RESULTS

The occurrence and d i s t r i b u t i o n of bee f l o r a i n p a r t s of malnad

region of Karnataka were s tud ied dur ing 1992-96. On t h e b a s i s o f

honey bee v i s i t a t i o n the flower spec ies were c l a s s i f i e d a s bee flower

spec ies . As many a s 415 bee f l o w e r s p e c i e s were i d e n t i f i e d and

c l a s s i f i e d . Fur the r , ten s e l e c t e d bee flower s p e c i e s were evaluated

f o r t h e i r n e c t a r s e c r e t i o n and honey p r o d u c t i o n . In a d d i t i o n t h e

beekeeping p r a c t i c e s i n malnad region of Karnataka were evaluated.

1. BEE FLORA OF MALNAD REGION OF KARNATAKA

1 . ~ d e n t i f i c a t i o n of bee f l o r a

Based on t h e v i s i t a t i o n of honey bees t o d i f f e r e n t p lan t

Flowers, the bee f lower s p e c i e s of t h e two s tudy c e n t r e s of the p a r t s

of malnad region of Karnataka were i d e n t i f i e d and presented i n Table 1.

Bee p l a n t s numbering 415 were enumerated and t h e i r b o t a n i c a l names

i n c l u d i n g t h e f a m i l y , common name, vege ta t ion types and economic

importance were given.

1.2 C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f bee f l o r a

The i d e n t i f i e d b e e f l o r a i n the s tudy a r e a were c l a s s i f i e d a s

nec ta r f l o r a , po l l en f l o r a , and po l l en and n e c t a r f l o r a on the b a s i s o f

type of food they y i e l d .

1.2.1 Nectar bee f l o r a

T h e n e c t a r b e e f l o r a numbering 52 i n t h e s t u d y a r e a were

i d e n t i f i e d (Table 2 and Fig. 4 ) . ?he f o r a g i n g v a l u e o f 52 n e c t a r

3 plants varied from N' to N . A total of 22,28 and 2 nectar plant

species were considered as common (C), rare ( R ) and very common (VC) in

1 2 3 the study area. The number of major ( N ), medium (N ) and minor (N )

nectar plants were 8, 36 and 8 respectively. Of the eight major

nectar bee plants, 6 bee plants Dodonaea viscosa, Dyschoriste vagans,

Homalium zeylanicum, Meliosma simplicifolia, Terminalia paniculata, and

Wattakaka volubilis were found in both the study centres. The other

major nectar plant Cissus glauca was found only in Stiimoga and

Hypericum mysorense was found only in Chikmagalur centre respectively.

The 52 identified nectar bee plants were good source of honey and all

the three species of honey bees, A. florea, i. c-, 1. dorsata visited and collected nectar loads from these plants throughout the

day.

1.2.2 Pollen bee flora

The number of pollen bee flora found in the two study centres,

their frequency of occurrence and forage value are presented in Table

3 and Fig 4. Of 108 pollen bee flora identified in the study area 4, 59

and 45 were very common (VC), common ( c ) and rare ( R ) respectively.

1 2 3 The number of major (P ), medium (P ) and minor (P ) pollen plants were

20, 53 and 35 respectively. The pollen plants like Aegle marmelos,

Bauhinia purpurea, Bauhinia racernosa, Cassia occidentalis, Celosia

argentea, Gymnostachyum latifolium, Hemidesmus indicus, Lawsonia

inermis, Muhtingia calabura, Petrea volubilis, Pisum sativum,

Pyrostegia venusta and Vitis quadrangularis were not found in

chikmagalur. On the other hand, Arachis hypogaea, Capparis pyrifolia,

coccina indica, Cocculus hirsutus, Cosmos caudatus, Crossandra

infundibuliformis, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus, Ipomaea

digitata, - Ixora coccinea, Ixora notoniana, Lagerstroemia parviflora,

~agerstroemia reginae, Madhuca nerrifolia, Melia dubia, Odina wodier - - - -' Portulacae oleracea , Portulaca quadrifida, Prosopis cinenaria,

Py ros tegia Venus ta, Spattlodea campanulata, Thespesia populnea, 'I%

ciliata, Trichosanthes bracteata, Vernonia albicans and Vitis

auriculata were not found in Shimoga. All 108 pollen bee plants were

considered as good pollen yielding plants and were actively visited by

honey bees for the collection of pollen.

1.2.3 Pollen and nectar bee flora

The bee flower species numberly 255 yielding both pollen and

nectar were identified in the study area. Of 255 pollen and nectar

yielding plant species only 17 pollen and nectar plants Albizzia a=,

Anacardium occidentale, Azadirachta indica, Rrassica juncea, Brassica

nigra, Coriandrum sativum, Helianthus annuus, Mangifera indica, Musa

paradisiaca, Phaseolus radiatus, Syzygium cumini, Syzygium jambos,

Syzygium operculatum, Syzygium zeylanicum, Tamarindus indica, 'I'ectona

grandis and Wendlandia thyrosoidum were considered as major sources of

pollen and nectar. Of 255 pollen and nectar bee flora identified in

the study area, 14, 143 and 98 were very common (VC), common ( C ) and

rare (R) respectively. The information on the occurrence and forage

value are presented in Table 4 and Fig. 4. The flowering plants

yielding both pollen and nectar were comparat ively higher than that of

plants yielding either pollen only or nectar only (Fig.4).

1.2.4 Bee flora based on vegetational type

The tree flora (201), shrub (124) and herb (90) that constituted

the bee flower species of the study area are shown in Fig.5. The

percent of tree flora (48.43) were greater than herbs (21.67) and

Shurbs (29.80) respectively. The number of bees visiting tree bee

flora were relatively more t h a n bees visiting herb and shrub bee

flora.

The number and percent of annual and perennial bee flora are shown

in Fig. 6. The number of annual and perennial bee flora were 121 and

294 respectively. The perennial bee flora (70.67) was relatively

higher than annual bee flora percent (29.15).

The relative composition of non-agricultural and agricultural

crops in the study area is shown in Fig.7. Of 415 bee flower species

identified, 333 (80.05%) and 82 (20.002) were of non-agricultural and

agricultural bee flora respectively. The non-agricultural crops were

comparatively more than agricultural crops.

1.2.5 Bee flora of economic importance

The type of bee flora of economic importance and their number and

percent are presented in Table 5. Of the 13 types of bee flora

identified, the medicinal bee flora (24.19%) was comparatively greater

than other types of bee flora. The percent bee flora of economic

importance varied between 0.75 and 24.19 and their number varied from

3 to 84 respectively. The plant species of timber and ornamental

constituted 12.98% and 19.23% respectively.

1.2.6 Bee plant families

The bee flower species were classified into their respective plant

families (Table 9). , The identified bee flora represented 98 plant

Families. The families, Fabaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Asteraceae,

Solanaceae, Malvaceae, Acanthaceae, Mimosaceae, Cucurbitaceae,

Rubiaceae, Myrtaceae, Rutaceae and Lamiaceae were the major bee plant

families that accounted for 6.25%, 5.77%, 5.53%, 4.09%, 4.09%, 3.85X,

3.37%, 3.37%, 3.37%, 3.13%, 2.16% and 2.16% bee flower species

respectively. ?'he remaining 86 plant families represented less than 2%

bee plant species.

1.2.7 Bee flora of honey seasons

Bee flower species of the study area were classified in relation

to honey seasons (Tabel 6, 7 and 8). Of 415 bee flower species 186 and

120 bloomed during summer (March-April) and winter (~eptember-~ctober)

r e spec t ive ly . Only 35 bee flower spec ies were found flowering i n a l l

seasons of the year . .The number of bee flower spec ies y i e l d i n g pol len

o r n e c t a r o r both dur ing summer season was comparatively more than t h a t

of winter season.

2. FLORAL CALENDAR OF BEE FLORA

In the present study the blooming period of 415 bee flower spec ies

was d e t e r m i n e d . The blooming p e r i o d o f f l o w e r s p e c i e s showed

cons ide rab le v a r i a t i o n . Some flower spec ies bloomed a l l through the

yea r , some i n few months of the y e a r and o t h e r s o n l y f o r a s h o r t

dura t ion . The flower spec ies blooming i n each month of the year were

determined and enumerated a able 10) .

2.1 Bee f l o r a and t h e i r blooming per iod

The f l o w e r i n g d u r a t i o n of each of 4 1 5 f l o w e r s p e c i e s was

determined and grouped under d i f f e r e n t months of the year ('Fable 10) .

The number and percent f lower spec ies blooming from January to Llecernber

a r e shown i n Fig. 8 . A maximurn of 189 and a minirnurn of 113 bee p lan t s

f lowering were observed dur ing March and June, Ju ly r e s p e c t i v e l y .

2.2 Blooming per iod of n e c t a r bee f l o r a

The per iod of blooming of n e c t a r bee p l a n t s from J a n u a r y t o

December d u r i n g t h e s t u d y p e r i o d was d e t e r m i n e d ( ~ i ~ . 9 ) . The

f lowering of n e c t a r p l a n t s was observed throughout the year and t h e

number of f lowering spec ies blooming dur ing d i f f e r e n t months of the

year va r i ed between 9 t o 22 . The maximum number o f n e c t a r p l a n t s

blooming was observed during February and March, and again during

~ovember and December. The minimum number plants blooming was observed

in August and September.

2.3 Blooming period of pollen bee flora

The period of blooming of pollen plants from January to December

of each year of the study period was determined (Fig. l o ) . The number

of flowering species blooming during different mon ths of the year

varied between 31 to 58. The maximum number of pollen plants blooming

was observed during March and April. The minimum number of nectar

plants blooming was observed in December and January.

2 . 4 Blooming period of pollen and nectar bee flora

The blooming period of pollen and nectar plants during different

months of the year in the study area was determined (~ig. 11). Two

peak flowering periods, one in summer and another during winter was

observed. A maximum 109 and minimum of 59 flower species blooming was

observed during March and June respectively. The number of plants

blooming during summer was comparatively greater than the plants

blooming in winter.

3 NECTAR SUGAR CONCENTRATION OF BEE FLORA

The sugar concentration in the nectar bee plants of the study area

were determined. The concentration of nectar sugar of bee plants varied

between 17% and 63%.

3.1 Nectar sugar concen t ra t ion of Nectar bee f l o r a

The n e c t a r sugar concen t ra t ion of each of t h e 307 bee p l a n t s

y i e l d i n g n e c t a r was d e t e r m i n e d (Table 11) . The mean n e c t a r sugar

concentra t ion o f 307 p lan t spec ies va r i ed between 17.90% t o 62.60%.

The minimum and maximum concentra t ion i n n e c t a r sugar was observed i n

Impatiens t r i chocarpa and Syzygium cumini.

3 .2 Nectar sugar l e v e l s of bee f l o r a

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f n e c t a r y ie ld ing p l a n t s a s a funct ion of sugar

concentra t ion i s stiown i n Fig. 12 . The n e c t a r sugar concen t ra t ion of

nec ta r p l a n t s va r i ed from 17 t o 63%. The number of n e c t a r p l a n t s with

sugar concen t ra t ion between 31% and 40Xwas comparatively h igher than

t h e p l a n t s h a v i n g below 314 and g r e a t e r t h a n 4 1 % n e c t a r s u g a r

concentra t ion. Nectar p l a n t s having more than 61% and l e s s than 20%

were comparatively l e s s i n number. The majo r i ty of n e c t a r p l a n t s i n

the study a rea conta ined n e c t a r sugar concen t ra t ion between 31-501.

4 EVALUATION OF POLLEN AND NECTAR BEE FLORA

The major and common p o l l e n and n e c t a r b e e p l a n t s n a m e l y

Anacardium o c c i d e n t a l e , Azadirachta ind ica , I l rass ica juncea, Coriandrum

s a t ivum, I l e l i a n t h u s annuus , Mangifera i n d i c a , M x p a r a d i s i c a ,

Phaseolus r a d i a t u s , Tamarindus i n d i c a and Tectona g rand i s were s e l e c t e d

f o r d e t a i l e d s tudy of nec ta r s e c r e t i o n , bee v i s i t a t i o n , s i z e of n e c t a r

load and s i z e of po l l en load.

4.1 Evaluation of Anacardium occidentale

Anacardium occidentale is extensively cultivated as a plantation

and also as a avenue tree. It is also one of the major pollen and

nectar producing trees in the study area. Anacardiurn occidentale is a

major fruit yielding tree besides medicinal and industrial importance.

The flowers are small pink in colour with yellow strips and sweet

fragrance. The blooming period is from February to April.

4.1.1. Rate of nectar secretion

The nectar secretion in A. occidentale was continuous

throughout the day from 06.00 - 18.00 hours (~ig.13). The volume of

nectar prodt~ced between 08 .OO to 14 .OO hours was comparatively higher

than the rest of the hours of the day. The production of nectar was

very less in the early morning and in the evening hours.

4.1.2 Rate of bee visitation

The bee visitation to A. occidentale was observed throughout the

day from 06.00 to 18.00 hours. The maximum bee visitation was observed

from 08.00 to 12.00 hours (Fig.14). The rate of bee visitation was

comparatively less between 06.00 and 08.00 hours and again between

14.00 to 18.00 hours.

4.1.3 Size of nectar load

The nectar load size of honey bees collecting nectar from A. occidentale as well as the relationship between number of bees and

size of their nectar load were determined (Fig. 15). The size of

nectar load varied from 5 to 45 ul and the percentage of foragers

carrying nectar load of 20 ul was comparatively higher. The percent of

foragers carrying less than 10 ul and more than 35 ul of nectar load

were relatively less.

4.1.4 Size of pollen load

The size of pollen load of honey bees collecting pollen frorn - A .

occidentale were determined from 06.00 to 18.00 hours. The maximum

pollen load was observed from 08.00 to 12.00 hours (Fig. 16) . The

pollen load was comparatively less after 12.00 hours to 18.00 hrs. and

nil at 06.00 hours. The size of the pollen load varied from 5.12 up

per bee to 13.05 ug per bee.

4.2 Evaluation of Azadirachta indica

Azadirachta indica is extensively cultivated in the study area

for its oil, besides its other economic values such as in medicines,

timber and fodder. It is also cultivated as a avenue tree. It is .one

of the major nectar and pollen producing trees in the study area.

The tree is evergreen except in extreme drought. The flowers are

fragrant and white in colour. The flowering season is from March to

April.

4.2.1 Rate of n e c t a r s e c r e t i o n

The n e c t a r s e c r e t i o n i n A z a d i r a c h t a i n d i c a was obse rved

continuously from 06.00 t o 18.00 hours ( F i g . 1 7 ) . Nec ta r volume

increased considerably and reached a maximum of 2.5 u l a t 12.00 hours.

of the day and decreased gradual ly u n t i l 18.00 hours. The volume of

n e c t a r s e c r e t i o n dur ing morning and evening hours was comparatively

l e s s .

4.2.2 Rate of bee v i s i t a t i o n

Honey b e e s c o l l e c t e d n e c t a r and po l l en from A. indica

continuously from 06.00 t o 18.00 hours of the day. Number of bees

v i s i t i n g A. i nd ica a t 10.00 hours. of the day was h igher than bees

v i s i t i n g a t d i f f e r e n t hours of the day. The bee v i s i t a t i o n was l e s s i n

the morning and a l s o i n the evening (Fig. 18) .

4.2.3 S i z e of n e c t a r load

Honey bee fo ragers c a r r y i n g n e c t a r load of 15 u l was comparatively

higher than bees c a r r y i n g o t h e r s i z e s of nec ta r loads . I t was observed

t h a t b e e s c a r r y i n g l e s s than 1 0 u l and g r e a t e r t h a n 25 u l were

considerably l e s s (F ig . 19) .

4.2.4 S i z e of pollen load

The honey b e e s c a r r y i n g maximum po l l en load was observed from

08.00 t o 10 hours (Fig . 20). The pollen load was comparatively l e s s

a f t e r 12.00 hours t o 18.00 hours. The s i z e of the pol len load va r i ed

from 5.02 ug t o 11.31 ug

4.3 Evaluation of Brass ica juncea

Brass ica juncea i s c u l t i v a t e d i n the s tudy a rea f o r i t s economic

importance. The leaves and seeds a r e used a s food and o i l . Brass ica

juncea i s a l s o a very important pol len and n e c t a r y i e l d i n g p l a n t .

Brass ic juncea i s a annual herb. The f lowers a r e b r i g h t yellow

and blooming per iod i s October t o November.

4.3.1 Rate of n e c t a r s e c r e t i o n

The r a t e of n e c t a r s e c r e t i o n i n B. juncea dur ing d i f f e r e n t hours

of the day was determined (Eig .21) . The volume of n e c t a r s e c r e t i o n a t

08.00 hours t o 12.00 11ours was comparatively h igher than the r e s t of

the hours of the day. The n e c t a r s e c r e t i o n dur ing e a r l y morning and

evening was r e l a t i v e l y l e s s .

