Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Distance (km)80706050403020100
Ele
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n (m
amsl
)
6,000
5,750
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S NECarchi Pampa to Cerro Galan
CarachipampaSalar
El Penon
Cerro Galan
LagunaDiamante
LagunaGrande
LagunaCabi
0% 10%3H, Rmod: 20% 30% 40% 50%
Vega
?
Streams
SpringsSalarsLakes
Watershedboundary
-8.0-7.8-7.6-7.4-7.2-7.0-6.8-6.6-6.4-6.2
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δ18O
(‰)
Cl- (
mg/
l)
δ18Oδ2
H -
VSM
OW
(‰)
δ18O - VSMOW (‰)Hombre Muerto Caro Antofalla Grande/Diamante Carachipampa N Carachipampa NE 3Q Los Aparejos Rio Chaschuil Rio Vilavil
Brendan J. Moran1, David F. Boutt1, LeeAnn Munk2, Joshua Fisher3, Felicity Arengo4, Patricia Marconi5, Diego Frau6
1Univeristy of Massachusetts, Amherst; [email protected]. 2University of Alaska, Anchorage. 3Advanced Consortium on Cooperation, Conflict, and Complexity, Earth Institute, Columbia University, 4Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, 5Fundacion Yuchan, Salta, Argentina, 6Instituto Nacional de Limnologia/CONICET, Universidad del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
Revealing Paleo-Groundwater and Interbasin Flow as Fundamental to Resource Sustainability on the Arid Altiplano-Puna Plateau
Conclusions
References
DiscussionResults
Background
Conceptual Framework
- Motivation & Objective
67°0'0"W68°0'0"W69°0'0"W
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0.70786 - 0.70866
0.70866 - 0.71076
0.71076 - 0.71373
0.71373 - 0.71749
0.71749 - 0.72057
50.1 - 59%
40.1 - 50%
30.1 - 40%
20.1 - 30%
10.1 - 20%
0 - 10%
87Sr/86Sr 3H, Rmod
δ18O, δ2H Samples Major Dissolved Ions Samples
CarachipampaSalar
Antofagastade la Sierra
Tres QuebradasSalar
Salar deAntofalla
Laguna Grande
Laguna LosAparejos
RioAguasCalientes
RioChaschuil
Limit of Interally Drained Area
Major FaultSystems WatershedsMajor Drainges Salars Lagoons
Salar deHombre Muerto
Laguna Caro
El Penon
RioVilavil
?
Cerro Galan
RioLos Patos
?
66°0'0"W67°0'0"W68°0'0"W69°0'0"W
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0 25 50 75 10012.5Kilometers
Watersheds
Major DraingesSalars Lagoons
Limit of Interally Drained Area
Major FaultSystems
Salar de Atacama
GroundwaterSpringStreamLagoon
Thermal waterBrine
Precipitation
El Penon
Antofagastade la Sierra Laguna Grande
Laguna Caro
Salar de Hombre Muerto
Salar de Antofalla
Tres QuebradasSalar
Laguna Los Aparejos
CarachiPampaSalar
Bookhagen, B. (in review): High resolution spatiotemporal distribution of rainfall seasonality and extreme events based on a 12-year TRMM time series, in review.
Tóth, J. (1963). A theoretical analysis of groundwater flow in small drainage basins. Journal of Geophysical Re-search, 68(16), 4795–4812. https://doi.org/10.1029/jz068i016p04795
Moran, B. J., Boutt, D., & Munk, L. A. (2019). Stable and Radioisotope Systematics Reveal Fossil Water as Funda-mental Characteristic of Arid Orogenic-Scale Groundwater Systems. Water Resources Research,. https://-doi.org/10.1029/2019WR026386.
Rohrmann, A., Strecker, M. R., Bookhagen, B., Mulch, A., Sachse, D., Pingel, H., … Montero, C. (2014). Can stable isotopes ride out the storms? The role of convection for water isotopes in models, records, and paleoaltimetry studies in the central Andes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 407, 187–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.09.021.
Godfrey, L. V., Jordan, T. E., Lowenstein, T. K., & Alonso, R. L. (2003). Stable isotope constraints on the transport of water to the Andes between 22° and 26°S during the last glacial cycle. In Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeo-ecology (Vol. 194, pp. 299–317). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00283-9.
Lindsey, B.D., Jurgens, B.C., and Belitz, K., 2019, Tritium as an indicator of modern, mixed, and premodern ground- water age: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2019–5090, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ sir20195090.
