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Review ArticleUtility Potential of Parthenium hysterophorus forIts Strategic Management

Anita Saini1 Neeraj K Aggarwal1 Anuja Sharma1 Manpreet Kaur1 and Anita Yadav2

1 Department of Microbiology Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra Haryana 136119 India2Department of Biotechnology Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra Haryana 136119 India

Correspondence should be addressed to Neeraj K Aggarwal neerajkuk26rediffmailcom

Received 22 April 2014 Revised 25 August 2014 Accepted 3 September 2014 Published 22 September 2014

Academic Editor Christos Tsadilas

Copyright copy 2014 Anita Saini et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Parthenium hysterophorus one of the worldrsquos most dangerous weeds is responsible for huge losses to the biodiversity agricultureeconomy and health of livestock and human beings High competitive success rate and adaptability of the species enable it todominate diverse types of habitats Various weed control strategies are being used globally to reduce its population to manageablelevels But owing to many limitations associated with the conventional methods management of Parthenium still remains achallenge Recently large scale utilization has been taken up as a holistic approach for the control ofweedsPartheniumhysterophoruscan be managed by exploiting this weed in diverse fields In agriculture it can be used either as green manure or after compostingIndustrially it can be used for producing various value added products The weed also exhibits many environmental applicationsChemical constituents of Parthenium show extensive range of pharmacological activities suggesting its role as a chemotherapeuticagent This review briefly discusses the problem of Parthenium and enlists its possible utilities which can open new avenues foreffective management of this violent weed

1 Introduction

Partheniumhysterophorus enlisted inGlobal Invasive Speciesdatabase [1] is a highly prolific and pernicious weed whichoriginated in northeast ofMexico [2] by natural hybridizationbetween Parthenium confertum and Parthenium bipinnat-ifidum [3] This is also known by several region specificcommon names such as altamisa carrot grass Santa Mariabitter weed star weed white top wild feverfew gajar ghasthe ldquoscourge of Indiardquo and congress grass In the last centuryit has invaded many countries including Africa AustraliaUnited States Central and SouthAmericaWest Indies IndiaNepal China andVietnamandnaturalized them successfully[2 4 5] Thus nowadays it is found infesting almost all partsof the world Its rapid and extensive spread can be attributedto both human activities during globalization and colonizingpotential of the weed plant over wide range of habitatsand climatic conditions P hysterophorus is now considered

among the worldrsquos top seven most devastating weeds [6] andhas attained major weed status in India and Australia [7]

Parthenium hysterophorus L belonging to the familyAsteraceae is an annual ephemeral herb Its biological char-acteristics such as short-life cycle (4 to 6 weeks) (Figure 1)continuous and profuse flowering until senescence [8] highseed productivity (up to 15000 to 100000 per plant) [9]light seed weight seed dormancy in adverse environmentalconditions [8] large viable seed bank (subsoil and above soil)[10] and strong regenerative capability [11] make it a highlyfecund weed Seeds are dispersed across large distances bymeans of machinery vehicles livestock grain and feedstockwhereas wind and water spread them to shorter distances[11] Parthenium shows remarkable adaptability over widerange of environmental conditions as well as soil types andis therefore found growing in diverse types of habitats [12]Though seasonal variations significantly affect germinationflowering and seed setting in Parthenium plant suitable con-ditions (rain moisture mild soil and optimum temperature

Hindawi Publishing CorporationAdvances in AgricultureVolume 2014 Article ID 381859 16 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014381859

2 Advances in Agriculture

Seed germination

Seedling

Juvenile stage

Vegetative growthFlowering

Seed setting

Seed shedding and dispersal

Seed bank (subsoil and above soil)

Establishment

Maturation

Pollination and fertilization

Favorable

conditions

Favorable

conditions

Abou

t15

days

Unfavorableconditions

Abou

t 4we

eks

Figure 1 Life cycle of Parthenium hysterophorus plant

between 12 and 27∘C) are usually present throughout the yearThe weed therefore can be seen growing round the year indifferent stages of its life cycle and can show one to even threegenerations per year [5]

Parthenium weed is found in both natural and agroe-cosystems It shows many adverse effects on agriculturebiodiversity and health of animals and human beings Inman Parthenium plant or its pollens cause health problemsof asthma hay fever dermatitis bronchitis diarrhoea andallergies on skin eyes nose and mouth [13] The weedis allergic and unpalatable to grazers but if consumed bycattle results in losses due to serious concerns of healthhazards and tainting of milk and meat [14] Parthenium isfound more populated in waste lands rock crevices alongirrigation canals road sides railway tracks coalfield areasand developing residential colonies around the towns [213] Invasion rate is higher in such minimally managedhabitats lacking interspecies competition and transformsthem to weed monocultures Establishment of weed is morevigorous in bare land after drought and floods Extensivevegetation or pasture in undisturbed land remains a secondchoice for invasion showing an inverse relationship betweendensity of existing vegetation cover and weed abundanceHowever invasion by Parthenium has been documented tocause enormous loss to the biodiversity [12] by replacingnative species in the natural ecosystems sometimes causingtotal habitat alteration Reports have shown negative impactof Parthenium on biodiversity in North Western IndianHimalayas [15] Nepal grasslands [13] and Awash National

Park in Ethiopia [16] Effects of Parthenium are very promi-nent in agricultural ecosystems leading to economic losses tothe nation due to reduced crop productivity Many reportshave suggested significant losses to the forage [3 17 18] dueto invasion by harmful Parthenium Similar negative effectshave been observed in rice sorghum [19] and other crops[4 7] Inhibitory effects of Parthenium on wide variety ofcrops and agricultural plants have been reported in studiesusing extracts [20ndash22] residues [23] and ash [24] of theweedall showing varying degrees of effects on different plants Thereduction in pasture yield and agricultural productivity canbe accounted to various reasons such as allelopathic inhibi-tion of useful crop and forage plants [13] contamination ofgrains and seeds inhibition of fruit setting in important cropplants and reduced nodulation in leguminous plants and byproviding alternate host for plant viruses and insect pests [9]

Many control measures are being used to manage thisobnoxious weedThe chemical methods of control of Parthe-nium rely on the use of chemical herbicides which lead tothe problems of environmental pollution Physical methodsof uprooting and ploughing are labor intensive and relativelyineffective Burning has damaging effects on the environ-ment Biological methods making use of pests competitivecrops ormycoherbicides againstPartheniumplant have theirown restrictions Among all known strategies nonchemicalmethods are preferred because of their inexpensiveness andeco-friendliness However for the last century integratedmethods are gaining attention due to limitations associatedwith individual methods Currently new means are alsobeing discovered for controlling various weeds amongwhich

Advances in Agriculture 3

utilization has been seen as an irresistible alternative becauseof multitude of benefits associated with it For employingthis method massively complete exploration of usefulness ofthe weed in question is essential beforehand Reports haveshown many useful biological activities and applications ofParthenium The objective of this review article is to discussthem briefly along with problem of Parthenium weed tosuggest new and diverse ways of management of this weed

2 Phytochemical Analysis of P hysterophorus

The beneficial and harmful effects shown by Partheniumhysterophorus are due to its chemical constituents All partsof its plant including hair trichomes and pollens containseveral secondary metabolites such as alkaloids flavonoidspseudoguaianolides oils and phenolics [25] The concen-tration of these metabolites is highest in leaves followed byinflorescence fruit root and stem [26] These secondarymetabolites are produced by the plant for defence againstherbivory pathogens and competing with other plants Dueto the allelopathic effects shown by some of these chemicalsthey are commonly referred to as allelochemicals The chem-ical constitution of Parthenium plant and various activitiesassociated with different constituents has been summarizedin Table 1 The beneficial effects signify the usefulness ofParthenium weed

3 Detrimental Effects

Parthenium weed has many ill effects on animals humanbeings other plants and ecological biodiversity [9 13]Contact with Parthenium plant parts in all stages of itslife cycle causes dermatitis in man Pollens cause air bornecontact dermatitis and when inhaled cause allergic rhinitis[27] which can lead to serious respiratory problems such asasthma and bronchitis The harmful effects are induced bysecondary metabolites particularly parthenin toxin presentin different parts of the plant [28] Constant exposure withweed causes immunity loss [29] excessive water loss fatigue[9] and allergic responses [30] such as hay fever peeling skinpuffy eyes swelling and itching of mouth and nose persistentcough rhinorrhea and eczema Incidences of health hazardscaused byParthenium aremore common among children andpersons with weak immune system

Parthenium is unpalatable to the animals due to its odourtaste and presence of trichomes [9] This results in grazingshortage Contact of cattle with weed causes rashes andinflammation of skin especially in the areas of mouth andudder Ingestion in large amounts can cause ulceration inmouth and digestive tracts [17] Fever and diarrhoea arealso observed Severe effect has been reported on kidneysand liver of buffalo and sheep [13] If mixed with fodderin a concentration of 10ndash50 cattle consuming it can diewithin 30 days [31 32] Weed causes bitterness in milk andreduction in milk yield [9] and also deteriorates quality ofmilk by tainting it with parthenin toxin [14] Tainting withtoxin is also observed in meat degrading its quality In 1994Parthenium was reported to cause heavy losses to the cattle

industry in Queensland [17] due to invasion and dominancein grazing land

In agricultural ecosystems Parthenium weed competesdirectly with crop plants for space nutrients water andsunlight One of its prominent indirect effects is exhibitedthrough allelochemicals phenolics and sesquiterpene lac-tones (mainly parthenin) These chemicals present in rootsstems leaves fruits and pollens of Parthenium weed [29]are released in surrounding soil through exudates or indecaying process They show inhibitory effect on growth andgermination of a wide variety of agriculturally importantplants including both food and fodder crops [4 7] Contam-ination of pasture seeds and grains with Parthenium seedsreduces their market value Deterioration of soil quality hasbeen observed which affects forage productivity [17]Markedchange is noticed in properties of soil such as soil texturepH and content of organicmatter phosphorus nitrogen andpotassium [9] In India a decline of up to 90 in pasturecarrying capacity [3] and 40 in agricultural productivity[33] has been reported in areas infested with PartheniumIn Australia pasture replacement with Parthenium weedmonoculture resulted in an annual loss of AU$ 165 million[17] A reduction in grain yield and weight has been observedin irrigated sorghum in India [19] and Ethiopia [9] due touncontrolled invasion by Parthenium Burnt residues of weedalso affect soil quality as evidenced by reduction in seedgermination and biomass growth in Phaseolus mungo plant[24] Extracts form Parthenium plant have shown negativeeffects on growth of various plants such as Zea mays [2022] Sorghum vulgare Glycine max [22] Gossypium hirsutum[22 34] Vigna radiate [21] Oryza sativa Triticum aestivumRaphanus sativus Brassica campestris Brassica oleraceaArtemisia dubia Wall ex Besser and Ageratina adenophora[20] Residues of weed also show inhibitory effect as noticedinAcacia catechuwildAchyranthes aspera L and Cassia toraL [23] Reports have indicated marked reduction in growthand nodulation in leguminous plants due to antimicrobialeffects of allelochemicals from Parthenium on nitrogen fixingand nitrifying bacteria [35] P hysterophorus functions as analternate host for pests against other plants causing decline inpopulation of their crops [9]

