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HSEHealth & Safety
Executive
Occupation and mental health: Secondary analyses of the ONS Psychiatric Morbidity Survey of Great Britain
Prepared by theQueen Mary School of Medicine & Dentistry and the Office of National Statistics for the
Health and Safety Executive 2003
RESEARCH REPORT 168
HSEHealth & Safety
Executive
Occupation and mental health: Secondary analyses ofthe ONS Psychiatric Morbidity Survey of Great Britain
Stephen. A. Stansfeld MBBS PhD, Jenny Head BSc MSc, Farhat Rasul BSc MSc,
Department of Psychiatry Queen Mary, University of London
Mile End Road London E1 4NS
Nicola Singleton MSc, Alison Lee BA MSc Office of National Statistics
Drummond Gate London
SW1 2QQ
There is increasing concern about the effects of the psychosocial work environment on mental health. One approach to examining work and mental health is to compare rates of common mental disorder between occupations. This report describes a secondary analysis of the Second Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity among adults living in private households in Britain linking occupation to psychological morbidity. Occupation measured by Standard Occupational Classification, as major, sub major, minor and constituent unit groups was linked to common mental disorder measured by the revised version of the Clinical Interview Schedule, to self reported sickness absence data, illicit drug use, psychotropic drug use and use of health services.
This report and the work it describes were funded by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). Its contents, including any opinions and/or conclusions expressed, are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect HSE policy.
HSE BOOKS
© Crown copyright 2003
First published 2003
ISBN 0 7176 2777 2
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may bereproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted inany form or by any means (electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the priorwritten permission of the copyright owner.
Applications for reproduction should be made in writing to: Licensing Division, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, St Clements House, 2-16 Colegate, Norwich NR3 1BQ or by e-mail to [email protected]
ii
ABSTRACT
There is increasing concern about the effects of the psychosocial work environment on
mental health. One approach to examining work and mental health is to compare rates of
common mental disorder between occupations. This report describes a secondary analysis of
the Second Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity among adults living in private households in
Britain linking occupation to psychological morbidity. Occupation measured by Standard
Occupational Classification, as major, sub major, minor and constituent unit groups was
linked to common mental disorder measured by the revised version of the Clinical Interview
Schedule, to self reported sickness absence data, illicit drug use, psychotropic drug use and
use of health services.
Prevalence of common mental disorder was raised compared to the overall prevalence
among clerical/secretarial and sales in major SOC groups, among teaching professionals,
clerical, personal service, other sales and other associate professionals in sub-major SOC
groups and general managers in government and large organisations, managers in transport
and storing, welfare associate professionals, professional technical occupations, catering,
sales NES and clerks in minor SOC groups. In logistic regression analysis there was an
increased risk of common mental disorder, in minor SOC groups relative to specialist
managers, in general managers in government and large organisations, managers in
transport and storing, clerks NES, buyers and mobile salespersons, sales occupations NES
adjusting for age, sex, age by sex interaction, marital status, family type, housing tenure,
financial difficulties and long-standing physical health problems.
There was a decreased risk of common mental disorder in plant and machine operatives,
‘other’ occupations in major SOC groups, health associate professionals, industrial plant
machine operators and assemblers, drivers and mobile machine operators and other
elementary occupations relative to managers and administrators adjusting for age, sex, age
sex interaction, marital status, family type, housing tenure, financial difficulties and long
standing physical health problems. Common mental disorder was associated with sickness
absence rates but occupational differences in common mental disorder did not explain the
variation in sickness absence rates by occupation. Numbers reporting illicit drug use and
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psychotropic drug use were low. High rates of common mental disorder in some
occupations may be due to high levels of job demands and expectations and the high
emotional demands of working with people.
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CONTENTSABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... IV
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... IX
CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1
OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................................... 3
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES COMPARING RATES OF MENTALILL HEALTH BETWEEN OCCUPATIONS .......................................................................... 5
Studies using Self-report questionnaires ..................................................................................... 7 Recent United Kingdom Studies ..................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 3 BACKGROUND AIMS AND METHODS OF THE SURVEY ........................ 13 Sampling and interviewing procedures ..................................................................................... 13 Results of the sampling procedures ........................................................................................... 15Assessment of neurotic disorders .............................................................................................. 16 Coverage of mood and neurotic disorders ................................................................................ 17 Other topics covered by the survey............................................................................................19 Occupation and industry coding ............................................................................................... 20Standard occupational classification ........................................................................................ 20 Specific occupation groups........................................................................................................ 21
OCCUPATIONAL GROUPING USED IN 1995 SELF-REPORTED WORK-RELATED ILLNESS SURVEY ............................................................................................................. 23
ANALYSIS STRATEGY ..................................................................................................... 24
CHAPTER 4 DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS........................ 27 Reason for economic activity..................................................................................................... 27 Numbers in major SOC groups ................................................................................................. 28 Sub-major SOC groups ............................................................................................................. 28
CHAPTER 5 MENTAL ILLNESS BY OCCUPATION ........................................................ 32 Prevalence of psychological disorder by major SOC group ..................................................... 32 Risk of psychological disorder by major SOC group ................................................................ 33 Prevalence of psychological disorder by sub-major SOC group .............................................. 34 Risk of psychological disorder by sub-major SOC group ......................................................... 35 Prevalence of psychological disorder by minor SOC group ..................................................... 36 Risk of psychological disorder by minor SOC group ................................................................ 38 Prevalence of psychological disorder by specific additional SOC unit groups ........................ 38 Risk of psychological disorder by specific additional SOC unit groupings .............................. 39 Prevalence of psychological disorder by 29-category grouping used in SWI 95 ...................... 39 SOC by SIC cross classifications .............................................................................................. 41 Prevalence of neurotic disorders...............................................................................................41
................................................................................................................................................... 42 Prevalence of Psychological disorder by minor SOC groups in the 1993-2000 combined dataset.