4.3.2 Rate of bee v i s i t a t i o n

Honey bees v i s i t i n g B. juncea between 8.00 hours and 12.00 hours

was comparatively h igher than the r e s t of the hours of the day. The

r a t e o f b e e v i s i t a t i o n i n t h e e a r l y morning and a f t e r n o o n was

cornparatively l e s s and the number of bees v i s i t i n g the B. juncea va r i ed

between 20 t o 108 (Fig .22) .

4.3.3 S i z e of t h e n e c t a r load

The s i z e of the n e c t a r load of v i s i t i n g bees t o B. juncea va r i ed

from 5 and 45 u l (Fig.23).

The maximum and minimum size of the nectar load carrying bees were

36% and 6% respectively.

4.3.4 Size of the pollen load

The honey bees carrying maximum pollen load was observed at 08.00

hours (Fig.24). The size of the pollen load varied from 10.6 ug to

5.20 ug.

4.4 Evaluation of Coriandrum sativum

Coriandrum sativum is cultivated in the study area for its

economic importance. The seed are used as condiment and for oil

besides medicinal importance. I t is also one of the major pollen and

nectar producing bee flora in the study area.

Coriandrum sativum is a annual cultivated crop plant. The flowers

are white and aromatic. The blooming period is from September to

November.

4.4.1 Rate of nectar secretion

The rate of production of nectar in Coriandrum sativum during

different hours of the day was determined (Fig.25). The volume of

nectar produced during 10.00 hours to 16.00 hours was higher than at

early morning and evenings. The rate of nectar secretion varied from

0.2 to 1.8 ul. The peak nectar sa.:retion was observed at 12.00 hours

of the day.

4.4.2 Rate of bee v i s i t a t i o n

Honey bees v i s i t e d 2. sativum continuously from 06.00 hours i n the

m o r n i ~ g u n t i l 18 .00 h o u r s i n t h e e v e n i n g ( ~ i ~ . 2 6 ) . Tl~e peak bee

v i s i t a t i o n was observed a t 113.00 hours of the day and l a t e r the bee

v i s i t a t i o n decl ined g radua l ly .

4.4.3 S i z e of the n e c t a r load

The s i z e of the n e c t a r load of v i s i t i n g bees of C. sativum var ied

between 5 t o 45 u l (F'ig.27). The percentage of bees ca r ry ing 1 5 u l of

n e c t a r was comparatively h igher than bees ca r ry ing l e s s e r and ~ r e a t e r

than 15 u l .

4.4.4 S i z e of t h e po l l en load

Honey b e e s c o l 1 , e c t e d p o l l e n from C. s a t i w m cont inuously from

06.00 t o 18.00 hours of the day. The honey b e e s c a r r y i n g maximum

pol len loed was observed a t 08.00 hours. ?he s i z e of the po l l en load

va r i ed from 10.3 ug t o 6.2 ug (Fig .28) .

4.5 Evaluation of Hel ianthus annuus

The Hel ianthus annuus i s a major o i l and fodder y i e l d i n g p lan t .

I t i s ex tens ive ly c u l t i v a t e d a s annual crop. I t i s a l s o one of the

major po l l en and n e c t a r producing p l a n t i n study a rea .

H e l i a n t h u s --.- annuus - i s a annusl /perennia l c u l t i v a t e d c rop p l a n t .

The flowers a r e l a r g e capitulum, yellow i n colour . The blooming period

i s from November t o Decenber.

4.5.1 Rate of nectar secretion

The rate of nectar secretion in Helianthus annuus was observed

from 06.00 hours to 18.00 hours continuously (Fig. 2 9 ) . The volume of

nectar produced varied from 0.02 ul to 0.23 ul/florets and peak

production of nectar was observed at 10.00 hours. The nectar

production in the morning and evening hours was comparatively less.

4.5.2 Rate of bee visitation

Honey bees visited Helianthus annuus continuously throughout the

day from 06.00 to 18.00 hours (Fig.30). Bee visiting between 05.00 and

14.00 hours were comparatively more in number than bees visiting before

05.00 and after 14.00 hours.

4.5.3 Size of the nectar load

The size of the nectar load carried by the bees from Helianthus

annuus varied between 5 to 45 ul. Bees carrying 20 u l nectar load was - comparatively higher than bee carrying different sizes of loads

(Fig.31). Further, bees carrying smaller and bigger nectar loads were

relatively very less.

4.5.4 Size of the pollen load

The rate of bee visitation on Helianthus annuus was observed from

06.00 to 18.00 hours and the peak activity was observed between 08.00

hours. There was maximum bee activity. The size of the pollen load

varied from 4 .02 ug to 6.02 ug (Fig.32).

4.6 Evaluation of Mangifera indica

Mangifera indica is cultivated as a plantation and also as a

avenue tree. -a indica is a major fruit yielding tree, besides

its industrial importance. It is also one of the major pollen and

nectar producing trees in the study area.

The tree is evergreen, the flowers are yellowish/reddish with

sweet fragrance. Male or bisexual flowers are present in the same

inflorescence, about 200-600 flowers are present in each panicle. The

blooming period is from February to May.

4.6.1 Rate of nectar secretion

The nectar secretion in Mangifera indica was continuous throughout

the day from 06.00 to 18.00 hours (Fig.33). The volume of nectar

produced between 08.00 to 14.00 hours was comparatively higher than the

rest of the hours of the day. The production of nectar was very less

in the early morning and in the late evening hours.

4.6.2 Rate of bee visitation

Honey bees collected nectar and pollen from Man~ifera indica

continuous from 06.00 to 18.00 hours of the day. Number of bees

visiting Mangifera indica at 10.00 hours of the day was higher than

bees visiting at different hours of the day. The bee visitation was

less in the early morning and also in the late evening (~ig.34).

4.6.3 Size of nectar load

Honey bee foragers carrying nectar load of 15 ul. was

comparatively higher than bees carrying other size of nectar loads. It

was observed that bees carrying less than 10 ul and greater than 25 ul

were considerably less (Fig.35).

4.6.4 Size of pollen load

The honey bees carrying maximum pollen load was observed at 08.00

hours of the day (F~R. 36). The pollen load was comparatively less

after 12.00 hours. The size of the pollen load varied from 5.61 ug to

12.12 ug.

4.7 Evaluation of Muss paradisiaca

Musa paradisiaca is cultivated in the study area for its economic - importance. The fruits and stem are used as food. Muss paradisiaca

is a major pollen and nectar plant in the study area.

Muss paradisiaca is a herb with tree-like stem formed from

extended leaf petioles. The flowers are yellowish-white or pinkish.

Blooming period is from January to December (all seasons).

4.7.1 Rate of nectar secretion

The rate of production of nectar in Muss paradisiaca during

different hours of the day was determined (Fig. 37). The volume of

nectar produced during 08.00 hours to 16.00 hours was higher than at

early morning and late evening. The rate of nectar secretion varied

from 0.14 ul to 0.76 ul.

4.7.2 Rate of bee visitation

Honey bees visited Muss paradisiaca continuously from 06.00 hours

in the morning until 18.00 hours in the evening (Fig.38). The peak bee

visitation was 8 . 0 0 hours of the day and later the bee visitation

declined gradually.

4.7.3 Size of nectar load

The size of the nectar load of visiting bees to Muss paradisiaca

varied between 5 to 45 ul (~ig. 39). The percentage of bees carrying

20 ul of nectar was comparatively higher than bee carrying lesser and

greater than 20 ul.

4.7.4 Size of pollen load

Honey bees collected pollen from Muss paradisiaca continuously

from 08.00 to 18.00 hours of the day. The honey bees carrying maximum

pollen load was observed at 08.00 hours. The size of the pollen load

varied from 14.2 ug to 6.4 ug (Fig. 4 0 ) .

4 - 8 Evaluation of Phaseolus radiatus

Phaseolus radiatus is cultivated in the study area for its

economic importance. The seeds are used as food and plant is used as

fodder. It is also one of the major pollen and nectar producing bee

flora in the study area.

Phaseolus radiatus is a annual cultivated herb. The flower are

yellowish-white. The blooming period is from August to October.

4.8.1 Rate of nectar secretion

The rate of nectar secretion in Phaseolus radiatus during

different hours of the day was determined (Fig.41). The volume of

nectar secretion at 10.00 hours to 16.00 hours was comparatively higher

than the rest of the hours of the day. The nectar secretion during

early morning and evening was relatively less.

4.8.2 Rate of bee visitation

Honey bees visited Phaseolus radiatus continuously from 06.00

hours in the morning until 18.00 hours in the evening (Fig.42). The

peak bee' visitation was observed at 10.00 hours and decreased after

10.00 hours.

4.8.3 Size of nectar load

The size of the nectar load of visiting bees to Phaseolus radiatus

varied between 5 to 45 ul (Fig.43). The percentage of bees carrying 20

ul of nectar was comparatively higher than bees carrying lesser and

greater than 20 ul,

4.8.4 S i z e of p o l l e n load

Honey bees c o l l e c t e d pol len from Phaseolus r a d i a t u s cont inuously

from 06.00 t o 18.00 hours of the day. h e honey bees ca r ry ing maximum

pollen load was observed a t 06.00 hours. The s i z e of the po l l en load

varied from 5.2 ug t o 9.2 ug (Fig.44).

4.9 Evaluation of Tamarindus i n d i c a

Tamarindus i n d i c a i s ex tens ive ly c u l t i v a t e d i n the s tudy a rea f o r

f r u i t and seeds . I t i s a l s o c u l t i v a t e d a s a avenue t r e e . I t i s one of

the major n e c t a r and po l l en producing t r e e s i n the s tudy a rea .

The t r e e i s evergreen and t h e flowers a r e yellow spo t t ed red . The

flowering season i s from Apr i l t o Ju ly .

4.9.1 Rate of n e c t a r s e c r e t i o n

The n e c t a r s e c r e t i o n i n T a m a r i n d u s i n d i c a was o b s e r v e d

c o n t i n u o u s l y from 06.00 t o 18 .00 h o u r s ( F i g . 4 5 ) . N e c t a r volume

increased cons ide rab ly and reached a maximum of 1 .4 u l a t 14.00 hours

of the day and decreased g radua l ly u n t i l 18.00 hours. The volume of

n e c t a r s e c r e t ion dur ing morning and evening hours was comparatively

less .

4.9.2 Rate of bee v i s i t a t i o n

Honey b e e s c o l l e c t e d n e c t a r and po l l en from Tarnarindus ind ica

continuously from 06.00 t o 18.00 hours of t h e day. Number of bees

v i s i t i n g Tamarindus i n d i c a a t 10.00 hours of t h e day was h igher than

bees visiting at different hours of the day. The bee visitation was

less in morning and also in the evening (Fig.46).

4.9.3 Size of nectar load

Honey bee foragers carrying nectar load of 20 ul was comparatively

higher than bees carrying other sizes of nectar loads (Fig.47). It was

observed that bees carrying less than 10 ul and more than 35 ul were

considerable less.

4.9.4 Size of pollen load

The honey bees carrying maximum pollen load was observed at 08.00

hours and decreased gradually from 10.00 hours to 18.00 hours

(Fig.48). The size of the pollen load varied from 4.2 ug per bee to

10.3 ug per bee.

4.10 Evaluation of Tec tona grandis

Tectona 'grandis is extensively cultivated in the study area for

its timber. It is one of the major nectar and pollen producing trees

in the study area.

Tectona grandis is a large tree xith yellowish white flowers. The

flowering season is from July to September.

4.10.1 Rate of nectar secretion

The nectar secretion of Tectona grandis was observed from 06.00

hours to 18.00 hours continuously (Fig.49). The volume of nectar

produced varied from 0.3 ul to 1.3 ul and peak production of nectar was

observed at 14.00 hours. The nectar production in the morning and

evening hours was comparatively less.

4.10.2 Rate of bee visitation

Honey bees visited Tectona grandis continuously throughout the day

from 06.00 to 18.00 hours (Fig.50). Bee visiting between 08.00 and

14.00 hours were comparatively more in number than bees visiting before

08.00 and after 14.00 hours.

4.10.3 Size of the nectar load

The size of the nectar load carried by the bees from Tectona

grandis varied between 5 to 45 ul. Bees carrying 20 ul nectar load was - comparatively higher than bee carrying different sizes of loads

(~ig.51). Further, bees carrying smaller and bigger nectar loads were

relatively very less.

4.10.4 Size of pollen load

'T'ne rate of bee visitation on Tectona grandis was observed from

06.00 to 18.00 hours Lie peak activity was observed between 08.00

to 12.00 hours. The size of tne pollen load varied from 5.2 ug to 12.1

ug (Fig.52).

5 EVALUATION OF HONEY POTENTIALS OF STUDY AREA

5.1 Forest and cultivated flora

The area of the forest, agricultural crops and horticultural crops

in the study area was determined with particular reference to bee

forage value.

5.1.1 Forest coverage

The relative proportion of forest area in the two study centres

was determined (Fig.53). The total forest area of Shimoga is

comparatively higher than Chikmagalur study centres. The forest area

of Shirnoga and Chikmagalur was 2,12,344 and 1,87,465 hectares

respectively.

5.1.2 Agricultural crops

The important agricultural crops which are major source of pollen

and/or nectar to honey bees are shown in Fig.54. Of 14 important

aqricultural bee crops Arachis hypogaea, Helianthus annuus and

Gossvpium spp were cultivated in large areas of Karnataka. Paddy and

Ragi was cultivated comparatively in a larger area in Shimoga and

Chikmagalur. Though all 6 important agricultural bee plants were

cultivated in both study centres, the area of cultivation of each crop

in all study centres was not constant and showed variation from centre

to centre (~ig. 55 and 56).

5.1.3 Horticultural plantation and spices crops

The horticultural plantation and spices crops of beekeeping

importance of Karnataka and also in two study centres are shown in

Fig.57, 58 and 59. Cocos nucifera bee plant is the predominant

plantation crop of Karnataka and Chickmagalur study centre. The area

of cultivation were 3,50,000 and 23,555 hectares respectively. Rut

Areca catechu is the predominant plantation crop of another study - centre, Shimoga, and the rea of cultivation was 17,034 hectares. The

area of cultivation of other bee plants varied from one study centre

to other.

5.1.4 Fruit crops

Fruit crops of beekeeping importance are widely cultivated in

Karnataka and also in study centres. Of ten important bee fruit

crops, Man~ifera indica is predominant in Karnataka and area of

cultivation was 80,000 hectares. In Shimoga and Chikmagalur study

centres, m. spp and Citrus. spp are predominant and area of

cultivation was 5,027 and 3,553 hectares respectively (Fig. 60, 61

and 62).

5.1.5 Commercial flower crops

The important bee flower crops were identified and their area of

cultivation both in Karnataka and also Shimoga and Chikmagalur study

centres were determined (Fig. 63, 6b and 65). Chrysanthemum indicum

bee flower crop is widely distributed and extensively cultivated in

Karnataka and the area of cultivation was 2,850 hectares. Jasmine spp.

and Rangia spp. is predominant in Shimoga and Chikmagalur study areas

and the area of cultivation were 224 and 135 hectares respectively.

6 EVALUATION OF BEEKEEPING POTENTIALS IN MALNAD REGION OF KARNATAKA

6.1 Honey product ion

The quantity of honey produced in Shimoga and Chikmagalur study

centres during the period 1992 to 1996 was determined (Fig. 6 6 and 67).

Honey production in Shimoga study centre showed little variation, honey

production varied between 23,006 to 23,796 kg. Honey production in

Chikmagalur study centre was gradually decreased from 1992 to 1996.

Comparatively honey production was more in Chikmagalur in 1992 and

decrease year after.

6.2 Beekeepers and bee colonies

The information on beekeeping status in Shimoga and Chikrnagalur

study centres during the period 1992 to 1996 was obtained and

presented in Fig. 68, 69, 70 and 71. The number of beekeepers both

trained and untrained and the number of bee colonies in Chikmagalur

study centre was comparatively higher than Shimoga study centre.

T m 1. RE Of WNAC RrnIM OF KARNATM ...- __.-------------------------------------------------.-------------------------------------.------------------------------ 1.m. b t a n i c a l name Plant f m i l y CamDn Ve~etat lon kcmanic

type importnnce ..____------------------------------------------------.---------------------------------------.---------.---------.*.-.----.. ! Abelmschus eeculentus, (L.) bench. Malvaceee Lady's f i n ~ e r lkrtr + Vepetatrle" . Aklmschus manihot, (L.) Me d i e , Walvncear Slrnlh ~ i h r e "

Abrus precatorius, L.

Abrus pllchellus, L.

Fabsceae Indian llrluorice Strn~h (hnan!+ntnl

Fohnceoe R e p h n m e n t o l

Atutilon indicun, (L.) Sweet. Qilvaceae b u n t r v ml low ? t l ~ t l ~i hre"

Acacia auriculiformis, A.hm. Mimosaceoe hls trol ian w o t t l ~ I ' rw ~hnnorrrltal*

k a c i a c h d r a , (Rottl.) willd.

1. k a c i a f emginea , LC.

