. In the case of a
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rejection by the manufacturer through the re-issue of a comments proforma then the
designer will rework the item.
In the event that new defects or errors are discovered which have been caused by
the designer’s update to the original BETA reversion then the manufacturer will re-
issue a comments proforma. In this case also the designer will rework the CAI/CBT
courseware lesson. Rework will be carried out according to the BETA version
process described under the implementation phase above.
The following table shows how maintenance engineers are currently being
trained in aircraft, helicopter and engine maintenance and are listed in Table 2.1.
TABLE 2.1
TRADITIONAL TRAINING TOOLS USAGE
Aircraft /
Helicopter/Engine
Traditional Training Tools
Physical Mockups Video Computer Based
Training /
Computer Aided
Instruction
Kiran Aircraft Yes No No
Jaguar Aircraft Yes Yes Yes
Sea Harrier Aircraft Yes Yes Yes
Mirage Aircraft Yes Yes Yes
SU-30 MKI Aircraft No No Yes
Dornier Aircraft No Yes No
MiG 21 No Yes Yes
MiG 23 No Yes Yes
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MiG 27s No Yes Yes
Seaking Helicopter Yes No Yes
Cheetah Helicopter No Yes No
Chetak Helicopter No Yes No
Lancer Helicopter No Yes No
Advanced Light
Helicopter
No Yes Yes
AVON Engine No No Yes
GARRETT 331 – 5
Engine
No No Yes
Artouste III B Engine No No Yes
ORPHEUS 70105
Engine
No No Yes
AL-31 FP Engine No No Yes
R25 Engine No No Yes
R-29B Engine No No Yes
The process of creating Computer Based Training (CBT) and Computer Aided
Instruction (CAI) materials for training engineers on aircraft maintenance involves
the use of numerous multimedia softwares. These softwares are expensive and the
courseware designer needs to be skilled with the application of these softwares to
create Computer Based Training (CBT) and Computer Aided Instruction (CAI)
training materials. Some of these softwares are listed in the next page.
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a. Adobe Flash
Adobe Flash movies are graphics, text, animation, and applications for Web sites.
They consist primarily of vector graphics, but they can also contain imported video,
bitmap graphics, and sounds. Flash movies can incorporate interactivity to permit input
from viewers, and you can create nonlinear movies that can interact with other Web
applications [ADO].
Web designers use Flash to create navigation controls, animated logos, long-form
animations with synchronized sound, and even complete, sensory-rich Web sites. Flash
movies use compact vector graphics, so they download rapidly and scale to the viewer's
screen size.
b. Sound Forge
Sound Forge is a digital audio editor that includes a powerful set of audio
processes, tools, and effects for recording and manipulating audio [SON]. This industry-
standard application is the professional's choice for audio editing, audio recording,
effects processing, streaming content creation, and more. With its intuitive interface and
streamlined editing environment, no other software program provides you with the
extensive professional capabilities that Sound Forge software does for editing and
mastering audio.
Sound Forge software provides the ultimate set of tools for recording
professional audio. Record straight into your computer via your sound card and use the
new record timer to begin and end a session at a specific time and date. Apply over 40
professional studio effects and processes that include over 200 presets. New effects
include Volume, Pan, Delay, Chorus and more. Use the Acoustic Mirror™ plug-in to
apply different environments to your audio including concert halls, caves, stairways,
outdoors, even process your audio through modern and classic microphones.
Sound Forge software supports multiple file formats in the same workspace
without the need for conversion. Open and edit WMA, WMV, WAV, MOV, AVI, PCA
AIF, MP3 and many others. The Sound Forge application has support for various video
formats, including AVI, WMV, and MPEG-1 and MPEG-2*. Synchronize audio and
video frame by frame to produce professional multimedia productions. Open and edit
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24fps DV files, including footage shot with 24p cameras in its original form without
introducing interlaced frames.
c. Adobe Premiere
Adobe Premiere Software brings the world of digital movie making to the
desktop. Premiere lets you record, create, and play video programs using video, sound,
animations, photographs, drawings, text, and other material on your windows computer
[ADO].