Risk of psychological disorder by minor SOC groups in the 1993-2000 combined dataset...... 44 Prevalence of neurotic disorder by minor SOC groups in the 1993-2000 combined dataset. .. 45
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Risk of neurotic disorder by minor SOC groups in the 1993-2000 combined dataset. ............. 47
DISCUSSION...................................................................................................................... 48 OCCUPATIONS WITH LOW RISK OF COMMON MENTAL DISORDER............................ 49 OCCUPATIONS WITH HIGH RISK OF COMMON MENTAL DISORDER ........................... 49
Specific additional SOC unit groups ......................................................................................... 50 Comparison with SWI95............................................................................................................ 50 Analysis of 1993-2000 combined data....................................................................................... 51 Comparison between the ONS psychiatric morbidity study and the North American and European studies .......................................................................................................................51
CHAPTER 6 PSYCHIATRIC MORBIDITY AND SICKNESS ABSENCE.......................... 54 Introduction............................................................................................................................... 54 Overall sickness absence........................................................................................................... 55 Sickness absence by occupation ................................................................................................ 55 Major SOC groups .................................................................................................................... 56 Sub-major SOC groups ............................................................................................................. 57 Minor SOC groups .................................................................................................................... 58 Specific additional groupings.................................................................................................... 60 Mental illness and sickness absence.......................................................................................... 62The contribution of minor mental illness to occupational differences in sickness absence....... 63 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 68
CHAPTER 7 TRENDS IN PREVALENCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER............... 74 Overall trends............................................................................................................................74 Trends by occupational groups ................................................................................................. 74 Trends in psychological disorder by major SOC groups .......................................................... 77 Trends in psychological disorder by sub-major SOC groups.................................................... 77 Trends in psychological disorder Minor SOC groups............................................................... 77 Specific additional SOC units.................................................................................................... 78 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 78
CHAPTER 8 DRUG USE.................................................................................................... 80 Use of illicit drugs in last year by major SOC group ................................................................ 80 Risk of reported illicit drug use in last year by major SOC group ............................................ 80 Use of illicit drugs in last year by sub-major SOC group .........................................................81 Risk of reported illicit drug use in last year by sub-major SOC group ..................................... 81 Use of Psychotropic drugs by major SOC group ...................................................................... 82 Risk of psychotropic drug use by major SOC group ................................................................. 82 Reported effect of psychotropic medication upon ability to do job by Major SOC group.........83 Use of Psychotropic drugs by sub-major SOC group ............................................................... 83 Risk of psychotropic drug use by sub-major SOC group........................................................... 83 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 84
CHAPTER 9 MEDICAL AND RELATED SERVICES USED BY TIME TAKEN OFF WORK………………………………………………………………………………………………85
CHAPTER 10 PSYCHIATRIC MORBIDITY AMONG THE LONG TERM SICK ............... 87 Long term sick by occupation.................................................................................................... 87 Reason for being long term sick and disabled........................................................................... 87 CIS-R score for long term sick and disabled ............................................................................. 88
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................................................................................................................................................... 89 Prevalence of neurotic disorders among long term sick and disabled ...................................... 89 Table 45 Prevalence of neurotic disorders among the long term sick and disabled in comparison with those in work in the last year............................................................................................. 90
CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................. 91
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ...................................................... 93
APPENDIX A: DETAILS OF THE ASSESSMENTS AND CLASSIFICATIONS USED IN THE REPORT ..................................................................................................................... 94
A1: CALCULATION OF CIS-R SYMPTOM SCORES, NEUROTIC DISORDERS AND TOTAL CIS-R SCORES. 94
A2: STANDARD OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION ................................................. 106
APPENDIX B: FULL TABLES OF RESULTS BY OCCUPATIONAL GROUP............... 123
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report describes a secondary analysis of the Second Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity
among adults living in private households in Britain carried out on behalf of the Health and
Safety Executive linking occupation to psychiatric morbidity measured by the revised
version of the Clinical Interview Schedule. The Report also included data from the previous,
First Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity among adults living in private households in Britain
carried out in 1993.
There has been a recent shift in occupational health from physical hazards in the workplace
to the impact of the psychosocial work environment on health. Worldwide there has been
increased interest in stress at work and its effects on health. There have been two approaches
to stress at work. First, examining psychosocial characteristics of work and relating that to
health. Secondly, examining specific occupations to determine whether some occupations
are particularly at risk for mental ill health.
The aims of the study were to determine the current prevalence of common mental disorder
by occupation among current workers, assess trends in common mental disorder between
1993 and 2000 and to adjust these results by non-work factors that might relate to
occupation and mental health. Additional aims were to assess the associations between
occupation, common mental disorder and sickness absence, the prevalence of illegal drug
usage by occupation, the prevalence of psychotropic medication used by occupation and the
use of different medical and related services by occupation.
International studies of occupation and mental health suggests that certain occupations are at
greater risk. These occupations include clerical, secretarial, administrative support
workers, machine operators, social workers, industrial workers, salespeople and certain
professional groups. British national surveys have indicated that teachers, nurses, social
workers, probation officers, police officers, UK armed forces personnel and medical
practitioners have a high incidence of work related mental illness.
The main aim of this survey was to collect data on the prevalence of mental health problems
among adults aged 16-74 living in private households in Great Britain. A sample was drawn
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from the small users postcode address file. Interviewers visited 15,804 addresses to identify
private households with at least one person aged 16-74. An eligible sample of 12,792 was
established; 69.5% of those approached agreed to take part in an interview.
Neurotic disorders were assessed using the Clinical Interview Schedule revised (CIS-R).
The main outcome from this survey was ‘psychological disorder’ measured as a CIS-R score
of 12 or greater. In addition the CIS-R was scored for ICD-10 psychiatric diagnoses.
Other topics covered by the survey included general health and service use, SF-12 and long
standing illness, sociodemographic data (age, marital status, ethnicity), education and
employment, finances, accommodation, stressful life events, social networks and support.
Occupation was classified by the Standard Occupational Classification consisting of four
levels, major groups, sub-major groups, minor groups and constituent unit groups. At the
most detailed level there were 374 unit groups, each with a three digit classification.
Analyses were presented for major and sub-major occupational groups. In addition, results
were reported for some specific occupational unit groups chosen because they were thought
to have a higher risk of work related psychiatric morbidity or because there were sufficiently
large numbers within a specific unit group. Only those specific occupation groups with a
sample of 30 or more were selected for analysis.
Analyses were performed on a sample including people aged 16-64 who were either
currently working or had been working in the last year excluding those with a diagnosis of
psychosis. In the occupational analysis sample 94% were working, 2% were unemployed
and 4% were economically inactive; 96% of men and 93% of women were working and of
these 85% of men compared to 52% of women were in full time work.
The prevalence of psychological disorder was compared by SOC groups. High and low
prevalence were defined as 2% greater or less than the overall prevalence. This equated to
approximately twice the standard error (1%) around the overall prevalence of psychological
disorder for major SOC groups.
Adults in major SOC groups with a higher prevalence of psychological disorder included
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clerical and secretarial, sales and personal and protective service occupations. Occupations
with a lower prevalence of psychological disorder compared to the overall prevalence
included craft and related professional occupations, plant and machine operatives and other
occupations.
Logistic regression analyses were carried out using managers and administrators as the
reference group and adjusting for social and financial factors and physical ill health. In
major SOC groups there was a significantly reduced risk of psychological disorder in plant
and machine operatives, professional occupations and other occupations.