Meixner, A., Sarchi, C., Lucassen, F., Becchio, R., Caffe, P. J., Lindsay, J., … Kasemann, S. A. (2019). Lithium con-centrations and isotope signatures of Palaeozoic basement rocks and Cenozoic volcanic rocks from the Central Andean arc and back-arc. Mineralium Deposita. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-019-00915-2
We seek to address the following questions:1. What is the nature of hydrogeologic connectivity within the plateau; between topographicallyclosed basins and between modern infiltration (<60 yrs.) and the paleo-groundwater system?2. How connected are surface water bodies (wetlands, lakes, salt lakes and salars) on the Puna to thegroundwater (aquifers) and what is distribution and magnitude of these connections?3. What are the dynamic response times of surface and groundwaters to perturbations from climatechange and groundwater extractions?
Water resources on the arid high-Andean plateau are critical to sustaining both indigenous communities and fragile Ramsar World Heritage ecosystems yet accelerating demand for
mineral resources and the effects of climate change have led to concerns about the sustainability of these resources. Persistent and fundamental questions regarding the source
and movement of groundwaters, which sustain most surface waters here make managing these resources particularly difficult.
Left: Regional map of Altiplano Puna plateau, basins discussed in this work, sample locations in this work and location of profiles presented herein.
Below: Percent modern water in 86 sam-ples determined by 3H decay. The salar nucleus and sub-watersheds are shaded.
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-10.89 - -9.4
-9.39 - -8.1
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-6.69 - -4.8
-4.79 - -0.6
δ18O ‰Springs & Gw(lc-excess filtered)
TRMM2b31Precipitationmm/year
500 250 0
SALLJ
Chaco
Chaco
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22°3
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S23
°0'0
"S23
°30'
0"S
24°0
'0"S
24°3
0'0"
S
0 25 50 75 10012.5km
Peine Block
S
NE
N
Northern Plateau
Southern PlateauSE
δ18O
δ18O
δ18O
δ18O (rainout)
TransitionZone
Nucleus2,300 m a.s.l.
Altiplano/Puna~4,200 m a.s.l.
Topographic Watershed
LGM water table
Contributions fromhydrogeologic watershed
GWR
PPlateau
GWR
Modern water table (falling)
PDivide
Peine Block
δ18O
Plocal
Hyper-arid to the west.Negligible recharge and inflow to the system
δ18O δ18O
Vertically exaggerated, water table depths not to scale
(b)
(a)
Distance from Transitional Pools (km)50454035302520151050
Elev
atio
n (m
amsl
)
4,200
4,000
3,800
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3,000
2,800
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2,2005
0.06 [SC:1]
0.37 [SC 19]
0.03 [SC:8]0.04 [SC:29]
0.30 [SC:237]0.18 [SC:60]
Large MRTsNon-modern Water
0.23 [SC:239]
0.09 [SC:230]
(a) (b)
3 H(T
U)
NucleusBrinen=12
MarginalBrinen=10
Trans.Poolsn=10
Lagoons
n=4
Trans.Zonen=8
SouthInflown=9
EastInflown=25 n=2
High Elev.Lakesn=2
25%~75%Range within 1.5IQRMedian LineMeanOutliers
1.8
1.6
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1.2
1.4
High Elev.Inflow
W EHigh Elevation Lakes & Lagoons
High Elevation Inflow
Low Elevation InflowTransition
Zone
LagoonsTransitional Pools
Marginal BrineNuclues Brine
Below: Average precipitation region-wide 1998-2009 from the TRMM satellite, reanalyzed by Bookhagen at al., (in review). Data points are lc-excess filtered δ18O values from groundwater and spring waters.
Left: Conceptual model of the hydrogeologic flow regime of the Salar de Atacama (SdA) basin from Moran et al., 2019; in profile view below. Watershed is solid black outline, sub-watersheds are colored.