Being incursive Parthenium threatens ecological biodi-versity [12] The impact of weed on biodiversity is due tothe competition with native species for resources as wellas its allelopathic nature Invasions may alter hydrologynutrient accumulation and cycling and carbon sequestrationin habitats Biodiversity loss is observed due to displacementof natural vegetation and interruption in natural succes-sion in natural ecosystems Invasion by P hysterophorus inNorth Western Indian Himalayas showed immense loss toindigenous species diversity [15] In Nepal reports haveshown disturbance in grassland ecosystem due to changein nutritional properties of soil in the area infested withParthenium [13] Similar negative effects have been detectedonherbaceous plant diversity of AwashNational Park (ANP)Ethiopia [16] Parthenium has strong competitiveness againstcoexisting species which leads to gradual dominance ofhabitat by this weed [36]


Table 1 Phytochemical constituents of Parthenium hysterophorus plant

Chemical class Major constituents Plant part Associated biological activities References

PhenolicsCaffeic acid vanillic acid ferulic acidchlorogenic acid neochlorogenic acid anisicacid p-coumaric acid protocatechuic acid andp-hydroxy benzoic acid

Leaves stemsroots flowerspollens andtrichomes

Allelopathic phytotoxicityuseful as herbicide growthregulation in micro- andmacroflora and autotoxiceffect

[29 122ndash124]

Flavonoids

Apigenin luteolin lignan syringaresinolquercetagetin dimethyl ether6-hydroxykaempferol 36-dimethyl ether6-hydroxykaempferol-3641015840-trimethyl ether(tanetin) kaempferol glucoside quercetinglucoside kaempferol glucoarabinosidechrysoeriol santin saponins jaceidincentaureidin and so forth

Leaves stemsflowers andtheir calli andpollens

Antioxidant antimicrobialanticancer anti-inflammatoryactivities antiulcerativeantispasmodic diureticantihypertensive effectsplatelet aggregation inhibitioninhibition of aldose reductasecell cycle regulationnodulation induction in peaRleguminosarum associationplant defence againstherbivores pathogens andharmful UV rays

[29 122ndash125]

Pseudoguaianolides

Parthenin anhydroparthenin11-H13-hydroxyparthenindihydroxyparthenin dihydroisoparthenin13-methoxydihydroparthenin212057313120572-dimethoxydihydroparthenin ambrosin13-methoxydihydroambrosin coronopilin 2120573and 8120573-hydroxycoronopilin damsin hymaninscopoletin hysterin hysterones A to E8120573-acetoxyhysterone C tetraneurin-A andtetraneurin-E deacetyltetraneurin Acharminarone conchasin A artecaninbalchanin costunolide3-120573-hydroxycostunolide epoxyartemorin8-120572-hydroxyestafiatin 1-120573-hydroxyarbusculin5-120573-hydroxyreynosin and acetylatedpseudoguaianolides

Stems leavescapitulaflowersand their calliand trichomes

Cytotoxic anticancerantimicrobial bioherbicidalanti-inflammatoryantiprotozoan pesticidalinsectidical antimalarialactivities antineoplasticantifeedant larvicidal effectsallergies diseases and milktainting in livestockinhibition of mitochondrialoxidative phosphorylationautotoxic effect to regulateplantrsquos own germination andpopulation

[29 122 123]

Oils

120572-Pinene 120572-thujene 120572-phellandrene 120573-pinene120573-myrcene 120573-terpene 120573-ocimene p-cymene120588-cymen-8-ol camphor camphenecaryophyllene humulene limonene linaloolocimene sabinene 120572-terpinene 120574-terpinene120572-terpineol terpinene-4-ol bornyl acetatetricylene chrysanthenone pinocarvoneborneol myrtenal carvacrol eugenoltrans-myrtenol acetate isobornyl 2-methylbutanoate caryophyllene oxide germacrenefarnesene and their esters

Stems leavesroots andflowers

Antimicrobial (againstbacteria and fungi as well asviruses) pesticidal andinsecticidal antitussive andhelmethicidal activities usefulin medicinal and cosmeticindustries and irritantcardiotonic antispasmodicand analgesic stimulant andsweat inducing effects

[29 123ndash125]

Alkaloids mdash Roots andshoots

Antifungal antioxidant andanti-inflammatory activitiesand analgesic action

[123ndash126]

Others

Histamine Roots andshoots mdash [5 122]

Free amino acids (abundant glycine prolinealanine and lysine) glucose galactose and KCl Whole plant

Useful in compost and greenmanure increases nutritivevalue of animal feed

[5 29 122]


4 Management of Parthenium byConventional Methods

The management of Parthenium hysterophorus is a difficulttask because of its high proliferation rate and ecologicaladaptability Several physical cultural chemical and bio-logical methods [9 25 26 37] are known for its controlUsing combinations of these methods and following severalpreventive measures further aid in effective management ofthis troublesome weed

Mechanical and cultural methods of control [38ndash41] ofParthenium include manual uprooting hoeing ploughingburning and replacement with competitive crops Hoeingis especially followed by farmers in rural areas to removethis weed from crop fields Removal is easier in wet soilIt is most effective if accomplished at a stage before plantstarts bearing flowers and seeds Uprooting the plant afterseed setting will disperse the seeds increasing the areaof infestation Manual uprooting increases the incidencesof contact dermatitis and other allergic reactions amongworkers This method is labour intensive and uneconomical[39] requires repeated removals [38] and is feasible onlyin agroecosystems with sparse weed cover Ploughing thefield infested with Parthenium removes the weed and alsoenriches the soil with weed plant nutrients This method isalso effective before plants reach the flowering stage Burningthe uprooted and collected weed plants is not encouragedbecause it decreases soil quality [13] and increases pollutionand also the ash of burnt Parthenium shows negative effecton plants as found in Phaseolus mungo [24] Certain plantspecies can suppress the growth of Parthenium and replaceit competitively reducing its population in the infested areaExamples include Cassia sericea Cassia occidentalis Cassiaauriculata Cassia tora Tagetus erecta Abutilon indicumAmaranthus spinosus Sida acuta Croton sparsiflorus Cro-ton bonplandianum Hyptis suaveolens Chenopodium albumAchyranthes aspera Alternanthera sessilis Stylosanthes scabraand Tephrosia purpurea [9 25 42] In some parts of IndiaTagetus is used for crop rotation and showsmarked reductionin Parthenium infestation in cultivated land However themethod of control of Parthenium by growing competitivecrops is effective only in limited situations [25] Preventionis very cost effective strategy of weed management [4] Riskof spread of Parthenium is associated with movement ofvehiclesmachines livestock and crop seeds or grains Spreadby vehicles and machines can be limited by washing thembefore theirmovement to noninfested areas Livestock shouldbe rendered free from Parthenium seeds before they are takento new places Good quality pasture seeds and grains freefrom Parthenium seeds should be conserved and marketedcommercially following strict seed acts Pasture maintenanceby avoiding over grazing spelling and fencing can alsoreduce invasion rate by the weed Government of a countryshould make strict weed control laws and acts which shouldbe enforced stringently and followed rigorously [25]

Parthenium is controlled chemically using various her-bicides which can be used alone or in several combinationsExamples include 24-D atrazine anilofos alachlor bro-moxynil common salt chlorimuron chlomazone diquat

dicamba flumioxazin fluometuron glufosinate ammo-nium glyphosate gesaprim combi glycel halo-sulfuron hexazinone indaziflam imazaquin isoxabenmetsulfuron methyl metribuzin MON-8793 MON-8794MSMA Mera 71 oxyfluorfen oxadiazone norflurazonparaquat pendimethalin picloram quinclorac sul-fosulfuron S-metolachlor thiobencarb trifloxysulfuronand Tordon 75-D [9 43 44] Effectiveness of these chemicalsdepends on their dose and time of application Severalchemical formulations are effective at preemergencestages while others are most effective when applied atpostemergence stages [45] Those applied after plantemergence are advised to be sprayed before flowering andseed setting stages [46] Herbicides affecting photosynthesisare most effective in controlling Parthenium Spray ofselective herbicides allowing growth of pasture grasseshelps in rapid control of weed due to recolonization of landby the grasses Open uncultivated land areas colonizedby Parthenium can be relieved from this weed by sprayingwith a solution of 15ndash20 sodium chloride (common salt)[9] Chemical methods are economically expensive and arehazardous to environment causing pollution [25] Actionspectrum of herbicides can also involve certain usefulplant species and cause their undesired removal Biologicalmethods of Parthenium control offer best long-term solutionfor the management of weed in an environment friendlymanner Several insects such as Zygogramma bicolorata(leaf beetle) Epiblema sternuana (stem galling moth)Listronotus setosipennis (seed feeding weevil) Smicronyxlutulentus (seed feeding weevil) Bucculatrix parthenica(leaf mining moth) Conotrachelus albocinereus (stemgalling moth) Carmenta ithacae (stem boring moth)and Platophalonidia mystica (stem boring moth) havebeen reported to be used for biocontrolling Parthenium[9 25 37] These arthropods attack different parts of theweed plant and damage caused by them varies with thestage of their life cycle larval or adult Several fungal speciesare also known for their bioherbicidal potential againstParthenium and can be used as potent biocontrol agents forcontrolling this weed Reported fungi include Alternariaalternata A dianthi A macrospora Fusarium oxysporumF moniliforme Rhizoctonia solani Colletotrichum capsici Cgloeosporioides and Oidium partheni [9] species of Pucciniaabrupta var partheniicola [47] and Puccinia melampodii [48]and Macrophomina phaseolina Cladosporium oxysporumAscochyta rabiei Fusarium equiseti Phoma glomerataCochliobolus hawaiiensis and D Tetramera [49] Also someallelopathic plants showing negative effect on growth ofParthenium weed can be used for managing this weedThese plants include Imperata cylindrica (L) BeauvDesmostachya bipinnata Stapf Dichanthium annulatumStapf Cenchrus pennisetiformis Hochest Sorghum halepensePers Azadirachta indica (L) A Juss Ficus bengalensis LMelia azedarach L Mangifera indica L and Syzygium cumini[25]

Many new methods are also being developed to manageP hysterophorus However no single method is promisingenough to eradicate it effectively In the past few yearsresearch in different parts of the world has been dedicated


to find economic importance of various weeds includingParthenium Large scale utilization of weeds can be anattractive alternative to economically signify as well as man-age hazardous weeds [25] The scientists are trying to testthe potential of Parthenium weed for various activities andutilities so that the strategy of its management could berestructured involving its utilization

5 Management of Parthenium by Utilization

The Parthenium hysterophorus plant though a weed hasmany benefits associated with it The plant has a numberof pharmacological and medicinal effects as well as manyindustrial and other applications The plant therefore canbe used directly for different purposes and control of thisweed can be done by utilizing it variously on large scale Thereported utilities of Parthenium hysterophorus which can beused for its management by utilization have been discussedhere

(1) Biochar Preparation Biochar has been formulated suc-cessfully from Parthenium hysterophorus by its pyrolysis tosequester carbon for negative carbon dioxide emission [50]Addition of this biochar to the soil improved soil quality asevidenced by increased growth of Zea mays increased basalrespiration and microbial biomass carbon increased catalaseand dehydrogenase activities and decreased soil stress andhydrolytic enzymes activities During charring ambrosinchemical present in Parthenium having phototoxic effect[13] was lost by degradation at high temperature Addinglarge amounts of biochar did not show any negative effect onsoil