In Sub-major SOC groups, occupations with a higher prevalence of psychological disorder
included managers and administrators, teaching professionals, other associate
professionals, clerical and secretarial, other sales and personal services occupations. In
sub-major SOC groups, occupations with a lower prevalence of psychological disorder,
included science and engineering professionals, personal service associate professionals,
other professional occupations, health associate professionals, skilled engineering and other
skilled trades, protective service occupations, industrial plant and machine operators,
assemblers and drivers and mobile machine operators.
In logistic regression analyses, science and engineering professionals, health associate
professionals, industrial plant and machine operators, assemblers, drivers and mobile
machine operator and, other elementary occupations had a lower risk of psychological
disorder than managers and administrators. Among men other professional occupations,
industrial plant and machine operators and assemblers, drivers and mobile machine
operators, and clerical occupations had a lower risk of psychological disorder than
managers and administrators.
Occupations with a higher risk of psychological disorder in minor SOC groups included
general managers in government and large organisations, managers in transport and
storing, welfare associate professionals, professional technical occupations (NES), catering,
sales occupations, (NES), filing record clerks and clerks (NES).
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In minor SOC groups the prevalence of psychological disorder was lower in natural
scientists, engineers and technologists, business and financial professionals, business and
finance associate professionals, professional occupations (NES), stores, despatch clerks and
keepers, electrical and electronic trades, metal forming, welding etc, trades, woodworking
trades, computer analysts, programmers, stores despatch clerks and keepers and textile
garment trades.
In logistic regression analyses minor SOC groups with increased risk of psychological
disorder included general managers in government and large organisations, managers in
transport and storing, clerks (NES), and buyers and mobile sales persons.
Amongst specific additional SOC groups there was a higher prevalence of psychological
disorders in teachers in primary education, secondary teachers, welfare community youth
workers, security staff, waiters, bar staff, nursing auxiliaries, care assistants, chefs, cleaners
and domestics. There was lower prevalence of psychological disorders among police
officers and drivers of roads goods vehicles.
Among the 29 occupational categories used in the SW195 survey, groups with a higher
prevalence of psychological disorder included caterers, teachers, literary artistic and sports,
clerical, hair and beauty and careworkers. Groups with a lower prevalence of
psychological disorder included personal service, security and protective services, metal,
electrical, textile and other processing, repetitive assembly inspection, road transport
operatives and moving and storing materials occupations.
Cross classification of Standard Industrial Classification categories with SOC groups
revealed that clerical and secretarial occupations in construction and personal and
protective service occupations in human health activities had a higher prevalence of
psychological disorder. In contrast, managers and administrators, craft related occupations
in construction and clerical and secretarial occupations in human health activities had a
lower prevalence of psychological disorder compared to the overall prevalence.
Mixed Anxiety and Depressive disorder using the classification of the CIS-R in terms of
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neurotic diagnoses was the most frequent disorder in men and women and was more
prevalent in women than men across all major and sub-major SOC groups. Mixed Anxiety
and Depressive Disorder was also the most frequent neurotic disorder across minor SOC
groups except in textile garment trades, security service occupations, other transport
machine operatives and plant and machine operatives in whom Generalised Anxiety
Disorder was more frequent.
In the 1993 and 2000 combined data there was a higher prevalence of psychological disorder
compared to managers and administrators in general managers in government and large
organisations, managers in transport and storing, welfare associate and artistic sports etc
professionals, clerks nes, professional technical nes, catering, and sales and mobile
salespersons and agents. Prevalence was also higher in teaching professionals, filing record
clerks, receptionists, telephonists, etc and other sales service occupations, sales
representatives, administrators nes, administration staff in government and sales and
checkout assistants.
The prevalence of psychological disorder in the 1993-2000 combined data compared to
managers and administrators was lower in health professionals, business and financial
professionals, printing and related trades, buyers, brokers agents etc, metal working
operatives, assemblers, lineworkers, farming related occupations, other community
occupations, other occupations nes, natural scientists, draftpersons, surveyors, metal
machining and fitting etc and electrical and electronic trades.
Prevalence was also lower in the 1993-2000 combined data amongst computer analyst
programmers, health or associate professionals, storage despatch clerks and keepers,
construction, textile, garment, woodworking and other craft related trades, ncos armed
forces, hairdressers, beauticians, domestic staff, food, drink, tobacco, chemical, paper etc
and metal working operatives, transport professional, security etc, service occupations nes,
metal forming welding trades and road transport and other transport machine operatives.
In logistic regression analyses odds of psychological disorder by minor SOC group from the
1993-2000 combined dataset showed increased risk in general managers in government and
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large organisations, managers in transport and storing, artistic sports etc, professionals,
clerks (NES), catering occupations, sales occupations nes, relative to specialist managers.
Lower rates were found in health professionals, business and financial professionals and
other farming related occupations.
The conclusions that can be drawn from rates in major SOC groups may be limited because
these groups contain too varied occupations. Results from minor SOC groups need to be
treated with caution because of smaller numbers in these groups. Full adjustment in logistic
regression analysis could be seen as over adjustment: first in terms of adjustment for
financial difficulties as these are integral to the occupation and secondly, in terms of
physical illness that may be on the pathway to psychological disorder.
Reasons for why occupations may have low rates of disorder include high levels of skill
discretion, general good working conditions and the social desirability of not reporting
psychological symptoms. Reasons for high rates of disorder may be because people in those
occupations have high levels of job demands and have a lack of long term job security with
high demands particularly in terms of the emotional demands of working with people. Low
financial rewards may be an additional stressor.
Three summary measures of sickness absence were used:
Percentage taking any time off in the past year; percentage taking six or more days off in the
past year; mean number of days taken in the past year. In 2000, 30% of adults in the
occupational analysis sample reported they had taken some time off work because of their
health or feelings. The mean number of days taken off work was seven days and 17% of
participants reported taking six or more days in the past year.
Managers and administrators were less likely to report taking any time off as were those in
craft and related occupations, whereas those in clerical and secretarial, personal and
protective and plant and machine operatives took more time off.
Psychological disorder was strongly associated with sickness absence within the preceding
year and this association remained after adjustment for long standing illness. Half of those
with psychological disorder had taken sickness absence in the last year compared with a
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quarter of the rest. The proportion taking 6 or more days off work was also much higher
among those with psychological disorder. Those with psychological disorder took an
average 19 days off work in the preceding year compared with an average of 5 days in those
without psychological disorder. The percentage of reported total days off sick ‘attributable’
to psychological disorder was 29%.
Despite the strong association between mental health and sickness absence, occupational
differences in the prevalence of psychological morbidity did not appear to explain
occupational differences in sickness absence.
