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Responsible Use of RAP Partners in Quality Road Tour London May 3, 2016 ; Toronto May 5, 2016; Ottawa May 10, 2016 ; Sudbury May 12, 2016 Tom Dziedziejko, CET Director Quality Aecon Infrastructure

Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

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Page 1: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

Responsible Use of RAP

Partners in Quality Road Tour 

London ‐ May 3, 2016  ;  Toronto ‐May 5, 2016;  Ottawa ‐May 10, 2016 ; Sudbury ‐May 12, 2016

Tom Dziedziejko, CETDirector QualityAecon Infrastructure

Page 2: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

Responsible Use of RAP

• To Produce Quality Pavements • Understand Impacts of Recycled 

Materials Used In Production

• Impacts on Performance  

• Understand Current Practice and Adapt As Required

• Recycling Practice Changing as Experience Increases

• Understand Limitations of Current Knowledge Base 

Page 3: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

Hot Mix Asphalt Recycling in Ontario

• Hot Mix plants in Ontario produce over 14Million tonnes of hot mix annually

• RAP Most Recycled material

• Four out of every five tonnes of asphalt pavement removed during widening and resurfacing projects is re‐used

Page 4: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

Why Recycle• Advantages

• Environmentally Responsible• Saves Landfill 

• Conserves Natural Resources• Extends the life of aggregate and asphalt 

sources• Improves mixture performance

• Reduced Rutting• Reduced moisture damage

• Disadvantage:• At Higher Percentages  ‐Cracking Resistance 

Decreased

Page 5: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

Why RecycleCost of Asphalt Cement

Page 6: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

Financial Benefit of Recycling

% RAP 0% 10% 20% 25% 30% 40%

AC Type 58‐28 58‐28 58‐28 52‐34 52‐34 52‐34

AC Cost $ 27.50  $ 25.30  $ 23.10  $ 22.80  $ 21.66  $   19.38 

Aggregate Cost $ 14.25  $ 13.35  $ 12.45  $ 12.00  $ 11.55  $   10.65 

RAP Cost $       ‐ $   0.90  $   1.80  $   2.25  $   2.70  $     3.60 

Total Cost $ 41.75  $ 39.55  $ 37.35  $ 37.05  $ 35.91  $   33.63 

Assumed cost per Tonne; AC Cost 58‐28 = $520,  AC Cost 52‐34 = $570, Aggregate Cost = $15, RAP = $9 

Page 7: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

Financial Benefit of Recycling% RAP 0% 10% 20% 25% 30% 40%

% RAP 0% 10% 20% 25% 30% 40%

AC Type 58‐34 58‐34 58‐34 52‐40 52‐40 52‐40

AC Cost $    31.25  $    28.75  $       26.25  $    25.00  $    23.75  $    21.25 

Aggregate Cost $    14.25  $    13.35  $       12.45  $    12.00  $    11.55  $    10.65 

RAP Cost $           ‐ $       0.90  $         1.80  $       2.25  $       2.70  $       3.60 

Total Cost $ 45.50  $ 43.00  $   40.50  $ 39.25  $ 38.00  $ 35.50 Assumed cost per Tonne; AC Cost 58‐34= $625,  AC Cost 52‐40 = $625 Aggregate Cost = $15, RAP = $9 

Page 8: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

Specifications

• OPSS 1151

• OPSS 1150 

Specifications

Page 9: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

Specifications

• SP111F11

Specifications

Page 10: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

Development of Recycling Guidelines

• 1987 through 1993 ‐ Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP)  ‐ Developed Superpave System• Provisions for Use of RAP not addressed in mix 

design procedures developed.

• NCHRP Project 9 – 12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the Superpave System” initiated.

• 2001• NCHRP Report 452: “Recommended Use of 

Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveMix Design Method, Technician's Manual.

• Mix design procedures for mixtures using of RAP

Page 11: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

Development of Recycling Guidelines

• Procedures Developed• Characterization of Aged RAP  to determine 

Critical Temperatures• High, Medium and Low

• Test Method Proposed for recovery and grading of Aged Asphalt in pavement being recycled

• Guidance for development of Blending Charts

• Provided general Guideline on Grade Changes based on Grade of Aged AC. 

Page 12: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

Evolving Recycling Guidelines • NCHRP 452 Recommended Procedures for Grading Aged RAP

• Since Implementation Experience Shows Results Unreliable

• Between Lab and Within Lab Variability Very High

• Toluene Solvents used in Current procedure Highly Flammable 

• Explosion proof  equipment required

• Results represent total AC in RAP but Not All RAP AC Blends with New AC

• Degree of Blending is mix dependent

• Comparison of properties of Samples made with different amounts of AC and RAP  

• Low Blend Ratio mixes show high percentage of blending

• High Blend Ratio mixes show lower percentage of blending

• Some Jurisdictions assume blending as low 60%

• 80% to 95% more reasonable

Page 13: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

Evolving Recycling Guidelines • Guideline: Publication No. FHWA‐HRT‐11‐021 (2011)

• Basic Approach similar to NCHRP 452 but recognizes limitations

• Aged RAP Characterization not straight forward

• Recommends Regional Development of RAP Characterization.