Flimosaceae Tree Chnm~ntal

Mimsaces~ Tree t

CtiT

k a c i a ni lot ica, (L.) Del. Mimsnceae l h h ~ l acacia Tr r p Grn

1 Acacia sinuata, (Lour.) Merr. Mimsaceae Wssl~inp pxl tree Tree k tc rpen t

1 1 k a c i a to r t a , (Roxb.) Craib.

I k h r s s s a p t a , L.

1' khyranthes bidentata, B l w .

k rcca rp l s fraxinifolius, Wight & Am.

kronychia p n d m u l a t a , (L.) Mi&

Adenanthera pevonina, L.

Adhatcda vas iw , Nees.

Aegle mamlos , (L.) Corn.

Albizzia m r a , Paiv.

Albizzia chinensis, ( 0 s k k ) Merr.

Albizzia l e k k , (L.) Renth.

Allamsrda cathartics, L.

Allanthus excelsa, Roxb.

Alliun cepa, L.

Alstonia schalar is , (La) R.Rr.

h r a n t u s g rec i l i s , Desf.

h r a n t u s spinosus, L.

Anacardiun m i d e n t a l e , L.

Anona ret iculate , L.

Anona s q u m s a , L.

Yimosaceae Tree

Sapotaceae SRl'Odilla l'ree F n ~ l t"

Pmarantaceae Tree Oi 1

Csesnlpiniacenc

Rutacrfle

Caesalpiniaceae

Acflntllaceoe

Rutace~e

Mimosaceae

Mimsaceae

Mimos~ceae

Apxynaceae

Simaroukceae

ti liaceae

Apxynaceae

Awrflntnceae

harantaceae

Anacardiaceae

Anonnceae

Anonaceae

Red cedar

Coral wocxi t ree

MRlahRr nut

knna l quince

Siran

lebbeck-t ree

Allamanda

Tree of heaven

mfon

Dita bark

Plnaranth

Caslrew

h ~ l l o c k ' s heart

Sweet-soy

l'ree

Tree

Tree

Sllnll>

Tree

'Itee

7 ~ e e

Tree

Sllnrh

Tree

iiert> +

Tree

Stinllr

Shruh

Tree ' S h l b +

Sllrub +

T i ~ n t ~ r

01 1

Ornamental

Yrlicinal

I.krlicinnl

limber

TI mber

Tintar

(hno~i~en t a 1

~ e ~ e t a h l e "

Drnomental

Veqrtable

~eqetahle'"

Fnli t

Fruit

Fruit

+ Agricultural importance

Antigonon leptops , Hoak. 4 Am. ,

&ma siliquosa, Ian.

rec chis hypogaea, Willd.

Areca catechu, L.

~ r g m mexicana, L.

Polvgonaceae

Aristolocliiactae

Fabeceae

Arecaceae

Papveraceae

Coral creeper ShNb

Itee

tCrb

l t e e +

Herb

Medicinal

Oilh

Medicinal

Oil

Peanut

h t e l nut palm

Mexican prlckly PPY

Aristolochia indica, L.

Artemisia nilagirica, L.

Artocarpls hetem@yllus, lank.

Asparagus gonoclados, Bak.

Asparagus recmsus , Wild.

Aster sp, L.

Averrhoa carmnble, L.

Azadirachta indica, A. Juss.

Bemhse bahambs, L.

Berleria hx i fo l i a , L.

Barleria prattensis, Sant.

Rauhinia plrplrea, L.

Rauhlnia racemsa, h k .

Unuhinia variegata, L.

Bidens biternate, (Lour. ) Merr.

Biophytun sensitivun, (L.) CC.

hhx ceiba, L.

Rorrerie hispida, K, Sch.

Borreria s t r ic ta , (If.) K. Sch.

Brassica jvncea, (L.) Czern. & Cass.

Brassica nigra, (L.) Koch.

khananin lanzan, Spr.

b t e a monospm, (Lank.) Taubert.

h t e a pantiflora, Roxb.

Caesalpinia decapetala, (Roth. ) Alston.

Caesalpinia plcherrima, (L. ) Swartz.

Cajanus cajan, (L.) Mill sp.

+ Agricultural importcmce

"t h l u a l s

Aristolocliinceae

As teraceae

Moraceae

Li l i~ceae

1.i 1 iaceae

Asteraceae

Oxtll idaceae

Me1 iaceae

Poaceae

Acanthace~e

Acnn tlaceae

Caesalpininceae

Caesalpini aceae

Caesalpiniaceae

As teraceae

Oxalidaceae

bmbaceae

Rubiaceae

Rubiaceae

Rrassicsceae

~rassicadeae

hacardi aceae

Fabceae

Fahceae

Caesalpiniaceae

Caesalpiniaceae

Caesalpiniaceae

Tree

llerh

Herb

SI I~UI , +

Tree

Tree

Micliaelmas dairy

Ceronihola

Neem tree

Bemboo

Ornnwntnl

Fruit

Medicinal

Shnltl

Shrub

Slimh

Tree

Tree

Camel's foot tree

Knctinal

MOunt~in ebny Trrr

Shrub

Tree

Red s i lk cotton Tree

Herb

Fi hre

wed'''

Herb

Shrub +

Siruh

Indian h s t a rd

Black h s t a rd

Cudapali almond

Flame of forest

Tree

Tree

Cum

Medicinal

Medicinal I tee

Shrub

Slirub

SlNb +

Medicinal Peacock flower

Ca ]an pea

@llistsnm lanceolatus, DC.

Calotmpis gigantea, (L.) R. Rr.

Capparis pyrifolia, h k .

Capparis sepiaria, L.

upparis zeylanica, L.

Capsicun a m , L.

Capsicun Klcturnun, L.

Cardwine africana, L.

Cardmine trichaatps, Hoehst. ex. Rich.

Carica pepeya, L.

Carissa carandas, L.

Cassia fistula, L.

Cassia italics, (Mill.) Lam. ex. Andr.

Cassia mimsoides, L.

Cassia mtana, Heyne ex Roth.

Cassia obtusa, Roxb, ex. Wt & Am.

Cassia occidentalis, L.

Cassia sianea, Lam.

Csssia surattensis, h m n .

Cassia tora, L.

Casuarina equisetifolia, Forst.

klastrus paniculata, Willd.

Celosia argentea, L.

Olenopdiun mrale, L.

olrysanthsnun indicun, L.

Cinnamcmvn macrocarpm, Hook.

Cinn- zeylenicun, 81.

Cissus glauca, Roxb.

Cit~llus lanatus, ('lhunb.) Mats &

Citrus aurantiun, L.

Citrus decunana, L.

+ Agricultural imprtance

? Annuals

Myrtaceae

Asclepiadaceae

Capperidaceae

Capparidaceae

Cappsridaceae

Solanaceae

Salanaceae

Rrassicaceae

Brassicaceee

Caricaceae

Apcyn~cenc

Csesalpiniaccse

Caesalpini~ceae

Csesalpiniaceae

Caesalpiniaceae

CAesalpininceae

Caesalpiniace~e

raesalpiniaceae

Caesalpiniaceae

Asteraceae

huraceae

Lauraceae

Vi taceae

Cucurbi taceae

Rutaceae

Rutaceae

bttle brusli

HBdar

Indian cnpr

Ci tor~n Ardavnda

Red p l q w

Papaya

Karanda

Indian lahlrnwr

Ne~r0 coffee

Kasscd tre?

Sulpllur flaver~d senna

Sickle senna

Sufaid p a ~ h a

Khartun

J~pnnese cllrysan t l i m ~

Cinnamon

Water melon

Sotr orenqe

P m l o

R e e

Shrub

SIINI, ' 91rub

Shrub

Shrub

Slirub

Herb

tlerb

Wee

Shrub

Tree

Shrub

Herb

91rutl

Sllrutl

Shruh

Ree

Tree

Shrub

IYP?

Sl~n~h

IIprI)

tlerb

Shrub

Tree

RP?

Herb ' Tree +

Tree '

Ornamental

Weed

Fruit

~rui t')

Ocnamen t a 1

Ornamental

Medicinal

Medicinal

qpices

~ r u i t ''[

Frui t

Rui t

citrus medica, L.

citrus re t iwla ta , Blanco.

leist tan thus malabaricans, M.Ag.

clematis gwrisna, Roxb.

Clematis smilacifolis, Wallich.

Clercdendron i n e m , (L.) Gaertn.

Clercdendm serratun, Spring.

Clercdendmn vlecosun, Vent.

Cacina irdica, Wight 6 Am.

Cocculus hirsutus, (L.) Diels.

Cocos nucifera, L.

Coffea arabica, L.

Coffea rohs t a , Lirder.

C m l i n a benghalensis, L.

Comnelina diffusa, hm.

Comnelina ensifolia, R.Br.

Carmelina paludosa, BL.

Cumelina ~ubulata, Roth.

Corchorus aestuans, L.

Corch0~S tri locularis, L.

Cordia a k a , Rm and Schuit.

Cardia d i cho tm, Forst,

Coriandnm sativun, L.

Cosms caudatus, H.0 & K.

Cosmos sulphureus, Cav.

Crossandra infundibulifonis, (L.) Nees.

Crotalaria p l l i d a , Aiton.

Ctoton bnplandianm, bill.

ahunis callosus, (Rottl.) Cogn.

Oxunis melo, L.

Cucunis sativua, L.

k u r b i t a maxima, Duch.

+ Agricultural inpor tam

" Annuals

Rutaceae

Rutaceae

Eupliorbiaceae

Ranuncul~ceae

Ranurculacene

Verbenaceae

Verbensceae

Verbenace~e

Cucurbi taceae

Menispennaceae

Arecaceae

Rubiaceae

Rubiaceae

CMnelinaceae

Camlinaceae

Comlinaceae

Comnelinace~e

Comr~el iriaccnc

Ti 1 i nce~e

I iliaceae

Cordiflceae

Cardi~ceae

Apiaceae

Asteraceae

As teraceae

kanthaceae

Fabateae

Eup)iorbiaceae

Cucurbitaceae

Cucurbi taceae

hcurbi taceae

Cucurhi taceae

Citron

Mendarin

Kwai f ru i t

Ink berry

Coconut

khian coffee

Congo coffee

Kancllara

Indian alerry

Coriander

Yellow cosmos

Riya darsa

Musk melon

Cucunber

Red pmpkin

p e e +

Itre +

l tee

Shrub

Climber

91lXb

Plmlr

Ikrb

Shruh

91mb

l tee +

StllXI> +

91nrb ' llerh

lkrb

lkrb

lkrt)

Ikrt>

Ilerb

Tree

Tree

Ttec

Herb +

Ikrb +

Ilcrt~ +

Shrub +

Tree

lkrb

Shruh

k r h * Kerb +

Ikrb +

Ftllit

bkui t

Timber

Timber

Timber

Orurbita pep, DC.

ascuta reflexa, Roxb.

cyanotis cr is ta ta , Schu1t.f.

cymdm dactylon, (L) Pers,

Cyprus mtmdue, L.

Dahlia varisbilis, Cev.

Dalbergia la t i fo l ia , Roxb.

Dalhegia paniculata, Roxb.

Dalbergia s issw, Roxb.

Daphne oleoides, Schreb

Datura arbrea , L.

Datura metel, L.

Dature s t r m i u n , L.

IMonix elata, (L.) Gamble.

Iklonix regia, (Bojex.Hook)Raf . Derxlrwlms strictus, (~oxb.)Nees.

nicana tmn tosa , Cass.

Diospyros hx i fo l i a , ( B l m ) Hiren.

Diospyros melamxylm, Roxb.

Dioscorea oppsi t i fo l ia , L.

Dlphayclus pelamatus, L.

fbdonaea vlscosa, (L.) Jacq.

b l ichos bitlorus, L.

Dolichos falcatus, Willd.

hschoriste vagans, 0.Kz.e.

Flaeocarps serratus, L.

F:lettaria c a r d a m , (L.) MBtmr.minar Watt

Eleusine coracana, (L.) Caertn.

Eleusine indica, (L.) Gaertn.

hb l i ca officinalis, Gaertn.

b t h r i n a indica, bun,

Erythrina suberosa, Roxb.

+ Agricultural Qmrtence

" h u a l s

Oxurhi taceae

QlS~LItfl~efle

Camnelinaceae

POftcf'fle

Cyperaceae

Asteraceae

Fahaceae

F~baceae

Fabaceae

Thymeleaceae

Solanaceae

Solanaceae

Solan~ceae

G P S R ~ P ~ ~ ~ B C P R C

Caesalpininceae

Fbaceae

As teraceae

Flenaceae

Fbnaceae

Dioscoreaceae

Cucurhi tacear

Sapindaceae

Fabaceae

Fabaceae

Acanthaceae

Elaeocflrpaceae

lingirberaceae

haceae

Poaceae

hpfiorbiaceae

Fabaceae

F'abaceae

Tndian Rose Mod

Sisoo

Kutilal

Sadatdli~ture

morn apple

Mii te ~111mohur

Royal pinciana

Solid h t n o

Caranendel

Persian switch

.lamaica Sorrel

Ibrse gram

Ceylon olivp

Cardamam

F in~e r n~i I I e t

Caose grass

Fmblic

Indian coral tree

Pongrfl

lkrh ' Slinlh

&rh

ICrb

tbrh

C7imh ' Tree

Tree

Tree

9iruh

Shruh

Sllrub

SIiruh

Tree

Tree

Tree

I t e ~

WPC

I t P C

Shruh

Tree

Slirt~l~

Ilert~ +

tCrh ' lYee

Tree

Sliruh +

Ikrh ' tlerh +

7tee

Tree

7Yee

~cgetahlr':

Medicinn1

Fledicln~l

Fodder:"

~oddPr(':

mnlnentnli

T i ~ n t ~ r

Timlrr

Timlvr

Mxliclnal

w N l t

~cd i c ina~" :

~ i c t n a ~ "

Ornamental

Timl~r

Ornomental

Fruit

Frxldcr

!lledi:~nal"

knmenta 1

fb1RC1

l 'u ls2

1'1 m l ~ r

khli t

Spices '

k e n I ' I

~onrler"

Fledlcinal

Fillre

Lmn scented Tree eucalyptus

Rfialyptus c i t r i a h r a , Hook.

m l y p t u s glohlus, b b i l l .

m l y p t u s maculata, Hook.

Eucalyptus rotusta, 40.

Walyptus tereticornis, 40.

Fupatoriun odoratun, L.

Fagraea ceilanica, W.

Feronia elephantun, Correa.

Flaveria australasica, Hk,

Fi l ic im decipiens, Thw.

Fimbristylis aestivalis, Vahl.

Fimbristylis asphylla, Vahl.

Fuirena c i l i a r i s , Rottb.

Qntiana quadrifaria, Blw.

Cassypiun arborem, L.

Grevillea rohs t a , A. Omn.

Grewia bracteata, Roth.

Ltewia hirsuta, Vahl.

Grewia oppositifolia, Bxh-b . ex CC.

Crewia orientalis, L.

Qewia subinaequalis, OC.

Grewia t i l iaefol ia , Vahl.

Guizetia abyssinica, (L.f) Cess.

Gymostachyun latifoliun, T.M.

Helianthus annuus, L.

Ikliotropiun indicun, L.

Helixanthera wallichiana, MA.

Henidems indicus, R. Br.

Heracieun hookerianun, W.

Hibisuu, cannabinus, L.

Hibiscus furtatus, Roxb.

+ Agricultural importme

i': Annuals

Myrtaceae

Myrtaceae

Myrtaceae

Myrtaceae

Mvrtaceae

As teraceae

Loqaniaceae

Ru taceae

As teraceae

Sapindaceae

Cyperaceae

Cyperaceae

Cyperaceae

Gent ianaceae

Malvaceae

koteaceae

Ti liaceae

Ti 1 iaceae

Tiliaeceae

Tiliaceae

Tiliaceae

Tiliaceae

Asteraceae

kanthaceae

Asteraceae

Heliotropiaceae

Loranthaceae

Asclepidaceae

Asp!ac?s?

Malvaceae

Malvsceae

l t e e

Tasmenian blue gun lkee

Tree

Tree

l t e e

Slirub

Fern tree 9 1 ~ b

Elephant apple Tree

lkrb

Fern tree l'ree

llerb

Herb

Ilerl)

tkrb

n e e cotton Shrub +

Silver oak I tee

I tee

Ree

l tee

Tree

Rial ae Tree

nhaman Tree

Nigersed 31n1b ' Slirub

Sunflower Herb +

Slirub

'Ire?

Indian sarsaparilla Shrub

llcrlj

Rimlipatam Ilerb

Kiasi Shn~b

lYmlPr

01 1

Timber

Timtar

Timber

Weed

hamen tal

Fruit

(knanlental

hcvnental

Mediciri~l

Fillre

1Y1i1br

T i n~trr

Timtzr

'1 lmlar

Timtsr

7'imi;er

Timber

01 I*

Pbdicinal

01 lf<

bledicinal

biedicinal

kbr~icinal"'

Fi hre

t'ihre

IUbiscus lobetus, ( h r r ay .) Kuntze.