There was a significant increase in the prevalence of psychological disorder between 1993
and 2000 in craft and related occupations, male managers and administrators, female
clerical and secretarial occupations. In sub-major SOC groups the prevalence increased in
skilled construction trades and skilled engineering trades. In minor SOC groups the
prevalence increased in clerks, construction trades and metal machining fitting etc trades.
Major SOC groups with a higher reported use of illicit drugs included associate professional
and technical, craft and related and sales occupations. Illicit drug use was higher in men
than women across all major SOC groups. In logistic regression analysis there was a
significantly reduced risk of reported illicit drug use associated with professional, clerical
and secretarial, personal and protective service, sales and other occupations. Among sub
major SOC groups clerical occupations and other professional occupations had a reduced
risk of using illicit drugs. Personal and protective service occupations and other
occupations had a greater prevalence of psychotropic drug use than the overall prevalence of
7%. In sub-major SOC groups a higher reported prevalence of psychotropic drug use was
found among health professionals and buyers, brokers and sales representatives compared
to the overall prevalence of 3%.
There was a higher proportion of GP consultations for physical and mental health problems
among respondents who had taken time off work. Similarly inpatient and outpatient
consultations in the last quarter for physical health problems were higher amongst those who
had taken time off work.
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501 adults under 65 in the survey were not working in the past year and were classified as
long term sick and disabled. The previous occupation of the long term sick group was more
likely to be among craft and related occupations, personal and protective service
occupations, plant and machine operatives and other occupations. The prevalence of
psychological disorder was much higher among the long term sick with 55% of men and
51% of women having a high CIS-R score.
Future surveys would be improved by the inclusion of brief questionnaire measures of
support, demands and control as well as job insecurity. Expansion of the questions on
sickness absence to cover information on prevalence of long absences would yield
interesting additional information.
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
This report concerns the secondary analysis of the Second Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity
among adults living in private households in Britain carried out on behalf of the Health and
Safety Executive with the aim of linking occupation to psychiatric morbidity measured by
the revised version of the Clinical Interview Schedule. The report also includes data from
the First Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity among Adults living in Private Households in
Britain carried out in 1993 (Meltzer et al 1995).
Over recent decades there has been a shift in the focus of occupational health from
physical hazards in the workplace to the impact of the psychosocial work environment on
health (McCaig 1998). Worldwide, there has been an increasing interest in stress at work
and its effect on health (Kawakami & Haratani 1999; Tennant 2001). Employees spend a
great deal of time in the occupational setting. Given the changing nature of work it is
important to understand how the psychosocial work environment and occupation itself may
contribute to psychological distress and mental ill health as well as to health and well
being.
‘Stress at Work’ is an ambiguous concept. It implies both work stressors and stress
responses. The work stressors are those features of the psychosocial or physical work
environment that may impact either positively or negatively on the person. In terms of a
negative effect these stressors may lead to stress responses, commonly known as stress.
Stress responses may include a variety of both physiological and physical health outcomes
as well as what may be broadly categorised as mental health outcomes.
Mental health outcomes include depression, anxiety and burnout. How mental health
outcomes are conceptualised depends partly on the discipline of the investigator.
Psychiatrists and psychologists are likely to consider outcomes in terms of depression,
anxiety or common mental disorder. However, some psychologists and social scientists
have tended to use ‘burnout’ as a more general stress response. This outcome is fairly
specific to work and encompasses elements of depression and anxiety and is, more or less,
defined by responses to Maslachs’ Burnout Inventory (Maslach & Jackson 1986). It is
probably little different to the mental health outcomes but also focuses on aspects more
specific to work such as depersonalisation, emotional exhaustion and reduced personal
accomplishment that may not be covered by measures of depression. It is probably more
1
advantageous because of issues of reliability, standardisation and comparison with other
British surveys to use a general interview measure of common mental disorder that has
been developed for use in this country and has extensive national usage, such as the
Clinical Interview Schedule.
Approaches to stress at work
One stream of research has focussed on examining different aspects of work and then
related them to mental ill health. Another approach to this issue has been to try and identify
particular occupations that may be more stressful and study these in more detail. Many
studies have documented the association between psychosocial work characteristics and
adverse psychological outcomes (Estryn-Behar et al 1990; Kawakami, Haratani, Araki
1992; Stansfeld et al 1995; Bourbonnais et al 1996). Such studies have examined
associations between psychosocial work characteristics and psychological disorder across
all occupations. However, it is not clear from these studies whether some occupations are
consistently associated with a higher or lower prevalence of psychological disorder. This
gap in the knowledge about the variability of psychological disorder across occupations
arises partly because of the difficulties in studying large samples of workers across a range
of occupations with a common measure of psychological disorder.
The purpose of comparing rates of psychological disorder across different occupations is to
identify occupations with especially high rates or especially low rates of disorder. Such
occupations might be respectively either hazardous or protective of mental health and may
provide clues to aetiological factors for common mental disorder that relate to work.
One problem with this approach has been that the results tend to be anecdotal with
relatively few studies comparing the rates of mental ill health between occupations.
However, this national study has been able to take a representative sample of adults in
England, Wales and Scotland and has used a standardised psychiatric interview, the
Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R) to assess psychiatric morbidity in the same manner
across all occupations. This provides a method for assessing rates of psychiatric
morbidity, common mental disorder, across different occupational groups using the same
methods.
2
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the proposed research were:
1. To determine the prevalence of common mental disorder by occupation among current
workers.
2. To assess the trend in common mental disorder for those in employment by occupation
between 1993 and 2000.
3. To assess the relative distribution of the prevalence of common mental disorder by
occupation adjusting for factors unrelated to the occupation itself that may influence
such findings.
4. To assess the association between common mental disorder, sickness absence and
occupation.
5. To determine the prevalence of illegal drug usage for those in employment and by
occupation.
6. To determine the prevalence of usage and perceived effects on work performance of
psychotropic medication for those in employment and by occupation.
7. For those taking time off work or who have left work for mental or emotional
problems to determine the proportion who have used different medical and related
services and the proportion who report being offered access to help from such services.
3
REFERENCES
Bourbonnais R, Brisson C, Moisan J, Vezina M. (1996) Job strain and psychological
distress in white-collar workers. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health.
22, 139-45.
Estryn-Behar M, Kaminski M, Peigne E, Bonnet N. Vaichere E. Gozlan C. (1990) Stress at
work and mental health status among female hospital workers. British Journal of Industrial
Medicine 47, 20-8.
Kawakami N, Haratani T. (1999) Epidemiology of job stress and health in Japan: Review
of current evidence and future directions. Industrial Health 37, 174-186
Kawakami N, Haratani T, Araki S. (1992) Effects of perceived job stress on depressive
symptoms in blue collar workers of an electrical factory in Japan. Scandinavian Journal of
Work Environment and Health. 18, 195-200.