(2) Dye Degradation Textile effluents are rich in recalcitrantand carcinogenic azo dyes which when disposed untreatedcause great damage to the environment Dyes are toxicto micro- and macroflora of the soil and water bodiesDiscoloration of water preventing light penetration decreasesphotosynthetic activity in water bodies resulting in ecologicaldisturbances Expensive physicochemical methods used forremoval of dyes are being replaced by biological methodsexploiting degradation potential of microbial and plantenzymes Shinde et al [51] have used leaves of fast growingParthenium hysterophorus for extracting plant phenoloxidaseenzyme having ability to degrade various aromatic ringsin dyes Concentrated enzyme showed rapid degradationof Yellow 5G and Brown R dyes present in golden colorimparting indanthrene formulation using free oxygen Toxiceffects in treated water were also minimized as indicated bysurvival of test bacteria E coli and S aureus

(3) Biogas Production Nallathambi Gunaseelan [52] usedParthenium hysterophorus as an additive (10) in cattlemanure and achieved 60ndash70 CH

4production suggesting

potential of Parthenium weed as a substrate for biogasproduction Subsequently Gunaseelan and Lakshmanperu-malsamy [53] successfully produced 75 methane per kgbiomass from Parthenium hysterophorus alone Alkali pre-treatment of Parthenium has been documented to increase

biogas production than untreated biomass [54] During theprocess of biogas production degradation of phytotoxicallelochemicals has been seen [55] Various inocula have beentested in differing ratios for maximizing yield of methaneReadily available sugarcane press mud cake mixed withcow dung augmented methane production from Parthenium[56] Careful monitoring of anaerobic digestion of the weedshowed maximum methane formation only after 45 dayswith decreasing pH and C N ratio becoming constant after45 days [57] These results were reproduced by Thakur andSingh [58] while also using other weeds and agriculturalwastes for biogas production Biogas has also been producedfrommixture of cow dung and Parthenium [59] Reduction inC N ratio was suggested due to loss in organic carbon in CH

4

andCO2formation and accumulation of hydrolyzed nitrogen

in the slurry Addition of Parthenium leachate obtained bysoaking plant in water for one week to cow dung boostedbiogas production from cowdung [60] while slurry left couldbe used as manure

(4) Composting Composting of Parthenium hysterophorusbiomass has been done expeditiously Compost derived fromParthenium contains plenty of micronutrients such as Fe ZnMn and Cu and macronutrients including NPK making ittwo times richer than farmyard manure [61] Organic acidsreleased during composting help in liberation of insoluble Kand increase the uptake of P and K [62] Compost also con-tains abundant enzymes vitamins antibiotics plant growthregulators and large number of associated useful microor-ganisms including Azotobacter and phosphate solubilizers[63] Moisture holding capacity of compost increases its util-ity value [64] Amendment with other plant materials suchas saw dust [65] and poultry manure also gives good qualitycompostminimizing the required dose of chemical fertilizers[66] Compost formed has shown growth promotion in chilliSorghum [61] Vigna radiata and Triticum [66] and Arachishypogaea [67] Chances of weed emergence are reducedgreatly if composting is done before flowering in plants asall seeds are not destroyed completely during the process[68 69] Allelochemicals present in the final compost lessenthe chances of infestation by other weedsThough significantreduction in allelochemicals occurs during composting butbetter compost is obtained from plants in preinflorescencestage [66] Effect of compost has been intensified by additionof useful bacterial species Azotobacter chrococcum evidencedby increased productivity in wheat [63] One research studyhas reported production of improved compost (millicom-post) with more nutrients and less allelochemicals uponintroduction of millipedeHarpaphe haydeniana during com-posting [70]

(5) Vermicomposting According to the research study con-ducted by Biradar and Patil [71] Parthenium weed uponcomposting with Eudrilus eugeniae supports growth ofworms indicating potential of weed as good substrate forvermicomposting This concept was confirmed by anotherstudy showing increase in cocoon yield of earthworm whenParthenium hysterophorus was vermicomposted in definitecombination with cow dung [72] Vermicompost produced


containsmoderate amounts of useful bacteria actinomycetesfungi phosphate solubilizers and large number of Azotobac-ter [73] However pathogenic E coli has been found to beabsent [74] The manure obtained has low pH and C N ratioand contains sufficiently high amounts of essential nutrientssuch as N P K Ca [72 75ndash77] Zn Cu and Mn [78] Con-sequently manure produced increased crop productivity inladyrsquos finger [79]Lampitomauritii (Kinberg) [80] and sesame[81] Amendment with cow dung and press mud showedsignificant improvement in quality of manure producedupon vermicomposting using E Fetida [80] Blending withmill sludge and biogas plant slurry also increased nutritivevalue of manure [82] Fertilizer value of sewage sludge hasalso been enhanced by its vermicomposting with addedParthenium promoting growth and germination in tomatoseeds [74] Parthenium vermicomposted in its vegetativestate produced manure with more N content whereas thatproduced from flowering stage hadmore P content [83] Alsomanure obtained shows less toxicity [75 77] as allelochemicalconstituents such as parthenin and phenols are degradedduring vermicomposting [84]

(6) Role in Agriculture Evaluation of leachates from Parthe-nium plant parts for their effect on growth of agriculturallyimportant plants showed marked increase in growth ofsome plants Flower leachate with high amounts of auxinhormone extracted in it showed positive effect on seedgermination in Phaseolus mungo and metal tolerance of theseeds against Fe Pb Hg and Ni [85] The extract was alsoeffective against brinjal fruit borer and pathogenic fungiin seeds The effect of extract from fresh and dried partsis different for different species and on different stages ofplant growth [86 87] Application of extract before plantemergence was more effective in promoting growth [88]But application in very high concentration could retardthe growth due to allelopathic effect aggravated by highhormonal concentration in the extract [89] Extracts are richin allelochemicals known for their bioherbicidal behavioragainst other plants [90 91] which can be used in crucialagronomic manipulations such as weed control [92] Sev-eral reports supporting this finding include decreased seedgermination of Lepidium pinnatifidum [63] Eragrostis byParthenium extract [93] and reduction inweeddensity in ricefields manured with Parthenium biomass [63] The reason ofallelopathic exclusion of other plant species is negative impactof allelochemicals on cell division and release of reservednutrients [63]

(7) Green Manure Another use of Parthenium in agricultureis exploiting its biomass for green manuring [63] Additionof Parthenium leaf manure to rice crop resulted in increasedheight of plants increased yield of grains and straw withno emergence of weed in submerged conditions during ricecultivation [94 95] Maize growth was also enhanced bygreen manure from Parthenium [96 97] Addition of weedbiomass reduced the amount of chemical fertilizers neededfor crop cultivation to about 25 [98] An enhancement hasalso been noticed in growth of wheat plant when treated withParthenium green manure [99] It is advised to utilize this

weed for manuring at preflowering stage to avoid spread ofweed through dissemination of seeds after seed setting inthe plant Parthenium green leaf manure has shown markedincrease in number of filled grains in ratoon rice crop andresidual effect on biomass of crop [63] Reports have indicatedthat green manure obtained from Parthenium hysterophorusshowed high assimilation rate of nitrogen and phosphorus bymaize crop [97]Thus this freely availableweed can be utilizedfor enriching soil with manure while replacing chemicalfertilizers

(8) Pulp and Paper Making P hysterophorus represents richsource of lignocellulosic biomass Chemical composition ofParthenium lignocelluloses has been reckoned as around 13ndash17 lignin 21 hemicelluloses and 28 cellulose [100 101]It has been proved to be of a potential low cost and readilyavailable raw material for manufacturing variety of paperswith adequate strength and appropriate quality for variouscommercial applications [100]

(9) Cellulose Production Water soluble 120572-cellulose can beproduced using standardized methods from lignocellulosicsubstrates [90] which can be modified (esterified or ether-ified) variously to obtain derivatives such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) cyanoethyl cellulose (CEC) hydroxymethylcellulose (HMC) ethyl cellulose (EC) methyl cellulose(MC) hydroxyphenylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) and car-boxymethylhydroxyethyl cellulose (CMHEC) These com-pounds have wide variety of applications as additives inchemicals used in textile paint pharmaceutical cosmeticfood adhesives and packaging industries P hysterophorusbeing an annual plant having more cellulose has beensuggested as a good candidate for producing 120572- cellulose

(10) Corrosion Inhibition Corrosion of metals used for mak-ing various appliances and devices has been a matter ofconcern since their use Acidic conditions enhance the rateof corrosion These days plants are being explored for theiroils and extracts to be used as biodegradable and eco-friendlycorrosion inhibitors of metals Crude extract from leavesof P hysterophorus suppressed corrosion of steel in acidicconditions [102] Water was used for extract preparation toavoid toxins which are more soluble in organic solvents

(11) Effect on Other Weeds Extracts from Parthenium plantparts have been recorded to show inhibitory effect towardsEragrostis [93] and common aquatic weeds the waterhyacinth [103] and Salvinia [104] Among various parts flow-ers and leaves are the richest in allelochemicals and can killwater hyacinth plant in one month On the other hand stemand root parts containing lower phenolics concentrationshave been found to show nutritive properties supportinggrowth of the weed Therefore appropriate parts and doseof Parthenium plant can be used effectively to control certainweeds

(12) Source of Dye One report has shown natural dyeextraction from Parthenium plant Though amount of dye


Table 2 Bioadsorption of pollutants by Partheniumhysterophorus weed

S number Adsorbed pollutant Adsorbent References1 Leather dye-acid blue 92 Parthenium leaves ash [127]

2 Chloride (30ndash34 reduction at low level ofpollution) Parthenium dried biomass [128]

3 Safranin dye (rapid removal in 40min) Parthenium biomass [129]

4 Cd (II) ions (997 achieved adsorptionefficiency 82 recovery by desorption) Parthenium biomass [130]

5 Cr (VI) (endothermic adsorption 6397) Parthenium ash [131]6 p-Cresol Activated carbon (prepared at high temp using H2SO4) [132]7 Nickel (II) (exothermic adsorption) Parthenium ash [116]

8 Rhodamine-B Formaldehyde treated Parthenium biomass (more efficient)and phosphoric acid treated Parthenium carbon [133]

9 (a)(b)(c)(d)

Malachite greenMethylene bluePhenolHg

Activated carbon from Parthenium

[134]

[135]

obtained was low (13) dying results observed for woolcotton and silk were satisfactory [105]

(13) Feed Additive for Silkworm Larvae of phytophagousinsect Bombyx mori L a silkworm have been found tobe tolerant to pure parthenin toxic for most of the otherinsects Feeding these larvae on a diet supplemented withParthenium root extract showed increased cocoon yield andhence silk production [106] Similar results were recorded ina previous study for silkworm larvae fed on mulberry leaves(common feed used for rearing silkworm) supplementedwith20 extract from Parthenium though growth of mulberryplant itself is retarded on treating with Parthenium extract[107] A correlation can be seen between nutritional require-ments of Bombyx mori for its growth promotion [108] andmicronutrient composition of Parthenium plant a proposedhyperaccumulator

(14) Synthesis of Nanoparticles Another use of Partheniumweed exposed in recent years is use of its extract for synthe-sising silver nanoparticles [109ndash112] and zinc oxide nanopar-ticles [113] having reasonable stability It is based on thecapability of chemicals present in the plant extract to reducesilver ions present in AgNO

3solution [112] It was found

that microwave irradiation could effectively reduce time ofsynthesis from days to even seconds [110] Nanoparticlessynthesized by this method inhibited the growth of potentbacterial pathogens such as E coli Pseudomonas putidaKlebsiella pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus Salmonellatyphi Pseudomonas aeruginosa Proteus vulgaris and Bacillussubtilis [110 111] some evenmore than known antibiotics suchas gentamicin sulphate [114] Zinc oxide nanoparticles werealso found effective against pathogenic fungi