3000-3500 3500-4000 4000-46000.70600
0.70800
0.71000
0.71200
0.71400
0.71600
0.71800
0.72000
0.72200
Elevation (mamsl)
87Sr
/86Sr
25%~75%Range within 1.5IQRMedian LineMeanOutliers
Snow ThermalSpring
Spring Vega Stream Lagoon Brine0.70600
0.70800
0.71000
0.71200
0.71400
0.71600
0.71800
0.72000
0.72200
87Sr
/86Sr
25%~75%Range within 1.5IQRMedian LineMeanOutliers
SdA Brines
Puna Ignimbrites & Ashes
Puna Basement Rocks
122
5 (n=2)
8 (n=3)11
12
13(n=2)
84
7 (n=2)
9 (n=2)
187
185
188 & 190SDA216
Talabre Spring
Toro Blanco Spring
Pena Blanca (n=2)
76
Avg. Nucleus Brine (n=11)
Avg. Trans. Pools (n=10)
Avg. Lagoons(n=4)
6970
NE
78 (n=2)
83 & 3
Pena Blanca Spring
Lejía gw (n=3)
Lejía laguna (n=2)
MP-09 (n=2)180 (n=2)
195
MP-12
PP-03
PP-01MP-07
MP-08
Avg. Trans. Zone(n=8)
Avg. Marginal Brine (n=10)
Cerro Toco N
197
186
2
139
8182
Laguna Lejía
Laguna Miñiques
Laguna Miscanti
102
68° W
23° S
24° S
0 10 20 30 405km
0.0 - 0.06
0.07 - 0.13
0.14 - 0.20
0.20 - 0.26
0.27 - 0.59
SE
SouthPlateau
Nucleus
Rmodern ContentPrecipitation
Grosjean et al. 1995Gw Sw
NNESESPlateau
June 2011 June 2012 February 2018 February 2019-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
18
Date
Wet Period Wet Period
Salar de Atacama to Laguna BlancaNW SE
Distance (km)
Elev
atio
n (m
amsl
)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
5,000
4,500
4,000
3,500
2,000
3,000
2,500
5,500
Salar de Atacama
Lg.Grande
RioPunilla
Salar deAntofalla Laguna
Blanca
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12
-
11
-
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-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
δ18O
(‰)
0% 10%3H, Rmod: 20% 30% 40% 50%
Lakes
Vega?
RioVilavil
δ18O
δ18O
Rainout0.1
110
1001000
10000100000
Distance (km)
Elev
atio
n (m
amsl
)
Carachi Pampa to Hombre MuertoS N
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
5,000
4,750
4,500
4,250
4,000
3,750
3,500
3,250
3,000
2,750
5,000
4,750
4,500
4,250
4,000
3,750
3,500
3,250
3,000
2,750
RioPunilla
Headwaters
LagunaAlumbrera
Carachi PampaSalar
Salar deHombreMuerto
RioTrapiche
Antofagasta de la Sierra
0% 10%3H, Rmod: 20% 30% 40% 50%
VegaStreams
SpringsSalarsLakes
Watershedboundary
-7.6-7.4-7.2-7.0-6.8-6.6-6.4
δ18O
(‰)
Cl- (
mg/
l)
δ18O Rainout
SO4-- +
Cl-
Ca ++ + Mg ++
HCO 3- +
CO 3--
Na + + K +
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
20
20
20
40
40
40
60
60
60
80
80
80
Mg+
+
Ca++
20
20
20
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40
40
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60
80
80
80
SO4 --
Cl-
# #
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$ $
% meq/kg
StreamsSpringsLagoonsGroundwaterSnowHigh Elevation BasinsLow Elevation Basins
Hombre MuertoCarachipampaTres Quebradas
#
##
#
1
Ca-HCO3
Na-HCO3
Carachipampa high elevation basins
Northern Carachipampa
NE Carachipampa
Ca-SO4
#Major Basins
Water Types
!"
Carachipampabrines
Tres Quebradasbrines
Na-Cl
Left: 87Sr/86Sr data from this work. Potential end-member signatures indicted by dashed lines.Right: O and H isotope data from each basin, each with different color/shape. Local Evaporation Lines indicate predicted signature of source waters.
Above & Right: Cross-sections through study region, labeled 1-4 and on map. Red circle size relative to Rmod content in waters. Blue arrows indicate modern water transport, green arrows indicate interbasin flow. δ18O and Cl- along transect are plotted above.
Above right: Major hydrochemical facies within SdA catchment. Colors correspond to sub-watersheds.
Below: Same data as at right, presented along transect through SE (blue) zone.
Tothian interbasin flow regime
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[1] [2] [4]
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
-14.0 -13.0 -12.0 -11.0 -10.0 -9.0 -8.0 -7.0 -6.0 -5.0 -4.0
Sam
ple
Elev
atio
n (m
amsl
)
δ18O - VSMOW (‰)
Rain Snow Hombre Muerto Caro Antofalla Grande/DiamanteCarachipampa N Carchipampa NE 3Q Los Aparejos Rio Chaschuil Rio Vilavil
Estimated Lapse rate(Rohrmann et al., 2014)
Tres Quebradas Inflow
Above: Predominately fossil waters (values below ~10% Rmod) are related to their δ18O signatures. Waters with high percentage of modern water and relatively low δ18O values indicate a high elevation source (likely snow-melt) while rainwater has higher δ18O values. Potential mixing between these waters can be identified.