Maslach C., Jackson S.E (1981) The measurement of experimental burnout. Journal of
occupational Behaviour 2, 99-113.
McCaig R. Occupational health approaching the millenium: applying Legge’s experience.
In The Changing Nature of Occupational Health (Eds R.McCaig, M. Harrington). HSE
Books, 1998, pp7-24.
Meltzer H, Gill B, Petticrew M, Hinds K. (1995) The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity
among adults living in private households. OPCS Surveys of Psychiatric Morbidity in
Great Britain, Report 1. HMSO
Results from a EUROSTAT ill health module in the 1999 Labour Force Survey summer
quarter, 2001. Published on the internet at www.hse.gov.uk/hthdir/noframes/euro9898.htm.
Stansfeld SA, North FM, White I, Marmot MG. (1995) Work characteristics and
psychiatric disorder in civil servants in London. Journal of Epidemiology and Community
Health. 49, 48-53.
Tennant C. Work related stress and depressive disorders (2001) Journal of Psychosomatic
Research 51, 697-704
4
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES COMPARING RATES OF MENTAL ILL HEALTH BETWEEN OCCUPATIONS This chapter reviews the existing evidence on occupation and mental ill health.
Studies using structured psychiatric interviews
There have been relatively few studies that have compared the prevalence of psychological
disorder across a range of occupations using clinically validated measures of psychological
disorder. However, there have been some studies that compare psychological disorder
across different occupations: Eaton et al (1990) compared the prevalence of major
depression using clinically validated measures across a hundred occupations in a sample of
11,789 persons. Major depressive disorder was ascertained using the Diagnostic Interview
Schedule (DIS), a highly structured lay interview schedule designed to resemble a typical
clinical psychiatric interview yielding diagnoses of major depression according to the third
edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
(DSM-III). Occupation was measured using four standard open-ended questions
concerning current full time job. These verbatim reports were subsequently categorised
into one of the detailed occupation categories of the 1980 USA census. A total of 104
occupations or occupational group variables analysed estimating the overall prevalence
and adjusted odds ratios of DIS/DSM-III major depressive disorder for each occupation.
The two occupations with the highest prevalence of DIS/DSM-III major depressive
disorder were data entry keyers and computer equipment operators, both with an estimated
prevalence of 13%. Typists, lawyers, teachers and counsellors had an estimated prevalence
of 10%. The prevalence rate in elementary, secondary school and teachers not elsewhere
classified was 5%, 1% and 3% respectively. Amongst registered nurses it was 4%. In
analyses adjusted for age, sex, race, education, and current employment, an increased risk
of DIS/DSM major depressive disorder was only significantly associated with the
following occupations: lawyers (OR 3.6), secretaries (OR 1.9), and teachers and
counsellors (OR 2.8).
In another study, Roberts & Lee (1993) examined the association between occupation and
1, 6, 12 month and lifetime DIS/DSM-III diagnosed alcohol, drug abuse and major
depression (ADM) disorders in data from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA)
program (Eaton et al 1981). Occupation was ascertained as in the Eaton et al (1990) study
except that the 502 detailed occupations were grouped into 13 broad occupational
5
categories for analytical purposes. Prevalence rates (per 100) and adjusted odds ratios were
estimated by occupational category separately for each of the three ADM categories.
Occupational groups with a consistently high prevalence of major depression across all
measures included professional specialities, sales, administrative & clerical support,
machine operators /assemblers/inspectors, and other service workers. In age, gender, and
level of education adjusted analyses, compared to executives, respondents in professional
(OR1.09), sales (OR 1.38), household services (OR 2.40), administration support (OR
1.08), other services (OR 1.28), farming (OR 1.21), operators (OR 1.41), transportation
(OR 1.20) and labourers (OR 1.11), were all at a significantly increased risk of 6 month
prevalence of major depression. Similarly, an increased risk of lifetime prevalence of
major depression was significantly associated with professionals (OR 1.40), and
respondents in sales (OR 1.14), administrative support (1.35), household services (1.50),
other services (OR 1.17), farming (OR 1.67), and operators (OR 1.26). Both of these
studies using data from the ECA research program clearly indicate considerable variation
in prevalence of major depressive disorder among different occupational groups.
In another study using data from the American national medical expenditure survey
(NMES), in a sample of 8,486 employed workers, Grosch et al (1998) examined
occupational differences in depression and global health. Depression was screened for
using the five-item general mental health subscale of the short form general health survey
(SF-36) (Ware & Sherbourne 1992). Occupation was assessed by asking the respondents to
describe their job titles, type of business, and important job related activities. This
information was used to categorise respondents into one of the 502 occupational categories
used in the 1980 USA census and from this into 11 broad occupational categories. These
11 categories were managerial, professional, technical/administrative support, sales,
clerical, service, farming and forestry, craftsmen and precision workers, machine
operators, transportation and labourers. The data was analysed using analysis of variance
adjusted for age, sex, race, tenure, and hours worked per week, standardised and then rank
ordered to facilitate comparisons between occupations on depression and global health
scores. Overall there was a significant difference between occupational categories on the
depression screening measure. Generally, managerial, technical, and professional
occupations had very low ranks in terms in terms of depression, whereas machine
operators, farming/forestry, and transportation occupations had very high ranks.
Specifically the top ten ranked occupations for depression were, sawing machine
operators, buyers wholesale and retail trade except farm products, painting and paint
spraying machine operators, kitchen workers food preparation, miscellaneous electrical
6
and electronic equipment repairers, upholsterers, lathe and turning machine operators,
supervisors, financial records processors, mixing and blending machine operators and
miscellaneous precision workers not elsewhere classified (NEC). The results of this study
provide further evidence that workers in different occupations differ significantly in terms
of depression. However, it is important to recognise that variation exists within each
category. For example, in this study although workers in the machine operators category
were ranked highly on depression, pressing machine operators were ranked quite low.
Overall, workers in professional and managerial occupations tended to have less
depression and workers in machine operation and transportation more depression.
Studies using Self-report questionnaires
Another approach to ascertaining differences in the prevalence of psychological disorder
across occupations has been to use clinically validated self-report scales, such as the
General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) (Goldberg 1972), and Center for Epidemiologic
Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) (Radloff 1977) that identify symptoms and behaviour in
individuals who would be classified as probable cases of common mental disorder.
A recent study (Bultmann et al 2001) used the 12-item GHQ to examine differences in
prevalence of psychological distress and fatigue across 131 occupations in a sample of
8521 employees. Occupations were classified according to the Netherlands Standard
Classification of occupations 1992 and psychological distress was defined as a score of 4
or more on the GHQ 12. This threshold was designed to identify individuals reporting
psychological distress that would be classified as probable cases of minor psychiatric
disorder. The crude prevalence rate of psychological distress was estimated using
descriptive analysis of cases in each occupational group. Controllers, testers of electro
technical machinery had the highest prevalence rate of psychological distress with 45%.