(15) Bioethanol Production Recent research activities forthe development of biofuel technology are focused on tap-ping nonconventional feedstock for bioethanol productionParthenium weed species growing exuberantly and difficult

tomanage can be an attractive substrate for producing secondgeneration biofuels [6] Acid pretreatment of Parthenium lig-nocelluloses at high temperature has shown its autohydrolysisto a mixture of sugars with xylose (fermentable pentose)being predominant [6 101] Different conditions [6 101]and particle size of biomass [115] have been standardizedto maximize the yield of xylose from plant hemicelluloseswhich can be fermented subsequently to ethanol Severalother studies have indicated release of large amounts of totalreducing sugars upon saccharification ofParthenium biomassdelignified with lignolytic fungi such as M palmivorus [116]and Trametes hirsuta [117]

(16) Bioadsorption Research efforts are in progress worldwideto find novel and efficient bioadsorbents for removal ofindustrially generated harmful pollutants Parthenium hasbeen proposed as low cost substrate for use as adsorbent [118]Literature illustrating removal of pollutants by Partheniumhysterophorus has been summarized in Table 2

(17) Phytoextraction Parthenium hysterophorus has beenfound to play vital role in accumulation of heavy metalsespecially in contaminates sites [119] Table 3 shows list ofsome metals extracted by Parthenium Addition of certainchemicals in the soil augments phytoextraction of somemetals as observed for Pb with addition of EDTA and GA3[120] and for Zn with addition of EDTA [121]

(18) Other Uses Very vast literature is available describingvarious useful activities of Parthenium plant Activitieseffects and some uses (not mentioned above) of Partheniumhysterophorus have been summarized in Table 4 supportedwith few references

Possible utilities of Parthenium plant have been depictedin Figure 2The weed can be managed by utilization in any ofthese ways The waste of one process can be used as substratefor another process For example the lignocellulosic richwaste generated after extracting plant enzyme or separation


Table 3 Metal extraction by Parthenium hysterophorus plant

S number Extracted metal References1 Pb [120 136ndash139]2 Cd [136 138ndash140]3 Cr [136 138 139]4 Zn [127 136 137 139]5 Cu [136 137 139]6 Ni [136 139]7 Mn [136 139]8 Fe [136 139]

of useful plant extracts can be employed for other usagesassociated with lignocelluloses Also the waste left afterproduction of biogas biofuel pulp and paper and cellulosescan be utilized for manure formation (not shown in figure)The multiple integrated utilizations of weed can prove aneffective strategy for its control with an additional advantageof generating nearly zero waste at the end

6 Conclusion

The ubiquitous nature of Parthenium hysterophorus isattributed to its greater adaptability to diverse ecologicalniches high fecundity high regenerative potential produc-tion of allelochemicals and repulsion to herbivores andso forth Established chemical and nonchemical methodsof management of Parthenium weed show limited successin controlling this unmanageable weed This necessitatesthe development of new strategies for the management ofParthenium Novelty is desired in new methods in terms oftheir eco-friendliness and economic significance Abundanceof Parthenium weed in abandoned land accounts for its easyprocurement as low cost material for various purposes Theweed can be used on a large scale for various applicationsNutritionally rich compost can be obtained from the weed bycomposting it formally or by using techniques of vermicom-posting which can be employed for increasing productivityof wide variety of agriculturally important crops Practice ofgreen manuring utilizing Parthenium weed has also provedan effective tool for raising fertility of cultivated land soilTheproposed usefulness of Parthenium in agriculture has beendemonstrated by several research activities The lignocellu-lose rich biomass of weed plant can be exploited in recentenergy conserving strategies of biofuel and biogas formationIt can also be used as low cost substrate for other cellulosebased applications that is production of cellulose oxalicacid xylanase and pulp or paper Potential of Partheniumhas also been traced in phytoextraction of heavy metalsbioadsorption of pollutants dye degradation biochar prepa-ration corrosion inhibition and inhibition of other weedswhich suggests diverse ways of utilization of this weed Roleof Parthenium discovered in nanotechnology presents newways of using this weed Capability of weed to function as asource of dye edible protein spices feed additive and animalfeed after ensilage opens more directions for utilizationof this weed Multitudes of chemotherapeutic and curative

Table 4 Useful biological activities effects and some uses ofParthenium hysterophorus weed plant

Activityeffectuse ReferencesHypoglycemic effect [141]Effect against dengue parasite [142 143]Antitrypanosomal activity [144 145]Cytotoxic activity [29 146]Anticancer activity [122 147]

Antioxidant activity [145 148149]

Muscle relaxant activity [150]Depolarization of neuromuscular junction in rats [122]Hypotensive response in dogs [122]Ovicidal for pathogenic insects [151]Cardiac depressant effect in rats [122]

Antibacterial activity [124 125152]

Antifungal activity [124 125152]

Antiviral activity for example against PotatovirusY [122]

Antiamoebic activity [5 122]Antifeedant activity [153]Repellent activity against flea and other insects [154 155]

Nematicidal activity [153 156157]

Spermicidal activity [158]Anti-inflammatory activity [29 148]CNS depressant activity [29 159]Thrombolytic activity (useful in migrainetreatment) [29 146]

Antimalarial [5 29 122]Mutagenic effect on bacteria and eukaryotic(mouse) leucocytes [29]

Menstrual stimulator in females (emmenagogue) [124 154]Folk remedy against skin diseases woundsulcerated sores facial neuralgia fever malariaurinary tract infections dysentery eczemaanaemia heart trouble and gynaecologicalailments

[122 124160 161]

Analgesic in muscular rheumatism [29 154]Vermifuge to eliminate helminthes [154]Used as spices in several parts of the world [5]Useful as low cost substrate for xylanaseproduction [162]

Oxalic acid production [163]Edible protein (biological value for rats) [164]Animal feed additive after ensilage [165]

properties propose medicinal value of the Parthenium Theseare reflected in antimicrobial anticancer antioxidant anti-inflammatory antimalarial antitrypanosomal antiamoebicantifeedant andmuscle relaxant activities and the cidal effect


Source of dye

Allelopath

ic

Phytorem

ediat

ion

Gree

n m

anur

e

Com

posti

ng

Folk

rem

edie

sVermicom

posting

Biochar preparation

Use as spicesBioadsorptionSource of edibleprotein

Oxalic acid production

Plant enzyme extraction

for dye degradation

Animal feed additive

after ensilage

exclusio

n of weeds

Partheniumhysterophorus

WasteWaste

WasteW

aste

Plant lignocellulose

Plant

Production of cellulose

and its derivatives

Pulp and pap

er mak

ing

Biof

uel p

rodu

ctio

n

Biogas productionLignin

extraction Preparation of

phenolics and

other greenchemicals

Substrate for xylanase production

extract

Nanoparticles sy

nthesis

Biological utilities

Weed controlCorrosion inhibitionFeed additive for silkworm

Growth promotion in some

crops

Figure 2 Utility potential of Parthenium hysterophorus

against nematodes ova and sperms of insects and so forthThe use of weed has also been found in certain folk remediesmenstrual stimulation and treatment of migraine and soforth Thus versatility of applications of Parthenium unfoldsnumerous ways for sustainable management of this weed

7 Future Prospects

In light of designing new control strategies for Partheniummanagement limited work done so far for exploring ben-eficial uses of Parthenium should be expanded further tobroaden the utilization scope of the weed Also the researchwork dedicated to one particular application is very restrictedand needs elaborative studies The weed has many utilitieseach of which can be used separately to control this weedSuchmethods can also be designed in future which integratetwo or more applications aiming at maximum utilization ofweed for acquiring economic benefits Zerowaste technologybeing followed these days can also be taken into accountwhile shaping these integrated approaches Thus new andimproved methods of managing Parthenium hysterophorusweed encouraging well-being of human society are antici-pated in near future

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

References

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[2] K R Aneja S R Dhawan and A B Sharma ldquoDeadlyweed Parthenium hysterophorus L and its distributionrdquo IndianJournal of Weed Science vol 23 no 3-4 pp 14ndash18 1991

[3] R Nath ldquoParthenium hysterophorus L a general accountrdquoAgricultural Review vol 9 no 4 pp 171ndash179 1988

[4] S C Navie R E McFayden F D Panetta and S W AdkinsldquoThe biology of Australian weeds 27 Parthenium hysterophorusLrdquo Plant Protection Quarterly vol 11 pp 76ndash88 1996

[5] V B Kushwaha and S Maurya ldquoBiological utilities of Parthe-niumhysterophorusrdquo Journal of Applied andNatural Science vol4 no 1 pp 137ndash143 2012

[6] S Ghosh S Haldar N Shubhaneel A Ganguly and P KChatterjee ldquoKinetic study of the acid hydrolysis of Partheniumhysterophorus L for xylose yield in the production of lignocellu-losic ethanolrdquo IOSR Journal of Pharmacy andBiological Sciencesvol 3 no 3 pp 35ndash41 2012

[7] H C Evans ldquoParthenium hysterophorus a review of its weedstatus and the possibilities for biological controlrdquo BiocontrolNews and Information vol 18 no 3 pp 89ndash98 1997

[8] T Tamado W Schutz and P Milberg ldquoGermination ecology ofthe weed Parthenium hysterophorus in eastern EthiopiardquoAnnalsof Applied Biology vol 140 no 3 pp 263ndash270 2002

[9] I Gnanavel ldquoParthenium hysetrophorus Lmdasha major threat tonatural and agro-ecosystems in Indiardquo Science Internationalvol 1 no 5 pp 124ndash131 2013


[10] J E Butler ldquoLongevity of Parthenium hysterophorus L seed inthe soilrdquo Australian Weeds vol 3 no 1 p 6 1984

[11] J C Dagar A N Rao and L P Mall ldquoRegeneration ofParthenium hysterophorusrdquo Geobios vol 3 pp 202ndash203 1976

[12] S Kumar and N Rohatgi ldquoThe role of invasive weeds inchanging floristic diversityrdquo Annals of Forestry vol 7 no 1 pp147ndash150 1999

[13] S Patel ldquoHarmful and beneficial aspects of Parthenium hys-terophorus an updaterdquo 3 Biotech vol 1 no 1 pp 1ndash9 2011

[14] G D Tudor A L Ford T R Armstrong and E K BromageldquoTaints inmeat from sheep grazing PartheniumhysterophorusrdquoAustralian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and AnimalHusbandry vol 22 no 115 pp 43ndash46 1982

[15] K S Dogra S K Sood and R Sharma ldquoDistribution Biologyand Ecology of Parthenium hysterophorus L (Congress Grass)an invasive species in the North-Western Indian Himalaya(Himachal Pradesh)rdquoAfrican Journal of Plant Science vol 5 no11 pp 682ndash687 2011

[16] A Etana E Kelbessa and T Soromessa ldquoImpact of Partheniumhysterophorus L (Asteraceae ) on herbaceous Plant Biodiversityof Awash National Park (ANP) Ethiopiardquo Management ofBiological Invasions vol 2 pp 69ndash80 2011

[17] J F Chippendale and F D Panetta ldquoThe cost of Partheniumweed to the Queensland cattle industryrdquo Plant ProtectionQuarterly vol 9 no 2 pp 73ndash76 1994

[18] V D Vartak ldquoWeed that threatens crop and grass lands inMaharashtrardquo Indian Farming vol 18 pp 23ndash24 1968

