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LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School

1960

Response Bias as a Measure of EmotionalDisturbance in Children.Charles Wesley HouseLouisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College

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Recommended CitationHouse, Charles Wesley, "Response Bias as a Measure of Emotional Disturbance in Children." (1960). LSU Historical Dissertations andTheses. 627.https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/627

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i HOUSE, C h a r le s W esley . RESPONSE BIAS j AS A M EASURE O F EM OTIONAL D ISTU R B -I ANCE IN CH ILD REN .j;

L o u is ia n a S ta te U n iv e rs ity , P h .D ., 1960| P sy ch o lo g y , c lin ic a lIij :

j} University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan

RESPONSE BIAS AS A MEASURE OF EMOTIONAL

DISTURBANCE IN CHILDREN

A D is se r ta tio n

Subm itted to th e Graduate F acu lty o f the L ouisiana S ta te U n iv e rsity and

A g ric u ltu ra l and M echanical C ollege in p a r t i a l fu lf i l lm e n t of th e requ irem ents fo r the degree of

Doctor o f Philosophy

in

The Department o f Psychology

byC harles Wesley House

B .S ., North Texas S ta te C o llege , 1955 M .S .,'N o rth Texas S ta te C o llege , 1955

August, 1960

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The w r ite r expresses h is ap p re c ia tio n to D rs. Irw in

A. Berg, Brendan A. Maher, Thomas W. R ichards, M. Ray Loree,

and F red rick W. Davis fo r th e i r guidance and encouragement

during the course of t h i s p ro je c t . Thanks are due a lso to

Dr. John F isher and Mrs. L e ila Cutshaw of the L a fay e tte

Guidance C lin ic .

The w rite r wishes to express h is a p p re c ia tio n to Mrs.

Vera M. F o il fo r her typ ing o f the completed d i s s e r ta t io n .

S pecia l acknowledgment i s made to th e a u th o r 's w ife ,

Mary M argaret, w ithout whose help and encouragement th e d is-

s e r ta t io n could not have been com pleted.

i i

TABLE OP CONTENTS

PAGB

TITLE PAGE........................................................................................... i

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.............................................................................. i i

LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................. iv

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................... v

INTRODUCTION...................................................................................... 1

METHOD ............................................................ 5

S ub jects • ......................................................................... . 5

Procedure ..................................................................... 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION................................................................. 12

SUMMARY............................................................................................... 20

REFERENCES........................................................................................... 21

APPENDIX .................................. 23

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................... ..................... 34

VITA ...................................... 38

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

I D is tr ib u t io n o f D istu rbed S u b jec ts by Age,Sex, and S e v e r ity of D istu rbance • • • • • • • 6

I I D is tr ib u t io n of Normal S u b jec ts by Age andS e x ............................................................................... 7

I I I M od ifica tion of th e P ro g n o stic Index • • • • • 9

IV Summary o f Measures o f C en tra l Tendency,R e l i a b i l i ty , and V a r ia b i l i ty of PRT D is­tu rbance Scores fo r Normal and D isturbed G ro u p s .............................................................................. » 11

V A nalysis of V ariance Between Two GroupsA pplied to E m otionally D istu rbed and Con­t r o l Groups 13

VI F ish e r’s T est fo r Homogeneity of VarianceBetween Two Groups 14

VII D is tr ib u tio n o f S ig n if ic a n t O ptions fo rD istu rbed and normal S u b jec ts by Age Groupsand S e x ............................................... 16

V III A nalysis o f V ariance Between Three GroupsApplied to Degree of D istu rbance (M ild,M oderate, Severe) ...................... 19

i v

ABSTRACT

The purpose o f th i s study was to in v e s tig a te th e hy­

p o th e s is th a t c h ild re n and ado lescen ts w ith psychopatho-

lo g ic a l co n d itio n s d i f f e r from a co n tro l popu la tion in

re sp e c t to frequency o f response b ia s . F u rth e r , th i s study

sought to t e s t a second hypo th esis th a t , w ith in the ex p e ri­

m ental sam ple, d if fe re n c e s in the frequency o f d ev ian t r e ­

sponses could be found fo r m ild , m oderate, and severe degrees

o f em otional d is tu rb an ce .

Two hundred and fo r ty w hite L ouisiana ch ild ren who had

been r e fe r r e d to a c h ild guidance c l in ic because o f emotion­

a l problems were th e su b je c ts in th i s s tu d y . The s e v e r i ty

o f each s u b je c t 's psychopathology was r a te d by a psycholo­

g i s t , p s y c h ia t r i s t , and p s y c h ia tr ic s o c ia l w orker. Four

hundred w hite L ouisiana c h ild re n comparable in age, sex , and

in te l l ig e n c e served as a c o n tro l group.

The P ercep tu a l R eaction T e s t, an instrum ent developed

to f a c i l i t a t e th e appearance o f dev ian t re sp o n ses , was ad­

m in is te red to each s u b je c t . This t e s t c o n s is ts o f 60 ab­

s t r a c t designs to which th e su b je c t i s re q u ired to respond

w ith one o f th e fo llow ing o p tio n s to each design: l i k e much.

l ik e s l i g h t l y , d i s l ik e s l i g h t l y , d i s l ik e much. A comparison

fo r each o p tion between th e co n tro l and experim ental group

v

▼i

was wade and te s te d fo r the le v e l o f s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i ­

cance. S ca les were then developed u sin g those o p tio n s which

d i f f e r e n t i a te d between th e two groups a t o r beyond th e .05

le v e l o f con fidence . S eparate s c a le s were co n s tru c te d fo r

male and fem ale su b je c ts a t each o f four age groups. The

s c a le s were then used to o b ta in a sco re fo r each su b je c t in

th e experim ental and c o n tro l groups. An a n a ly s is o f v a r i ­

ance design was used in comparing th e groups and s t a t i s t i c a l

r e s u l t s beyond th e .001 le v e l o f confidence support th e hy­

p o th e s is th a t th e response b ia s p a t te rn s o f em otionally d i s ­

tu rbed c h ild re n and ad o le scen ts a re s ig n i f ic a n t ly d i f f e r e n t

from th o se o f normal c o n tro ls . Thus th e f i r s t h y p o th esis

was su p p o rted . The second h y p o th es is , however, was no t

supported by d a ta o b ta in ed from th e p re se n t s tu d y . An an a l­

y s is o f v a r ia n c e design fo r th re e groups f a i le d to d i f f e r e n ­

t i a t e s ig n i f i c a n t ly between m ild , m oderate, and severe

degrees o f psychopathology.