Other occupations with relatively high psychological distress prevalence rates were
archivist librarians (40%) waiters (36%), approximately 33% in typists, managers, supply
clerks, and social workers, and approximately 30% in car & machine assemblers,
statisticians and machinists.
All of the studies reviewed above have used cross-sectional data. With cross-sectional
data it is impossible to determine the direction of causation in an association, even after
adjustment for other factors. It may be that persons at high risk for psychological disorder
have characteristics that select them into an occupation. These selection factors might
7
differ by occupation in different countries and cultures. It could also be that the occupation
or the occupational environment causes or precipitates psychological disorder. Both the
selection and causation processes could be operating simultaneously depending on the
particular occupation in question. Only longitudinal studies of occupation and
psychological disorder can clarify the direction of causation in the association between
occupation and psychological disorder. Ideally, this type of study would follow people
from entry into the workforce, although methodologically this would be difficult. One
relevant longitudinal study was carried out by Niedhammer et al (1998) who examined the
association between psychosocial work factors, and subsequent depressive symptoms in
the Gazel cohort (Goldberg et al 1990), a sample of 11,552 workers employed in a wide
variety of occupations. Although the main focus of this study was the relationship between
psychosocial work characteristics and subsequent depression, one of the psychosocial
variables used to predict depression was occupational category. Occupation was
ascertained from information supplied by the personnel department of Electricité De
France-Gaz De France (EDF-GDF) company in 1995. Depressive symptoms were assessed
by the CES-D scale in 1996. The risk of depression associated with occupation category
was predicted separately for men and women using logistic regression analysis, adjusted
for age, marital status, education, number of children, previous mental disorder, and
stressful personal and occupational events. Compared to managers, occupational
categories with a significantly increased risk of subsequent depressive symptoms included
male and female administrative associate professionals (OR 1.54, 2.16 respectively), male
physical engineering and life science associate professionals (OR 1.44), male and female
foremen (OR 1.43, 2.01 respectively), male and female clerks (1.72, 2.19 respectively),
male skilled industrial workers (OR 1.67), and male craftsmen (OR 1.85). The results of
this longitudinal study reinforce findings from cross sectional studies that certain
occupations carry a high risk of developing subsequent depressive disorder.
Recent United Kingdom Studies
The Health and Safety Executive has previously used information from the 1995 Survey of
self-reported work-related illness (SWI95) to provide estimates of occupational differences
in the prevalence of work-related stress, depression and anxiety. This survey used a 29
category occupational grouping constructed so that SOC unit groups with similar working
conditions were grouped together (Jones et al, 1998). The survey was administered as part
of the Labour Force Survey. A screening question concerning work-related illness was
included:
8
“In the last 12 months have you suffered from any illness, disability or other physical
problem that was caused or made worse by your work? Please include any work that you
have done in the past.”
Respondents who said ‘Yes’ to this question were then asked to participate in a further
interview to record details of their work-related illness.
In the SWI95 survey, nurses and teachers had the highest estimated prevalence of work
related stress, depression and anxiety with around 2% of those currently or recently
working classified as suffering from work-related stress, depression or anxiety. Care
workers, managers and professionals had the second highest prevalence of self-reported
work-related stress, depression or anxiety, at around 1%. Groups with a low prevalence of
self-reported work-related stress, depression or anxiety included construction and
processing occupations (Jones et al, 1998).
A further survey on work-related illness was commissioned by the European Union
Statistical Office (EUROSTAT) as part of the 1999 Labour Force Survey. There were
some methodological differences between this survey and the earlier SWI95 survey, which
means that only broad comparisons can be made. The estimated prevalence of work-related
stress, depression and anxiety was 1.7% among females and 1.4% for males. Occupational
differences were examined using the SOC sub-major groupings. Occupational groupings
reporting high levels of work-related stress, depression or anxiety included teaching
professionals (3.3%) and health associate professionals (2.1%). Within these broad
groupings, secondary school teachers, primary school teachers and nurses were most at
risk. Occupations with lower than average risk included other sales occupations (0.7%)
and other elementary occupations (0.68%).
In both surveys of self-reported work-related illness, those in social class II had the highest
prevalence of work-related stress, depression and anxiety. This is in contrast to findings
from other surveys of inequalities in psychiatric morbidity by social class and may partly
reflect differences in perception and beliefs about work-related stress (Stansfeld et al,
1998).
Some data on incidence of work-related stress and psychological disorders is available
from two surveillance schemes covering samples of psychiatrists and occupational health
physicians respectively, which form part of the Occupational Disease Intelligence Network
(ODIN). Participating psychiatrists and occupational health physicians are asked to report
9
cases of work-related mental ill health, usually for one month in each year, and this data is
used to provide an estimated annual rate of work-related mental ill health. However, it is
acknowledged that this source of data is likely to underestimate the true incidence. The
estimated annual incidence in 2000 was around 6,600 cases in Britain, an incidence rate of
around 24 per 100 000 workers per year. Occupational differences in these rates indicated
that teachers, nurses, social workers, probation officers, police officers, UK armed forces
personnel and medical practitioners have high incidence rates of work-related mental
illness (Health and Safety Statistics 2000/01). It must be recognised that this survey is
likely to identify more serious illness, and will be limited to those with access to an
occupational physician.
Using very different measures to ascertain occupation and psychological disorder all of the
studies reviewed above have found that workers in specific occupations differ quite
markedly in terms of psychological disorder. The use of many different measures in these
studies makes it difficult to reconcile the results to identify occupations that are high risk
for psychological disorder. However, the evidence from these studies does suggest that
certain occupations are associated with a high risk of psychological disorder. Generally,
these occupations were, clerical, secretarial, administrative support workers, and machine
operators, teachers, nurses, social workers, industrial workers, sales people and certain
professional groups.
10
REFERENCES Bultmann, U. Kant, I. Van Amelsvoort, L.G.P.M. Van Den Brandt, P.A. Kasl, S.V. (2001)
Differences in Fatigue and Psychological Distress Across Occupations: Results from The
Maastricht Cohort Study of Fatigue at Work. Journal of Occupation and Environmental
Medicine. 43, 976-983.
Eaton, W.W., Regier, D.A., Locke, B.Z., Taube, C.A. (1981). The Epidemiologic
Catchment Area Program of the National Institute of Mental Health. Public Health Reports
96, 319-25.