You can play movies created in premiere in any application that supports the
Apple Quick Time format or (in Windows only) the DirectShow format, or you can
output video programs in a number of ways, including to videotape, to an Edit Decision
List (EDL), or to MPEG or Animated GIF format.
d. Adobe Photoshop
Adobe Photoshop is a photo retouching, image editing, and color painting
software. This program offers you the tools you need to get professional quality results
and excels as an art production tool, whether you are a graphics producer who needs to
merge and edit color images, a photographer who wants to retouch proofs, a
photographer who wants to retouch proofs, or a graphic designer who is creating original
or composite artwork, collages, or photomontages for print or on the web [ADO].
Photoshop is equally useful to printers and service bureaus that want to generate
color separations, to animators who want to colorize images and produce audio-visual
materials quickly, and to artists who want to create new artwork using the latest media
and tools.
e. Adobe Illustrator
Adobe Illustrator is a comprehensive vector-based drawing program that makes it
easy to create professional artwork-from simple logos to intricate technical illustrations.
Adobe Illustrator provides tools and effects that let you work efficiently to
produce high – quality graphics. You can also deliver your artwork to a service bureau
for printing or publishing your document to the Internet [ADO].
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f. 3D Studio Max
3D Studio Max delivers advanced tools for character animation, next-generation
game development, and visual effects production. Numerous key feature additions and
architectural enhancements make 3D Studio Max an ideal tool for the 3D animation
industry [AUT].
A highly tuned animation system allows artists to bring their ideas to life with the
most advanced tools for modeling and animating characters. State-of-the-art interactive
graphics, approachable extensibility, next-generation modeling tools, and truly open
architecture make 3D Studio Max the premiere 3D content creation tool for next-
generation game development, such as Microsoft®'s Xbox and Sony Playstation® 2
platforms.
An interactive and photo-realistic ActiveShade render engine, customizable and
production-proven network rendering system, and tight post-production integration with
combustion™ — Discreet's desktop 3D compositing software makes 3D Studio Max the
most efficient and productive tool for film and television visual effects.
g. Camtasia Studio
Camtasia Studio is the complete professional solution for recording, editing and
sharing high-quality screen video on the Web, CD-ROM and portable media players,
including iPod [TEC].
Easily record your screen, PowerPoint, multiple audio tracks, and webcam video
to create compelling training videos, screencasts, and presentations without ever leaving
your desk. With the power of interactive Camtasia Studio videos, you can deliver high-
quality content anytime, to even your most remote audience.
h. SnagIt Screen Capture and Sharing
There are times when sharing exactly what you see on your screen is the quickest
and clearest way to communicate. Using SnagIt, you can capture anything on your
screen, then easily add text, arrows, or effects, and save the capture to a file or share it
immediately by e-mail or instant messenger [TEC].
i. VR Worx
Allows you to create cylindrical panoramic movies, object movies and multi-
node scenes (a.k.a. virtual tours), all in the QuickTime format, easier and faster than
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ever. It has the ability to create object movies with a panoramic movie as a moving
background and has the capacity for transitions within a multi-node scene, like standard
wipes, dissolves, explodes, and others, as well as actual linear video as a transition
[VRT].
A case study to find out the effort spent using video as a means of training was
carried out on the following installations:
• Hydraulic Pump
• Hydraulic Reservoir
• High Pressure Filter
• Anti-Skid Control Valve
• Quick Disconnect Coupling Suction
The time spent training a trainee on the above installations using video clips was
captured along with the actual time spent by this trainee performing the above
installations in Table 2.2.
TABLE 2.2
TRAINING USING VIDEO CLIPS
Installation Training Time (Minutes) Installation Time (Minutes)
Hydraulic Pump 180 30
Hydraulic Reservoir 270 60
High Pressure Filter 180 45
Anti-Skid Control Valve 150 45
Quick Disconnect
Coupling Suction
135 30
It was observed that the trainee found it difficult to perform these installations
and the time spent by the trainee performing these installations was too much and the
trainee needed to be given further on the job training on these installations resulting in
an additional training cost.