INTRODUCTION

The dev ian t behavior which c h a ra c te r iz e s th e emotion­

a l ly d is tu rb ed c h ild takes v a rie d form. Symptoms such as

e n u re s is , d e s tru c tiv e em otional o u tb u rs ts , h a llu c in a tio n s ,

d e lu s io n s , and im paired language fu n c tio n , w hile not found

n e c e s s a r i ly in a s in g le case , rep re sen t the range of aber­

ra tio n s which have caused p a ren ts to seek p ro fe ss io n a l he lp

(D espert, 1948). Such behavior may be sa id to be in a

c r i t i c a l a rea because i t p reven ts such d is tu rb ed youngsters

from f u l l p a r t ic ip a t io n in th e o rd in ary d a ily a c t i v i t i e s of

school and p lay .

The q u estio n a r is e s as to how pervasive such aberran t

behavior may be. According to the D eviation H ypothesis(B erg ,

1955) dev ian t responses a re g e n e ra l, and i f they occur in

a c r i t i c a l a rea , such as psychomotor se iz u re s , th e y should

a lso occur in n o n c r i t ic a l a re a s , such as p re fe ren ces fo r

a b s tra c t d es ig n s . The D ev ia tion H ypothesis has been s ta te d

(Berg, 1957, p . 159) as fo llow s: "D eviant response p a tte rn s

tend to be g en e ra l; hence those dev ian t behavior p a tte rn s

which a re s ig n if ic a n t fo r abnorm ality (a ty p ic a ln e ss ) and thus

regarded as symptoms (earm arks or s ig n s ) are a sso c ia te d w ith

o th e r d ev ian t response p a tte rn s which a re in n o n c r i t ic a l

a reas of behavior and which a re not regarded as symptoms o f

p e rso n a lity a b e rra tio n (nor as symptoms, s ig n s , earm arks).

Thus, in te rn s o f the D ev ia tion H ypothesis, ch ild ren and

ad o lescen ts who a re desc rib ed a s dev ian t in c e r ta in c r i t i c a l

areas should a ls o dem onstrate dev ian t re sponses in non­

c r i t i c a l a reas .

B arnes (1955), in one o f th e e a r l i e r t e s t s o f th e

D eviation H ypothesis, adm in iste red the P e rc e p tu a l R eaction

Test (PRT), developed by Berg and Hunt (1949), to a mixed

sample o f mental p a t ie n ts from M idwestern h o s p i ta ls . He was

able to develop d ia g n o s tic s c a le s using d ev ian t responses to

the P ercep tu a l R eaction T est (PRT). These sc a le s proved r e ­

l ia b le and were c ro s s -v a lid a te d according to th e K a tz e ll

(1955) tech n iq u e . B arnes ' (1955) s c a le s not only s i g n i f i ­

can tly d i f f e r e n t ia te d between th e mixed h o s p ita liz e d popu­

la t io n and norm als, but a lso among groups o f p a t ie n ts w ith in

c e r ta in d ia g n o s tic c a te g o rie s such as sch izo p h ren ia , ch a rac­

te r d is o rd e r , and the l i k e . H a rr is (1959), u sing the Sigma

(sch izophren ia) sc a le developed by B arnes, te s te d sch iz o ­

ph ren ics in a sou thern h o s p i ta l . He found r e s u l t s which

were e s s e n t ia l ly id e n t ic a l w ith B arnes' o r ig in a l d a ta .

H este rly and Berg (1958) were a b le to measure m atu rity in

re la t io n s h ip to sch izoph ren ia by using d e p a rtu re s from r e ­

sponse b ia s e s . They were ab le to dem onstrate th a t th e r e ­

sponses o f c h ild re n d e v ia te s ig n i f ic a n t ly from those o f

normal a d u lts b u t do n o t d e v ia te s ig n i f ic a n t ly from th o se o f

adu lt sch izo p h ren ic s , in d ic a t in g th a t im m aturity as measured

by d ev ian t responses i s a fa c to r in sch izo p h ren ia . Adams

(1959), u s in g a s p e c ia l ly co n s tru c ted a u d itio n t e s t , found

th a t d ev ian t response p a t te rn s to a m eaningless sound would

d is t in g u is h sch izo p h ren ics from norm als. The P ercep tu a l

R eaction T est (PRT) was a lso adm in istered and s im ila r r e ­

s u l t s were o b ta in ed . Thus, th e D eviation H ypothesis appears

to apply to both v is u a l and a u d ito ry re sp o n ses , in so fa r as

the p re se n t d a ta in d ic a te . From th ese d a ta (B arnes, 1955;

H a r r is , 1959; H es te rly and Berg, 1958; Adams, 1959) the

s ig n if ic a n c e o f dev ian t responses in th e assessm ent o f be­

h av io r becomes ap p a ren t. The value o f dev ian t responses in

the development o f d ia g n o s tic s c a le s has been dem onstrated

under a broad range o f co n d itio n s and th e D eviation Hy­

p o th e s is has been supported by a number o f s tu d ie s u sin g a

v a r ie ty o f c r i t e r io n groups (G rigg, 1960; Asch, 1958). A

more in te n s iv e account o f th e development o f th e D eviation

H ypothesis i s p re sen ted in th e appendix to th i s s tu d y .

T h ere fo re , i t seems lo g ic a l th a t c h ild re n whose de­

s c r ip t io n s ty p ic a l ly make re fe re n c e to extreme d ev ian t p a t­

te rn s o f behav io r in c r i t i c a l a rea s (Abrahamson, 1952; Benda,

1954; Bender, 1952, 1956; E isenberg , 1958; G reenberg, 1950;

Kanner, 1957; Schumacher, 1948) should respond w ith dev ian t

responses in n o n c r i t ic a l s i tu a t io n s , as p re d ic te d by the

D ev ia tion H ypo thesis . The c h i ld o r ado lescen t who has un­

c o n tro l la b le tan trum s, i s e n u re t ic , o r i s p sy ch o tic would be

4

expected to show d ev ian t p a t te rn s o f response in n o n c r i t ic a l

a rea s o f behav ior as w ell as th e c r i t i c a l a rea o f psychopa­

tho lo g y .