Hibiscus ovalifolius, Vahl.

Hibiscus Rosa-sinensia, L.

Hibiscus surattensis, L.

Hibiscus vitifoliue, L.

M l i m zeylanicun, (Gard.) Benth.

Hydraotyle nepalenais, L.

Kygrophila auriculata, Heine.

Hypericun mysotense, Wt & Am.

Ichnccarpls frutescens, R.Br.

ImpAtiens balsamine, L.

Impatiens chinensia, L.

Impatiens gardneriana, W.

ImpAtiens trichocarpa, Hook.

I w e a alha, L.

Ipmaea brtatas, (L.) Poir.

I p m e a cnrnea, Jacq.

I p e a digitata, L.

Ipemaea er iccarp , R.Br.

Ipanaea n i l , (L.) Roth.

Ipanaea staphylina, R & S,

Ixora ccccinea, L.

Ixora notoniana, Wall.

Ixora plyantha, W.

Jacaranda acutifolia, Mmh & Bonpl.

Jasminur rml t i f l om, (ktnn.f.) Andr.

Justicia betonica, L.

Justicia diffuse, Willd.

Justicia glabra, Koen ex.Roxh.

Justicia aantapani, C1.

Justicia simplex, D.Don

Justicia tranquebsriensis, L. f .

+ Agricultural i n p r t a x e

hnuals

MBlvnceae

Ma lvnceae

Malvflceae

Melvnce~e

Mlvaceae

Flacourtinceae

Hydrocotyl acese

kanthaceae

Hypericaceae

Apcynace~e

Ralsflminaceae

Ualsaminaceae

Uatnamin~ceae

Ralaaminaccae

Convolw laceae

Cnnvoluvl~c~ne

Convalwlaceae

Conml~~laceac

Comluvlaceae

Camlrrvlaceae

Convolwacea~

Ruhiirceae

Ruhiaceae

Ruhiaceae

Riqnanleceae

Ole~ceae

k e n th~ceae

Acanthace~e

Acantlaceae

knnthaceae

kanthaceae

kanthaceae

Rose of china

Rnnthindi

RAnkapns

U la

Talmnkhann

Rlack c r eep r

Garden lalsam

Moon flower

sweet potato

R i lai kand

Oiiabeto

Kaladflna

.lunple Fl ame

la car and^

Jasmine

Slin~lr

Siruh

Shn~h +

Herh

91n1b

Slruh

b e e

lkrh

Tree

Shrub

~ e r h +

Ikrt) +

t r rh

ICrh

Herh

flerht

Ikrh

lierh

Herh

Shrill,

tkrh

~11rul)

Shn~tr

Stlruh

lkee

.%nit)

Shrub

Ikrl,

tlrrb

Herb

Herh

tferb

Flhre

F'i hrr

bkdicinnl

Timber

bhdicinnlC

Fi hre

~ed i c lnn l~ '

Hedicinal

Medicinal

Weed

Fodder

veRetahle"'

Medicin~l

Ornamental"'

Medicinal

Kigelia pinnata, oC.

~yllirlga btevifolia, Rottb.

Kyllinga n ~ r a l i s , (Forstex) Dandyex htchinsm.

~yl l inga tenuifolia, Stetd.

Lagasca mollis, Car.

hgenaria leucantha, Cwh

Lagerstraenia microxrpa, W.

Lagerstroemia prvi f lora , Roxb.

l a g e r s t m i a regime, Roxb.

Lagerstroemia speciosa, (L.) Pers.

Lawsonia i n e n i s , L.

Leonotis nepetaefolia, R. Br.

Iepidagathis cr is ta ta , Willd.

Leucas aspera, (Willd.) spreng,

Leucas lavardulaefolia, Rus.

Leucas martinicensis, (Jecq.) R.Br.

Leucas zeylanica, R.Br.

Linm mysorense, Heyne. ex.Penth.

Litsea f loritan-da, ( B l w . ) Gamble.

Litsea olecanenais, HK.f.

M e i g i a perennis, L.

Lycopersicun esculentun, Mill.

b d h w indica, h l i n .

b d h w neriifolia, (Moon. )Lam.

Maesa indica, (Roxb.) OC.

Hamnee suriga, Kosten.

bngifera indica, L.

bnihot glaziavii, h e l l .

Manilbra hexandra, (Roxb.) hrb.

Micago sativa, L.

Melia azadirechta, L.

M i a dubia, Hiern.

ni~noniaceae

Cypraceae

Cyperaceae

Qpraceae

Asteraceae

Cacurbi teceae

Ly thraceae

Ly thrsceae

I,y tl~raceee

Ly tlrraceae

Ly tllracese

Lamiacehe

kanttlaceae

Lamiaceae

Lamiaceae

hmiaceae

l~miaceae

1,inaceae

Lauraceae

Lauraceae

hagracese

Solanaceae

Saptaceae

Saptaceae

Yrsf naceae

C1 usiaceae

Anacardiaceae

R~flrorbiaceae

Saptaceae

Falaceae

Meliaceae

Mcl inceae

Seusa~e tree

Side

Ween crape myrtle

Henna

tfe jurclrei

aiota-llalkusa

Wma

m t o

Matrue tree

Mango

Ceara rublxr

Milk tree

Alfalfa Lucerne

Pride-of-India

Ree

l t e e

l t e e

lyee

lbrb

lkrb

Ttee

l t e e

I tee

7tee

?tee

fierb

Sllrub

Herb

Slirub

Ilerb

Ilcrl)

Ilerl)

Tree

I tee

I tee

Herb

l t e e

Strmb

%rub

7tee

Tree +

l tee

I t r e

Strrub +

Tree

7tee

1,

?

Timber

Timt~r

Timber

Timt~r

Metltclnal

~ ~ i c i n a l " '

Medicinald

~ d i c i n s l "

~cdicinal ' '~

Medicinill

Elwlicinnl

lhnno~n tn l

Medicinal

Medicinal

Timber

~ ~ q e t a b ~ e i

oi 1

Medicinal

I imkr

Fnlit

F n ~ i t

Fodder

Mdlcinal

Flctlicinnl

+ Agricultural impottance

' Annuals

Meliom einplicifolia, Walp.

Memffylon edule, Roxb.

Memffylon unbellatun, hnn F.

Meyna laxif lora, Robyns

Millettia pegwnsis, A l i .

Himssa pJdica, L.

Mimosa rubicnulis, Lam.

br inga oleifera, Lamk.

b r u s alba, L.

Moms indica, L.

kmtingia ca l ah ra , L.

hr raya paniculata, (L.) Jack.

h s a balbisiana, Colla.

Musa psradisiaca, L.

hssaeoda frondosa, L.

Mussaenda laxa, Hk. f .

Nwlitsee zeylanica, Mem.

Nerim indicun, Mill.

Nicotiana plunbginifolia, Viv.

Nicotiana tabacun, L.

Nilgirianthus heyneanus, Rre.

Nymphaea ptescens, Willd.

kim adscendens, Willd.

C t i m americanun, L.

him basilicun, L.

him sanctun, L.

Cdina wodier, Roxb.

Olea dioica, Roxb.

Olea plygame, W.

@untie d i l leni i , Hsw.

+ Agricultural impartame

* Annuals

Sabiaceae

Melastmceae

Melastomsceae

Rubiaceae

Fahceae

Mimosaceae

Mimsaceae

Saptaceae

bcurhi taceae

bringaceae

braceae

bracesr

E~~~O~arpnceRe

Rutaceae

H~saceae

Musacene

Rubiaceae

Ru1)iaceae

Lauraceae

Apocynaceae

Solanaceae

Solanaceae

Acantheceae

Nymplieeaceae

hmimeae

Lami~ceae

Lami~ceae

Lamiaceae

Anacardiaceae

Oleaceae

Oleaceae

Csc taceae

Iron vood tree

Msinplurl

Sensitive plant

Shiah - kanta

Spanish cherry

hitter ~ou rd

DNmstick tree

ldii te mullerry

Cmon rm~lherry

C~pulin

Bnana

Pedina

Oleander

Tahcco

Wiite lotus

Hoary basil

Ilasil

Ibly Iyfsil

Ortin8 wodier

Wee

R e r

I t r e

,91nlh

Ree

Shrub

%rub

Tree

ILrh

l tee

P e e +

her ' Ree

Shmti ' Shrub +

Shrub ' n e e

$l1r11\)

Pep

%rub

Stinit)

Sllrlll, +

1Crh

Herb

Rlrull +

Ikrh ' Hprh +

lierl, +

RFP

Shrub

Slin~ti

9in1l)

Fodd~r

Ekdicin~l

Rui t

Oman~ntnl

weed'"

Ornamentfll

Fruit

~eRetabl<':

Veec'tnl1l P

~odder"'

~odder"'

Fruit

Fruit

Fruit"

~ m i t *

Medtclnal

Medlcinnl

Timher

(hn~ment~1

~odtcinel':

Norcotic

Omontentel'

fhnamen tn l

(m~amental

Fruit

w t i a mmacantha, Haw.

Ocyza s a t i n , L.

mal is comiculata, L.

Oxelis la t i fo l ia , H.0 & K.

Pandanus fascicularis, h.

mrtheniun hyeterophoms, L.

~ess i f lora foetida, L.

Cac t aceae

Poaceae

Oxalidaceae

Dxalidaceae

hndanaceae

Asteraceae

Passif loraceae

Rice

Indian sorrel

Screw-pine

91mb

lkrb ' lkrb '

Stinkine. passion flower

Ornamentnl

Passiflore subpeltate, Ortega.

Pawtta tanentosa, Roxb.

Peltophorun pterocarpm,(tC.) Baeker ex K.

Persea mr i cana , Mill

Persea macrantb, (Nees) Kosterm

Fetrea volubilis, L.

b s e o l u s Rurens, Roxb.

Raseolus radiatus, L.

Fhaseolus vulgaris, L.

heonix sylvestris, (L. ) Roxb.

hyllanthus itxlicus, M. k g .

hyllanthus urinaria, L.

Piliostigma malbsricun, L.

Ham satiwn, L.

Hthecolobiun dulce, (Roxb.) knth.

Plantago asiatica, L.

Plmbago zeylanica, L.

blianthes tuberosa, L.

Polygala errensis, Willd.

Polygonun bistorta,

Polygonun plebejun, R.Br.

Pongamia glabra, Vent.

h g m i e pinnate, (L.) Pierre

Portulaca oleracea, L.

brtulaca quadrifida, L.

+ Agricultural importance

* Annuals

Fassif loraceae

Ruhiaceae

tkyne bes~lpinieceae

Lauraceae

Laurnceoe

Verbenaceac

Fabceae

Fataceae

F ataceae

kececeae

n~phorbiaceae

Euphorhlaceae

Caesal piniaceae

Fabcese

Mimosaceae

Plantaginaceae

Plumlaginaceae

Pmsryllidaceae

Polygalaceee

Polygonaceae

Poly~onaceae

Fabaceae

Fabceae

For tulcaceae

Portulcaceae

Rul t

Medicinal Shn~b

Ttee & P P ~ r=d

Avocn(io

h rp l e w r e ~ t l ~

Green gram

Black gram

Kidney ban

Wild dflte

Stareoosp terry

l t e e

Iter

Shrub

lkrb +

Herb +

Fruit

Fruit

Tree

Herb

'Wee

Tree

sllrub

Kidney bean

Garden pea

k n i l a tanerind Tree

Herb

bruit

Medicinal

SllNb

lkrb ' Slirub

Ornamental

Tbberose

Snake weed tlerb

lierb

Gmamental

Medicinal

?tee

Tree

lkrh

Sllrub Ornamentnl

mssiflora subpeltate, L.

prosopis cinenaria, (L.) b e .

Psidiun guajava, L.

Ptemcarpls indicus, Willd.

Pterocarpls maraupiun, Roxb.

h i c a granatun, L.

Fyros tegia venue ta, Miers.

Raphanus sa t iws, L.

Rauwolfia serpentina, (t) Benth, ex Kurz.

Rhinecenthus nastus, Nees.

Rhynchosia crelefenses , LC.

ROSE SP6,

Roystonea regia, (H.R.& K . ) O.F.Coak

Salmalia insignia, (Wall.) Schott & Ml.

Samanea s m n , (Jacq.) Merr.

Santalun a l h , L.

Sapindus laurifolius, Vahl.

Schefflera venulosa, Harms.

Schefflera wallichiana, Hams.

Scoparia dulcis, L.

Sechim edule, (Jaeq.) Sw.

Senecio edgmr th i i , Hk. f .

Senetio grahami,

Senecio wightii, Renth.

S e s m orientale, L.

Sida acuta Burm, f .

Sida a l b , L.

Sida cordata, (Burman.) Borssun.

Sida cordifolia, L.

Solanun denticulatun, 81.

Solanun erianthen, D . h

Solanun irdicun, L.

+ Agricultural importance

" Armuals

Pessifloraceae

Mimsaceae

Myrtaceae

Fabceae

Fsbeceae

hnicacene

Rignoniacene

Brassicaceae

Apocynacese

kanthaceae

Fabaceae

Rosaceae

Arecaceae

hbacaceae

Caesalpiniaceae

Santalaceae

Sapindaceae

Araliaceoe

Aralinceae

Scrophulilriaceae

Cucurbi tacene

Asteraceae

As teraceae

Asteraceae

Pedaliaceae

Malvaceae

Malvaceae

Malvaceae

Ma lvaceae

Solanaceae

Solanaceae

Solanaceae

QJauk~r

Guava

bndman redwood

Indian kino tree

Mgran f l t e

mlden stawer

RRdiah

olhoto chand

Rose

CUban royal platm

Siml

Rain tree

l h i t e sandlc wood tree

Sesame

Rariara

Country mallow

Hsl

Indian

Indian night sbde

l t e e

Tree

Ree +

Tree

%rub

Shrub

llerh ' Shrub

Shrub

Tree

Tree

l t e e

Tree

P e e

?tee

IYce

Herb

Sn11) ' Ilerh

llerh

Ilerl)

lkrl) ' llrrh

Shrub

5tlruh

S h ~ k

Sl~ruh

Shrutl

llerh

hamenta l

~ejietabl;

Medicinal

(hnamental

Drnamental

Tlml~r

Fodder

ni I

Vezetnhlc

Medicinn1

Medicinal

bledicinal

nil

weed':

\deed'''

W F C ~ "

~ e p d ~ ' ~

Medicinel

Vee~table

Fnti t

, % l a m rnelongena, L.

Solanur nignm, L.

Solarm seaforthianun, Audr.

Solanun torwn, Wartz.

Solanun trilobetun, L.

Solanun tuberom, L.

Solidago canedensis, L.

Sonerila r o t d i f o l i a , Bedd.

Spathodea campamlata, Beaw.

Spondias pinnate, (Koen.) Kurz.

Stephania japonica, Miers.

S t e r eospem personatun, (Ilassk.) Chatt.

Strychnos pota tom, Willd.

Swertia angustifolia, B. I h . Var.

Swertia corynbsa, W.

Syntplocos ccchinehinesis, M.

Syzygiur a rmt i cun , (L.) Merr. & Perry.

Syzygiun cunini, (L.) Skeels.

Syzygiun jsmbs, (L.) Alston.

Syzygiun operculatun, Gamb.

Syzygiun zeylanicun, (L.) DC. Gamble.

Tabehia argentea, Britt . Tabehia rosea, DC.

Tagetes erecta, L.

Tagetes tenurifolia, Csv.

Tmrindus indica, L.

Teem stans, (L.) H.B & K.

Tectona randi is, L.E.

Teninalia a r j m , (Roxb.ex.DC.)Wright R An

Teminalia tellerica, (Gaertn.) Roxb.

Teminalia chetula, Retz.

Teninalia cremlata, Roth.

+ Agricultural importance

* Annuals

Solan~ceae

Solanaceae

%lanaceae

Solanoceae

Salanaceae

Salan~ceae

As teraceae

k!el~~tCXMltfl~~Re

Bi~noniaceae

Anacardiaceac

Menispemceae

Ri~noniacene

Loganiaceae

Gent ianaceae

Gent~anRceae

Symplocnceoe

Myrtaceae

Myrtaceae

Myrtnc~n~

Myr taceae

Myrtaceae

Ri~noniaceae

Hiqnoniacefle

ksteraceae

As teraceae

Caesalpinincceae

Ri,qnoniaceae

Vrrl~n~cefle

Comhretaceae

Comtlretaceae

Cmbretaceae

Comhretaceae

Rrinlal

Rlack niglit stiade

htlIt0 CrQQpr

Titbai~un

RItRt0

colden Rod

Syrinqe tree

H o ~ ~ l m

Podrr

clear in^ nut

Clwe

.lava plum

Rose apple

lalmtx~ia

Biparigold

Striped m r i ~ o l d

'Iam~rird

Yellow elder

Teak

Ar jun terminal i s

k l l e r i c myrotmlan

Yellow myrobalan

Itee

Tree

Tree

t h r l~

Tree

llerb

llerh

lkee

I tee

l t r e

lkee

Tree

Itee

Itee

Ilerb +

Shnlh ' l tee +

Tree

Itee

Tree

Vejietslrle '

Flpdiclnnl

~ m m t n ~ " '

~ e ~ e t R ~ , ~ e "

Medicinal

~ecrtahlch

(hnnmenta16

Eledicinal

h s m e n t ~ l

Fruit

Tltnlvr

Elrdicinol

FMicinal

Mrtffcinol

kn~mentol

Medicinal

Fruit

br~l i t

Fruit

Ornamental

(hantent~ I

mamenta~"

mam mental" ~mmtenta~'"

Spice

Ornnnientnl

l'imtx?r

TI ~ r ~ l r r

Timber

l'imkr

l i m l ~ r

~erminalia pallida, Rardis.