[19] B B Channappagoudar Y C Panchal S Manjunath and R VKoti ldquoStudies on influence of Parthenium on sorghum growthunder irrigated conditionsrdquo Farming Systems vol 6 pp 102ndash104 1990

[20] S Maharjan B B Shrestha and P K Jha ldquoAllelopathic effectsof extracts of leaves of Parthenium hysterophorus L on seedgermination and seedling growth of some cultivated and wildherbaceous speciesrdquo Scientific World vol 5 no 5 pp 33ndash392007

[21] A Shabbir and A Javaid ldquoEffect of extracts of alien weedParthenium hysterophorus and two native Asteraceous specieson germination and growth of mungbean Vigna radiate LWilczekrdquo Journal of Agriculture and Research vol 48 no 4 pp483ndash488 2010

[22] J A Dhole S S Bodke and N A Dhole ldquoAllelopathic effectof aqueous leaf extract of Parthenium hysterophorus L on seedgermination and seedling emergence of some cultivated cropsrdquoJournal of Research in Biology vol 1 no 2 pp 15ndash18 2011

[23] K S Dogra and S K Sood ldquoPhytotoxicity of Partheniumhysterophorus residues towards growth of three native plantspecies (Acacia catechu willd Achyranthes aspera L and Cassiatora L) in Himachal Pradesh Indiardquo International Journal ofPlant Physiology and Biochemistry vol 4 no 5 pp 105ndash1092012

[24] M Kumar and S Kumar ldquoEffect of Parthenium hysterophorusash on growth and biomass of Phaseolus mungordquo AcademiaArena vol 2 no 1 pp 98ndash102 2010

[25] A Javaid and S Shafique ldquoSeasonal pattern of seed dormancyin Parthenium hysterophorus Lrdquo Pakistan Journal of Botany vol42 no 1 pp 497ndash503 2010

[26] R T Kapoor ldquoAwareness related survey of an invasive alienweed Parthenium hysterophorus L in Gautam Budh Nagar dis-trict Uttar Pradesh Indiardquo Journal of Agricultural Technologyvol 8 no 3 pp 1129ndash1140 2012

[27] P Sriramarao S Nagpal B S Subba Rao O Prakash and PV Subba Rao ldquoImmediate hypersensitivity to Parthenium hys-terophorus II Clinical studies on the prevalence of partheniumrhinitisrdquoClinical and Experimental Allergy vol 21 no 1 pp 55ndash62 1991

[28] G H N Towers ldquoAllergic eczematous contact dermatitis fromparthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus)rdquo in Proceedingsof the 6th Australian Weeds Conference B J Wilson and J TSwarbrick Eds pp 143ndash150 Gold Coast Australia 1981

[29] D P Roy and M M Shaik ldquoToxicology phytochemistrybioactive compounds and pharmacology of Parthenium hys-terophorusrdquo Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies vol 1 no 3 pp126ndash141 2013

[30] G H N Towers and P V Subba Rao ldquoImpact of pan-tropical weed Parthenium hysterophorus L on human affairsrdquoin Proceedings of the 1st International Weed Control Congress RG Richardson Ed vol 1 pp 134ndash138 Melbourne Australia1992

[31] P R More V P Vadlamudi and M I Qureshi ldquoNote onthe toxicity of Parthenium hysterophorus in livestock [toxic tobuffalo calves but not to crossbred bull calves]rdquo Indian Journalof Animal Sciences vol 52 no 6 pp 456ndash457 1982

[32] T R Narasimhan B S K Murthy N Harindranath andP V S Rao ldquoCharacterization of a toxin from Partheniumhysterophorus and its mode of excretion in animalsrdquo Journal ofBiosciences vol 6 no 5 pp 729ndash738 1984

[33] S N Khosla and S N Sobti ldquoPartheninmdasha promising rootinhibitor from Parthenium hysterophorus Linnrdquo Pesticides vol15 pp 8ndash11 1981

[34] P Gangasuresh A Ajithal Begam A Saranya P Senthil kumarand M Rajkumarbharathi ldquoAllelopathic effect of aqueousleaf extract of ldquoParthenium hysterophorusrdquo on germinationand seedling growth of the lsquoGossypium hirsutumrsquordquo Journal ofResearch in Biology vol 1 pp 56ndash61 2011

[35] S D Kanchan and K A Jayachandra ldquoEffect of Parthe-niumhysterophorus on nitrogen-fixing and nitrifying bacteriardquoCanadian Journal of Botany vol 59 pp 199ndash202 1981

[36] S Vehra and A U Khan ldquoComparative studies on the compet-itive abilities of an exotic Parthenium hysterophorus L withco-existing species to determine the impacts of its invasionrdquoPakistan Journal of Botany vol 43 no 5 pp 2365ndash2372 2011

[37] S Singh A Yadav R S Balyan R K Malik and M SinghldquoControl of ragweed parthenium (parthenium hysterophorus)and associated weedsrdquoWeed Technology vol 18 no 3 pp 658ndash664 2004

[38] V M Bhan S Kumar and M S Raghuwanshi ldquoFuturestrategies for effective partheniummanagementrdquo in Proceedingsof the 1st International Conference on Parthenium ManagementM Mahadevappa and V C Patil Eds pp 90ndash95 University ofAgricultural Sciences Dahrwad India October 1997

[39] M Mahadevappa ldquoEcology distribution menace and manage-ment of Partheniumrdquo in Proceedings of the 1st International Con-ference on Parthenium Management vol 1 pp 1ndash12 Dharwad India 1997

[40] T V Muniappa T V R Prasad and K Krishnamurthy ldquoCom-parative efficacy and economics of mechanical and chemicalmethods of control of Parthenium hysterophorus Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Weed Science vol 12 pp 137ndash144 1980

[41] C Lakshmi and C Srinivas ldquoParthenium a wide angle viewrdquoIndian Journal of Dermatology Venereology and Leprology vol73 no 5 pp 296ndash306 2007


[42] J Asha Kumari P Rama Chandra Prasad and K B ReddyldquoCompetitive exclusion of Parthenium hysterophorus by otherinvasive speciesmdasha case study from Andhra Pradesh IndiardquoTaiwania vol 55 no 2 pp 128ndash138 2010

[43] A Javaid ldquoEfficacy of some common herbicides against Parthe-niumweedrdquo Pakistan Journal ofWeed Science vol 13 no 1-2 pp93ndash98 2007

[44] N R Paradkar S P Kurchania and J P Tiwari ldquoChemicalcontrol of Parthenium hysterophorus L and other associatedweeds in upland drilled ricerdquo Indian Journal of Weed Sciencevol 29 no 3-4 pp 151ndash154 1997

[45] K N Reddy C T Bryson and I C Burke ldquoRagweed parthe-nium (Parthenium hysterophorus) control with preemergenceand postemergence herbicidesrdquoWeed Technology vol 21 no 4pp 982ndash986 2007

[46] H Khan K B Marwat G Hassan and M A Khan ldquoChemicalcontrol of Parthenium hysterophorus L at different growthstages in non-cropped areardquo Pakistan Journal of Botany vol 44no 5 pp 1721ndash1726 2012

[47] Z Bekeko T Hussien and T Tessema ldquoDistribution incidenceseverity and effect of the rust (Puccinia abrupta var partheni-icola) on Parthenium hysterophorus L in Western HarargheZone Ethiopiardquo African Journal of Plant Science vol 6 no 13pp 337ndash345 2012

[48] D B Kelaniyangoda and H M R K Ekanayake ldquoPucciniamelampodii Diet and Holow As a biological control agent ofParthenium hysterophorusrdquo Journal of Food and Agriculture vol1 no 1 pp 13ndash19 2008

[49] H Idrees andA Javaid ldquoScreening of some pathogenic fungi fortheir herbicidal potential against parthenium weedrdquo PakistanJournal of Phytopathology vol 20 no 1 pp 150ndash155 2008

[50] S Kumar R E Masto L C Ram P Sarkar J George and V ASelvi ldquoBiochar preparation from Parthenium hysterophorus andits potential use in soil applicationrdquo Ecological Engineering vol55 pp 67ndash72 2013

[51] U G Shinde S K Metkar R L Bodkhe G Y Khosare andS N Harke ldquoPotential of polyphenol oxidase of Partheniumhysterophorus Alternanthera sessilis and Jaltropha curcas forsimultaneous degradation of two textile dyes yellow 5G andBrown Rrdquo Trends in Biotechnology Research vol 1 no 1 pp 24ndash28 2012

[52] V Nallathambi Gunaseelan ldquoParthenium as an additive withcattle manure in biogas productionrdquo Biological Wastes vol 21no 3 pp 195ndash202 1987

[53] V N Gunaseelan and P Lakshmanaperumalsamy ldquoBiogasproduction potential of Partheniumrdquo Biological Wastes vol 33no 4 pp 311ndash314 1990

[54] V N Gunaseelan ldquoMethane production from Partheniumhysterophorus L a terrestrial weed in semi-continuous fer-mentersrdquo Biomass amp Bioenergy vol 6 no 5 pp 391ndash398 1994

[55] V Nallathambi Gunaseelan ldquoImpact of anaerobic digestionon inhibition potential of Parthenium solidsrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 14 no 2 pp 179ndash184 1998

[56] M N Abubacker G R Rao and A Kumaresan ldquoSugarcanepress mud cake accelerator of biogas production in variousweed biomassrdquo Advances in Plant Sciences vol 12 no 1 pp 73ndash78 1999

[57] S K Thakur and K D N Singh ldquoEfficiency of agriculturalwastes and weeds for biogas productionrdquo Journal of ResearchBirsa Agricultural University vol 12 no 1 pp 11ndash15 2000

[58] S K Thakur and K D N Singh ldquoAnaerobic digestion ofagricultural wastes and weeds for biogas productionrdquo Annals ofBiology vol 19 no 2 pp 245ndash249 2003

[59] N Kannan T Guruswamy and V Kumar ldquoDesign develop-ment and evaluation of biogas plant using donkey-dung andselected biomaterials as feedstockrdquo Journal of the Institution ofEngineers (India) Agricultural Engineering Division vol 84 pp17ndash23 2003

[60] G Gitanjali A Kumaresan M Dharmaraj and T Karup-payee ldquoUtilization of parthenium plant leachate for biogasproductionrdquo Asian Journal of Microbiology Biotechnology andEnvironmental Sciences vol 11 no 1 pp 113ndash115 2009

[61] B B Channappagoudar N R Biradar J B Patil and C A AGasimani ldquoUtilization of weed biomass as an organic source insorghumrdquoKarnataka Journal of Agricultural Science vol 20 no2 pp 245ndash248 2007

[62] R KMurthy H R Raveendra and R T BManjunatha ldquoEffectof Chromolaena and Parthenium as green manure and theircompost on yield uptake and nutrient use efficiency on TypicPaleustalfrdquo European Biological Sciences vol 4 no 1 pp 41ndash452010

[63] P Kishor A K Ghosh S Singh and B R Maurya ldquoPotentialuse of parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L) in agricul-turerdquo Asian Journal of Agricultural Research vol 4 no 4 pp220ndash225 2010

[64] S K Ambasta and S Kumari ldquoA scientific approach of con-version of eco-hazardous Parthenium weed into eco-friendlyby compost makingrdquo International Journal of Geology Earth ampEnvironmental Sciences vol 3 no 1 pp 90ndash94 2013