Thus, th e problem o f th e p re sen t study was to in v e s t i ­

g a te th e hypo thesis th a t c h ild re n w ith psychopatho log ical

co n d itio n s d i f f e r from a genera l popu lation o f normal

c h ild re n w ith re sp e c t to response s e t and th a t th e se d i f f e r ­

ences could be used fo r d ia g n o s tic purposes and th a t appro­

p r ia te s c a le s could be p repared . F u rth e r, th i s study -

a ttem pted to t e s t th e p o s s ib i l i t y th a t w ith in the e x p e ri­

m ental sam ple, d if fe re n c e s in p a tte rn s o f response b ia s could

be found fo r d i f f e r e n t degrees o f d is tu rb an ce (m ild , m oderate,

s e v e re ) . A ccordingly th e fo llow ing hypotheses were proposed:

1 . The response p a t te rn s o f em otionally d is tu rb ed c h ild re n and em otionally d is tu rb e d ado lescen ts to th e P e rc ep tu a l R eaction T est (PRT) a re s ig ­n i f i c a n t ly d i f f e r e n t from those o f normal c h ild re n and normal ad o le sc e n ts .

2 . The frequency o f d ev ian t responses as measured by th e P e rcep tu a l R eaction T est (PRT) s ig n if ic a n t ly in c re a se w ith in c re a s in g s e v e r i ty o f d is tu rb an ce (m ild , m oderate, and sev ere ) in c h ild re n e x h ib i t­ing se r io u s problems o f em otional ad justm en t.

METHOD

S ub jec ts

Two hundred and fo r ty w hite L ouisiana c h ild re n were th e

su b je c ts in t h i s s tu d y . T his sample was composed o f c h ild re n

r e fe r r e d to a c h ild guidance c l in ic because o f s e r io u s emo­

t io n a l problem s. Table 1 p re se n ts th e d i s t r ib u t io n o f th e

experim ental saaipie on th e b a s is o f age, sex , and s e v e r i ty

o f d is tu rb a n c e . Only those su b je c ts were included in th e

sample who scored in t e l l e c tu a l ly w ith in a range o f 80 to 120

on the W echsler In te l l ig e n c e S cale fo r C h ild ren . Excluded

from th e sample were su b je c ts w ith in c a p a c ita t in g p h y s ic a l

i l l n e s s o r th o se w ith known o r suspected b ra in damage. The

d a ta fo r normal c o n tro ls a re from H este rly (1958) and R oitzsch

(1959) and a re p re sen ted in Table I I . The co n tro l group was

comparable to th e experim ental group in age, sex , and i n t e l ­

l ig e n c e .

Procedure

The s e v e r i ty o f d is tu rb an ce fo r each su b je c t was de­

term ined by a s t a f f composed o f a p sy c h o lo g is t, p s y c h ia t r i s t ,

and p s y c h ia tr ic s o c ia l w orker. P sycho log ica l t e s t d a ta ,

m edical in fo rm ation , and a s o c ia l h is to ry fo r each su b je c t

were a v a ila b le to th e s t a f f . A m o d ifica tio n o f th e P rog­

n o s t ic Index (Thorne, 1952) was a lso used by th e s t a f f as an

TABLE I

D is tr ib u tio n o f D isturbed Subjects by Age, Sex, and S ev erity o f D isturbance

Age and S ev e rity 7 Yr. 0 Mo.8 Y r . l l Mo.

9 Y r. 0 Mo. 10 Y rs ll Mo.

11 Yr. 0 Mo.12 Y r . l l Mo.

13 Yr. 0 Mo.14 Y r . l l Mo.

T o ta l

MaleMild 10 10 10 10 40

Moderate 10 10 10 10 40

Severe 10 10 10 10 40

FemaleMild 10 10 10 10 40

Moderate 10 10 10 10 40

Severe 10 10 10 10 40

T o ta l 60 60 60 60 240

TABLE I I

D is tr ib u tio n o f Normal S ubjects by Age and Sex

Age 7 Yr. 0 Mo. 9 Yr. 0 Mo. 11 Yr. 0 Mo. 13 Yr. 0 Mo. T o ta l8 Yr. 11 Mo. 10 Yr. 11 Mo. 12 Yr. 11 Mo. 14 Y r .l l Mo.

Male 50 50 50 50 200

Female 50 50 50 50 200

T o ta l 100 100 100 100 400

a id in determ ining th e s e v e r i ty o f th e d is o rd e r . The modi­

f ie d P ro g n o stic Index appears in Table I I I . Only those

cases were included in which th e re was complete s t a f f ag ree­

ment as to c l a s s i f i c a t i o n .

The P ercep tu a l R eaction T est (Berg and Hunt, 1949), an

instrum ent developed to f a c i l i t a t e th e appearance o f dev ian t

re sp o n ses , was adm in iste red in d iv id u a lly to each s u b je c t .

T his t e s t c o n s is ts o f 60 a b s t r a c t designs to which th e

su b je c t i s re q u ired to respond w ith one o f th e fo llow ing

o p tio n s to each design : l i k e much (LM), l i k e s l ig h t ly (LS),

d i s l ik e s l ig h t ly (DS), d i s l ik e much (DM). The s u b je c t 's r e ­

sponses were t r a n s f e r r e d from th e P e rcep tu a l R eaction T est

booklets, to IBM d a ta sh e e ts fo r ta b u la tio n and s t a t i s t i c a l

a n a ly s is . For each o p tio n th e percen tage o f the co n tro l (o r

norm al) group was compared w ith th e percen tage o f th e ex­

perim en ta l (o r d is tu rb e d ) group and te s te d fo r th e le v e l o f

s t a t i s t i c a l s ig n if ic a n c e by use o f th e contingency ta b le

developed by Murray and M ainland (1952). D isturbance s c a le s

fo r male and female s u b je c ts taken se p a ra te ly a t each o f the

four age le v e ls were then c o n s tru c te d . Only those o p tio n s

were inc luded in which th e p ro b a b il i ty va lu es exceeded ,05

le v e l o f con fidence . Each o p tio n p re fe rre d by normal c h i l ­

dren and normal ad o le scen ts was given a weight o f minus one;

each o p tio n p re fe r re d by th e experim ental group was given a

w eight o f p lu s one. The s c a le s were then used to sco re th e

9

TABLE I I I

M odification o f the P rognostic Index

F acto rs Mild Moderate Severe

Malignancyo f

Symptoms

BehaviorD isorders

Mild neu ro tic behavior

Severe psycho­n e u ro tic be­havior

Severe behavior D isorders

Psychosis w ith global personal­i ty d iso rder

C hronicityC hild 1 to 9 mo. 10 to 18 mo. Over 30 mo.Adolescent 1 to 24 mo. 2 to 5 y r . Over 5 y r .

Trend of D isorder

Slowly in - Unchanged proving

Progressive

1 0

experim ental and c o n tro l groups. F is h e r 's t e s t fo r th e

homogeneity o f v a rian ce was ap p lied and an a n a ly s is o f v a r i ­

ance design fo r two groups was used to t e s t th e d if fe re n c e s .