~ e m i n a l i a paniculata, Roth.

Terminalia t m t o s e , Wight 6 Am. wspes i a lanpas, hlz & Gibe.

'rhespsia popllnea, L.

Toddalia asiatica, (L.) Lank.

Tmna c i l i a t e , Rcen.

Richosanthes anguina, L.

R i chadem indicun, R.R. Richosanthes bracteata, Voigt.

Tridax prccunbens, L.

Rigonella foenun-graecun, L.

Utricularia grminilolia, Vahl.

Veteria indica, L.

Vendlandia thyrsoidea,

Vernonia albicans, DC.

Vernonia dalzelliana, Dr. et. h t ch .

V e m i a indica, C1.

Vitex altissime, L. f. Vitex negundo, L.

Vitis auriculata, Wall

Vi t i s quadranguloris, Wall

Wnttakaka volubilis,

Wemllandia thyrosoidun, wt. ex.hook.

Xerolnphis spinosa, (Ihunb) keay

Xyris indica, L. 78.9 mays, L, Zinnia elegans, Jacq.

Ziziphus jamhulanun, L,

Zitiphus jujub, lank.

7,17i&us oenoplia, (L.) Mill. Ziziphus mauritiana, h k .

Ziziphus mgosa, h k .

7,iziphus xylocarpa, (Retz) IJilld.

Cmhretxeae

~ T ~ ~ ~ ~ A c Q R Q

Cmbre teceae

Nalv~c~ae

Melvaceae

Rut~ceae

Melince~e

~ c u r h i t ~ c e a e

Poraginaceae

Cucurhi taceae

As terucenc

Fabceae

lentihlariflcefle

1)ipterocnrlaceae

Rubiac~ae

As teracpn?

ksteraceae

As teraceae

Verbenaceae

Verlenflceae

V i taceac

V i taccae

bclepiadaceae

Rul~i ~ c e a e

Ruhi~cpae

Smi l aceae

Ponce~e As teracae

Rl~amnaceae

Rt~flmnacene

Rll~mnflceae

Rtlamnaceae

Rtlamnaceae

Rllamaceae

Asan

Eankaps

Wild oranRe

Cedrela tree

Snake gmlrd

To1 1 cllaste tree

alaincse

k i 7 e corn

Youth-and-oldag~

d~ainese date

.Jackal jujubs

Olinese date

Surfin

Kat-hr

Trer 'ltee

IYee

tkrh

Tree

Sl~rub

Tree Ikrb ' Herh

Tree

lierh

Herb

l t e e

I tee

Trre

Stlrr~b

lkrh

tkrtr

Tree

Ttee

%rub

SIiruIi

Cree~rr

slinll)

qllnlh

1Crt1

lkrt) +

iierl) +

b e e

Trer

Trer

Tree

Tree

Tree

Timll~r

Iiinlrr

l*KIh

Fledicinnl

Medicinal

1 lmhr

Flwlicinal

Ftui t

fn l i t

bkdicinul

hnmental

l'imtrr

Fruit

l imlrr

Fruit

Fruit

Fodder

+ Agricultural importance

TABLE 2 DISTRIBUTION OF NECTAR BEE FWRA IN W A D REGION OF KARNATAKA.

Botanical name Occurrence Forage Study centres value WI CtiM

""----""--'""-----------------------------7------------------- Acrocarpus fraxinifolius C N X X

Acronychia penduncula ta C X X $ Albezzia lebbeck C X - Aristolochia indica C N* - X

Artocarpus heterophyllus C N3 X X

Biophytun sensitivum R N2 - X

Butea monosperma C N2 X X

&tea panriflora C N~ X X

Cajanus cajan C N2 X X

Callisternon lanceolatus C N~ X X

Carica papaya C N2 X X Celastrus paniculatas R N - X 1

Cissus glauca R N~ x - Cleistanthus malabaricans R N~ X - Dioscorea oposi tifolia R N3 - X

Dodonaea viscosa C NI X X Dyschoriste vagans C N~ X X

Elaeocarpus serratus R N2 X X Ele t taria cardarnomurn R N3 X X

Ekythrina indica R N2 X - Heliotropim indicm R N1 - X

Homalium zeylanicum C N2 X X

Hydrocotyle nepalensis R N1 - X

Hypericum mysorense R N2 - X

C - Comnon, R-Rare, VC-Very comnon N1 - Major nectar resource N2 - Pledium nectar resource

N~ - Yinor nectar resource SHM - SHIVCGA CHM - CHIKMAGALUFI

X - Present - - Not known

Ichnocarpus frutescens

Ixora polyantha

bpidagathis cristata

Uucas zeylanica Maesa indica

Manihot glaziwii

Meliosma simplicifolia

Mimusops elengi

Momordica charantia

Opuntia dillenii

Piliostigma mlbaricm Plumbago zeylanica

Polygala arrensis

Pongamia glabra

Pterocarpus marsupium

Punica granatum

Rauwolfia serpentina

Solidago canadensis

Sonerila rotundifolia

Stephania japonica

Tecana stans

Terminalia paniculata

Thespesia lampas

Trichodesrna indica

Trigonella foenum-graecum

Utricularia qraminifolia Vateria indica

Wattakaka volubilis R NI X X C - Conmon, R-Rare, VC-Very corrunon N1 - %jar nectar resource N' - Medium nectar resource N~ - Minor nectar resource SHM - SHIMOGA CHM - CHIKMAGALUR X - Present - - Not known

TABLE 3. DISTRIBUI'ION OF POLLEN BEE FLORA IN ?INNAD REGION OF KARNATAKA.

Forage Study centres S1.No. Botanical name Occurrence value !~VI I olYb --------------------------------------------------------?---------------------

01 Achras sapota C P X S

02 Aegle mamlos R p2 X - 03 Alliun cepa C P1 X X

04 Als tonia scholaris R p1 X S

05 h r a n t u s graci l is

06 h r a n t u s spinosus

07 Arachis hypogaea

08 Argemane rnexicana

09 Aster spp

10 Bauhinia purpurea

11 Bauhinia racemosa

Bauhinia variega t a

Caesalpinia decapetala

Caesalpinia pulcherrima

Capparis pyrif ol ia

Capparis sepiaria

Capparis zeylanica

Capsicun noc turnurn

Cassia f i s tu la

Cassia i t a l i ca 21 Cassia rnimosoides

22 Cassia montana

23 Cassia obtusa

24 Cassia occidentalis C P1 X - C - Cormon, R-Rare, VC-Very conmon

P' - Major pollen resource p2 - Medium pollen resource p3 - Minor pollen resource SFM - SHIMNA CHM - CHIKMAGALUR X - Present - - Not known

Cassia siamea

Cassia surattensis

Cassia tora

Casuarina equisetifolia Celosia argentea

olenopodium m a l e

Citrullus lanatus Caccina indica

Cocculus hirsutus

Cocos nucifera

Corchorus aestuans

Corchorus trilocularis

Cosmos caudatus C P' - X Cosmos sulphureus C p1 X x Crossandra infundibulifonnis R p2 - X

Crotalaria pallida

Croton bonplandianun

Qlcunis callosus

Cucumis me10

Cucunis satiws kurbita maxima

Cuscuta reflexa

Cyanotis cristata

Cynodon dac t y lon

Cyperus rotundus

Dahlia variabilis

Da tura arborea C P~ X X

Datura metel C p3 X X C - Comnon, R-Rare, VC-Very corrmon P1 - Major pollen resource P' - Medium pollen resource p3 - Minor pollen resource SKM - SHIMKA CHM - CHIKMGALUR

X - Present - - Not known

Datura stramoniun C pJ X S

Dendrocalamus s t r i c tus

D i c m tomentosa

Eleusine coracana

Erythrina indica

F i l i c i m decipiens

Gymnostachym l a t i f o l i m R p2 X - - Hemidesmus indicus R pZ X - Hibiscus cannabinus C pL X X

Hibiscus lobatus C pL X X

Hibiscus w a l i f o l i u s

Hibiscus surat tensis

Hibiscus v i t i f o l i u s C p2 X X

Ipomeea d ig i ta ta

Ixora coccinea

Ixora notoniana

Lagerstroemia p a ~ f l o r a

Lagerstromia reginae

Lewsonia inermis

Lycopersicum esculentum

Madhuca ner i i fo l ia

Manilkara hexandra

Melia azadirachta

Melia dubia

Mimosa pudica

Mimosa rubicaulis

Moms alba

Moms indica

C - Comnon, R-&re, VC-Very comnon

P' - Major pollen resource p2 - Medium pollen resource

p3 - Minor pollen resource SHN - SHIMmA CKY - CHIKMAGALUR X - Present - - Not known

Muntingia calabura

Odina wodier

Oryza sativa

Parthenim hysterophorrus

Persea americana

Persea macran tha

Petrea volubilis

Pism sativm

Pi thecolobium duice

Portulaca oleracea

Portulaca quadrifida

F'rosopis cinenaria

Pyrostegia venusta

Roystonea regia

Samanea saman

Sida acuta

Solanm melongena

Spathodea campanulata

Tagetes erecta

Tagetes tenurifolia

'Ihespesia populnea

Toona ciliata

Trichosanthes bracteata R p1 - X

Vernonia albicans R p3 - X

Vitis auriculata R p3 - X

Vitis quadrangularis

Xeromphis spinosa

Zea mays

C - Cornon, R-Rare, VC-Very comnon P' - Major pollen resource p2 - Medium pollen resource

P" - Minor pollen resource SHM - SHI?XX;A CiM - CHIKMAGALUR X - Present - - Not known

TABLE 4. DISIRIBVTION OF FULLEN AND NECTAR BEE F W R A

IN REGION OF KARNATAKA

Forage Study centres S1.b. Botanical name kcurence value SHM M "----------------------------------------------------i--7-----------------

01 Abelmoschus esculentus VC P N X X

02 Abelmoschus manihot VC P' N3 X X

03 Abrus precatorius C P' N2 - X

04 Abrus w lche l l u s C p2 N2 X X

05 Abu t i l on indicun

06 Acacia auricul i f ormis

07 Acacia chundra

08 Acacia ferruginea

09 Acacia n i l o t i c a

Acacia sinuata C

Acacia t o r t a C

Achyranthes bidentata C

Adenathera pavonina C

Adhatoda vasica VC

Albizzia amara C

Albizzia chinensis VC

Allamanda cathartics C

Allanthus exceisa R

Anacardium m i d e n t a l e C

Anona r e t i cu l a t a C

Anona squamosa R

Antigonon leptopus C

C- Comnon, R-Rare, VC-Very c m o n

PIN' - Major pollen and nectar source

p2Il2 - Medium pollen and nectar source

P ~ N ~ - Minor pollen and nectar source

X - Plants species present

SHM - SHIMOSA

- - Not known

CHM - CHIKMAGALUR

Apama siliquosa C

Area ca techu C Artemisia nilagirica C Asparagus gonoclados C

Asparagus racemosus

Averrhoa carambola

Azadirachta indica

Bemhsa babambos

Barleria buxifolia

Barleria prattensis

Bidens biternata

Bombax ceiba

Borreria hispida

Borreria stricta R Brassica j uncea C Brassica nigra C

hchanania lanzan C

Cardamine africana C

Calotropis gigantea VR

Capsicum a n n m C

Cardamine trichocarpa C

Carissa carandas R

Cinnamormrm macrocarpum R

Cinnamorman zeylanicm R Citrus aurantiun R C- Cornnon, R-Rare, VC-Very comnon

P'W' - Major pollen and nectar source p2N2 - Medium mllen and nectar source p h 3 - Minor pollen and nectar source X - Plants species present SHM - SHIMOGA

- - Not known CHM - CHIKMAGALUR

Citrus decumana

Citrus medica

Citrus reticulate

Clematis gouriana

Clematis smilacifolia

Clerodendron inenne

Clerodendron serratum

Clerodendron viscosm Coffea arabica

Coffea robusta

Comnelina benghalensis

Camnelina diffusa

Comnelina ensifolia

Cumelina paludosa

Conmelina suhlata

Cordia alba

Cordia dichotoma

Coriandrum satim

Cucurbi ta p e p

Dalbergia latifolia

Dalbergia paniculata

Dalbergia sissw

Daphne oleoides

Delonix elata

Delonix regia

Diospyros buxifolia

C- Comnon, R-Rare, VC-Very comnon PIN' - Major pollen and nectar source P ~ N ~ - Medium pollen and nectar source p3N3 - Minor pollen and nectar source

- - Not known CHM - CHIWGALUR

X - Plants species present SHM - SHIMOGA

Diospyros melanoxylon C

Diphocyclus palamatus C Dolichos bi f lorus R Dolichos falcatus R

Ehblica officinalis C

Ekythrina suberosa R

bcalyptus cameldulensis C

hcalyptus citridora C

acalyptus globulus C

Ehcalyptus maculata C

bcalyptus robusta C

bcalyptus tereticornis R Ehpatoriwn doraturn R Fagraea ceilanica R Feronia elephanturn C

Flaveria aus tralasica R

Fimbristylis aestivalis R Firnbristylis asphylla C

Fuirena ciliaris C

Gentiana quadri f aria C

Gossypiwn arborem R . Grevillea robus ta R Grewia bracteata R Grewia hirsuta C

Grewia oppositifolia C

Grewia orientalis R C- Corrmon, R-Rare, VC-Very comnon

P'N' - Major pollen and nectar source p2N2 - Medium pollen and nectar source P ~ N ~ - Minor pollen and nectar source X - Plants species present SHM - SHIMOGA

- - Not known CHY - SHIKMAGALUR

Grewia subinaequalis C

Grewia tiliaefolia C

Guizetia abyssinica C Helianthus annuus C

Helixan thera wallichiana C

Heracieum hoakerianum VC

Hibiscus furcatus C

Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis C

Hygrophila auriculata R

Impatiens balsamina R

Impatiens chinensis R

Impatiens gardneriana R

Impatiens trichocarpa R

Ipomaea alba C Ipomaea batatus R Ipomaea carnea C

Ipomaea eriocarpa R Ipomaea nil C

Ipcnnaea s taphylina R

Jacaranda acutifolia R

Jasminum multif lorum R

Justicia betonica R

Justicia dif fusa R

Justicia glabra R

Jus ticia santapani R Justicia simplex R C- Comnon, R-Rare, VC-Very comnon PIN' - Major pllen and nectar source p2N2 - Medium pollen and nectar source p3N3 - Minor pollen and nectar source X - Plants species present SFrM - SHMOGA

- - Not known CHM - CHIKMAGALUR

Justicia tranquebariensis Kigelia pinnate

Kyllinga brwifolia Kyllinga nemoralis Kyllinga tenuifolia

Lagasca mollis

Lagenaria leucantha

Legerstroemia microcarpa Lagerstroernia speciosa

Leonotis nepetaefolia

kucas aspera

bucas lavandulaef olia

kucas martinicensis

Linum mysorense Litsea f lorihda

Litsea olecanensis

Ludheigia perennis

Madhuca indica Mamnea suriga

Mangifera indica Medicago sativa Memecylon edule

Memecylon umbellaturn Meyna laxiflora Millettia peguensis

Moringa oleifera

C- Comnon, R-Rare, VC-Very comnon PIN1 - Major pollen and nectar source P2N2 - Medium pollen and nectar source p3N3 - Minor pollen and nectar source X - Plants species present SHM - SHIMOCrA

- - Not known CHI - CHIKMAGALUR

mays paniculata R Musa balbisiana R Musa paradisiaca C Mussaenda frondosa R Mussaenda laxa R Neoli tsea zeylanica C Nerim indicum C

Nicotiana plmbaginifolia C

Nicotiana tabacun C

Nilgirianthus heyneanus VC

Nymphaea pubescens VC

O c i m adscendens VC

O c i m americanum R Ocirm basilicum C Ocimum sanctum C Olea dioica R

Olea polygama R

Opuntia monacantha C

Oxalis corniculata R

Oxalis latifolia R

Pandanus fascicularis VC

~assiflora foetida C

Passiflora subpeltata C Pavetta tanentosa C

Peltophorum pterocarpum R Riaseolus aurens C

C- Corrmon, R-Rare, VC-Very comnon P'N' - Major pollen and nectar source p 2 N 2 - Medium pollen and nectar source P ~ N ~ - Minor pollen and nectar source X - Plants species present SHM - SHIMOSA