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2.2 TRADITIONAL PUBLISHING TOOLS
Secondly aircraft and defense industry is faced continuously with a challenge to
manage information and publishing requirements. These documents particularly in this
industry are generally of a large size and need to be regularly updated. Since this
information is used to assist maintenance engineers in understanding the aircraft
description, maintenance and operation, it is mandatory to ensure that this information is
easily available and technically correct. A single aircraft maintenance manual can even
exceed 40,000 pages (Figure 2.4). Content is constantly being revised to represent new
configurations of aircrafts, enhancements in technical procedures and changes in
engineering practices. This requires documents to be updated and reissued every 120
days. Moreover this information needs to be delivered to a wide range of customers in
different output forms like paper, microfilm, digital interchange formats and CD-ROM.
FIGURE 2.4: AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE MANUAL
Since the advent of desktop publishing tools and word processing software for
creation of technical publications, processes have been labor intensive resulting in long
publication development life cycles. Each time a document is created or updated
formatting has to be applied manually. Moreover preparing documents for print or web
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requires complete reformatting. There is a tendency for authors to recreate content
instead of reusing it resulting in an increase in both time and cost. This results in authors
updating and reformatting every instance of information that is repeated. This imposes a
burden on authors and prevents them from frequent updating of information. Moreover
inconsistencies in structure of information across similar documents make the content
difficult for maintenance engineers to understand and update. Some of the commonly
used aircraft technical publications are as follows:
• Aircraft Maintenance Manual
• Component Maintenance Manual
• Illustrated Parts Catalogue
• Description and Operation Manual
• Flight Manual
• Flight Reference Cards
• Consumable Products Manual
• Master Servicing Schedules
• Storage and Preservation Manual
• Structural Repair Manual
• Schedule of Equipment (SOE)
• Wiring Diagram Manual
• Component Replacement List
• Non Destructive Testing Manual
• Power Plant Manual
• Engine Illustrated Parts Catalog
• Equipment Manual
• Engine Repair and Overhaul Manual
• Ground Support Equipment Manual
• Pilot’s Notes
• Weight & Balance Manual
• TTGE
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A study was carried out to find out which traditional technical publication tools
are currently being used in aircraft, helicopter and engine technical publications and are
listed in Table 2.3.
TABLE 2.3
TRADITIONAL PUBLISHING TOOLS
Aircraft / Helicopter/Engine Traditional Publishing Tools
Adobe
PageMaker
Microsoft Word AutoCAD
Kiran Aircraft No Yes Yes
Jaguar Aircraft No Yes Yes
Sea Harrier Aircraft No Yes Yes
Mirage Aircraft No Yes Yes
SU-30 MKI Aircraft No Yes Yes
Dornier Aircraft No Yes Yes
MiG 21 Aircraft No Yes Yes
MiG 23 Aircraft No Yes Yes
MiG 27s Aircraft No Yes Yes
Seaking Helicopter Yes No Yes
Cheetah Helicopter Yes No Yes
Chetak Helicopter Yes No Yes
Lancer Helicopter Yes No Yes
Advanced Light Helicopter Yes No Yes
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AVON Engine No Yes Yes
GARRETT 331 – 5 Engine No Yes Yes
Artouste III B Engine No Yes Yes
ORPHEUS 70105 Engine No Yes Yes
AL-31 FP Engine No Yes Yes
R25 Engine No Yes Yes
R-29B Engine No Yes Yes
A case study was performed on the technical publications department of a fighter
aircraft manufacturer who was faced with the responsibility of maintaining the technical
publications of a fighter aircraft. These technical publications at present were being
composed in Microsoft Word with illustrations in AutoCAD.
The effort for initial composition, reformatting and finalization of Flight Manual
and Flight Reference Cards comprising of 825 pages along with schedule of completion
and defect rate were captured in Table 2.4.
TABLE 2.4
TRADITIONAL PUBLISHING – FIGHTER AIRCRAFT
Microsoft Word and AutoCAD
Effort for initial composition of
825 pages
236 man-hours
Effort for reformatting and
finalization of 825 pages
142 man-hours
Schedule of completion and
delivery of 825 pages
58 man-days
Defect Rate 1 in 47 pages
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From the above data it was conclusive that authors were recreating content
instead of reusing it resulting in an increase in effort spent in creation, formatting and
finalization of content. Each time a document was updated, formatting had to be applied
manually to every instance of information leading to delayed schedules and a higher
number of defects. Although there was a need to issue these updated publications to the
maintenance engineers on the field, an increased effort, schedule and defect resulted in
delays.
