Review Guide Flashcards AP European History #2 (French Phase-Reforms of the National Assembly)

7/21/2019 Review Guide Flashcards AP European History #2 (French Phase-Reforms of the National Assembly)

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French Phase (1635-1648)

Fearing any unification in the Germany's, Francejoined with the protestant forces and brought an

end to the conflict.; This demonstrated thatreligion was now a secondary consideration

compared to politics. Germany was destroyed bythe years of war. 1/3 of the population of

Germany perished.

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The division of Germany was complete. Princeshad independent authority and France and

intervened at will in German affairs. TheHabsburg's Holy Roman Empire would never

recover and the Habsburgs would refocus theirattention on their empire of Bohemia, the

Hereditary Provinces (Austria) and Hungary.

The Great European Witch HuntReligious struggle raised the belief in evil

witches. In a male dominated society, misogynywas a problem.

Montainge Advanced the idea of skepticism. Wrote Essaysand promoted open-mindedness and tolerance.

Baroque

A style of art and music promoted by the Catholic church as part of theircounter-reformation. Art was emotional, exuberant and intended to appeal to

the senses and rekindle faith. Painting depicted dramatic events in largerthan life scale. Also, there was the dramatic use of light and dark. In

architecture, Baroque was represesnted by sweeping and swirling motionwith lots of ins and outs. Music also demonstrated dramatic movement up

and down the scale with many in and out moments.

Absolutism

Sovereignty resides in the kings. Kings were theultimate authority. This was supported by the

Divine Right of Kings theory which promoted theidea that kings were responsible only to God.

Absolute kings regulated everything and soughtalways to dominate the nobility and clergy.


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Cardinal Richelieu

Regent the Louis XIII. Subordinated all groupsand institutions to the monarchy. Crushed the

Huguenot Revolt of 1625 and destroyed fortifiedcities and defeated the private armies of nobility.Joined with Sweden during the final phase of the

Thirty Years' War.

French FinancesAlways the weakest part of the government.Kings continued to refused to tax the nobility.

MazarinRegent to Louis XIV. Continued the centralizing

policies of Richelieu and put down andaristocratic uprising called the fronde.

Louis XIV

The Grand Monarch or Sun King. Longest sitting king inhistory. Divine rightist who revoked the Edict of Nantes

because it required toleration of heretics. Built up the courtat Versailles and eventually moved the entire governmentthere in order to overall weaken his opponents. Ruled the

use of intendants who represented him to the people.

French ClassicalismA return to the classical styles of Greece and

Rome. Many mythological themes.

The War of Devolution

One of Louis' wars. Fought over the control of the SpanishNetherlands. Luis assumed that since he was married to the

sister of the king of Spain, that he would inherit theNetherlands. He couldn't wait fot eh death of Charles II andmarched troops into what is now Belgium. He was opposed

by William II of Orange, Stadtholder to Holland.


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PuritansEnglish Calvinists who opposed even the

appearance of Catholicism. Hard working andthrifty, they dominated parliament.

Charles I

Tried to bring absolutism to England by attemptsto control parliament. His quarrels with

parliament led to civil war. His attempts to bringforeign help to his side would lead to his

execution after his defeat.

Archbishop Laud

Attempted to force the Common Book of Prayeron Scotland, leading to a revolt there. His

pro-Catholic appearance made him an enemy ofparliament.

Oliver Cromwell

Puritan leader of parliament. Led the forces ofparliament in a successful civil war against the

crown. Ruled England under the governmentname of "the Protectorate" which was actually amilitary dictatorship. Known as Lord Protector of

England.

Instrument of Government England's only written constitution.

The CommonwealthA government without a king with power resting

in Parliament.


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The Restoration (1660)

With the death of Cromwell, parliament invitedthe return of the Stuart kings. Charles II, a

brother to Charles I, was careful not to provokeparliament.

Test ActRequired all who held government office to be

members of the Anglican Church.

CabalA council of five men who served as advisors to

the king and members of parliament. Theforerunner of the modern cabinet system.