- - Not known CHM - CHIKMAGALL'R

Fhaseolus radiatus C

Phaseolus vulgaris C E'heonix sylvestris C E'hyllanthus indicus C Phyllanthus urinaria C

Plantago asiatica R Polianthes tubemsa C

Polygonurn bistorta C

Polygonun plebeium C Pongamia pinnata C

Possiflora subpeltata R Psidium guajava C Pterocarpus indicus C Raphanus satiws C

Rhinacanthus nastus C Rhynchosia crelefenses R Rosa sps VC Salmalia insignis R

Santalun album R Sapindus laurifolius R Sche f flera venulosa R

Schefflera wallichiana C

Scoparia dulcis R Sechium edule R Senecio edgeworthii R

Senecio gradrami R

C- Cormon, R-Rare, VC-Very comnon plN1 - Major pollen and nectar source p2N2 - Medium pollen and nectar source p3N3 - Minor pollen and nectar source X - Plants species present SHM - SHIMOGA

- - Not known CHM - CHIKMAGALUR

Senecio wightii

Sesamran orientale Sida alba

Sida cordata

Sida cordifolia

Solanwn denticulatum R

Solanm erianthem

Solanum indicum

Solanum nigrum

Solanwn seaforthianum C

Solanm t o m

Solanm trilobatum

Solanum tuberosum

Spondias pinnata

Stereospernium personatm R Strychnos potatom C

Swertia angustifolia C

Swert ia corymbosa C Symplocos cochinehinesis R Syzygium aromaticum R Syzygium cmini C

Syzygiufn jambs C

Syzygium operculatum C

Syzygium zeylanicum C

Tabebula argentea R

Tabebuia rosea VC C- Comnon, R-Rare, VC-Very comnon PIN1 - Major pollen and nectar source p2m2 - Medium pollen and nectar source p3N3 - Minor pollen and nectar source X - Plants species present SHM - S H I Y E A

- - Not known CHM - C H I W G A L U R

Tamarindus indicus VC P' N' X

Tectona grandis R p' N* X

Terminalia ar juna C p2 N1 X

Terminalia bellerica C p2 N' X

Terminalia chehla C p2 N1 X

Terminalia crenulata C P* N' X

Terminalia pallida Teninalia tomentosa Toddalia asiatica

Trichosanthes anguina

Tridax procumbens

Vendlandia thyrsoidea

Vernonia dalzelliana

Vernonia indica

Vitex altissima

Vi tex negundo

Wendlandia thyrosoidum

Xyris indica

Zinnia elegans Ziziphus jambulanum

Ziziphus jujuba

Ziziphus oenoplia Ziziphus mauritiana

Ziziphus mgosa

Ziziphus xylocarpa

C- Cormon, R-Rare, VC-Very commn

PIN' - Major pollen and nectar source P2N2 - Medium pollen and nectar source P3N3 - Minor pollen and nectar source X - Plants species present - - Not known

SHM - SHIMOGA CHI - CHIKMAGALUR

TABLE 5. RELATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF BEE FLORA OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

................................................................ S1. No. Type of bee f lore Total number Percent

of bee flower species ................................................................

01 . Medicinal 8 4 2 4 . 1 9

02. Ornamental 8 0 1 9 . 2 3

03. Timber 5 4 1 2 . 9 8

04. Fruit 4 2 10 .10

0 5 , Vegetable 2 8 6 . 7 3

06 . Weed 1 8 4 . 3 3

07. Fibre 1 4 3 . 5 6

09 Fodder 11 2.64

10. Spices 1 0 2 .40

11. Pulse 0 7 1 . 6 8

1 2 . Cereal 0 3 0.75

13. Others 5 0 12.05

TABLE 6. HONEY PLANTS OF SUMMER SEASON (MARCH - APRIL) IN MALNAD REGION OF KARNATAKA.

Botanical name ......................... Abrus precatorius Abrus pulchellus Acacia auriculiformis Acacia chundra Acacia torta Achyranthes bidentata Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Acronychia pendunculata Adenathera pavonina Adhatoda vasica Aegle marmelos Albizzia amara Albizzia chinensis Albizzia lebbeck Allamanda cathartica Allanthus excelsa Allium cepa Amarantus gracilis Anacardium occidentale Anona reticulata Anona squamosa Antigonon leptop~s Areca catechu Artocarpus heterophyllus

Asparagus gonoclados Asparagus racemosus

Aster sps. Averrhoa carambola

Azadirachta indica

Bambusa babambos

Bauhinia purpurea

Bauhinia racemosa

Rauhinia variegata

Biophytum sensitivum

Brassica nigra

Buchanania lanzan

Butea monosperma

Butea parviflora

Caesalpinia decapetala

Cajanus cajan

Callistemon lanceolatus

Capparis sepiaria

Capparis zeylanica

Carica papaya

Carissa carandas

Cassia fistula

Cassia italica

Cassia montana

Cassia obtusa

Cassia occidentalis

Casuarina equisetifolia

Celastrus paniculatas

Celosia argentea

Chenopodium murale

Cinnamomum macrocarpum

Cinnamomum zeylanicum

Cissus glauca

Citrus aurantium

Citrus decumana

Citrus medica

Citrus reticulata

Clerodendron inerme

Clerodendron viscosum

Coccina indica

Coffea arabica

Coffea robusta

Commelina diffusa

Cordia dichotoma

Cucumis sativus

Dalbergia sissoo

Datura arborea

Datura mete1

Datura stramonium

Delonix regia

Dendrocalamus strictus

Diospyros buxifolia Diospyros melanoxylon

Eleusine indica

Emblica officinalis

Erythrina indica

Erythrina suberosa

Eucalyptus cameldulensi

Eucalyptus citriodora

Eucalyptus globulus

Eucalyptus maculata

Eucalyptus robusta

Eucalyptus tereticornis

Feronia elephantum

Gossypium arboreurn

Grevillea robusta

Grewia bracteata

Grewia oppositifolia

Grewia orientalis

Grewia subinaequalis

Grewia tiliaefolia

Gymnostachyum latifolium

Helixanthera wallichiana

Hibiscus cannabinus

Hibiscus ovalifolius

Hydrocotyle nepalensis

Ipomaea batatas

Ipomaea carnea

Ipomaea digitata

Ipomaea nil

Ixora coccinea

Ixora notoniana Jacaranda acutifolia

Kyllinga brevifolia

Kyllinga nemoralis

Kyllinga tenuifolia

Lagerstroemia microcarpa

Lagerstroemia parviflora Lawsonia inermis

Leucas aspera

Leucas lavandulaefolia

Ludheigia perennis Madhuca indica

Mammea suriga

Mangifera indica

Manihot glaziovii

Melia azadirachta

Melia dubia

Meliosma simplicifolia Memecylon edule

Memecylon umbellaturn

Meyna laxiflora

Millettia peguensis

Mimusops elengi

Moringa oleifera

Murraya paniculata

Neolitsea zeylanica

Nicotiana plumbaginifolia

Nymphaea pubescens

Opuntia dillenii

Oxalis corniculata

Oxalis latifolia

Pandanus fascicularis

Passiflora foetida

Passiflora subpeltata

Peltophorum pterocarpum

Persea americana

Persea macrantha

Petrea volubilis

Piliostigma malbaricum

Pisum sativum

Pithecolobium dulce

Polygonurn plebejum

Pongamia pinnata

Psidium guajava

Pterocarpus indicus

Pyrostegia venusta

Raphanus sativus

Rauwolfia serpentina

Salmalia insignis

Sarnanea saman

Santalum album

Solanum seaforthianum

Solanum tuberosum

Spathodea campanulata

Stephania japonica

Stereospermum personatum

Syzygium aromaticum

Syzygium cumini

Syzygium j ambos

Syzygium operculatum

Syzygium zeylanicum

Tamarindus indica

Terminalia arjuna

Terminalia bellerica

Terminalia chebula

Terminalia crenulata

Terminalia tomentosa

Toddalia asiatica

Trichosanthes anguina

Trichosanthes bracteata

Trigonella foenum-graecui

Vitex negundo

Vitis auriculata

Vitis quadrangularis

Wattakaka volubilis

Wendlandia thyrosoidum

Xeromphis spinosa

Xyris indica

Ziziphus oenoplia

Ziziphus rugosa

Ziziphus xylocarpa

TABLE 7. HONEY PLANTS OF WINTER SEASON (SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER) IN MALNAD REGION OF KARNATAKA.

............................................................ Sl.no. Rotanical name ............................................................ 0 1 Acacia ferruginea

0 2 Acacia nilotica

0 3 Acacia sinuata

0 4 Achras sapota

0 5 Alstonia scholaris

Amarantus spinosus

~ ~ a i a siliquosa Arachis hypogaea

Aristolochia indica

Artemisia nilagirica Barleria buxifolia

Barleria prattensis

Bidens biternata

Bombax ceiba

Forreria hispida

Rorreria stricta

17 Brassica juncea 18 Capsicum annuum

19 Cardamine trichocarpa

2 0 Cassia mimosoides

Cassia siamea

Cassia surattensis

Cassia tora

Citrullus lanatus

Cleistanthus malabaricans

Clematis gouriana

Clematis smilacifolia Clerodendron serratum

Cocculus hirsutus

Cornrnelina benghalensis

Cornrnelina ensifolia

Cornrnelina paludosa

Cornrnelina subulata

Corchorus aestuans

Corchorus trilocularis

Cordia alba

Coriandrurn sativurn

Cosmos caudatus

Cosmos sulphureus

Crossandra infundibuliformis

Crotalaria pallida

Cucurnis callosus

Cucurnis melo

Cuscuta ref lexa

Cynodon dactylon

Cyperus rotundus

Dahlia variabilis

Dalbergia latifolia

Dicorna tornentosa

Diphocyclus palamatus

Dolichos biflorus

Dolichos falcatus

Elaeocarpus serratus

Elettaria cardamomum

Eleusine coracana

Fagraea ceilanica

Flaveria australasica

Grewia hirsuta

Grewia orientalis

Guizetia abyssinica

Hemidesmus indicus

Heracieurn hookerianum

Hibiscus lobatus

Hibiscus surattensis

Hydrocotyle nepalensis

Hypericum mysorense

Ichnocarpus frutescens

Impatiens balsamina

Impatiens chinensis

Impatiens gardneriana

Impatiens trichocarpa

Ipomaea alba

Justicia tranquebariensis

Kigelia pinnata

Lagasca mollis

Lagenaria leucantha

Leonotis nepetaefolia

Leucas aspera

Leucas lavandulaefolia

Leucas martinicensis

Linum mysorense

Medicago sativa

Mornordica charantia

Mussaenda frondosa

Mussaenda laxa

Nerium indicum

Nilgirianthus heyneanus

Ocimum adscendens

Opuntia rnonacantha

Phaseolus radiatus

Pheonix sylvestris

Phyllanthus urinaria

P i s u m s a t i v u r n

P o l i a n t h e s tuberosa P o n g a m i a g l a b r a

P o s s i f l o r a s u b p e l t a t a

P rosop i s c i n e n a r i a P t e r o c a r p u s m a r s u p i u r n

R o s a sps

S e s a m u m o r i e n t a l e

S i d a a lba

S i d a c o r d a t a

S o l a n u r n d e n t i c u l a t u m

S o l a n u r n e r i a n t h e r n

S o l a n u m i n d i c u r n

S o l a n u m r n e l o n g e n a

S o l a n u r n n i g r u m

S o l a n u m s e a f o r t h i a n u r n

S o l a n u m t r i l o b a t u m

Tabebuia rosea Tec tona g r a n d i s

T e r r n i n a l i a p a n i c u l a t a

T o d d a l i a a s i a t i c a

V e n d l a n d i a t h y r s o i d e a

V e r n o n i a a l b i c a n s

X e r o m p h i s s p inosa

Z i n n i a e l e g a n s

Z i z i p h u s j u j u b a

Z i z i p h u s r n a u r i t i a n a

Z i z i p h u s x y l o c a r p a

TABLE 8. HONEY PLANTS OF ALL SEASONS IN MALNAD REGION OF KARNATAKA.

Sl.no. Botanical name - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - *

0 1 Argemone mexicana

0 2 Aster sps

03 Caesalpinia pulcherrima

04 Capsicum nocturnum

0 5 Chrysanthemum indicum

Cocos nucifera

Croton bonplandianum

Cucurbita maxima

Cucurbita pep0

Dodonaea viscosa

Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis

Justicia betonica

Justicia diffusa

Justicia glabra

Justicia simplex

Mimosa pudica

Morus alba

Morus indica

Musa balbisiana

Musa paradisiaca

Ocimum americanum

Ocimum basilicum

Ocimum sanctum

Parthenium hysterophorrus

Roystonea regia

Sechium edule

Sida acuta Burm

Sida cordifolia

Solanum torvum

Strychnos potatorum

Tagetes erecta

Tagetes tenurifolia

Terminalia pallida

Tridax procumbens

Zea mays

Table RELATIVE FAMILY

DISTRIBUTION OF FLORA IN RELATION PLANT

................................................................ S1.No. Plant Family Species % ................................................................ 01. Fabaceae 2 6 6.25

0 2 . Caesalpiniaceae 2 4 5.77

03 . Asteraceae 2 3 5.53

0 4 . Solanaceae 17 4.09

05 . Yalvaceae 17 4.09

06. Acanthaceae 16 3.85

08 . Cucurbitaceae

0 9 , Rubiaceae

Myrtaceae

Rut aceae

Lamiaceae

Tiliaceae

Bignoniaceae

Combretaceae

Comvoluvaceae

Poaceae

Lauraceae

Cyperaceae

Verbenaceae

Euphorbiaceae

Commelinaceae

Rhamnaceae

Lyrthraceae

Sapotaceae

Apocynaceae

Brassicaceae

Arnarantaceae

Arecaceae

Oxalidaceae

Balsaminaceae

Meliaceae

Vi taceae

Sapindaceae

Anacardiaceae

Moraceae

Capparidaceae

Polygonaceae

Passifloraceae

Liliaceae

Asclepiadaceae

Gentianaceae

Oleaceae

Melastornaceae

Apiaceae

Ebenaceae

Araliaceae

Cac t aceae

Anonaceae

Cordiaceae

Bornbaceae

Musaceae

Menispermaceae

Aristolochiaceae

Ranunculaceae

Loganiaceae

Portulaceae

Elaeocarpaceae

Chenopodiaceae

Caricaceae

Casuarinaceae

Simaroubaceae

Papaveraceae

Proteaceae

Linaceae

Clusiaceae

Moringaceae

Punicaceae

Rosaceae

Nymphaceae

Pandanaceae

Agavaceae

Santalaceae

Zingiberaceae

Celas traceae

Cuscu taceae

Thymeleaceae

Dioscoreaceae

Heliotropiaceae

Loranthaceae

Flacourtiaceae

Hydrocotylaceae

Hypericaceae

Onagraceae

Myrsinaceae

Nymphacaceae

Plantaginaceae

Plumbaginaceae

Polygalaceae

Scrophulariaceae

Pedaliaceae

Symplocaceae

Roraginaceae

Lentibulariaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Smilaceae

Sabiaceae

Amaryllidaceae

Bloairp: perid . FotwicaltEm? J F M A M J J A S O N D #

- - -- 1 A b e l r r o s c h r s ~ e n t u s X X X X

X X X X X S X X

6 Pca=iaa~5~~lifOrmis X X X

7 Pcaciedlsdra X X

!9 Allwthrser;celra

29 Albizzia amra 11 Albizzia chinslsis

22 Albizzia l*k 23 Allam& cathartics

X X X X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X

X - h t h of the year

Blmrdng perid J F M A M J J A S O N D

2 reticulata X X X

35 A r g m d c a n a

36 Aristo1od-b irdica

37 Artdsia nilagirica

38 heteroPryllus X X

39 Av-P€w=-s X X X

X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X

$0 AsFrnagus raxmus X

41 hter sp X X X X X X X X X X X X

42 Avenha carahla X X

43 Azdirachta Mica X X

44 F ! m & s a M s X X X

45 Barleria tuxifolia X

Barleria pttensis

W i a ppm

E!dlMa Ecamsa

k d h i a variegata

Bidem triternata

Biqfrytun sensitiwn

Earbex ceib Roneria hispi&

Borreria stricta

h i c a j m

raasSica nigra

X - Fbnth of the year

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X

X X X

Blw perid J F M A M J J A S O N D

~ l w z w -- Rltea pwiflora

Ceesalpinia -tala ksalpinia pllchsrim

Cajans cajw

Callistem lwceolatus Calotrupis -tea

cafferis @folie CapFaris sepiaria

cafferis zeylanica

cipsiam arnum capicun mcturnm

Cwfarrrine a k i a m

Cerdardne tricbarp - papaya cetrissa carandas Cassia fistula

Cassia italica

Cassia minosoides

Cassia mtA9

Cassia obtusa

k i a midentalis

Cassia siam Cassia surattensis

Cassia tora Casltarina equisetifolia

@lastTus pinidata

Celosia argentea

X - Mth of the year

X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X

X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X

period J F M A M J J A S O N D

hnqdiun m a l e

Onyssnthemm i d c u n -- Cimananm zeylallim

cism glrnra

Citnllh h r n Citrus aurantiun

citrus declnwa cim media

Citrus reticulata

Cleistwthrs msla~cans

Clemtis golaiwa

Clemtis smikifolia

Cleroderdrcninarne

Clerodenctroo serratun

a* visrosun

COOCim irdica

Gxdus himtus

Ccros m i f e r a

Coffc~a arabica

b f f m h t a

Carmelina lensi is Carmelire diffusa Carmelira ensifolia

GYmElina pelucbsa

Cornrelire slllxllata QILThm aestuans

Cordmus trilocularis

Corctia alta X - %nth of the year

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X

X

X X X X X X

X X X

X

X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X F

X X X X X

X X X

X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X

X X X

7

Bladrg period . ~ 6 b n i . d rYrre J F M A M J J A S O N D -- - b d ~ didr,tam X X

1: Cosnas&tus X X X

15 X X

Q-wsandra infirndihrlifds X X X X X 23 &taLaria pllida x X X X

3 C r o t a l ~ ~ X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X

X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X

26 M t a pep X X X X X X X X X X X X

27 hscutareflexa X X

30 C y p e r u s r o ~ X X 3 l hhli.a variabilis X X X X X X X X X X X

32 Calbergia latifolia X X X

% mmartxlrea X X

37 htura metel X X X X X X X X X X

P D a t u r a s m m X X X X X X X X X X

Delcmix ehta X X a klalixlzgb x x x

X X X X X X X X X X X

,K1. - ;A

1-5

IB

1.7

l i

l4C

1%

151

52 15:

1 i;,

13:

1%

ii?