[65] J Jelin and M S Dhanarajan ldquoComparative physicochemicalanalysis of degrading Parthenium (Parthenium Hysterophorus)and saw dust by a new approach to accelerate the compostingraterdquo International Journal of Chemical Environmental andBiological Sciences vol 1 no 3 pp 535ndash537 2013

[66] T P Khaket M Singh S Dhanda T Singh and J SinghldquoBiochemical characterization of consortium compost of toxicweeds Parthenium hysterophorus and Eichhornia crassiperdquoBioresource Technology vol 123 pp 360ndash365 2012

[67] P Rajiv S Narendhran K M Subhash A Sankar R Sivarajand R Venckatesh ldquoParthenium hysterophorus L compostassessment of its physical properties and allelopathic effect ongermination and growth of Arachis hypogeae Lrdquo InternationalResearch Journal of Environmental Science vol 2 no 2 pp 1ndash52013

[68] P Kishor B R Maurya and A K Ghosh ldquoUse of uprootedParthenium before flowering as compost a way to reduce itshazards worldwiderdquo International Journal of Soil Science vol 5no 2 pp 73ndash81 2010

[69] B RMaurya and P K Sharma ldquoStudies on the germination andviability of Parthenium hysterophorus L in its compostrdquo IndianJournal of Weed Science vol 42 no 3-4 pp 244ndash245 2010

[70] P Apurva S K Sinha and P C Thakur ldquoComposting anobnoxiousweedPartheniumhysterophorusL with the help of amillipede Harpaphe haydenianardquo Asian Journal of Experimen-tal Biological Sciences vol 1 no 2 pp 337ndash343 2010

[71] A P Biradar and M B Patil ldquoStudies on utilization of promi-nent weeds for vermiculturingrdquo Indian Journal of Weed Sciencevol 33 no 3-4 pp 229ndash230 2001

[72] A Yadav and V K Garg ldquoVermicompostingmdashan effective toolfor the management of invasive weed Parthenium hysteropho-rusrdquoBioresource Technology vol 102 no 10 pp 5891ndash5895 2011


[73] P J Nirmalnath A P Biradar M B Patil and A B PatilldquoMicroflora associated with vermicompost obtained from dif-ferent weedsrdquo Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences vol18 no 1 pp 186ndash187 2005

[74] A Shobha S A Reddy A Akila and R D Kale ldquoManagementof secondary sewage sludge by vermicomposting for use as soilamendmentrdquo Global Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnologyvol 7 no 1 pp 13ndash18 2012

[75] A Chauhan and P C Joshi ldquoComposting of some dangerousand toxic weeds using Eisenia Foetidardquo Journal of AmericanScience vol 6 no 3 pp 1ndash6 2010

[76] P Sangwan C P Kaushik and V K Garg ldquoNutrient recyclingand management of press mud parthenium and biogas plantslurry employing earthwormsrdquo International Journal of Envi-ronment and Waste Management vol 7 no 3-4 pp 382ndash3942011

[77] U G Basarkar G S Kshirsagar and A A Saoji ldquoComparativestudy of vermicompost using Parthenium biodung and usualgreen biodungrdquo International Journal of Bioassays vol 2 no 5pp 819ndash824 2013

[78] P Rajiv S Nareendran and R Sivaraj ldquoBioconversion ofParthenium hysterophorus using earthworms and assessment ofits macro and micro-nutrientsrdquo in Proceedings of the Interna-tional Bio Conference amp Event Leonia International Conven-tional Centre Hydrabad India December 2012

[79] K S Vijaya and S Seethalakshmi ldquoContribution of Partheniumvermicompost in altering the growth yield and quality ofAbelmoschus esculents (I) Moenchrdquo Advanced Biotechnologyvol 11 no 2 pp 44ndash47 2011

[80] M Anbalagan and S Manivannan ldquoAssessment of impactof invasive weed Parthenium hysterophorus L mixed withorganic supplements on growth and reproduction preference ofLampitomauritii (Kinberg) through vermitechnologyrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Environmental Biology vol 2 no 2 pp 88ndash912012

[81] B Vijayakumari and Y R Hiranmai ldquoInfluence of fresh com-posted and vermicomposted Parthenium and poultry manureon growth characters of sesame (Sesamum indicum)rdquo Journal ofOrganic Systems vol 7 no 1 pp 14ndash19 2012

[82] M Senthilkumari K Vasanthi T Saradha and R BharathildquoStudies on the Vermiconversion of different leaf wastes byusing Eudrilus Eugeniae (Kinberg)rdquo International Journal ofAdvanced Research vol 1 no 3 pp 96ndash101 2013

[83] I Saragnthem R J Koireng and N R Singh ldquoVermicom-posting technique and nutrients content of Parthenium basedorganic manure involving manure worm (Eisenia foetida andEndrilus eugineae)rdquo Green Farming vol 2 no 11 pp 769ndash7702009

[84] P Rajiv S Rajeshwari R Hiranmai Yadav and V RajendranldquoVermiremediation detoxification of parthenin toxin fromPartheniumweedsrdquo Journal ofHazardousMaterials vol 262 pp489ndash495 2013

[85] P Lalitha K Shivani and R R Rama ldquoParthenium hys-terophorusmdashan economical tool to increase the agriculturalproductivityrdquo International Journal of Life Sciences vol 1 no 1pp 113ndash127 2012

[86] R K Kohli D Rani H P Singh and S Kumar ldquoResponse ofcrop seeds towards the leaf leachates of Parthenium hysteropho-rus Lrdquo Indian Journal of Weed Science vol 28 no 1-2 pp 104ndash106 1996

[87] R G Belz C F Reinhardt L C Foxcroft and K HurleldquoResidue allelopathy in Parthenium hysterophorus L-does

parthenin play a leading rolerdquo Crop Protection vol 26 no 3pp 237ndash245 2007

[88] K B Marwat M A Khan A Nawaz and A Amin ldquoParthe-nium hysterophorus L A Potential source of bioherbiciderdquoPakistan Journal of Botany vol 40 no 5 pp 1933ndash1942 2008

[89] M Tomaszewski and K V Thimann ldquoInteractions of phenolicacids metallic ions and chelating agents on auxin inducedgrowthrdquo Plant Physiology vol 41 no 9 pp 1443ndash1454 1966

[90] C Swaminathan R S Vinaya Rai and K K Suresh ldquoAllelo-pathic effects of Parthenium hysterophorus on germination andseedling growth of a few multi-purpose trees and arable cropsrdquoInternational Tree Crops Journal vol 6 no 2-3 pp 143ndash1501990

[91] S O Duke F E Dayan A M Rimando et al ldquoChemicals fromnature for weed managementrdquo Weed Science vol 50 no 2 pp138ndash151 2002

[92] G Hu Z H Zhang and B Q Hu ldquoEffect of aqueous leaf extractof Parthenium hysterophorus L on the germination and shootgrowth of two native speciesrdquoAdvancedMaterials Research vol726ndash731 pp 4348ndash4351 2013

[93] T Tefera ldquoAllelopathic effects of Parthenium hysterophorusextracts on seed germination and seedling growth of Eragrostistefrdquo Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science vol 188 no 5 pp306ndash310 2002

[94] A Javaid and S Shafique ldquoComparison of Trifolium alexan-drinum L and Parthenium hysterophorus L green manures inrice-wheat cropping systemrdquo Philippine Agricultural Scientistvol 92 no 1 pp 110ndash115 2009

[95] P Saravanane R Poonguzhalan and V Chellamuthu ldquoParthe-nium (Parthenium hysterophorus L) distribution and its biore-source potential for rice production in Puduchery IndiardquoPakistan Journal of Weed Science Research vol 18 pp 551ndash5552012

[96] A Javaid andM B M Shah ldquoUse of parthenium weed as greenmanure for maize and mungbean pro-ductionrdquo The PhilippineAgricultural Scientist vol 91 no 4 pp 478ndash482 2008

[97] D S Suryawanshi ldquoUtilization of weed biomass as an organicsource in maizerdquo Life Science Bulletin vol 8 no 1 pp 10ndash122011

[98] P Saravanane H V Nanjappa and B K RamachandrappaldquoEffect of weeds utilization as nutrient source on soil fertilityand tuber yield of potatordquoMysore Journal of Agricultural Sciencevol 42 no 3 pp 464ndash467 2008

[99] A Javaid and M B M Shah ldquoGrowth and yield response ofwheat to EM (effective microorganisms) and parthenium greenmanurerdquo African Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 23 pp3373ndash3381 2010

[100] S Naithani R B Chhetri P K Pande and G NaithanildquoEvaluation of Parthenium for pulp and paper makingrdquo IndianJournal of Weed Science vol 40 no 3-4 pp 188ndash191 2008

[101] N Shubhaneel S Ghosh S Haldar A Ganguly and PK Chatterjee ldquoAcid catalyzed auto-hydrolysis of PartheniumHysterophorus L for production of xylose for lignocellulosicethanolrdquo International Journal of Emerging Technology andAdvanced Engineering vol 3 no 1 pp 187ndash192 2013

[102] G Ji S K Shukla P Dwivedi S Sundaram E E Ebenso and RPrakash ldquoParthenium hysterophorus plant extract as an efficientgreen corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acidic environmentrdquoInternational Journal of Electrochemical Science vol 7 no 10 pp9933ndash9945 2012


[103] D K Pandey L P Kauraw and V M Bhan ldquoInhibitory effectof parthenium (PartheniumhysterophorusL) residue on growthofwater hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipesMart Solms) II Relativeeffect of flower leaf stem and root residuerdquo Journal of ChemicalEcology vol 19 no 11 pp 2663ndash2670 1993

[104] D K Pandey ldquoInhibition of salvinia (Salvinia molesta Mitchell)by parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L) I Effect of leafresidue and allelochemicalsrdquo The Journal of Chemical Ecologyvol 20 no 12 pp 3111ndash3122 1994

[105] R Dayal P C Dobhal R Kumar P Onial and R D RawatldquoNatural dye from Parthenium hysterophorusrdquo Colourage vol55 no 8 pp 75ndash78 2008

[106] M V Chanderkala P Dharani R R Patil et al ldquoInvestigationon the application of Parthenium hysterophorus extracts asfeed additives for young larvae of silkworm Bombyx mori LrdquoAgricultural Science Research Journals vol 2 no 8 pp 449ndash4522012

[107] B K Singhal M V Rajan and Y R Madhava Rao ldquoWeed turnsa boon to silkrdquo Indian Textile Journal vol 108 no 9 pp 60ndash621998

[108] A Muhammad A W Mahmud P Ijaz and A MuhammadldquoInfluence of different nutritional sources on different devel-opmental and biological aspects of silkworm Bombyx mori LrdquoWorld Journal of Agricultural Sciences vol 2 no 3 pp 233ndash2382006

[109] V Parashar R Parashar B Sharma and A C Pandey ldquoParthe-nium leaf extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticlesa novel approach towards weed utilizationrdquo Digest Journal ofNanomaterials and Biostructures vol 4 no 1 pp 45ndash50 2009

[110] S Ananda ldquoExploitation of Parthenium hysterophorus L for therapid biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and evaluation of theiranti-microbial activityrdquo Indian Journal of Applied Research vol3 no 7 pp 79ndash83 2013

[111] M HMangrola V G Joshi P R Dudhagara and B H ParmarldquoTwo step synthesis and biophysical characterization of silvernanoparticles using green approachrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalResearch and Development A vol 7 no 2 pp 1021ndash1025 2012

[112] D A Kumar ldquoRapid and green synthesis of silver nanoparticlesusing the leaf extracts of Parthenium hystreophorus a novel bio-logical approachrdquo International Research Journal of Pharmacyvol 3 no 2 pp 169ndash173 2012