James II

Was a Catholic and ignored the test act byappointing Catholics to office. Defeated at theBattle of the River Boyne, James fled again to

France. Mary Stuart ot Mary II (James' daughter,but a protestant) was invited along with her

husband. William III of Orange to replace herfather. Later died of smallpox.

William III of OrangeStadholder of Holland and husband to Mary

Stuart. Accepted the invitation to become king ofEngland and become William I of England.

Glorious Revolution

Event including the ousting of James II and theinstallation of William and Mary as monarchs of

England. Established parliament as theundisputed head of government in England.


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The Bill of Rights of 1689Guaranteed the rights of parliament to make

laws for England.

John LockeGovernments are established to protect thenatural rights of citizens. He identified these

rights as "life, liberty, and property."

SefdomHereditary subjection. Serfs belonged to the landon which they labored and could not leave. Serfs

were bought and sold with the land.

Robot Days of labor during which serfs could berequired to work without pay.

Suleman the Magnificent

Sultan of the Ottoman Turls who fought Austriafor control of Hangay. Besieged Vienna but was

defeated. This started the decline of the OttomanEmpire.

Prince Eugene of Savoy

A French international who reformed andmodernized the armies of Austria. The father ofmodern Austria who broke the Turkish seige of

Vienna.


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Pragmatic SanctionA declaration that the various possessions of

Austria never be divided.

Maygyar The ethnic identity of the Hungarians.

Hohenzollern Family Royal family of Brandonburg and later of Prussia.

Frederick William (The Great Elector) Buolt Brandenburg/Prussia into a strone stae.

Frederick IBuilt up the military of Prussia unto the finwstarmy in Europe. Developed the Junkers into a

military rule.

Frederick William I

The Soldiers King. Doubled the size of Prussia'sarmy and modernized it. Built up a reserve of

money to be used in the event of war. Harsh andcruel father but beloved by his army. Carefully

kept his trops out of combat.


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Junkers Prussian Nobility

Mongols

Nomadic tribesmen from Asia who gained controlof the Russians in the thirteenth century. RuledRussia by using Russian nobility to do their tax

collections.

Princes of MoscowServants of the Mongols who used their wealth

to strengthen their positions.

Ivan III (The Great) Broke with the Mongols.

TsarMeans Caesar and is the word for the leader of

Russia.

Boyar Russian Nobility


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Ivan the Terrible Expanded Muscovy and weakened the boyar.

CossacksThose who fled to the countryside to get away

from Ivan. Over time proved troublesome to theTsars of Russia.

Time of Troubles (1598-1613)With no heir to the throne, civil war broke out,Poland and Sweden invaded, and Cossack's

slaughtered the rural nobility.

Michael Romanov Elected by the nobility and restored tsaristsautocracy.

Old BelieversOpposed changes in the Bible and opposed and

increasing control in the state had over theRussian Orthodox church

Peter the Great

Forced the westernization of Russia. Sought toexpand westward at the expense of Sweden.Modernized the Russian army and navy andgained access to the Baltic Sea and began

construction of a great city (St. Petersburg) onthe Baltic.


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Royal Cities

Rulers throughout Europe built or rebuilt cities inthe Baroque style. This included broad, straight

boulevards, houses built in uniform style andlone, parks, canals and streetlights with each

separate social group assigned to live indifference sections of the city.

Aristotelian-Medieval view of teh universeGeocentric with the planets and stars fixed to ten

crystalline orbs. Beyond the spheres washeaven.

Copernican hypothesis Heliocentric or centered.

Tycho Brahe Built and observatory and collected vast amountsof data.

John KeplerFormulated the laws of planetary motion by

eliminating the idea of crystal orbs andexplaining the elliptical orbits of the planets.

Galileo

Used the experimental method to formulate thelaws of motion. Used the telescope to discover

the mass and form of the planets and sin.Charged by the Inquisition of heresy, he

recanted his views on the universe.


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Newton

Used mathematical laws to integrate theastronomy of Copernicus and Kepler with the

physics of Galileo. Theory of universalgravitation.

The Enlightenment

The fifty year period preceding the French Revolution inwhich new ideas linked the scientific revolution a a new

view of the world. New ideas included: Natural science andreason can explain all aspects of life. The scientific method

can explain the laws of human society. Progress--thecreation of better societies and better people--is possible.