152

:50

I& 51

! b2 15: .,, 1 5

155

1%

167

165

159

170

' 71

72

Botwical m ---- Diqym ~ l o o

Diascaree opsitifolia

W y c l u s palEmab Codooaea viscosa

tb1id-m b i f l m

rbiichos falcatus

Dyschoriste vegws

F3aglrarpLs -bJs Elettaria cardarrmm

ELeusine coracana Elmine indica Mlica officinalis

nythrina irdica

m- W y p t u s mlddmsis W y p t u s citriabra

w y p t u s glotdLE

Ebdyptus m l a t a

FLralyptus rotusta

h l y p t u s te re t imis

Flrpatoriun abratun

Fagraea ceilanica

Ferutia elephsntun

Flaveria australasica Filiciun kipiens Firrlxis tylis aestivalis

Firrlxistylis asFhylla MIm9 ciliaris

Gentiwa quadrifaria

X - h t h of the year

Blalltirg perid M A M J J A S O N

X X X S X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X

B 1 m i . Q period . &tanid mlE J F K A M J J A S O N - -- - - Gossypiun arbram X X X X -, Grwillea &ta X X Y X X

7~ Grewia bracteata X X

- Grewia hirsuta X X X

-7 Gtewia p s i t i f o l i a X X 7 $ Gmiaorientalis X X X X X X

l o Grewia subinaequalis X X X a,? Gmia tiliaefolia X X X X X

(:I CXrizetia abyssinica

I$? Gymstdym latifoliun X X X X

1:3 Helianttus 0m.m

1% k l i o ~ u n indim X 1 2 5 Mhthe ra wllichiwa X X

1% W&ms irdicus 157 krxieun h o o ~

12s B b i w d i n u s

!" Iiibiw l5ucatus

193 Hibiscus lohtus

1°1 ~b i scus ovalifolius

192 B b j s s Rosa-sinensis

lC3 B b i m surattensis

1% ttibiscus vitifolim

1'5 Wiun zeylanicun 19 m t y l e wplensis

197 Hygqhila auriculata 199 myscnen~e

199 IchrxrarpLsfrutescens

2% Xitiens iensmtim

231 Inpatiem ch3rmsi.s

X - h t h of the year

X X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X

x X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

perid ,,toll. imalid W E J F M A M J J A S O N D I

- 91 Inpetiars gdmdana +. X X X X X

-3 Inpetiem hiharp X X

Iparaee alb 1- batatas

IT=-- Iparaee digitata

IT=- Iparaee nil

1- s*lina

Ixora cacinea

bra notliwa

Ixcm plyanthe Jrl-arwda acutifolia

Jasndnm rmltiflm

Justicia tetcnica

Justicia diffusa

Justicia glabra

Justicia santapsni Justicia sinplex

Justicia fmmpkiensis Kigelia pinmta Kyllinga M f o l i a

Kyllirga nararalis

Kyllirga teruifolia

I-agasca mllis

~~ l e u m b a Lagerstmenriami- Lagerstroenrie prviflara

Lagers- Lqinae

X - Month of the year

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

' X X X X X

X X X X X X X X

X X X

X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X

X X X X X X

Romical naTe perid

J F M A M J J A S O N -- ---- --- Lagerstmania qxiosa X x

LgXlotis nepetaefolia X X X Lepidagathis cristata X X

w a s p e r a X X X X x X X X X Lems l m m h h f o l i a X X X X X X X hms minicensis X X X X X X Ltu3as zeyIwic3 X X

mnl mysorense X X x x x x Litsea fldW X Litsea o l ~ i s X hhigia perennis X X X

klia &rachta kl ia dubia

t-kliosma sinplicifolia

b y l a , edule

h y l m urbellatun

kyna laxiflora Millettia -is

bma pdica

X - bnth of t3-e year

X X X X X

X X

X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X

X X X

X X X X X X X

X X X X X

x x x x x X

X X X ~ X X X X X X X X X X X

a m @d J F M A M J J A S O N D

a:imm a-ndcam

kimm tasiliam C c h mtun

Q3.m d i e .

Olea dioica Olea polygam Cptia dillenii Wtia nmwntha

Qyza sativa

Oxalis corniculata X - M m t h o f t h e y e a r

X X X

X X X

X X X

X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X

X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X

X X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X

X X

X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X

X X

X X

X X X X X

X X

X X X

Blcmifg period J F M A M J J A S O N

oxalis latifolia

hdarus fmicularis Rdmiun hystqhnm Passiflm foetida

Passiflora mtpltata

Pavetta tanentosa

W-Ptenrrnpm Perseaansicwa

Persea mxantha

Fetrea n1ubili.s

Fhaseolus aurens Fhaseolus rediatus

rtreseolus Mllgaris

Etreonix sylvestris

~ h t h l s idiclls

Phyllatlttw lxhria

F'iliostigrra dMcm

Pisun satiwn

P i ~ l o b i u n dulce

Plantago asiatica

p* zey- hlianthes tuw

Polypla arrensis

h1yga-m bistorta Eblyganm plebejun

Pcrlgarria hngda pimata

Fbrtulaca oleracea

Portulaca qudrifida

X - b t h of year

X X X

X X X S X

X X X X x X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X

X X X X S X

S X X

x x x x x x X X X

X X X X

X X X

X X X

X X X

X

X X X

X X X X

X X X X X

X X X

X X X X

X X X

X X X

X

X X

X X

X X X X

X X

X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X X X X

X X

Eilm period J F M A M J J A S O N D

Rssif lora suwtata

Fros~@s cinararia Fsi&un gmjm

~ i n d i c u s

Pterocarpls rwrsupiun mca grimtun

pYr0stegi.a vausta Rqbms sa t iws

M l f i a serpentina

b h rrastus

I h p h s i a crelefenses

h s p s Rqs- regia salrralia insignis

Sanweasarrrm

Swtalun a h Sapidus lranifolius

Schefflera d m Schefflera nllichiane

Scqaria &his

Wun d d e

W i o edgewrthii

Senecio galmi W i o wiefitii

Sesanm oriwtele

Sida mta Sida alta sida cordate

Sida cordifolia

X - Mth of the year

X X x X X X

X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X

X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X

Botanical m J F M A Riming perid

M J J A S

Solarm hticulatun

Solenm eriwthan

solenm irdicun

Solmrn mlrngem

S o h nignm

S o d seaforthiernm

Solwun tonm

S o h trilobhm

So- t u w

Solidqg wdersis Sawi la m~folia

canFenulata Spmlias pirneta

Stephwia japica

s-persooam strychros F o t a m Mia mgustifolia

mia cxJqdmsa

Symp10305 mhinhinesis Syzygiun amnaticun Syzygiun d

Syzygim j a b

Syzygiun cpmlatm Syzygiun zeylwicun

T a U argent53 T a W msea Tagetes erecta

Tagetes tawifolia ' I b r i m b irdia

X - Month of the year

X X X X X

X X X X

X X X X

X X X X X

Y X X X X

X X X

X X X X X

X X X

X X X X X X

X X X

X X X

X

X X X

X X X X X

X X X X

X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X

X X X X X X X

X X

X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X

, Eotwicalm J F M A M Blocming perid J J A S O N D

T e a m stws lkm grwdis

T d arjm

Terrrdnalie be l le r ia

T e m h l i a chetula Tenrdnalia crarulata

Ternrinalia p l l i d a

T e n n i d i a pniculata

Terminalia m t o s a

-ia lanpss

Ttdhlh asiatica Toona ciliata

l Y i c h x m h m

?tichodesrra indim

Tridomthes bncteata 'kidax pTaJht3

nigcnella f-

Utricularia p i r i f o l i a Vateria indica

V e x b d i a thyrsoidea

Venmia albicam

Vernnia dalzelliana

vermnia irdica V i t e x a l t i s s h

V i t e x nqmk

Vitis ainkdata

V i t i s qu&qularis

kt* volubilis

X - bnth of the year

X X S

X X X

X X

X s X X X X X

X X X X X S X

X X X

S X S X X X X

X X X X

X X

X X X X

X X

X X X

X X X

X X X X X

X X X

X

X X

X

X X X X X

X X X X X X X

X X x X X X X X

X X

X X

X X X

X X

X X X X X

X X X X

X X X X

B l e period m. Rotanidnane J F M A M J J A S O N D ---- ----I----

k k d h d h thymsoidun X X

5 Xemrphisspinosa X X X X X X X X j XyrisMca S X X

Z 2ea msys X X X X X X X S X X X X " elegar~s S X N X X X X

? ZizQhs ogaplia X X X X X X j P z i W d t i a r t a X X X X X

5 Ziziphts xylmrp X X X X X X X

X - h t h of the year

TA- 11- NECTAR SUGAR CONCENRATION OF NECTAR \iIELDMG OF MWAD REION OF W T A K A ....................................................................................

0. Botanical name Study center X Sugar Range Concentration ....................................................................................

Abelmoschus esculentus CHM 46.4 36.2 - 48.7

Abelmoschus manihot CHM 34.2 24.0 - 34.2

Gbrus precatorius CHM 22.7 20.6 - 20.8

Abrus pulchellus S W 22.9 20.8 - 21.0

Abutilon indicun SHM 29.8 18.6 - 36.6

h c i a auriculi fonis CRY 39.6 33.8 - 44.2

Acacia chundra CWi 46.9 38.2 - 53.6

Acacia femginea CtM 38.8 32.3 - 44.2

Acacia nilotica CHM 52.3 46.1 - 54.6

h c i a sinuata SKN 39.9 33.2 - 42.6

Acacia torta SHM 48.9 44.6 - 52.2

Achyranthes bidentata CW 22.3 22.4 - 22.6

Acrocarpus fraxinifolius CHM 25.6 24.2 - 24.8

Acronychia pendunculata CHM 23.2 23.1 - 23.4

Adenathera pmnina CHM 25.7 25.6 - 25.8

Adhatoda vasica SFiM 28.0 26.7 - 28.2

Albizzia amara SHM 52.0 45.2 - 56.9

Albizzia chinensis SHM 51.9 49.6. - 54.2

Albizzia lebbeck SHY 46.2 40.6 - 49.8

Allamanda cathartics CHM 32.4 28.2 - 32.6

Allanthus excelsa SHM 25.8 22.2 - 28.4

Anacardium occidentale SHM 42.7 32.6 - 48.9

Anona reticula ta SH?l 48.7 41.2 - 56.2

Anona squamosa CHM 45.2 39.9 - 48.6

Antigonon leptopus CHM 46.1 39.9 - 48.6

Apama siliquosa SHM 29.3 28.4 - 30.2

Areca catechu SKY 53.4 48.2 - 58.6

SHM - SHIWA CFM - CHIWGALUR

Aris tolochia indica

Artemisia nilagirica

Artocarpus heterophyllus

Asparagus gonoclados

Asparagus racernosus

Averrhoa carembola

Azadirachta indica

Bembusa babambos

Barleria buxifolia

Barleria prat tensis

Bidens biterneta

Biophytun sensi tiwn

Bombax ceiba

Barreria hispida

Borreria s tricta

Brassica juncea

Brassica nigra

Wlchanania lanzan

Butea monospem Bu tea parvi f lora

Cajanus cajan Callisternon lanceolatus

Calotropis gigantea

Capsicum amlm

Cardamine af ricana

Cardamine trichocarpa

Carica papaya

Carissa carandas

Celastrus paniculatas

Quysanthwnrm indicum

Cinnamanrm macrocarpan SHM - S H W A CHM -

CHM cm SHM

sm CHM SHM SHM SHM

CHM CHM CHM

CHM SHM

SHM CHM SHM

SHM CHM CHM CHM

CHM ' CHM

SHM SHM SHM

SHM CHM CHM SHM

CHM SFI"1

CHIKMAGALUR

Cinnamam zeylanicun SHM

Cissw glauca SHM

Citrus aurantiun SHM

Citrus decumana SHM

Citrus medica SHM

Citrus reticulata SHM

Cleistanthus malabaricans CHM

Clematis gouriana SHM

Clematis smilacifolia SHM

Clerodendron inenne CHM

Clerodendron serratun CHM

Clerodendron viscosm CFM

Coffea arabica CHM

Coffea rolxsta CW Camnelina benghalensis SHM

Cunnelina diffusa SHM

Canelina ensifolia CHM

Conmelina paludosa CHM

Corrmelina suhlata SHM

Cordia alba SYM

Cordis. dichotane SHM Coriandm sa tiwm SHM

Cucurbita pep SHM

Dalbergia latifolia S W Dalbergia panicula ta SHM

Dalbergia sissoo SHM

Daphne oleoides SHM

Delonix elata SHM

Delonix regia SHM

Diosmos tuxifolia CHM

Diospyros rnelanoxylon CHM

SHM - SHIMOGA CFM - CHIWGALUR

Dioscorea oppositifolia Diphocyclus palamatus

Dodonaea viscose

Dolichos bif lorus Dolichos falcatus

Dyschoris te vegans

Elaeocarpts serratus Elet taria cardamomm Eleusine indica Ehblice of ficinalis Fsythrina suberosa Ekalyptus cameldulensis Ekalyptus citridora blyptus globulus Wlyptus rnaculata

hcalyptus robusta Fucalyptus tereticornis Eupatoriun odoratun Fagraea ceilanica Feronia elephantm

Flaveria australasica Fimbristylis aestivalis. Fimbristylis asphylla Fuirena ciliaris Gentiana quadrifaria Gossypiun arkorem Grevillea robusta Grewia bracteata Grewia hirsuta Grewia oppositifolia Grewia orientalis SHM - SHIMCK;A CHhl -

CHM

CHM SHM SHM SW

SHM SHM SHM SHM SHM SHM SHM

SHM CHM

CHM

SHM SHM SHM CHM SHM SHM SHM SHM SHM

CHM CHM SHM SHM CHM SHM CHM

C H I r n G & r n

Grewia subinaequalis CHM

Grewia tiliaefolia SHM

Guizetia abyssinica SHM

Helianthus annuus CHM

Heliotropiun indicun CHM

Helixanthera wallichiana CHM

Heracieun haokerianh SHM

Hibiscus furcatus SHM

Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis CHM

Hanaliun zeylanicun CHM

Hydrocotyle nepalensis CHM

Hygrophila auriculata CHM

Hypericm mysorense CHM

Ichnocarpls f rutescens SHM

Impatiens balsamina SHM

Impetiens chinensis SHM

Impatiens gardneriana SHM

Impatiens trichocarpa SHM

Ipanaea alba SHM

Ipanaea batatas SHM

I p e a c a m S M

Ipanaea eriocarpa CHM Ipanaea nil SHM

Ipanaea staphylina SHM

Ixora polyantha CHY

Jacaranda acutifolia SHM

Jasminm multiflom SHM

Justicia betonica CHM

Justicia diffusa SHM

Justicia glabra SHM Justicia santapani S P l

SHM - SHIMOC1A CHM - CHIKMAGALUR

Justicia simplex CHM Justicia tranquebariensis CHM Kigelia pinnata SHM

Kyllinga brevifolia SHM Kyllinga nemoralis SHM

Kyllinga tenuifolia SHM Lagasca mollis SHM

Lagenaria leucan tha SHM Lagerstroemia microcarpa CFM

Lagerstroemia speciosa CHM

Leonotis nepetaefolia SHM Iapidagathis cristata SHM Leucas aspera SFM

Leucas lavandulaefolia SHM Leucas martinicensis SHM

Leucas zeylanica CHM

Linun mysorense CHM litsea florihda SHM

Litsea olecanensis CHM Ludheigia perennis S W

Madhuca indica SHM Maesa indica SHM

Mamnea suriga CHM Mengi fera indica SHM Manihot glaziaii CHM

Medicago sativa SHM Meliom simplicifolia CHM Memecylon edule CHM

Memecylon umbellatun SHM Meyna laxif lora SHM Millettia peguensis SHM

SHH - SHMOGA CHM - CHIKMAGALUR

Minusops elengi SHM

Momordica charantia SHM

Moringa oleifera SHM

braya paniculata CHM

hsa blbisiana CHM Musa paradisiaca CHM

Mussaenda frondosa CHM Mussaenda laxa CHM

Neoli tsea zeylanica SHM Nerium indicun SHM

Nicatiana plmbaginifolia CHM Nicotiana tobcun SHM

Nilgirianthus heyneanus CHM

Eymphaea plbescens CHM O c h adscendens CHM

O c i m americanum CHM

O c i m basilicun CHM

Ocimm sanctun CHM Olea dioica CHM Olea polygama SHM Oprntia dillenii SHM Oprntia monacantha CHM Oxalis corniculata SHM Oxalis latifolia SHM