Eaton, W.N. Anthony, J.C. Mandel, W. Garrison, R. (1990) Occupations and the
prevalence of major depressive disorder. Journal of Occupational Medicine. 32, 1079-87.
Goldberg, D (1972) The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire. Oxford
University Press, London.
Goldberg, M. Leclerc, A. Chastang, J.F. Morcet, J.F. Marne, M.J. Luce D (1990) Mise en
palce d'une cohorte epidemiologique a Electricte De France - Gaz De France: principales
carateristiques de lechantillon. Review Epidemiologique Sante Publique. 38, 378-380.
Grosch, J.W. Murphy, L.R. (1998) Occupational differences in depression and Global
Health: Results from a National Sample of US workers. Journal of Occupational &
Environmental Medicine. 40 (2), 153-164.
Health and Safety Commission (2001) Health and Safety Statistics 2000/01. HSE Books.
Jones JR, Hodgson JT and Osman J. (1997) Self-reported working conditions in 1995:
Results from a household survey. HSE Books.
Jones JR, Hodgson JT, Clegg TA, Elliot RC. Self-Reported Work-related Illness in 1995:
Results of a Household Survey. Sudbury: HSE Books, 1998
Jones JR, Huxtable CS, Hodgson JT. Self-reported work-related illness in 1998/1999:
Niedhammer, I. Goldberg, M. Leclerc, A. Bugel, I. Simone, D. (1998) Psychosocial factors
at work and subsequent depressive symptoms in the Gazel cohort. Scandinavian Journal of
Work Environment and Health. 24, 3, 197-205.
ODIN http://www.coeh.man.ac.uk/thor/odin.htm
Radloff, L.S (1977) The CES-D scale: a self report depression scale for research in the
general population. Applied Psychological Measurement. 3, 385-401.
Results from a EUROSTAT ill health module in the 1999 Labour Force Survey summer
quarter, 2001. Published on the internet at www.hse.gov.uk/hthdir/noframes/euro9898.htm.
Roberts, R.E. Lee, E.S. (1993) Occupation and the prevalence of Major Depression,
Alcohol, and Drug Abuse in the United States. Environmental Research. 61, 266-278.
11
Stansfeld, S.A. Head, J. Marmot, M.G. (1998) Explaining social class differences in
depression and well being. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 33, 1-9.
Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. (1992) The MOS 36 item short-form health survey (SF-36):
Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care 30, 473-483.
12
CHAPTER 3
BACKGROUND AIMS AND METHODS OF THE SURVEY
This chapter outlines the methods used in the 1999 Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity among
adults living in private households.
This report is based on data from the Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity among adults living
in private households, carried out by ONS in 2000. The survey was one of a series of
national surveys of psychiatric morbidity that have been carried out by ONS (formerly
OPCS) over the past decade, which were commissioned by the Department of Health, the
Scottish Executive Health Department and the National Assembly for Wales. These
surveys covered a wide range of different population groups. This particular survey is a
repeat of the first survey of adults living in private households carried out in 1993.
However, it included a number of developments; most notably, there was a slight increase
in the age range, so that it covered people aged 16 up to 74 years, and measures of
personality disorder and intellectual functioning were included.
The main aim of the survey was to collect data on the prevalence of mental health
problems among adults aged 16 to 74 years living in private households in Great Britain.
More specifically, the survey aimed to estimate: the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity
according to diagnostic category; examine the use of services (including medication);
identify the nature and extent of social disabilities and disadvantage associated with mental
illness; establish key, current and lifetime factors which may be associated with mental
disorders; and compare the results of the 1993 and 2000 surveys.
The surveyed population consisted of people aged 16 to 74 years living in private
households included in the small user Postcode Address File (PAF) in England, Wales and
Scotland (including the Highlands and Islands).
Sampling and interviewing procedures
The small users postcode address file (PAF) was used as the sampling frame for the
survey, because of its good coverage of private households in Great Britain. In the PAF,
the postcode sectors were stratified on the basis of socio-economic group within NHS
Region. Initially, 438 postal sectors (the primary sampling units) were selected with a
probability proportional to size (number of delivery points). This included 370 sectors in
England, 22 in Wales and 46 in Scotland. This included a slight over-sampling in Scotland
13
to increase the sample size to ensure some sampling in the Highlands and Islands Region.
Within each of these sectors, 36 addresses were then selected. This sample design was
similar to that used in the 1993 Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity among adults in private
households, but was less ‘clustered’, i.e. more primary sampling units were selected (438
in 2000 compared with 200 in 1993) with fewer delivery points in each cluster (36
compared with 90 in 1993). The survey was thus able to provide estimates with a similar
level of precision to the 1993 survey with a slightly smaller sample size.
Interviewers visited the 15,804 addresses to identify private households with at least one
person aged 16 to 74 years. The Kish grid method was used to select systematically one
person in each household. More details of sampling procedures can be found in the main
and technical reports for the survey (Singleton et al, 2001; Singleton et al, 2002).
Each interviewer was allocated a quota of 36 addresses to complete within a month.
Advance letters were sent to all respondents explaining that they had been selected for the
survey, giving some basic information about the survey and telling them that an
interviewer would be calling to tell them more about the survey and asking them if they
would be willing to be interviewed.
The selected adult in each household was asked to take part in an initial interview carried
out by ONS interviewers, which lasted on average 1½ hours. The interview included
sections on all topics covered by the survey. The interview used Computer-Assisted
Personal Interviewing (CAPI) using a questionnaire programmed in Blaise. In a few cases
it was not possible to carry out an interview with the respondent even though the
respondent was willing to take part. For example, in some cases informants were too ill,
had speech or hearing problems, had language problems, or were away the entire month of
the field period. In such circumstances, where possible, proxy information was collected to
allow the identification of potential bias as a result of excluding these people. The proxy
information included some information on the health of the respondent and medication and
service use together with some basic socio-demographic information.
All respondents who completed an initial interview were asked if they would be willing to
be contacted and asked to take part in a second stage, which consisted of a clinical
interview to assess psychosis and personality disorder carried out by specially trained
psychologists working for the University of Leicester. A second stage sample was then
14
drawn. However, only those who agreed to being contacted for a second stage interview
were then included in the second stage of the survey.
Results of the sampling procedures
Table 1 summarises the outcome of the sampling procedures and shows the numbers
involved at the different stages. Overall, 10% of sampled addresses were ineligible because
they contained no private households. There were also an additional 149 households found
at addresses that had more than one household resident. Of the remaining addresses, 11%
contained no-one within the eligible age range, which left an eligible sample of 12,792
addresses.