[113] P Rajiv S Rajeshwari and R Venckatesh ldquoBio-Fabricationof zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of Partheniumhysterophorus L and its size-dependent antifungal activityagainst plant fungal pathogensrdquo Spectrochimica Acta Part AMolecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy vol 112 pp 384ndash3872013

[114] M F Anwar D Yadav S Kapoor J Chander and M SamimldquoComparison of antibacterial activity of Ag nanoparticlessynthesized from leaf extract of Parthenium hystrophorus Lin aqueous media and Gentamicin sulphate in-vitrordquo DrugDevelopment and Industrial Pharmacy 2013

[115] S Ghosh K Das S Sinha et al ldquoEffect of particle size on thehydrolysis of PartheniumHysterophorus L for the production ofethanolrdquo International Journal of Energy and Power vol 2 no1 pp 26ndash35 2013

[116] K Pandiyan R Tiwari S Rana et al ldquoComparative efficiencyof different pretreatment methods on enzymatic digestibility ofParthenium sprdquo World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnol-ogy vol 30 no 1 pp 55ndash64 2014

[117] S Rana R Tiwari A Arora et al ldquoProspecting Partheniumsp pretreated with Trametes hirsuta as a potential bioethanol

feedstockrdquo Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology vol 2no 2 pp 152ndash158 2013

[118] P I Sangita andVD Bute ldquoBioadsorption a solution for indus-trial waste water pollutionrdquo Bioscience Biotechnology ResearchCommunications vol 2 no 1 pp 110ndash115 2009

[119] A V Mane R G Pardeshi V R Gore R L Walave SS Manjrekar and G N Sutar ldquoWater quality and sedimentanalysis at selected locations of Pavana River of Pune dis-trict Maharashtrardquo Journal of Chemical and PharmaceuticalResearch vol 5 no 8 pp 91ndash102 2013

[120] F Hadi and A Bano ldquoUtilization of Parthenium hysterophorusfor the remediation of lead-contaminated soilrdquo Weed Biologyand Management vol 9 no 4 pp 307ndash314 2009

[121] K Sanghamitra P V V Prasada Rao and G R K NaiduldquoUptake of Zn (II) by an invasive weed species Partheniumhysterophorus Lrdquo Applied Ecology and Environmental Researchvol 10 no 3 pp 267ndash290 2012

[122] M S Khan and S Ahmad ldquoPharmacognostical phytochemicalbiological and tissue culture studies on Parthenium hysteropho-rus Linn a reviewrdquo Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine vol6 no 2 pp 1ndash5 2009

[123] D K Pandey ldquoAllelochemicals in Parthenium in response tobiological activity and the environmentrdquo Indian Journal ofWeedScience vol 41 no 3-4 pp 111ndash123 2009

[124] MNAbbas S A RanaMMahmood-ul-HassanN Rana andM Iqbal ldquoPhytochemical constituents of weeds baseline studyin mixed crop zone agroecosystemrdquo Pakistan Journal of Weedscience and Research vol 19 no 2 pp 231ndash238 2013

[125] S Padma and S Deepika ldquoPhytochemical screening and in vitroanti-fungal investigation of Parthenium hysterophorus extractsagainst Alternaria alternaterdquo International Research Journal ofPharmacy vol 4 no 7 pp 190ndash193 2013

[126] A Kumar S Joshi and T Malik ldquoAntimicrobial potential ofParthenium hysterophorus Linn plant extractsrdquo InternationalJournal of Life Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Research vol2 no 3 pp 232ndash236 2013

[127] A Purai and V K Rattan ldquoAcid blue 92 (leather dye) removalfromwastewater by adsorption using biomass ash and activatedcarbonrdquo Carbon Letters vol 11 no 1 pp 1ndash8 2010

[128] S S Apte V S Kore and S V Kore ldquoChloride removal fromwastewater by biosorption with the plant biomassrdquo UniversalJournal of Environmental Research and Technology vol 1 no 4pp 416ndash422 2011

[129] V S Shrivastava ldquoThe biosorption of Safranine onto Parthe-nium hysterophorus L equilibrium and kinetics investigationrdquoDesalination and Water Treatment vol 22 no 1ndash3 pp 146ndash1552010

[130] MAjmal R A K Rao RAhmad andMAKhan ldquoAdsorptionstudies on Parthenium hysterophorous weed Removal andrecovery of Cd(II) from wastewaterrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 135 no 1ndash3 pp 242ndash248 2006

[131] R S Singh V K Singh A K Mishra P N Tiwari U N SinghandYC Shrama ldquoPartheniumhysterophorus a novel adsorbentto remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solutionsrdquo Journal of AppliedSciences in Environmental Sanitation vol 3 no 3 pp 177ndash1892008

[132] R K Singh S Kumar and A Kumar ldquoDevelopment ofParthenium based activated carbon and its utilization foradsorptive removal of p-cresol from aqueous solutionrdquo Journalof Hazardous Materials vol 155 no 3 pp 523ndash535 2008


[133] H Lata S Mor V K Garg and R K Gupta ldquoRemoval ofa dye from simulated wastewater by adsorption using treatedParthenium biomassrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 153no 1-2 pp 213ndash220 2008

[134] Rajeshwarisivaraj and V Subburam ldquoActivated Partheniumcarbon as an adsorbent for the removal of dyes and heavy metalions from aqueous solutionrdquo Bioresource Technology vol 85 no2 pp 205ndash206 2002

[135] K Kadirvelu C Sivasankari M Jambuligam and S PattabhildquoActivated carbon from parthenium as adsorbent adsorptionof Hg(II) from aqueous solutionrdquo Indian Journal of ChemicalTechnology vol 9 no 6 pp 499ndash503 2002

[136] R Singh D P Singh N Kumar S K Bhargava and S CBarman ldquoAccumulation and translocation of heavy metals insoil and plants from fly ash contaminated areardquo Journal ofEnvironmental Biology vol 31 no 4 pp 421ndash430 2010

[137] A Nazir R N Malik M Ajaib N Khan and M F SiddiquildquoHyperaccumulators of heavy metals of industrial areas ofIslamabad and Rawalpindirdquo Pakistan Journal of Botany vol 43no 4 pp 1925ndash1933 2011

[138] K Ahmad M Shaheen Z I Khan and H Bashir ldquoHeavymetals contamination of soil and fodder a possible risk tolivestockrdquo Science Technology and Development vol 32 no 2pp 140ndash148 2013

[139] A Rehman T Iqbal S Ayaz andHU Rehman ldquoInvestigationsof heavymetals in differentmedicinal plantsrdquo Journal of AppliedPharmaceutical Science vol 3 no 8 pp 72ndash74 2013

[140] K Sanghamitra P V V Prasada Rao and G R K NaiduldquoHeavymetal tolerance ofweed species and their accumulationsby phytoextractionrdquo Indian Journal of Science Technology vol 4no 3 pp 285ndash290 2011

[141] V S Patel V Chitra P L Prasanna and V Krishnaraju ldquoHypo-glycemic effect of aqueous extract of Parthenium hysterophorusL in normal and alloxan induced diabetic ratsrdquo Indian Journalof Pharmacology vol 40 no 4 pp 183ndash185 2008

[142] S Kumar A P Singh G Nair et al ldquoImpact of Parthe-nium hysterophorus leaf extracts on the fecundity fertility andbehavioural response of Aedes aegypti Lrdquo Parasitology Researchvol 108 no 4 pp 853ndash859 2011

[143] S Kumar G Nair A P Singh S Batra N Wahab and RWarikoo ldquoEvaluation of the larvicidal efficiency of stem rootsand leaves of the weed Parthenium hysterophorus (FamilyAsteraceae) against Aedes aegypti Lrdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Disease vol 2 no 5 pp 395ndash400 2012

[144] T S Talakal S K Dwivedi and S R Sharma ldquoIn vitro and invivo therapeutic activity of Parthenium hysterophorus againstTrypanosoma evansirdquo Indian Journal of Experimental Biologyvol 33 no 11 pp 894ndash896 1995

[145] R A Khan M Ahmed M R Khan M Yasir and BMuhammad ldquoNutritional investigation and biological activitiesof parthenium hysterophorusrdquo African Journal of Pharmacy andPharmacology vol 5 no 18 pp 2073ndash2078 2011

[146] R Al-Mamun A Hamid M K Islam and J A Chowd-hury ldquoCytotoxic and thrombolytic activity of leaves extractof Parthenium hysterophorus (Fam Asteraceae)rdquo BangladeshPharmaceutical Journal vol 13 no 2 pp 51ndash54 2010

[147] M R Haq S Ashraf C P Malik A A Ganie and U ShandilyaldquoIn vitro cytotoxicity of Parthenium hysterophorus extractsagainst human cancerous cell linesrdquo Journal of Chemical andPharmaceutical Research vol 3 no 6 pp 601ndash608 2011

[148] K Pandey P K Sharma and R Dudhe ldquoAntioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Parthenium hys-terophorus Linnrdquo Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and ClinicalResearch vol 5 no 4 pp 28ndash31 2012

[149] S Kumar A Mishra and A K Pandey ldquoAntioxidant mediatedprotective effect of Parthenium hysterophorus against oxidativedamage using in vitro modelsrdquo BMC Complementary andAlternative Medicine vol 13 article 120 2013

[150] U Jha P J Chhajed R J Oswal and T T Shelke ldquoSkeletalmuscle relaxant activity of methanolic extract of Partheniumhysterophorus L leaves in Swiss albino micerdquo InternationalJournal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences vol 2 pp 1211ndash12132011

[151] S C Dwivedi and S Garg ldquoScreening of plant extracts forovicidal effect on the rice moth Corcyra cephalonica ( Stainton)rdquo Pest Management and Economic Zoology vol 5 no 1 pp 53ndash55 1997

[152] N B Barsagade andGNWagh ldquoComparative screening of leafextracts of common plants and weeds for their antibacterial andantifungal activitiesrdquoAsiatic Journal of Biotechnology Resourcesvol 3 pp 227ndash232 2010

[153] S Datta and D B Saxena ldquoPesticidal properties of parthenin(from Parthenium hysterophorus) and related compoundsrdquo PestManagement Science vol 57 no 1 pp 95ndash101 2001

[154] A IMaishi P K S Ali S A Chaghtai andG Khan ldquoA provingof Parthenium hysterophorus Lrdquo British Homoeopathy vol 87no 1 pp 17ndash21 1998

[155] S C Dwivedi and A Kumari ldquoEvaluation of some plantextracts as repellent against Callosobruchus chinensis (Linn)rdquoInternational Journal of Tropical Agriculture vol 18 no 2 pp181ndash183 2000

[156] D J Patel H V Patel S K Patel and B A Patel ldquoNematicidalproperties of some plant materials for the management of root-knot nematodes in tomato nurseryrdquo Indian Journal of PlantProtection vol 21 no 2 pp 242ndash244 1993

[157] D Prasad D Ram and A Imtiyaz ldquoManagement of plantparasitic nematodes by the use of botanicalsrdquo Annals of PlantProtection Sciences vol 10 no 2 pp 360ndash364 2002

[158] H Madan S Gogia and S Sharma ldquoAntimicrobial andspermicidal activities of Parthenium hysterophorus Linn andAlstonia scholaris Linnrdquo Indian Journal of Natural Products andResources vol 2 no 4 pp 458ndash463 2011