When th e v a ria n ce appeared to be heterogeneous a nonpara-

m etric median t e s t was a p p lie d . In an a ttem pt to in v e s t ig a te

the s t a t i s t i c a l d if fe re n c e between th e degrees o f psychopa­

thology (m ild , m oderate, sev e re ) an a n a ly s is o f v a rian ce be­

tween th re e groups was u sed . Measures o f c e n tr a l tendency,

r e l i a b i l i t y , and v a r i a b i l i t y were computed and appear in

Table IV.

11

TABLE TV

Summary of-Measures of C entra l Tendency, R e l ia b i l i ty , and V a r ia b ili ty o f PRT D isturbance Scores fo r Normal and D isturbed Groups

Sex Age Group Mean SD R tt SEest

Normal Male 7 y r . to 8 y r . 1 no. ♦ ,4 11.61 .93 3.089 yr* to 10 y r. 1 no. -5 .7 8.39 .56 5.51

11 y r. to 12 y r . 1 mo. -4 .9 4.90 .58 3.1813 y r. to 14 y r . 1 mo. -6 .0 5.70 .73 2.96

Normal 7 y r. to 8 y r . 1 mo. -3 .1 6.24 .76 3.06Female 9 y r . to 10 y r . 1 no. -3 .6 7.43 . 00 to 3 .17

11 y r . to 12 y r. 1 no. -5 .4 8.21 .84 3.2813 y r. to 14 y r . 1 mo. -4 .3 10.68 .91 3.20

D isturbed 7 y r . to 8 y r. 1 no.. ♦17.6 8.76 .98 1.27Male 9 yr. to 10 y r. 1 mo. ♦10.9 10.43 .96 2.08

11 y r. to 12 y r. 1 mo. ♦14.1 7.66 .87 2.7713 yr. to 14 y r. 1 mo. ♦10.7 9.07 .92 2.56

D isturbed 7 y r. to 8 y r. 1 no. ♦10.7 7.84 .89 2.63Female 9 y r. to 10 y r . 1 no. ♦11.8 5.43 .67 3.12

11 y r . to 12 y r. 1 po. ♦10.2 11.90 .95 2.6413 y r . to 14 y** 1 no. ♦10.6 10.76 .96 2.15

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

On th e b a s is o f th e f i r s t h y p o th esis s ta te d in th e in ­

tro d u c tio n to th e s tu d y , i t was a n t ic ip a te d th a t th e response

b ia se s o f em otionally d is tu rb e d c h ild re n and em otionally d i s ­

tu rbed ad o lescen ts would be s ig n i f ic a n t ly d i f f e r e n t from

th o se o f a c o n tro l group composed o f normal c h ild re n matched

fo r age, sex , and in te l l ig e n c e . As may be seen in Table V,

an a n a ly s is o f v a rian ce design c le a r ly dem onstrates s t a t i s ­

t i c a l s ig n if ic a n c e beyond the .001 le v e l o f confidence fo r

each age group.

To t e s t fo r th e assum ption o f homogeneity o f v a r ia n c e ,

F isher* s t e s t fo r homogeneity between two groups was a p p lie d .

Table VI summarizes th e r e s u l t s o f th i s t e s t . As shown in

Table VI, f iv e o f th e e ig h t groups were no t s ig n i f ic a n t ly

d i f f e r e n t and the hypo th esis o f a common popu la tion v a r i ­

ance was regarded as te n a b le . The nonparam etric median t e s t

was a p p lied to th e th re e groups fo r which s ig n if ic a n t d i f f e r ­

ences o f v a rian ce were o b ta in ed . The r e s u l t s o f t h i s t e s t

c le a r ly dem onstrate s ig n if ic a n c e beyond th e .001 le v e l o f

con fidence . T h erefo re , th e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n i f ic a n t d i f ­

fe ren ces ob ta ined w ith th e a n a ly s is o f v a rian ce design a re

supported by th e r e s u l t s o f th e median t e s t . Thus, i t ap­

p ea rs th a t c h ild re n and ad o lescen ts who m an ifest d ev ian t

1 2

13

TABLE V

A nalysis o f Variance Between Two Groups Applied to Em otionally D isturbed and Control Groups

Age Grotps F d f P

7 y r. to 8 y r. 11 mo.Male

47.7 1/78 .0019 y r . to 10 y r. 11 mo. 59.9 1/78 .001

11 y r. to 12 y r. 11 mo. 158.8 1/78 .001*13 y r. to 14 y r. 11 mo. 99.5 1/78 .001*

7 y r. to 8 yr. 11 mo.Female

69.5 1/78 .0019 y r . to 10 y r. 11 mo. 95.0 1/78 .001

11 y r . to 12 y r. 11 mo. 46.9 1/78 .00113 y r. to 14 yr. 11 mo. 35.3 1/78 .001*

★N onparaaetrie Median T est shows s ig n ifican ce beyond the ,001 lev e l

o f s t a t i s t i c a l s ig n if ic a n c e .

14

TABLE VI

F ish e r’ s T est fo r Homogeneity of Variance Between Two Groups

Age Groups F d f P

Male7 y r. to 8 y r. 11 no. 1.72 29/49 .109 y r . to 10 y r . l l mo. 1.57 29/49 .10

11 y r. to 12 y r . l l mo. 2.47 29/49 .0213 y r . to 14 y r . l l mo. 2,57 29/49 .02

Female7 y r. to 8 y r . 11 mo. 1.60 29/49 .109 y r . to 10 y r . l l mo. 1.35 49/29 .10

11 y r. to 12 y r . l l mo. 1.03 29/49 .1013 y r . to 14 y r . l l mo. 2.13 29/49 .02

1 5

behav ior (symptoms) in a rea s which may be considered c r i t i ­

c a l , a lso d isp la y d ev ian t behavior (re sp o n ses) in n o n c r i t i ­

c a l a re a s . The c h i ld o r ado lescen t who dem onstrates

w ithdraw al symptoms, t i c s , d ep ress io n and o th e r behav ior

regarded as c r i t i c a l fo r p sychopatho log ical s ig n if ic a n c e ,

a lso shows dev ian t responses in a reas p re v io u s ly n o t con­

s id e re d d ia g n o s tic , as p re d ic te d by B e rg 's D eviation Hypoth­

e s i s .