• Addresses Alternate Bituminous  Materials and New processes used in Pavement Recycling

• Shingle Tabs, RAP Fractionation, RAS

• % Binder Replacement vs % RAP  

• Importance of Grade Change with increased RAP

• Proper Characterization of Aged AC in RAP 

• Careful Consideration if >25% Binder Replacement

Page 14: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

• Ontario data for RAP Grading Limited and Variable

• Poor correlation from available test methods. 

• Limited sampling gives poor confidence in result accuracy.

Impact of RAP on Blend AC Low Critical Temperature

Page 15: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

Impact of RAP on Blend AC Low Critical Temperature

• Low Critical Temperature of AC Affected by Addition of RAP • Impact to Low Temperature inconsequential with less than 20% RAP used.

• High RAP Mixes require Grade Change to maintain protection against low temperature cracking.

• OPSS 1150, OPSS 1151, SP111F11 all have similar requirements

Page 16: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

Grade Requirements for Major Cities in Ontario

FHA ‐ LTPPBindVersion 3.1 Uses local historical temperature data to calculate PG grade requirements. Reliability = 98%

City

Surface Mix Critical Low Tempeature

Critical Temperature at 50mm 

below surface

Specified Low Temperature Base AC Grade 

Orangeville ‐27.5 ‐24.5 ‐28Toronto (Zoo) ‐25.8 ‐22.8 ‐28Woodbridge ‐26.7 ‐23.7 ‐28Kingston ‐28.6 ‐25.6 ‐28London ‐24.2 ‐21.2 ‐28Muskoka ‐33.3 ‐30.3 ‐34Ottawa ‐29.1 ‐26.1 ‐34Subdbury ‐33.3 ‐30.3 ‐34Kenora ‐36.5 ‐33.5 ‐34Timmins ‐37.9 ‐34.9 ‐34

Page 17: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

Importance of Following Grade Change Guidelines

• Low percentage of RAP results in minimal impact to pavement performance.

• High Volume RAP ‐Grade Change Specifications

• Aged RAP with Critical Low Temp = ‐16.

% RAP AC Blend0 ‐3410 ‐32.220 ‐30.425 ‐29.530 ‐28.635 ‐27.740 ‐26.850 ‐2560 ‐23.2

% RAP AC Blend0 ‐3410 ‐32.220 ‐30.425 ‐3430 ‐32.835 ‐31.640 ‐30.450 ‐2860 ‐25.6

No Grade ChangeWith Grade Change

Base Grade ‐34/ Zone 2

Page 18: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

Importance of Following Grade Change Guidelines

• High Volume RAP ‐Grade Change Specifications

• Aged RAP with Critical Low Temp = ‐16.

% RAP AC Blend0 ‐2810 ‐26.820 ‐25.625 ‐2530 ‐24.435 ‐23.840 ‐23.250 ‐2260 ‐20.8

% RAP AC Blend0 ‐2810 ‐26.820 ‐25.625 ‐29.530 ‐28.635 ‐27.740 ‐26.850 ‐2560 ‐23.2

No Grade ChangeWith Grade Change

Base Grade ‐28 / Zone 3

Page 19: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

Alternate Processes and Sources for Recycled AC in Hot Mix

• Original NCHRP Project 9‐12

• % RAP Limits Based on recycling whole RAP

• Growth of Recycling of Alternate Materials has Changed Balance 

• Using % RAP Guidelines Can result in:

• Excess Recycled AC in High RAP Mixture

• Exceeding Critical Low temp in High RAP Mixtures

• Low Temperature Cracking 

• Unnecessarily Restricts RAP Use

• Materials with Lower than typical AC content

Page 20: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

Alternate Processes and Sources for Recycled AC in Hot Mix

• RAP Fractionation• During processing RAP is screened into different sizes

• Can be 2 or 3 different sizes 

• Each size fraction has different AC content

• Fine fraction may have 20% more AC than Non Fractionated RAP

• Shingle Tabs / Cut offs• New Material cut from shingles during manufacture

• High AC content – 20 % to 30 %

• Not paving grade Asphalt• Highly Modified blown asphalt typically used

• RAS – Recycled Asphalt Shingles• OPSS does not allow RAS in Hot Mix

• Ground aged shingles

• AC is highly oxidized

• High Critical low temp (about 1C) High AC content 15%  to 20%  

Page 21: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

% Binder Replacement vs. % RAP 

RAP Fractionation, Shingle Tabs / Cut offs, RAS

• AC contents are different than AC content of typical RAP.

• Specifying Recycling Ratio based on %RAP does not work for these and similar materials.

• % Binder replacement calculates amount of Recycled AC in mix based on amount of AC in recycled material:

Where:A = RAP percent binder content.B = RAP percent in mixture.C = Total percent binder content in mixture.