Another case study was performed on the technical publications department of a
helicopter production company who was faced with the responsibility of maintaining the
technical publications of a civil helicopter. These technical publications at present were
in hardcopy supplied by the helicopter Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM). These
publications were converted into Microsoft Word and AutoCAD for any required
updating.
The effort for conversion, reformatting and finalization of Maintenance Manual,
Illustrated Parts Catalogue and Description and Operation Manual comprising of 3050
pages along with schedule of completion and defect rate were captured in Table 2.5.
TABLE 2.5
TRADITIONAL PUBLISHING – CIVIL HELICOPTER
Microsoft Word and AutoCAD
Effort for initial composition of
3050 pages from hardcopy
763 man-hours
Effort for reformatting and
finalization of 3050 pages
458 man-hours
Schedule of completion and
delivery of 3050 pages
114 man-days
Defect Rate 1 in 33 pages
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Again from the above data it was conclusive that authors were spending effort in
recreation and reformatting of content. Each time a document was updated formatting
was applied manually to every instance of information leading to delayed schedules and
a higher number of defects in these documents.
2.3 INFORMATION ACCESSIBILITY
An aircraft is required to be maintained in airworthy condition. During
maintenance of aircrafts, a maintenance engineer is often required to refer publications
for maintenance procedures. These publications are at present are paper-based
consuming time to access the relevant information. In Figure 2.5, a structural mechanic
refers to paper-based technical publications before using a hydraulic test stand to
troubleshoot a landing gear control valve in the aviation hydraulic shop.
FIGURE 2.5: PAPER-BASED TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS
A study was carried out to find out which format of technical publications are
currently being used in aircraft, helicopter and engine maintenance and are listed in
Table 2.6.
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TABLE 2.6
PAPER-BASED TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS
Aircraft / Helicopter/Engine Paper-Based Technical Publications
Kiran Aircraft Yes
Jaguar Aircraft Yes
Sea Harrier Aircraft Yes
Mirage Aircraft Yes
SU-30 MKI Aircraft Yes
Dornier Aircraft Yes
MiG 21 Aircraft Yes
MiG 23 Aircraft Yes
MiG 27s Aircraft Yes
Seaking Helicopter Yes
Cheetah Helicopter Yes
Chetak Helicopter Yes
Lancer Helicopter Yes
Advanced Light Helicopter Yes
AVON Engine Yes
GARRETT 331 – 5 Engine Yes
Artouste III B Engine Yes
ORPHEUS 70105 Engine Yes
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AL-31 FP Engine Yes
R25 Engine Yes
R-29B Engine Yes
A case study on a military helicopter for correct identification of causes of faults,
time spent in troubleshooting and number of errors committed when performing
removals and replacements were recorded using the following paper-based publications:
• Description and Operation
• Maintenance Manual
• Fault Isolation Manual
• Airplane Illustrated Parts Catalog
Correct identification of causes of faults, time spent in troubleshooting and
number of errors committed when performing removals and replacements on a military
helicopter using paper-based publications were captured in Table 2.7.
TABLE 2.7
FAULT IDENTIFICATION AND TROUBLESHOOTING –
MILITARY HELICOPTER
Paper-Based Publications
Correct identification of causes of 12
problems (faults)
7
Time spent in hours solving the 12
problems (troubleshooting)
82
Number of errors committed when
performing 38 removals and 12
replacements
14
The above data shows that since the maintenance engineer has to refer to several
technical publications in hardcopy and all information is not easily accessible, it leads to
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incorrect identification of causes to faults, increased effort in troubleshooting and errors
being committed when performing removals and replacements.