The d is tu rb an ce s c a le s fo r male and female s u b je c ts

taken s e p a ra te ly a t each o f th e four age le v e ls , a re p re ­

sen ted in th e appendix to t h i s s tu d y . O ptions which d i f f e r ­

e n t ia te d th e normal co n tro l group from th e d is tu rb e d group

a re desig n a ted by a minus s ig n . P lu s s ig n s in d ic a te th e

o p tio n s d i f f e r e n t i a t in g th e d is tu rb e d group from th e normal

c o n tro l . Those o p tio n s which were s ig n i f ic a n t a t the .01

le v e l o f confidence a re p re sen ted w ith double s ig n s (♦♦, — ) ,

whereas th e s in g le s ig n ( ♦ , - ) in d ic a te s s ig n if ic a n c e a t th e

•05 l e v e l . Table V II summarizes th e d i s t r ib u t io n o f s ig n i f ­

ic a n t o p tio n s fo r normal fluid co n tro l groups by age fluid sex .

As may be seen , approxim ately one hundred o p tio n s a re s ig ­

n i f ic a n t a t each age group ou t o f a p o s s ib le two hundred

fo r ty .

Table IV p re se n ts a summary o f measures o f c e n tr a l ten d ­

ency, r e l i a b i l i t y , and v a r i a b i l i t y o f th e d is tu rb an ce s c o re s .t

These d a ta r e f l e c t th e co n sis ten cy o f th e means throughout

16

TABLE VII

D istr ib u tio n o f S ig n if ic a n t Options fo r D isturbed and Normal Subjects by Age Groups and Sex

Age Groups Normals D isturbed T o ta l

.01 .05 .01 .05

Male7 y r . to 8 y r . 11 oo. 42 11 40 10 1039 y r . to 10 y r . 11 mo. 36 15 37 14 102

11 y r . to 12 y r . 11 mo. 39 19 36 16 11013 y r . to 14 y r . 11 140. 34 16 38 13 101

Female7 yr. to 8 yr. 11 ao . 30 16 37 11 949 yr. to 10 yr. 11 mo. 36 17 39 14 106

11 yr. to 12 yr. 11 mo. 35 21 28 28 11213 yr. to 14 yr. 11 mo. 44 6 38 16 104

17

th e groups and th e high r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f ic ie n ts fo r both

d is tu rb e d and c o n tro l groups in d ic a te th e amount o f tru e

v a rian ce accounted fo r by th e ob ta ined measurements. Al­

though the s iz e o f th e s tan d ard d e v ia tio n s i s not c o n s is te n t

throughout th e groups, th e high r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f ic ie n ts and

th e r e la t iv e ly sm all s tan d ard e r ro rs o f measurement c le a r ly

suggest a high degree o f confidence. Thus i t seems apparent

from th ese d a ta th a t th e frequency and p a tte rn s o f d ev ian t

responses may be used in th e assessm ent o f the d ev ian t b e­

hav io r m anifested by em otionally d is tu rb e d c h ild re n . I t i s

a lso apparen t th a t d ev ian t behav ior which appears in c r i t i ­

ca l a reas as in v e s tig a te d in th e p re se n t study i s a lso ac ­

companied by dev ian t behav ior in n o n c r i t ic a l a reas as

measured by responses to th e PRT. T herefo re , in s o fa r as th e

p re se n t d a ta in d ic a te , the f i r s t h ypo thesis s ta te d in th e

in tro d u c tio n to t h i s study i s supported .

The second hypo th esis a n tic ip a te d a s ig n i f ic a n t d i f f e r ­

ence between the number o f dev ian t responses fo r em otionally

d is tu rb e d c h ild re n and ad o lescen ts when c la s s i f i e d as to

degree o f d is tu rb an ce (m ild , m oderate, s e v e re ) . That i s to

say , those su b je c ts w ith in th e d is tu rb e d group c l a s s i f i e d as

sev e re degree o f d is tu rb an ce would be expected to g ive more

s ig n i f ic a n t dev ian t responses than those youngsters w ith a

m oderate o r a m ild d is tu rb a n c e . S im ila r ly , those s u b je c ts

w ith a moderate d is tu rb an ce would be expected to g ive more

18

s ig n i f ic a n t dev ian t responses than those s u b je c ts w ith a

m ild d is tu rb a n c e .

Table V III p re se n ts th e r e s u l t s of an a n a ly s is o f

v a rian ce design a p p lied to th e th re e groups o f d is tu rb an ce

(m ild , m oderate, s e v e re ) . As may be seen, no s ig n if ic a n t

d if fe re n c e s were found between the groups a t o r beyond th e

.01 le v e l o f confidence . An exam ination o f the means f a i le d

to in d ic a te the expected tre n d . Thus, th e second hypo thesis

i s r e je c te d in view o f th e p re sen t f in d in g s .

There a re s e v e ra l sources o f p o ss ib le confusion which

may have c o n tr ib u te d to th e f a i lu r e to o b ta in th e expected

r e s u l t s . One source could have been the techn ique used to

a sse ss d is tu rb a n c e . There i s th e p o s s ib i l i t y th a t some sub­

j e c t s were c la s s i f i e d as m oderately o r sev e re ly d is tu rb ed

because a b a s ic a l ly m ild d iso rd e r was masked by acu te symp­

toms. On th e o th e r hand some su b je c ts c la s s i f i e d as m ild ly

d is tu rb e d because o f few s t r e s s f u l o v e rt symptoms may b a s i­

c a l ly have been m oderately o r sev e re ly d is tu rb e d . Another

source o f e r ro r could be in th e concept o f d is tu rb an ce . The

l i t e r a t u r e i s r e p le te w ith d isp a ra te op in ions as to what

c o n s t i tu te s degree o r s e v e r i ty o f d is tu rb an ce and perhaps

th e malignancy o f a d iso rd e r i s no t r e f le c te d in th e c la s s ic

s ig n s o f c h ro n ic ity , p ro g ress iv en ess o f d isea se p ro c ess , and

th e s p e c if ic form o f symptomatology. Be th a t as i t may, no

d e f in i t iv e answer i s f e a s ib le and th e p o in t rem ains moot.