Page 22: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

% Binder Replacement vs. % RAP • Examples

• Typical 5% AC Recycled mix has 20% RAP,  and RAP has 5.0% AC

• Binder Replacement =  20%

• Fractionated Fine RAP has 6.0% , AC Recycling Ratio to have equivalent 20% Binder Replacement 

• 17%

• Fractionated Coarse RAP has 4.0% AC. Recycling Ratio to have equivalent 20% Binder Replacement

• 25%

• Using % RAP there is potential to:

• Excess Aged AC in mix with Fine RAP

• Unnecessarily restrict amount of AC from Coarse RAP

Page 23: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

Use of RAS

• RAS is not allowed in Hot Mix• Some suppliers are selling some product indicating that 

some is being used in hot mix.

• Associate membership application recently rejected.

• Low Critical Temp on RAS samples +1C.

• Significant impact on Low Temp Grade of Blended AC• 2% RAS = 7% Binder Replacement  

• Same  Low Critical Temperature Impact as 20% RAP)

• 6% RAS = 22% Binder Replacement 

• Same Low Critical Temperature Impact as +50% RAP 

• RAS use requires grade changes

% RAS

% Binder Replmt'

AC Blend

0 0% ‐28

1 4% ‐26.84

2 7% ‐25.97

4 14% ‐23.94

6 22% ‐21.62

8 29% ‐19.59

10 36% ‐17.56

Page 24: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

Use of RAS• RAS is not allowed in Hot Mix

• Some suppliers are selling some product indicating that some is being used in hot mix.

• Associate membership application recently rejected.

• Low Critical Temp on RAS samples +1C.

• Significant impact on Low Temp Grade of Blended AC

• 2% RAS = 7% Binder Replacement  

• Lower Critical Temperature Impact as 20% RAP)

• 4% RAS = 14% Binder Replacement 

• Same Low Critical Temperature Impact as +40% RAP 

• RAS use requires grade changes

% RAS% Binder Replmt'

AC Blend

0 0% ‐34

1 4% ‐32.6

2 7% ‐31.55

4 14% ‐29.1

6 22% ‐26.3

8 29% ‐23.85

10 36% ‐21.4

Page 25: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

Binder Availability • RAP AC does not necessarily Blend completely with new AC

• Less than 100% of AC blends in high RAP mixes

• Exact amount varies with each mix

• Reduced Effective AC Negatively Impacts Pavement Performance• Fatigue Cracking / Raveling etc.

• RAP: Assumed Binder Availability= 85%

• Impact at Low AC minimal.  

% AC in RAP % AC Design % RAP Effective AC %

4.5 5 20 4.87

4.5 5 25 4.83

4.5 5 30 4.80

4.5 5 35 4.76

4.5 5 40 4.73

Page 26: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

Binder Availability– Using RAS• Significant impact with higher AC Replacement  

• Example: 

• RAS: Assumed Binder Availability= 75%

• FHWA Mixture ETG ‐ RAS Taskforce

•April 2016 Recommendation

•Increase Minimum VMA 0.1% for each % of RAS 

% AC in RAS % AC Design % RAS Effective AC %

18 5 2 4.69

18 5 4 4.37

18 5 6 4.01

18 5 8 3.70

18 5 10 3.38

Page 27: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

Conclusions• Mixes with Low Binder Replacement (<20%)

• Impact on Low Temperature Grade is Typically Inconsequential

• Mixes with High Binder Replacement Need Special Consideration  • Virgin AC Grade Must be Changed as appropriate 

• Characterization of RAP / RST / RAS• Understanding Critical Low Temperature of Aged AC is 

necessary.

• Available Test Methods provide information on Aged AC when testing a limited number of samples but results should be looked at critically .

• Establishing Regional RAP Characterization allows increase in samples tested and increases confidence. 

Page 28: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

Conclusions• Regardless of Specified Maximum Recycling Ratio Use Special 

Considerations when using a Binder Replacement Ratio of more than 25%. 

• Blending Charts Should be used:• 100% Blending of Aged and New AC does not occur with High 

Recycling Ratio’s

• Test Method for Grading RAP AC is flawed ‐ But..

• The Concept of Blending Charts is Reasonable given understanding of the Aged AC being used.

• Consider Binder Replacement when determining Recycling Ratio• Using current % RAP Specifications can result in 

• Excessive Recycled AC in mix 

• i.e.: Recycled Materials with AC content higher than typical RAP

• Restriction of amount of Recycled Material Used

• i.e.: Recycled Materials with AC content lower than typical RAP

Page 29: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

Conclusions

• Effective AC Content of Mix is reduced at High Recycling Ratio’s 

• Actual binder availability from RAP is based on properties of the aged AC and New AC in mix. 

• Binder Availability and amount of reduction of Effective AC % in mix depends on the amount of blending.

• Reduced AC causes increased fatigue cracking

• FHWA recommends increase in VMA for RAS use

• Should similar adjustements be considered for RAP??

Page 30: Responsible Use of RAP - ON Asphalt. Tom... · • NCHRP Project 9 –12 “Incorporation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the SuperpaveSystem” initiated. • 2001 • NCHRP Report

Thank You

•Questions??