Another case study on a transport aircraft for correct identification of causes of
faults, time spent in troubleshooting and number of errors committed when performing
removals and replacements were recorded using the following paper-based technical
publications:
• Maintenance Manual
• Fault Isolation Manual
• Airplane Illustrated Parts Catalog
Data captured on correct identification of causes of faults, time spent in
troubleshooting and number of errors committed when performing removals and
replacements on a transport aircraft were captured in Table 2.8.
TABLE 2.8
FAULT IDENTIFICATION AND TROUBLESHOOTING –
TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT
Paper-Based Technical Publications
Correct identification of causes of
9 problems (faults)
5
Time spent in hours solving the 9
problems (troubleshooting)
58
Number of errors encountered
when performing 16 removals and
4 replacements
8
Again the above data shows that the lack of easy accessibility to the required
information resulted in the maintenance engineers performing incorrect identification of
causes to faults, increased effort in troubleshooting and errors being committed when
performing removals and replacements.
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2.4 ILLUSTRATED PARTS CATALOGUE
An Illustrated Parts Catalogue (IPC) is used to assist maintenance personnel in
the identification, requisitioning, storing & issuing of parts for all types of aircraft
systems. Illustrations are given on the left hand side of the catalogue and the pages are
evenly numbered as shown in Figure 2.6.
FIGURE 2.6: ILLUSTRATED PARTS CATALOGUE OF HP FILTER
The parts constituting the assembly illustrated are given in a tabular form on the
right hand side of the catalogue and the pages are odd numbered (Figure 2.4). The
details entered in tabular form are as follows:
• The part number column shows the manufacturer’s part number (or the
standard number)
• The nomenclature column gives the name of each part
• The quantity per assembly column indicates the quantity of a part
required for the illustrated assembly
An Illustrated Parts Catalogue is organized into chapters that deal with different
aircraft systems. Within these chapters are sections and within these sections are
subjects. A subject consists of figures and their associated parts.
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Today these Illustrated Parts Catalogues used by maintenance engineers are in
hardcopy resulting in a lot of time and difficulty spent on identification of assemblies
and their parts even resulting in incorrect identification and requisition of assemblies and
their parts. A study was carried out to find out which format of Illustrated parts
Catalogue are currently being used in aircraft, helicopter and engine part identification
and requisition and are listed in the following Table 2.9.
TABLE 2.9
PAPER-BASED ILLUSTRATED PARTS CATALOGUE
Aircraft / Helicopter/Engine Paper-Based Illustrated Parts Catalogue
Kiran Aircraft Yes
Jaguar Aircraft Yes
Sea Harrier Aircraft Yes
Mirage Aircraft Yes
SU-30 MKI Aircraft Yes
Dornier Aircraft Yes
MiG 21 Aircraft Yes
MiG 23 Aircraft Yes
MiG 27s Aircraft Yes
Seaking Helicopter Yes
Cheetah Helicopter Yes
Chetak Helicopter Yes
Lancer Helicopter Yes
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Advanced Light Helicopter Yes
AVON Engine Yes
GARRETT 331 – 5 Engine Yes
Artouste III B Engine Yes
ORPHEUS 70105 Engine Yes
AL-31 FP Engine Yes
R25 Engine Yes
R-29B Engine Yes
A case study was carried to find out the time taken for identification and
requisition of the following assemblies and their parts on an aircraft using a paper-based
Illustrated Parts Catalogue
• Brake Control Valve-2
• Anti-Skid Control Unit
• Emergency Oxygen Unit and Cylinders of Oxygen Unit
• Cabin Sealing
• Windscreen
The time spent in identification of assemblies and their parts using a paper-based
Illustrated Parts Catalogue was captured in Table 2.10.
TABLE 2.10
ASSEMBLY AND PARTS IDENTIFICATION
Paper-Based Illustrated Parts Catalogue
(Minutes)
Brake Control Valve-2 35 minutes
Anti-Skid Control Unit 29 minutes
Emergency Oxygen Unit and 33 minutes
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40
Cylinders of Oxygen Unit
Cabin Sealing 28 minutes
Windscreen 30 minutes
From the above data, it is clear that a maintenance engineer spends more time
when using a paper-based Illustrated Parts Catalogue since assemblies and their parts are
not easily identifiable for requisition resulting in delays in requisition of critical
assemblies and their parts.
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