19

TABLE V I I I

A nalysis o f Variance Between Three Groups Applied to Degree of D isturbance (Mild, Moderate, Severe)

Age Groups F df P

Male7 y r. to 8 yr. 11 mo. 1.27 2/27 NS9 y r. to 10 y r . 11 mo. 3.09 2/27 NS

11 y r. to 12 y r. 11 mo. .21 2/27 NS13 y r. to 14 y r. 11 mo. .24 2/27 NS

Female7 y r. to 8 y r. 11 mo. 2.02 2/27 NS9 y r. to 10 y r. 11 mo. 1.54 2/27 NS

11 yr. to 12 y r. 11 mo. 3.57 2/27 .0513 yr. to 14 y r. 11 mo. .58 2/27 NS

SUMMARY

The p re se n t in v e s t ig a t io n was undertaken to determ ine

whether th e frequency and p a t te rn o f response b ia se s o f an

em otionally d is tu rb e d group could be shown to d i f f e r from

those response b ia se s o f normal c o n tro ls , comparable in age,

sex , and in te l l ig e n c e , as p re d ic te d by Berg*s D ev ia tion Hy­

p o th e s is . In a d d itio n , th e study included a comparison o f

the frequency o f response d e v ia tio n s o f su b je c ts w ith in a

d is tu rb e d group c l a s s i f i e d as to m ild , m oderate, o r sev e re

psychopathology. D evia tion sc a le s were developed fo r male

and female su b je c ts a t fou r age le v e ls (7 y r . to 8 y r . 11

mo., 9 y r . to 10 y r . 11 mo., 11 y r . to 12 y r . 11 mo., 13 y r .

to 14 y r . 11 m o.). These s c a le s were shown to d i f f e r e n t i a t e

s ig n i f ic a n t ly between th e em otionally d is tu rb e d groups and

th e c o n tro l groups a t each o f th e four age l e v e l s . However,

th e s c a le s were not ab le to dem onstrate a s ig n i f ic a n t d i f ­

fe ren ce between degrees o f d is tu rb a n c e . T his f a i l u r e could

be a t t r ib u te d to an in v a l id techn ique o f a s se ss in g degrees

o f d is tu rb an ce and u n t i l a more v a l id techn ique i s provided

th i s hypo thesis should remain open fo r fu r th e r in v e s t ig a t io n .

2 0

REFERENCES

Abrahamson, B. Em otionally m aladjusted c h ild re n w ith o r w ithout delinquency . Q uart. J . of c h ild Behv.. 1952.4 , 437-449.

Adams, H. E. Deviant responses to aud ito ry and v is u a l stim u­lu s p a t te rn s in th e id e n t i f ic a t io n o f sch izo p h ren ia . Unpublished M.A. T h es is , Louisiana S ta te U n iv e rs ity , 1959.

Asch, M. J . N egative response b ia s and p e rs o n a lity a d ju s t­ment. J .̂ counse l. P sy ch o l. . 1958, 5, 206-210.

B arnes, E. H. The re la t io n s h ip o f b iased t e s t responses to psychopathology. J . abnorm. soc. P sy ch o l.. 1955. 51. 286-290.

B arnes, E. H. Response b ia s and th e MMPI. J . c o n su lt. P sycho l. . 1956, 20, 371-374.

Benda, C. E. Psychopathology o f childhood. In L. Carmichael (E d .) , Manual o f C h ild Psychology. New Yorks John Wiley and Sons, I n c . , 1^54, l ilS -1 1 5 9 .

Bender, L a u re tta , & Freedman, A. A study o f th e f i r s t th re e years in th e m atu ration sch izophren ic c h ild re n . Q uart. JL« o f c h ild Behv. . 1952, 4, 245-271.

Bender, L a u re tta . Schizophrenia in childhood: i t s recog­n i t io n , d e s c r ip tio n , and trea tm en t. Amer. J . o f O rth o ..1956, 26, 499-506. ““

Berg, I . A* Deviant responses and deviant people; th e formu­la t io n o f th e d ev ia tio n h y p o th esis . J . o f couns. P sychol. . 1957, 4, 154-160.

Berg, I . A. Response b ia s and p e rso n a lity : th e d ev ia tio nh y p o th es is . J . P sycho l. . 1955, 40, 61-72.

Berg, I . A. Research n o tes from here and th e re : dev ian tresponses and dev ian t people: the fo rm ula tion o f th e d e v ia tio n h y p o th es is . J . c o n su lt. P sy c h o l.. 1957. 4. 154-161. “

Berg, I . A ., & Hunt, W. A. The P ercep tua l R eaction T e s t . Evanston, 111 ., 1949.

21

2 2

E isenberg , L. & Kenner, L. E arly i n f a n t i l e au tism . In Reed, C ., A lexander, I . , Tomkins, S . (E d s .) , Psycho­pathology: A Source Book. Harvard P re ss , Cambridge,M ass., 1958, 3-24.

G reenberg, H. C hild P sy ch ia try in th e Community. G. P . Putm an's Sons, New York, I9'55f 63-116.

G rigg, A. E«, and Thorpe, J . S. Deviant responses inc o lle g e adjustm ent c l i e n t s : a t e s t o f B e rg 's d ev ia ­t io n h y p o th es is . J . c o n s u lt . P sy c h o l.. 1960. 24.92-94. '

H a r r is , J . L. Deviant response frequency in r e la t io n to s e v e r i ty o f sch izoph ren ic re a c t io n . Unpublished M.A. T h e s is , L ou isiana S ta te U n iv e rs ity , 1958.

H e s te r ly , S. 0 . , & D erg, I . A. Deviant responses as in d i ­c a to rs o f im m aturity and sch izo p h ren ia . J . c o n su lt . P sy ch o l. . 1958, 22, 389-393.

Kenner. L. C hild P sy c h ia try . C harles C; Thomas P u b lis h e r . 1957, 7 ^ 7 5 1 . ----------

*

K a tz e ll , R. A. C ro ss -v a lid a tio n o f item a n a ly s is . Educ. p sy ch o l. Measmt. . 1951, 11, 16-22.

<»Murray, I . M., & M ainland, D. T ables fo r use JLn fo u rfo ld

contingency t e s t s . S c ien ce . 1952, 116, 591-594.

R o itz sch , J . C. Im m aturity o f a d u lt p sychoneuro tics asmeasured by th e P e rc ep tu a l R eaction T e s t. Unpublished M.A. T h es is , L ou isiana S ta te U n iv e rs ity , 1958.

Schumacher, H. C. Mental and em otional d is tu rb an ce in ado­le sc e n c e . J . o f C h ild P s y c h ia t . . 1948, 1^ 113-120.

Voth, A. C. An experim ental study o f m ental p a t ie n ts through th e a u to k in e tic phenomenon. Am. J . P s y c h ia t . , 1947. 793-805.

APPENDIX

24

APPENDIX

Since i t s fo rm ula tion a t Wurzburg, the e in s te l lu n g e f ­

f e c t o r " s e t" has been dem onstrated in a v a r ie ty of re se a rc h .