FontenelleStressed the idea of progress and doubtedabsolute truth as represented by organized

religion.

Bayle

Wrote, "Thoughts on Comets" and other essays

demonstrating the tendency of people to overbelieve.

Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingJohn Locke insisted that all ideas drive from

experience and humans at birth are like a clanktablet (tabula rosa)

PhilisophesPublicized the thoughts of the enlightenment forthe benefit of the common man. Ideas centered

on the carious aspects of Liberty.


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MontesquieuA philosopher with the idea of separation of

powers.

Voltaire

Philosopher. Opposed intolerance of any kindand suggested that eh chief proponent of

intolerance was organized religion. Promotedthat idea of freedom of thought as expressed in

the arts and letters. Most popular of Frenchphilosophers because of his wit and sarcasm.

Diderot and d'AlembertEdited Edited the Encyclopedia, in an attempt to

examine all human knowledge.

Rousseau

Of lower class origin, he attacked rationalism and

civilization. Argued the children must developnaturally, and in the Social Contract, argued thegeneral will of the people is sacred and absolute.

Literacy ExplosionPeople sought to become literate in order to

keep up with all of the new learning of the period.Emphasis on individual and private reading.

SalonsClubs formed for the purpose of sharting the newideas of the day. Often presided over by women.


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Enlightenment and AbsolutismMany philosophers felt the change must comefrom above. A general distrust of the masses.

Enlightened DespotsLeaders of nations who sought to reform their

nations in offer to further strengthen them.Differed from earlier rulers in attitude and tempo.

Frederick II (The Great)

Seized Silesia from Austria in the War of the AustrianSuccession (1740-1748) and defended Prussia from

Austria, France and Russia in the 7 years' war.(1756-1763). Promoted religious toleration, promoted

education, legal reform and economic growth but made noattempt to reform Prussia's social structure which provided

the army with officers from the junker class and infantry.

Catherine II (The Great)

Wanted to introduce enlightened reforms toRussia but reversed this trend because of the

great serf uprising lead by Pugachev. Following

her victory, she clamped down on serfdom asnever before. Embarked on a program of

territorial expansion and, along with Austria andPrussia, divided up Poland.

Maria Theresa

Launched the Seven Years' War against Prussia in anattempt to regain Silesia. Ruled wisely through a carefullyselected bureaucracy, reduced the power of the church,

revised the tax system, and reduced the power of thearistocracy over the serfs. Never promoted the idea of

religious toleration and therefore fell short of the definition of

enlightened despot.

Joseph II

Son of Maria Theresa. Was the definition of an enlighteneddespot. Ordered absolute toleration of all religions, taxed allequally, demanded equality in the judicial system, reducedthe severity of punishment for crimes, taxed the church andbuilt schools and hospitals with the money, allowed freedomof the press, and created a secret police force to insure that

his reforms were enacted. Was opposed by all for hisreforms and they did not last past his death.


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Crop rotation

By alternating certain crops that replaced nitrogen into thesoil, the fallow fields could be put into production. This

increased crop production by about 1/3. This meant morefood for people and fodder for animals which increased the

supplt of animal fertilizer and the number of animalsavailable for work on the farms.

Enclosure

Crop rotation required that the fields be fenced orenclosed. The common lands were also

enclosed at this time. The process was slow butthe result was increased yield per acre and a

significant increase in the food supply.

Low countriesName often given to the Netherlands and

Belgium, leaders in intensive agriculture and landreclamation.

Vermuyden Dutch reclamation engineer who helped Englanddrain swamps and marshes.

TownsendAdvocated the cultivation of turnips as a meansto rejuvenate the soil while providing nutrition for

a growing population.

Jethro Tull Advocate for the use of horses and see drills.


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Population Explosion

A dramatic reduction in the death rate do to thedisappearance of the plague and an increase in

the amount of food led to a sharp increase inpopulation.

Cottage IndustryThe rural poor took to manufacturing in order tosupplement income. They worked in the home

and produced items for sale.