Pandanus fascicularis CHM Passiflora foetida CHM

Passiflora subpeltata CHM Pavetta tomentosa CHM

Peltophorn pterocarprm CHM Phaseolus eurens CHM Phaseolus radiatus CHM SHM - SHIMOGA CHM - CHIWAGALUR

hseolus vulgaris S W Remix sylvestris C W Phyllanthus indicus SHM

Phyllanthus urinaria SHM Piliostigma malbaricun CFM Plantago asiatica SHM Plunbago zeylanica SHM Polianthes tuberosa SHM Fblygola arrensis C W

Polygonun bistorta SHM Polygonurn plebejun CHM Pongamia glabra SHM Pongda pirmata SHM

Possiflora subpeltata SHM Psidiun gua java CHM Pterocarpls indicus CHM

Pterocarpus marsupim SHM Punica granatun SHM R a m satiws SHM

Rauwolfia serpentina CHM

Rhinacanthus nastus SHM Rhynchosia crelefenses CHM Rosa sps SHM Salmalia insignis SHM Santalun a l h SHR

Sapindus lauri f olius SHM Schefflera venulosa SHM Schefflera wallichiana S'& Scoparia dulcis CHM

Sechiun edule CHM Senecio edgeworthii SHM SHM - SHIMOGA CHM - CKIKMAGALUR

Senecio grahami Senecio wightii

Sesanm orientale

Sida alba

Sida cordata Sida cordifolia

Solanun denticulatm

Solanun erianthem

Solanun indicm

Solanun nignm

Solanun seaforthianm

Solanun t o m

Solanun trilobatwn

Solanun tuberoswn Solidago canadensis

Sonerila rotundifolia

Spondias pinnata Stephania japonica

Stereospem personatun

Strychos potatom Swertia angustifolia

Swertia corymbsa

Symplacos cochinehinesis

Syzygim aromaticum

Syzygim cunini

Syzygium jambs

Syzygim opercula twn Syzygium zeylanicm

Tabetuia argen tea

Tabetuia rosea

Tamarindus indica SHM - SHIMOCA CHM -

CHM CHM

SHM

SHM

SHM SHM

SHM

CHM SHM

SHM

SHM

SHM

CHM

SHM CHM

SHM

SHM CHM

SHM

CHM CHM CHM

CHM

CHM CHM

SHM

SHM CHM

CHM CHM

SHM CHIKMAGALUR

Tecama stans

Tectona grandis Terminalia arjuna

Tenninalia bellerica Terminalia chetula

Tenninalia crenulata

Tenninalia pallida Terminalia paniculata

Terminalia tanentosa

'Ihespesia lampas

Toddalia asiatica Trichosan t hes anguina

'kichodesrna indicm Tridax procumbens

Trigonella foenmgraecm Utricularia graminif olia

Vateria indica

Vendlandia thyrsoidea

Vernonia dalzelliana

Vernonia indica

Vitex altissima Vi tex negundo Wattakaka mlubilis

Wendlandia thyrosoidum Xyris indica Zinnia elegans

Ziziphus jamblanun Ziziphus ju juba

Ziziphus oenoplia Ziziphus mauri tiana Ziziphus rugosa

Ziziphus xylccarpa

CHM

SHM

sm SHY SHY

SHM

SHM

SHM

SHM

SHY

SHM

cm CHM cm sm SHM

SHM

SHM

SHM SHM

cm CHM

cm SHM

SHM

SHY

cm CHM

CHM m SHY

SHM

te : The values indicate the average of ten replications in different study sites.

7 4 7h 7 8

,OCATION OF STUDY CENTRES AKD STUDY SITES IN RELATION TO REF. FLORA AND ,Kc KEEPING. . f i l m .: S ~ Y c ~ E STUDY SITFS o

KARNATAKA 4. SAGAR 5. HOSARALF 6. AGUMRE 7. DEVANGI 8. TNIRTHAHALLI

ir 1. AL,Dl.JP 2 . CHIKMAGALUR 3. MALLENAHALL1 4. SRINGERT 5. KOPPA 6. KALASA 7 . N.R. PI7RAlh 8. WIGERF:

7 5 78 I

131

0 ' ---___I

J F M A M J J A S 0 N D

Months

-+-Max Temp -* Mln Temp

Fig 2. Mean temperature during 1992-1996

803 - - - - - .- - . . - - . - . - . . .

- . .

.

2a).. - . - . . . - - - ~ - - . - . . . . . - . . . .

J F M A M A S 0 Months

Fig 3. Mean rainfall during 1992-1996

Pollen 8 Nectar Pollen Nectar

Nature of Bee flower spectes

I Number ID Percent - - - --

Fig 4. Type of bee flora in Malnad regton of Karnataka

Tree Shrub Herb

Type of bee Rora

I Number Si Percent

Fig 5. Composition of bee flora in Malnad region of Karnataka

133

Annuals Perennial

Nature of vtgetrtlon

i o ~ i r n b e r * Percent

Flg 6. The annual and perennlai bee plants In Malnad reglon of Karnataka

Non- Agncunural

crops

composition of bee flora

Agncunural crops

Fig 7. The relative composition of agricultural and non-agricultural bee crops in Malnad region of Kamataka

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Monthu of the yerr

Number Percent --- Flg 8. Bee plants blooming in different months of the year in Malnad region of

Karnataka

0 J I

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Months of the yerr

Fig 9. Blooming per~od of Nectar plants In Malnad region of Karnataka

135

0 I J F M A M J J A S O N D

Monthc of the year

Fig 10. Blooming period of pollen plants in Malnad region of Karnataka

0 J 4

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Months of the Year

Fig 11. Blooming period of pollen and nectar plants in Malnad region of Karnataka

Fig 12. Distribution of nectar plants as a function of nectar sugar concentration

Fig 13. Rate of nectar secretion in Anacardium occidentales

6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Time in Houn

Fig 14. Rate of bee visitation on Anacardium occidenfales

Crop nectar volume (ul)

Fig 15. Size of nectar load of honeybees visiting Anacardium occidentales

8 10 12 14 16 18

Thne in Hours

Fig 16. Size of pollen load of honeybees visiting Anacardium occidentales

I

6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Time in Hours

Fig 17. Rate of nectar secretion in Azardirachta indica

0 J . - I

6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Time in Hours

Fia 18. Rate of bee visitation on Azardirachta indica

Crop nectar volume (ul)

Fig 19. Size of nectar load of honeybees visiting Azardirachta indica

8 10 12 14 16 18

T ime in hours

Fig 20. Size of Pollen load of honeybees visiting Azardirachta indica

Time in Hours

Fig 21. Rate of nectar secretion in Brasu'ca juncea

0 J --,- ---, 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Time in hours

Fig 22. Rate of bee visitation on Brassica juncea

Crop nectar volume

Fig 23. Size of nectar load of honeybees visiting Brassica juncea

T i m in Hours

Fig 24. Size of pollen load of honeybees visiting Brassica juncea

0 8

6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Time in Hours

Fig 25. Rate of nectar secretion in Coriandrurn sativum

0- 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Time in Hours

Fig 26. Rate of bee visitation on Coriandrum sativum

0 , 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Crop nectar volume (ul)

Fig 27. Size of nectar load of honeybees visiting Coriandrum sativum

- - - - - v - +

'i 8 2 1 -

B I 0 ' 4

8 10 12 I4 16 18

T~me tn Hours

Fig 28. Size of pollen load of honeybees visiting Coriandrum sativum

Time in Hour6

Fig 29. Rate of nectar secretion in Helianthus annuus

10 12 14

Thne in Hours

Fig 30. Rate of bee visitation in Helianthus annuus

10 15 X) 25 32 35 43

Crop nectar volume (ul)

Fig 31. Size of nectar load of honeybees visiting Helianthus annuus

0 1 I

10 12 14 16 18

T i m in Hours

Fig 32. Size of pollen load of honey bees visiting Helienthus annuus

T i m in Hours

Fig 33. Rate of nectar secretion in Mangifera indica

0

6 8 10 12 14 16 18

T i m In Hours

Fig 34. Rate of bee visitation on Mangifera indica

Crop nectar volume (ul)

Fig 35. Size of nectar load of honeybees visiting Mangifera indica

0 J 8 10 12 14 16 18

Time in Hours

Fig 36. Size of pollen load of honeybees visiting Mangifera indica

Time in Hours

Fig 37. Rate of nectar secretion in Musa pradisiaca

Time is Hours

Fig 38. Rate of bee visitation on Musa pradisiaca

Crop nectar volume

Fig 39. Size of nectar load of honeybees visiting Musa pradisiaca

Fig 40. Size of pollen load of honeybees visiting Musa pradisiaca

0 0

6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Time in Hours

Fig 41. Rate of nectar secretion in Phaseolus radiatus

10 -

0 I

6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Ttme in Hours

Fig 42. Rate of bee visitation in Phaseolus radietus

Crop nectar volume (ul)

Fig 43. Size of nectar load of honeybees visiting Phaseolus radiatus

- -

- - - -

7 . - -

6 -

5 - - - - - - - .

4 - -

3 -- - -

2 -

1

0 - I

8 10 12 14 16 18

Time in Hours

Fig 44. Size of pollen load of honeybees visiting Phaseolus radiatus

6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Time in Hour8

Fig 45. Rate of nectar secretion in Tamarindus indica

0 I

6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Time in Hours

Fig 46. Rate of bee visitation on Tamarindus indica

Crop nectar volume (ul)

Fig 47. Size of nectar load of honey bees visiting Tamarindus indica

12 14

T i m In Hours

Fig 48. Size of pollen load of honey bees visiting Tamarindus indica

6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Time in Hours

Fig 49. Rate of nectar secretion in Tectona grandis

155

Time in Hours

Fig 50. Rate of bee visitation on Tectona grandis

10 15 20 25 P 55 40 45

Crop nectar volum (ul)

Fig 51. Size of nectar load of honey bees visiting Tectona grandis

Tlmc in Hours

Fig 52. Slze of Pollen load of honey bees vlsltlng Tectona grandrs

Fwed a m of dudy centrw

Flg 53. Area of forest coverage In study centres of Malnad region of Karnataka

Tbne In Hours

Fig 52. Size of Pollen load of honey bees vis~t~ng Tectona grandis

Fig 53. Area of forest coverage in study centres of Malnad region of Karnataka

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 Agricultural crops

1. Zw m8ys 2. Wjwnru @8n J.Ddlchorr bMwn 4. Phuwlus munpo 6. Phuedus mdahts 6. Pfuswofus m u m 7. Amhls hypog.u 6. S w m u m lndrcw 8. Gubotk

8byuinkw 10. Rlclnus communlt 71. Hdknthus mnnuus

a. ~ m k w nigrw, Fb.Gorsypium spp, ~ ~ ~ I C O U W I U f8b.ccum

Fig 54. Area of cultivation of agricultural bee crops

in Karnataka.

Agricultural crops I. Pad* 2. M8/2. 3. R.gl 4. P u k u

6. Gmndnut 6. Sunkww 7. S o p b u n

Fig 55. Agricultural crops of beekeeping importance in Shimoga

k ""1 f m - - m t dm-

Agricultural crops 1. P M y 2. R.91 1. Mane 4. Putus 6.Coffon 6. Ground nul 7. Sunflavu

Fig 56. Agricultural crops of beekeeping imprortance in Chikrnagalur

Fig 57. Area of cultivation of horticultural plantation and spices crops of beekeeping importance in Karnataka State

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Plantation and spices crops

1. A m a u w h u 2. Cocos nuc)lkr 3. Amcardrum occldwrtah 4. lhwbrom~ uuo 6. EhtUrk urdrmomum 6. Alllum cap8 7. Sytmwm amnuffcum 8. ClnMmon

zeyllnka 9. Tanurlndus 1 n d b 10. Myristka h p ~ m

Fig 58. Area of cultivation of hoRicultural plantation and spices crops of beekeeping importance in Shimoga

Fig 59. Area of cultivation of horticultural plantation and spices crops of beekeeping importance in Chikmagalur

2- 1 -1 - t 1 m .

* 18003

% sax,

2000

0 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Plantation and sp~ces crops 1. Amca m t u h u 2 Coca nuc- 3. A ~ a r d l u m occld.ntah

4. ThcoOmmr uuo 6. €ha&# cwdvnomum C Alllum cepr 7. Syzyglum a r w l l c u m 8. Clnnamon ~~ a. T u M m d u . tndlc. 10. M * t l u ImQUmu.

I

n -

- I-

1 2 3 4 5 6 I 9 10 Frult crops

1. M.ngltwr tndiu 2. Mu+. sp. 1. Ann- sp. 4. C l m s sp. 6. P s M i m -a 6. Achmr upota 7. VRLS sp. I. Punlca gr8n.hun a. Anocarphus h.t.mphyllur .C Clrica papya

Fig 60. Area of cultivation of fruit crops of bee forage %value in Karnataka State

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 Frun crops

1. Manpltw? lndiu 2 M u u pradklru 3. M u u sP. 4. Utrus s p 6. G a r . sp. 6. A c h m upora 7. Ann- sp. I. Punlu gmnatum #. Jack M

10. C u l u papya

Fig 61. Area of cultivation of bee fruit crops in Shimoga

1 2 3 4 5 6 , 8 9 10 1 1 Fruit crops

1. Manghm m d i u 2. Mu+r pndir*u 3. M u u sp. 4. CItnrr sp. 6. Gauva sp. 6. Achms rrpofa 7. Punic. grnulum I. Jack tnrh

#. W c 8 papaya 10. Annona sp. 11. Other lrulLr

Fig 62. Area of cultivation of bee fruit crops in Chikmagalur

Flower crop 1. Rosa sp. 2. ChryunUmmum htdkum 3. Pdi8nth.s tuberou

4. Astwsp. 6. T.g.hrs rp. 6. Crossandm sp.

Fig 63. Area of cultivation of commercial flower crops of beekeeping importance in Karnataka State

1 2 3 4 5 6

Flower crops 1. R w sp. 2. ChryswUHmum sp. J. PoIIrnVnr tuberom 4. h m h e sp.

6. R8npt8 sp. 6. hl8ripdd 7. & f ~ h 8 / ~ ch8mp.k

Fig 64. Area of cultivation of commerc~al flower crops of beekeeping importance in Sh~moga

- - - - .. - --

la, l i b - - : :-- : . . . -. - . - - . -. -

-

4 ) i . -- -- - - - - - . -.

, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Flower crops 1. Rosa sp. 2 Chryrmth.mum sp 3. PdknUms tuberom 4. J 8 s m l ~ #p.

6. R8ngk sp. 6. M 8 n g o M 7. M k M k ch8mp.k 6. OVnr sp.

Fig 65, Area of cultivation of commercial flower crops of beekeeping importance in ChikmaQalur

Fig 66. Honey production in Shimoga during 1992-1 996

Fig 67. Honey production in Chikrnagalur during 1992-1996

Chlbmgalur

Study centres

Bee kwpers 0 Tmlnsd bee keeper E) B e cdonces

Fig 68. Beekeepers and Beecolonies in Malnad region of Karnataka during 1992-93.

Study centre#

Fig 69. Beekeepers and Bee colonies in Malnad region of Karnataka during 1993-94

Ch~krnagalur Shtmoge

study centras

Bee keepers u~nlnad bee keeper 0 Bee cobnm

Fig 70. Bee keepers and Bee colonies in Malnad region of Karnataka during 1994-95.

Chlkmagalur

Study centra

Fig 71. Beekeepers and Bee colonies in Malnad region of Karnataka during 1995-96