For example, when a co in i s f l ip p e d , 80 per cent of th e sub­

je c t s w i l l c a l l heads on th e f i r s t to s s in s te a d of th e 50

p er cen t expected by chance (Goodfellow, 1940). Berg and

Rapaport (1954) have shown th a t "B" i s p re fe rre d in a choice

of A, B, C, D and "X" i s p re fe rre d in a choice between X and

Y. Robinson (1933) has observed th a t approxim ately 75% of

th e people w il l tu rn r ig h t in a th e a tr e o r museum to reach a

c e r ta in p o in t. Ross and Kohl (1948) found th a t the numbers

3, 7, and 9 were s e le c te d to a s ig n i f ic a n t ly g re a te r degree

in a "p ick a number” s i tu a t io n when the choice range was from

1 to 9 . Cronbach (1946, 1 950) has id e n t i f ie d a number of r e ­

sponse s e ts in p sycho log ica l t e s t s and suggests th a t they a re

a nu isance because o f the confounding e f fe c t on r e l i a b i l i t y

and v a l id i ty .

A number of in v e s t ig a to r s , however, have shown response

s e t s to be r e l ia b le and s ta b le r e f le c t io n s of p e rs o n a lity

(B ass, 1955; Berg and C o ll ie r , 1953; Berg and R apaport, 1954;

Voth, 1947; Wallen, 1945, 1948). Berg (1957) attem pted to

make use of response s e t or p a t te rn s o f b ias as measures of

p e rso n a lity but w ith on ly lim ite d su ccess . However, when em­

p h asis was focused on those responses which dev ia ted from an

e s ta b lish e d s e t , i t was found th a t those d ev ian t responses

2 5

cotild be used in th e assessm ent o f b eh av io r. Thus, i t

would seem th a t th e key to th e problem i s to u se responses

which d ev ia te from a s e t o r p a t te rn o f b ia s , and no t th e

b ia s i t s e l f .

B e rg 's D eviation H ypothesis, s ta te d in th e in tro d u c ­

t io n to th e p re se n t s tu d y , a ttem p ts to e s ta b l is h a con­

c e p tu a l framework from which any number o f a reas o f behavior

may be s tu d ie d . Deviant responses and p a t te rn s o f b ia s may

be defined o p e ra tio n a lly and in sim ple term s. I t em phasizes

responses which d ev ia te from a s e t o r a p a t te rn and appears

a p p lic a b le to any c la s s o f behavior which can be id e n t i f ie d

by e x te rn a l c r i t e r i a . The D eviation H ypothesis i s no t

l im ite d to "co in f l ip p in g " experim ents o r to psychopathology,

but a ttem p ts to o f f e r a common p r in c ip le fo r th e la rg e num­

bers o f d is p a ra te re se a rc h .

26

DISTURBANCE SCALESMALE AGE 7 y r . t o 8 y r . 11 mo.

1 . 16. 31. 43. 55.1 .— 1.44 3 .- 1.44 1.44,*+ 4 . - - 2 . - - 2 . - -

32. 3 .— 4.42 . 17. 2 . - - 4 .♦4*

3.4-4- 1.4-4- 4.4-4- 56.3 . - - 45. 2 .—

3. 33. 1.4-4-1.4-4- 18. 2 .— 2 .— 57.2 . - - 3 .“ 4 . - 1•

34. 3.445. 19. 2 .— 46. 4.4-4-

2 . - - 2 . - - 4.4-4- 2 . - -4.4-4- 58.

6 . 35. 47. 1.441.-44- 20. 1.4-4 1.44 2 .—4 .- - 1.44 2«— 2.*- 3 .—

2 .-•• 3 • ■-7. 3 .— 48. 59.

1 .- 36. 1.44 1.44.44 21. 1.44 2 .— 2 .—

1 . — 2 . - -8. 3.44 49. 60.

1.44 37. 2 .— 3 .-2 . - 22. 1.44 4.44 4.44

4.410. 38. 50.

2 .— 23. 1.44 1.44.44 3.4 2 .— 2 .—

-j a i11. 24. 39.

1.44 3 .- 2 .— 51.3 .— 4.44 3.44 2 .—

4,413. 27. 40.

1.44 2 .— 2 .- 52.2 .— 4.44 4.4

2814. *2.44 41. 53.

3 .- 2 . - - 1.4429. 3.44 2 .-»

15. 2 .— 4 .— 3 .—2 . - - 3.443.44 42. 54.

30. 1.4 1.43 . —•4.44

DISTURBANCE SCALE MALE AGE 9 y r , to 10 y r . I I mo.

DISTURBANCE SCALE MALE AGE 11 y r . to 12 y r . 11 mo.

2 9

DISTURBANCE SCALEMALE AGE 13 y r . t o 14 y r . 11 mo.

2 . 14. 28. 44. 55.I.*-*- 1 . - 1.44 3.++ 2.443 .- 2.++ 4 .— 4 . - - 4«»*

3. 15. 29. 45. 56.1 .— 2.44 1 .- 2.44 3.+4.4+ 3 .- 2.44 3.4

4 .— 57.4. 16* 30. 2.44

1.4 2 . - - 1 • —— 46.2.4 2.44 3.4 60.4 .— 17. 1 .4

1.44 31. 47. 2 .—6. 2 . - 2 . - 2.4+ 3 .—

1 .- 3.44 3.44 4.442.44 19. 4 .—4 . - - 2.44 32.

3 .— 1 . - 48.7. 3.44 2.4

4 .— 21. 3.4l.-«» 34. 4 . - -

8. 1.—1.44 22. 4.4 49.4 . - - 1.44 3.44

3 .— 35. 4 .-9. 2.4

1 .— 23. 50.3.44 1 .— 37. 1.44

2.44 1 .— 2 . - -10. 4.4 2 . — 3.44

1 .— 3k44 4 .-3.44 24.

1 .— 38. 51.11. 1 . - l . ~

2 . - 25. 2.44 2.444.4 l . ~

39. 52.12. 26. 1 . - 1.4

3.44 1 .- 2.44 3.444 .- 3.44 4 .—

40.13. 27. 3.44 53.

1*44 1 • 4 .-* 1.2.44 2.443 .— 3 .-4 .—

30

DISTURBANCE SCALEFEMALE AGE 7 y r . t o 8 y r . 11 mo.

1. 12. 30. 44. 59.1 .— 3.*+ 3.++ 2 .+ 1 .—4 ,* * 4 , — 4 .— 4 . — 2 .* *

2 . 13. 31. 45. 60.3 .♦ 3,**- 2 . - 2 . *

4 .— 3 4 . -3.

1 . - 15. 32. 47.3 .- 3 .* * 2 , * 2 . -4 .* * 3 ,* *

16. 33.4 . 2 .♦♦ 2.-M- 48.

1 3. ++ 3 . - 1 .—4 .— 4 . - - 2.++

34.5. 17. 1 .— 51.