Putting out system

Early cottage industry system that called for anentrepreneur or enterprising businessman to

invest in several looms and numerous spinningwheels to take our to the cottages and set up amanufacturing operation. He would supply the

raw materials and pick up the finished products.This system worked best in cloth manufacturing.

"Holy Monday"

Workers in the putting out system usually took

Monday off and worked hard and fast the rest ofthe week to meet their quota.

Mercantilism

Economic regulations aimed at increasing thepower of the state, particularly by creating a

favorable balance of trade. Export more than youimport, especially finished products. Import onlythe raw materials that you must. Collect colonies

to provide captive sources of resources andcaptive markets.

Navigation Acts

Required that all goods traded with England becarried on British ships. Aimed particularly at the

Dutch, who's chief economy was oceantransport.


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Foundling Hospitals

One remedy for the abandonment of children butinsufficient due to the large numbers involved.

Some hospitals took in as many as 25,000children. Mortality rates at around 50%.

ReusseauHis call for reform and love and understanding of

children led to revolutionary changes.

Popular EducationEducation of all children, regardless of class.

Prussia under Frederick II led the way inuniversal education.

Diet and Health

The poor ate mostly grains and vegetables and

therefore ate a more balanced diet than did therich. The wealthy ate food that were too rich,mostly red meats and wine.

Montague and JennerPioneers in the field of immunology. Developed

inoculations for smallpox.

John WesleyFounded Methodism which rejected

predestination and stressed salvation by faith.


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Liberty

In the 18th century, meant human rights andfreedoms and the sovereignty of the people.Citizen's rights only limited by the rights of

others.

Liberalism

Attractive to the prosperous, wee-educatedelites, was founded in the Enlightenment's

concern for freedom and legal equality. Favoredparliaments and constitutions and economic

policies based on Adam Smith's free-enterprise.

The Old RegimeReference to the French political system prior to

1789

The Three Estates

Out-dated and unfair social and political division

that led to great dissatisfaction especially amongthose without privilege.

The First Estate 100,000 members of the Clergy

The Second Estate400,000 members of the noble class. Strong

political influence and privileges dating back tothe middle ages.


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The Estates General

France's version of a parliament. Last met under the reignof Henry IV and even then, just long enough to disband.French kings had ruled as absolute monarchs from that

time. When the Estates General did meet, it had met on theidea that each of the three estates would vote on issueswith one vote for each state. Since the first and second

estates were closely allied, there was no hope for the thirdestate to enact reform.

French Finances

Always the weakness of the French Government.The monarch's refusal to tax the privileged

classes meant oppressive taxes on the thirdestate and a shortfall in revenues.

Assembly of Notables

Along with the Parlement of Paris, opposedLouis XVI's plan to reform the tax structure andinvolve the nobility. Called for a meeting of the

Estates General.

National Assembly

The failure of the three estates to agree on theconstitution of the Estates General led to thethird estate separating and reforming on a

nearby tennis court. The National Assemblywould become the revolutionary government asthey formed a Constituent Assembly to write a

constitution.

The Oath of the Tennis Court

A vow by the delegates of the third estate tonever disband until a constitution had been

written and a constitutional monarchy had beenestablished.

Financial Crisis of 1788-1789

Inflation caused the price of break and all othercommodities to rise, causing severe hardship onthe poor. A bad harvest and business depressionadded to the crisis. The government was unableto provide any relief due to its bankrupt position.


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The Great Fear

Bands of desperate person roamed thecountryside looking for food. They caused much

concern and fear in the villages and towns,causing the populous to seek weapons for self

defense.

The Storming of the Bastille July 14th, 1789

Angry Parisions stormed the Bastille in search ofweapons to defend themselves from lawless

elements and from possibly the kings army. Thismass uprising save the National Convention.

March on Versailles

A mob of mostly women marched to Versaillesand forced the royal family to move to Paris.

Along with the monarchy, the National Assemblyrelocated to the city.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Declared equality before the law andrepresentative government.

The Night of August 4thThe nobility was abolished as a separate legal

order.

Reforms of the National AssemblyAll lawmaking power in the hands of the National

Assembly, provinces replaced by 83departments, metric system introduced.

Documents

Review Guide Flashcards AP European History #2 (French Phase-Reforms of the National Assembly)