Depletion
Enrichment
Spring Vega Stream Lagoon Brine0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
3 H,R
mod
25%~75%Range within 1.5IQRMedian LineMeanOutliers
3000-3500 3500-4000 4000-46000.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Elevation (mamsl)
3 H,R
mod
0.70600
0.70800
0.71000
0.71200
0.71400
0.71600
0.71800
0.72000
0.72200
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
87Sr/8
6 Sr
1/Sr (ppm)
Stream Spring Vega Lagoon
Laguna Grande Spring
PunaBasement
Puna Ignimbrites& Ashes
El Penon Springs
Evaporation Mineral Precipitation
Hombre Muerto major streams
Carachipampa Spring
Thermal waters
Left: 87Sr/86Sr v. 1/Sr from water across the study area. Signature from major rock types (Meixner et al, 2019) in this region and general end-member mixing lines noted. Major distinctions in water-rock interactions along flow paths are identifiable here.
Right: δ18O data vs elevation of sampling. Lapse rate estimated for this region from Rohrmann et al., 2014. Ellipses indicate waters at similar elevation with distinct signatures. Blue arrows are potential connections with waters down-gradient.
1. An exhaustive set (~350) of environmental tracer data (δ18O, δ2H, 3H, 87Sr/86Sr), and dissolved major ions in waters across this integrated system reveals substantial spatial heterogeneity in both interbasin and modern, shallow flow regimes; controlled by geologic structure and topographic features.2. Pre-modern ‘fossil’ groundwater is fundamental in this system, most of the water discharging to large basin floors is composed of fossil water. The modern and fossil flow systems have very distinct transit time distributions and therefore sharp disconnects over short distances exists between them.3. Our conceptual model of this integrated hydrologic system characterizes spatiotemporal connections. Using this understanding, potential impacts on critical and threatened wetland ecosystems and water resources from development or climate change scenarios can be greatly improved
Great Basin, USA Central Plains, USA Altiplano-Puna Plateau
Avg. = 0.23 Avg. = 0.21Avg. = 0.14
Above: Rmod statistics from this study by water type grouping and elevation of sampling.Left: Rmod in waters calculated from 3H. Statistics are from three regions of comparable size. The Great Basin and Central Plains data are groundwaters. Data extracted from NWIS dataset and this study (including Salar de Atacama region) from Moran et al., 2019. Rmod in precipitation value used is from Lindsey et al., 2014
Laguna Grande
Left: Time series of δ18O in spring and stream waters. Color of line corresponds to basin (same as plot above) and arrows to map indicate location of notable stream sites.
Distance (km)6050403020100
5,000
4,750
4,500
4,250
4,000
3,750
3,500
3,250
3,000
2,750
3Q to Cortaderas
Ele
vatio
n (m
amsl
)
5,000
4,750
4,500
4,250
4,000
3,750
3,500
3,250
3,000
2,750
3QSalar
LagunaLos AparejosLaguna
Negra
RioChaschuil
0% 10%3H, Rmod: 20% 30% 40% 50%
Vega
Streams
Springs
Salars
Lakes
Watershedboundary
W E
10
100
1000
10000
100000
δ18O
(‰)
Cl- (
mg/
l)
-13-12-11-10-9-8-7-6-5-4
δ18Oδ18O Low ElevationPampa moistureHigh Elevation
Pacific moisture
?
Right: Piper diagram of data collected in this study and available published data. Data shapes identify basin, colors are water type. Important water group and evolutionary pathways are labeled and colored by basin.
[3]Left: Site map of study area. Topographic watersheds are outlined in red. Important basins, rivers and communities are labeled; colors of basin labels correspond to data across this work. Transects presented below are numbered. 3H percent modern content of water shown as relative circle size; 87Sr/86Sr data shown on color scale. Blue arrows show major modern flow paths, green hollow arrows are major interbasin or paleo-groundwater flow path.
Left: Conceptualization of regional flow from Toth (1963). These flow regimes commonly develop long, interbasin flow paths in arid mountainous areas.
0.00
0.10
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0.50
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-16.00 -14.00 -12.00 -10.00 -8.00 -6.00 -4.00 -2.00
3 H, R
mod
H2O-δ18O (‰)
Springs Vegas Streams
Snowmelt
Mixing Mixing
Rain
Mixing
Rio Los Patos