1.** 4 .- 2 . * * 1 . —2 .— 2 ,*

18. 35.6 . 1 .— 1.** 52.

I .* ’* 3.+* 2 . — 2 .-4 .—

21. 36. 53.7. 1 .+ 1 . - - 4,+*

1,** 2 .—3 4 . + 37. 54.

2•♦* 4 . -8 . 23. 4 .—

2 .* * 1 .— 55,2 3 8 . X%**

9 . 3.<f+ 2 .+ 2.*+2.+ 4.++ 4.-* 3. - -

4 .—10. 24. 40.

In ** 3 .* * 3 ,* * 56.2 .“ 4.*"" 1 . «*

41. 3 .* *11. 29. 4 . - -

1.** 1.** 57.3 .- 2 . - 42. 3 ,* *4 . » 4 . — l . - » —

2 ,* * 58.1.+4*

43. 2 . -3 .* *4 . —

HO

J tO

Tf

31

DISTURBANCE SCALEFEMALE AGE 9 y r , to 10 y r , 11 mo.

1. 14. 28. 44. 57.2 .— 1 .— 4 , * 1 , * 4 .-4,+* 2 .— 3 .—

3 ,* * 30. 58.2 . 4.-M- 1.+ 45. 2,-f

2 .— 2 . - 1. ++ 3 •4,+ 15. 2 . - -

2 .— 32. 3 .- 59.3. 4.++ I .* * 4.+ l.-M-

l .* * 3 .— 2 .—3 .— 16. 46.

1.++ 34. 3 .- 60.5. 3 .— 3 .— 2.++

1 .* 4.++ 47. 3 .—2 . - - 17. 1.+4.4,4* l .+ t 35. 3 .-

2. — 2.—6. 3.-M- 48.

1.~~ 18, 1.++4.++ 3 .— 36. 2 . *

1 .- 4 .—7. 19.

2.+* 1.++ 37. 49.4 . - - 3 .— 1.++ 1.++

2 .— 4 .—8 . 2 0 .

1 .— 2 . - - 38. 50.2.-M- 3 .- 2 .*

21. 3 .-9 . 2 .— 39. 4 .—

1.<M- 4.++ 3.-M-2 . - - 4 .- 52.

22. 2 .-10. 1 . - 40.

1 .+* 2.+ 1.++ 53.3 .“" 2 . - - 2.++4.* 23. 3 .-

3 .— 41. 4 . -11. 2 .—

1 25. 4.-M- 54.l .+ t 1.++

12. 42. 3 . - -2 .— 26. 4.**3.-M- 2.++ 55.

43. 1.+-*13. 27. l .* + 3 .-*

1 .4 2 .* 3 .--.2 . - 3 .- 4.++ 56.3 . - 2,-M-4.+

32

DISTURBANCE SCALEFEMALE AGE 11 y r . t o 12 y r . 11 mo.

1. 13. 28. 39. 49.1.4- 1.4-4- 4.4- 2 .+ 1.4-2 . - - 4 . - - 3 . - - 3 . <•«

29 4 •“ ■2. 14. *1.4-4- 40. 50.

1.4-4- 4.4-4- 2 .— 1.4- 1.4-3 .— 4 .— 4 .—

16. 30.3. 2.4-4- 1.4- 41. 51.

1.** 3,«» 3 . - - 1 .* 1.4*4 .+ t 4.+ 3«»» 4 . -

31.4. 17. 1 . - 42. 52.

3 . — 1.4-4- 2.4-4- 2 .4- 1.4-4-3 .— 4 . - 2 . -

5 32*4 .- 18. *1.4-4- 43. 53.

2 . - 2.+ 1.4-4- 1.4-4-6. A,** 3 .— 2 .— 3 . -

2 . “— 4 .— 3 .- 4 . - -4.4-+ 19. 4.4-

2 .— 33. 54.7. 3.4-4- 1 .— 44. 1.4-4

4 .— 4.4-+ 2 . - 3 .—20 .

8. 1 .— 34. 45. 55.4.44 2.+4- 2.4- 1.4- 1 .44

3 .— 3■•- 4 .——9 • 23.

1.4* 3.4* 35. 46. 56.2 . - 4 . - - 1 .4 1.4- 1.4*

2 . — 3 . - - 2 .410. 24. 4.+4- 3 .—

3 .— 1.+ 47.4.4-4- 36. 1.4-4- 57.

25. 3 . - - 2 . - I.-**11. 3 .— 3 . - - 2.4-4-

3 . - 4.4-4- 37. 4 .42.4- 58.

12. 26. 3 . - 48. 1 .42.44 2 . - 1 .4 .— 4.4- 38. 2.4- 59.

1.44 3 . - -3 . - 4.4-4-

6 0 .1.4-2 . -

DISTURBANCE SCALE FEMALE AGE 13 y r . to 14 .y r . 11 mo.

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VITA

CHARLES WESLEY HOUSE

BORN: Ju ly 15, 1930, Texarkana, Texas

EDUCATION: Highland Park High School. D a lla s . Texas.1948North Texas S ta te C ollege, B .S ., 1955 North Texas S ta te C ollege, M .S., 1955 L ouisiana S ta te U n iv e rsity , P h .D ., 1960

EXPERIENCE: Teaching fe llo w sh ip , North Texas S ta teC ollege, 1954Psychology ex te rn , W ichita P a lls S ta te H o sp ita l, W ichita F a l l s , Texas, 1955 Graduate a s s is ta n ts h ip , L ouisiana S ta te U n iv e rs ity , 1955P sy ch o lo g is t, Guidance C lin ic , L a fa y e tte , L a ., 1956-1957 (p a r t- tim e )

. Fellow in Psychology, Southwestern Medical School, D a lla s , Texas, 1957-1958 P sy ch o lo g is t, Guidance C lin ic , L a fa y e tte , L a ., 1958 (p a rt- tim e )D ire c to r , D onaldsonville Guidance C lin ic , D onaldsonv ille , L a ., 1959 (p a r t- t im e ) C h ief, Department of Psychology, E ast L ouisiana S ta te H o sp ita l, Jackson, L o u is i­ana, 1960

38

EXAMINATION AND THESIS REPORT

Candidate:

Major Field:

Title of Thesis:

C harles Wesley House

Psychology

Response Bias as a Measure o f Emotional D isturbance in C hildren

Approved:

Majo^ Professor and Chairman /

t£g>6iDeaov6f tbe/Graduate School

EXAMINING COMMITTEE:

/ ■ h /. CTt

Date of Examination:

28 June 1960