[159] U Jha P J Chhajed T T Shelke R J Oswal and P P AdkarldquoCNS activity of methanol extract of Parthenium hysterophorusL in experimental animalsrdquoDer Pharmacia Lettre vol 3 no 4pp 335ndash341 2011

[160] P Oudhia ldquoMedicinal uses of congress weed Parthenium hys-terophorusL a reviewrdquoEcology Environment andConservationvol 7 no 2 pp 175ndash177 2001

[161] S Samson and Sheelsingh ldquoParthenium a greatest threatentransforming into a healer for certain diseases drug producerand farmerrsquos helperrdquo in Proceedings of the National Conferenceon Science in Media (SIM rsquo12) pp 2277ndash9698 2012

[162] P Dwivedi V Vivekanand R Ganguly and R P Singh ldquoParthe-nium sp as a plant biomass for the production of alkalitolerantxylanase from mutant Penicillium oxalicum SAUE-3510 insubmerged fermentationrdquo Biomass and Bioenergy vol 33 no4 pp 581ndash588 2009

[163] J D Mane S J Jadhav and N A Ramaiah ldquoProduction ofoxalic acid from dry powder of Parthenium hysterophorus LrdquoJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry vol 34 no 6 pp989ndash990 1986


[164] V A Savangikar and R N Joshi ldquoEdible protein from Parthe-nium hysterophorusrdquo Experimental Agriculture vol 14 no 1 pp93ndash94 1978

[165] T R Narasimhan B S Keshava Murthy and P V SubbaRao ldquoNutritional evaluation of silage made from the toxicweed Parthenium hysterophorus in animalsrdquo Food and ChemicalToxicology vol 31 no 7 pp 509ndash515 1993

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Nutrition and Metabolism

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Food ScienceInternational Journal of

Agronomy


International Journal of



Microbiology

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

AgricultureAdvances in


PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BiodiversityInternational Journal of


ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GenomicsInternational Journal of


Plant GenomicsInternational Journal of


Biotechnology Research International


Forestry ResearchInternational Journal of


Journal of BotanyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EcologyInternational Journal of


Veterinary Medicine International


Cell BiologyInternational Journal of


Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of



Seed germination

Seedling

Juvenile stage

Vegetative growthFlowering

Seed setting

Seed shedding and dispersal

Seed bank (subsoil and above soil)

Establishment

Maturation

Pollination and fertilization

Favorable

conditions

Favorable

conditions

Abou

t15

days

Unfavorableconditions

Abou

t 4we

eks

Figure 1 Life cycle of Parthenium hysterophorus plant

between 12 and 27∘C) are usually present throughout the yearThe weed therefore can be seen growing round the year indifferent stages of its life cycle and can show one to even threegenerations per year [5]

Parthenium weed is found in both natural and agroe-cosystems It shows many adverse effects on agriculturebiodiversity and health of animals and human beings Inman Parthenium plant or its pollens cause health problemsof asthma hay fever dermatitis bronchitis diarrhoea andallergies on skin eyes nose and mouth [13] The weedis allergic and unpalatable to grazers but if consumed bycattle results in losses due to serious concerns of healthhazards and tainting of milk and meat [14] Parthenium isfound more populated in waste lands rock crevices alongirrigation canals road sides railway tracks coalfield areasand developing residential colonies around the towns [213] Invasion rate is higher in such minimally managedhabitats lacking interspecies competition and transformsthem to weed monocultures Establishment of weed is morevigorous in bare land after drought and floods Extensivevegetation or pasture in undisturbed land remains a secondchoice for invasion showing an inverse relationship betweendensity of existing vegetation cover and weed abundanceHowever invasion by Parthenium has been documented tocause enormous loss to the biodiversity [12] by replacingnative species in the natural ecosystems sometimes causingtotal habitat alteration Reports have shown negative impactof Parthenium on biodiversity in North Western IndianHimalayas [15] Nepal grasslands [13] and Awash National

Park in Ethiopia [16] Effects of Parthenium are very promi-nent in agricultural ecosystems leading to economic losses tothe nation due to reduced crop productivity Many reportshave suggested significant losses to the forage [3 17 18] dueto invasion by harmful Parthenium Similar negative effectshave been observed in rice sorghum [19] and other crops[4 7] Inhibitory effects of Parthenium on wide variety ofcrops and agricultural plants have been reported in studiesusing extracts [20ndash22] residues [23] and ash [24] of theweedall showing varying degrees of effects on different plants Thereduction in pasture yield and agricultural productivity canbe accounted to various reasons such as allelopathic inhibi-tion of useful crop and forage plants [13] contamination ofgrains and seeds inhibition of fruit setting in important cropplants and reduced nodulation in leguminous plants and byproviding alternate host for plant viruses and insect pests [9]

Many control measures are being used to manage thisobnoxious weedThe chemical methods of control of Parthe-nium rely on the use of chemical herbicides which lead tothe problems of environmental pollution Physical methodsof uprooting and ploughing are labor intensive and relativelyineffective Burning has damaging effects on the environ-ment Biological methods making use of pests competitivecrops ormycoherbicides againstPartheniumplant have theirown restrictions Among all known strategies nonchemicalmethods are preferred because of their inexpensiveness andeco-friendliness However for the last century integratedmethods are gaining attention due to limitations associatedwith individual methods Currently new means are alsobeing discovered for controlling various weeds amongwhich

















[29 122ndash124]

Flavonoids




[29 122ndash125]

Pseudoguaianolides




[29 122 123]

Oils




[29 123ndash125]



[123ndash126]

Others




[5 29 122]


















4























9 (a)(b)(c)(d)



[134]

[135]
















6 Conclusion














[122 124160 161]





Source of dye

Allelopath

ic

Phytorem

ediat

ion

Gree

n m

anur

e

Com

posti

ng

Folk

rem

edie

sVermicom

posting

Biochar preparation




for dye degradation


after ensilage

exclusio

n of weeds


WasteWaste

WasteW

aste


Plant


and its derivatives

Pulp and pap

er mak

ing

Biof

uel p

rodu

ctio

n



phenolics and



extract

Nanoparticles sy

nthesis




crops



7 Future Prospects




References
















































































































































































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014








































[29 122ndash124]

Flavonoids




[29 122ndash125]

Pseudoguaianolides




[29 122 123]

Oils




[29 123ndash125]



[123ndash126]

Others




[5 29 122]


















4























9 (a)(b)(c)(d)



[134]

[135]
















6 Conclusion














[122 124160 161]





Source of dye

Allelopath

ic

Phytorem

ediat

ion

Gree

n m

anur

e

Com

posti

ng

Folk

rem

edie

sVermicom

posting

Biochar preparation




for dye degradation


after ensilage

exclusio

n of weeds


WasteWaste

WasteW

aste


Plant


and its derivatives

Pulp and pap

er mak

ing

Biof

uel p

rodu

ctio

n



phenolics and



extract

Nanoparticles sy

nthesis




crops



7 Future Prospects




References
















































































































































































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014






























[29 122ndash124]

Flavonoids




[29 122ndash125]

Pseudoguaianolides




[29 122 123]

Oils




[29 123ndash125]



[123ndash126]

Others




[5 29 122]


















4























9 (a)(b)(c)(d)



[134]

[135]
















6 Conclusion














[122 124160 161]





Source of dye

Allelopath

ic

Phytorem

ediat

ion

Gree

n m

anur

e

Com

posti

ng

Folk

rem

edie

sVermicom

posting

Biochar preparation




for dye degradation


after ensilage

exclusio

n of weeds


WasteWaste

WasteW

aste


Plant


and its derivatives

Pulp and pap

er mak

ing

Biof

uel p

rodu

ctio

n



phenolics and



extract

Nanoparticles sy

nthesis




crops



7 Future Prospects




References
















































































































































































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014









































4























9 (a)(b)(c)(d)



[134]

[135]
















6 Conclusion














[122 124160 161]





Source of dye

Allelopath

ic

Phytorem

ediat

ion

Gree

n m

anur

e

Com

posti

ng

Folk

rem

edie

sVermicom

posting

Biochar preparation




for dye degradation


after ensilage

exclusio

n of weeds


WasteWaste

WasteW

aste


Plant


and its derivatives

Pulp and pap

er mak

ing

Biof

uel p

rodu

ctio

n



phenolics and



extract

Nanoparticles sy

nthesis




crops



7 Future Prospects




References
















































































































































































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014


































4























9 (a)(b)(c)(d)



[134]

[135]
















6 Conclusion














[122 124160 161]





Source of dye

Allelopath

ic

Phytorem

ediat

ion

Gree

n m

anur

e

Com

posti

ng

Folk

rem

edie

sVermicom

posting

Biochar preparation




for dye degradation


after ensilage

exclusio

n of weeds


WasteWaste

WasteW

aste


Plant


and its derivatives

Pulp and pap

er mak

ing

Biof

uel p

rodu

ctio

n



phenolics and



extract

Nanoparticles sy

nthesis




crops



7 Future Prospects




References
















































































































































































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014










































9 (a)(b)(c)(d)



[134]

[135]
















6 Conclusion














[122 124160 161]





Source of dye

Allelopath

ic

Phytorem

ediat

ion

Gree

n m

anur

e

Com

posti

ng

Folk

rem

edie

sVermicom

posting

Biochar preparation




for dye degradation


after ensilage

exclusio

n of weeds


WasteWaste

WasteW

aste


Plant


and its derivatives

Pulp and pap

er mak

ing

Biof

uel p

rodu

ctio

n



phenolics and



extract

Nanoparticles sy

nthesis




crops



7 Future Prospects




References
















































































































































































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014
































9 (a)(b)(c)(d)



[134]

[135]
















6 Conclusion














[122 124160 161]





Source of dye

Allelopath

ic

Phytorem

ediat

ion

Gree

n m

anur

e

Com

posti

ng

Folk

rem

edie

sVermicom

posting

Biochar preparation




for dye degradation


after ensilage

exclusio

n of weeds


WasteWaste

WasteW

aste


Plant


and its derivatives

Pulp and pap

er mak

ing

Biof

uel p

rodu

ctio

n



phenolics and



extract

Nanoparticles sy

nthesis




crops



7 Future Prospects




References
















































































































































































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014




























6 Conclusion














[122 124160 161]





Source of dye

Allelopath

ic

Phytorem

ediat

ion

Gree

n m

anur

e

Com

posti

ng

Folk

rem

edie

sVermicom

posting

Biochar preparation




for dye degradation


after ensilage

exclusio

n of weeds


WasteWaste

WasteW

aste


Plant


and its derivatives

Pulp and pap

er mak

ing

Biof

uel p

rodu

ctio

n



phenolics and



extract

Nanoparticles sy

nthesis




crops



7 Future Prospects




References
















































































































































































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014

























Source of dye

Allelopath

ic

Phytorem

ediat

ion

Gree

n m

anur

e

Com

posti

ng

Folk

rem

edie

sVermicom

posting

Biochar preparation




for dye degradation


after ensilage

exclusio

n of weeds


WasteWaste

WasteW

aste


Plant


and its derivatives

Pulp and pap

er mak

ing

Biof

uel p

rodu

ctio

n



phenolics and



extract

Nanoparticles sy

nthesis




crops



7 Future Prospects




References
















































































































































































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014






























































































































































































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014





























































































































































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014





























































































































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014





























































































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014





























































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014





























Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014


























Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014
























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Review Article Utility Potential of Parthenium ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/aag/2014/381859.pdf · Review Article Utility Potential of Parthenium hysterophorus for Its Strategic