Table 1 Households eligible for interview
Sample of addresses Vacant premises Institution/business premises Demolished/no trace of address Second homes, foreign diplomats etc Private household addresses
Private household addresses Extra households found Total number of households Household with no-one aged 16-74
No. % 15804 100 817 5 215 1 257 2 230 1 14285 90
14285 149 14434 100 1642 11 12792 89Households eligible for interview
The proportion of selected adults who agreed to take part in an initial interview is shown in
Table 2. At the initial interview stage, 69.5% of those approached agreed to take part in an
interview. Despite the length of the interview, the vast majority of respondents (95%)
completed the full interview.
As only one person per household was selected to take part in the survey, people in small
households had a greater chance of selection than those in larger households. Also some
sub-groups within the population are more likely to take part in surveys such as this, and
hence will be over-represented in the sample. Therefore in order to ensure the findings are
representative of the situation in the population as a whole, the data was weighted to take
account of differential probabilities of selection and non-response for all the analyses
included in this report. Details of the weighting procedures can be found in the Technical
Report of the survey (Singleton et al, 2002).
15
Table 2 Response of adults at initial interview stage
No. % Set sample of households 12792 100 Refusals 3009 24 Non-contacts 782 6 Incapable 115 1 Co-operating adults 8886 69
Co-operating adults 8886 100 Full interviews 8450 95 Partial interviews 130 1 Proxy interviews 296 3 Data lost/deleted 10 0
Assessment of neurotic disorders
Estimates of the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity depend on the choice of concepts
and the methods used. These, in turn, depend on the particular purposes and aims of
the study. This point needs emphasising because it means that estimates from the ONS
study of psychiatric morbidity among adults in private households will not necessarily
be comparable with those obtained from other studies that use different concepts and
methods.
The rules of classification systems, such as the International Classification of Diseases
(ICD), are intended to set thresholds of disease severity that equate to levels that a
psychiatrist would regard as a case likely to require clinical assessment and treatment.
However, people with symptoms below this threshold may still suffer distress and
impairment of functioning. The instrument used in this survey to measure neurotic
symptoms and disorders, the Revised version of the Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-
R), produces symptom scores which reflect the severity of symptoms, thresholds are
then set to identify those that meet the criteria for caseness according to disease
classification systems. Also, the grouped scores give an overall indication of the
severity of symptoms.
Another source of variation is in the type of interviewers used and the extent to which
clinical judgement is required with the measurement instruments used. Clinically
trained interviewers, such as psychiatrists, may use clinical judgement based on their
training and experience to assess whether the symptoms a respondent describes are an
indication of disorder. Lay interviewers using structured measurement instruments
simply record a respondent’s answers. Therefore lay interviewer administered
measures tend to provide higher prevalence rates for disorders than those that are
16
clinician administered although this will also depend on the thresholds set for the
detection of disorder.
Coverage of mood and neurotic disorders
The ICD-10 categories of neurotic disorder are categories F40-48, the ICD-10
categories of mood disorder are F30-39 (World Health Organisation, 1992). The
neurotic and mood disorders covered in the survey are shown in Table 3. Some stress
related and somatoform disorders - acute stress reaction, post-traumatic stress
disorders, adjustment disorders, dissociative (conversion) disorders and somatoform
disorders - are not specifically measured in this survey. However, any psychological
distress due to these less common neurotic disorders is likely to be reflected in the
overall score level on the CIS-R and therefore in the catch-all category of mixed
anxiety and depression (described below).
Table 3 ICD-10 categories of neurotic disorder covered in the survey
ICD-10 categories of disorder Disorders covered in this survey F32-33 Depressive episodes and F32-33 Depressive episodes and disorders
disorders F40-F48 Neurotic, stress-related F40-F48 Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders
& somatoform disorders F40 Phobias (agoraphobia, social phobia & specific isolated phobia) F41.0 Panic disorder F41.1 Generalised Anxiety Disorder F41.2 Mixed anxiety and depressive disorder F42 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
The term ‘Depressive episodes and disorders’ (F32-33) is equivalent to the term
‘Depressive episode’ used in the earlier surveys of psychiatric morbidity. The CIS-R
interview does not distinguish between recurrent and first onset episodes and the code
F32 used in the earlier reports would have also included code F33. Mixed anxiety and
depressive disorder has an ICD code of F41.2 but no recommended operational
criteria: it was also used as the "catch all" category, i.e. for people with a score of 12 or
more on the revised version of the Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R) who did not
meet criteria for any of the other six diagnostic categories for neurotic disorders (Lewis
et al, 1992). This followed the practice in the 1993 ONS (OPCS) survey of psychiatric
morbidity of adults living in private households (Meltzer et al, 1995a).
Neurotic symptoms and disorders in the week preceding interview were assessed in the
first stage lay interviews using the revised version of the Clinical Interview Schedule
(CIS-R). Data are presented on the prevalence within different occupational groups of
six neurotic disorders, and the distribution of total CIS-R scores, which give an
indication of severity of symptoms.
17
The revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R) comprises 14 sections, each covering a
particular area of neurotic symptoms as follows:
Somatic symptoms
Fatigue
Concentration and forgetfulness
Sleep problems
Irritability
Worry about physical health
Depression
Depressive ideas
Worry
Anxiety
Phobias
Panic
Compulsions
Obsessions
Each section begins with a number of mandatory filter questions. They establish the
existence of a particular neurotic symptom in the past month. A positive response leads to
a more detailed assessment of the symptom in the past week: in terms of frequency,
duration, severity, and time since onset. Answers to these questions determine the
informant’s score on each section. Possible scores range from zero to 4 on each section
(except the section on depressive ideas, which has a maximum score of 5). The example in
Figure 1 shows the elements that contribute to the score for Anxiety. Any combination of
the elements produces the section score.
Diagnoses of specific neurotic disorders are obtained by looking at the answers to various
sections of the CIS-R and applying algorithms based on the ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for
research (World Health Organisation 1992). The items for all disorders are shown in
Appendix A. The example shown in Figure 2 is for Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD).
18
Figure 1 Calculation of symptom score for Anxiety from the CIS-R
Score Felt generally anxious/nervous/tense for 4 days or more in the past seven days 1 In past seven days anxiety/nervousness/tension has been very unpleasant 1 In the past seven days have felt any of the following symptoms when anxious/nervous/tense (Racing heart, sweating or shaking hands, feeling dizzy, difficulty getting one's breath, dry mouth, butterflies in stomach, nausea or wanting to vomit) 1 Felt anxious/nervous tense for more than three hours in total on any one of the past seven days 1
Figure 2 Algorithm for GAD
Conditions that must apply are: · Duration greater than six months · Free-floating anxiety · Autonomic overactivity · Overall score on Anxiety section was 2
or more
Six diagnostic categories can be obtained from the CIS-R: generalised anxiety disorder,
mixed anxiety and depressive disorder, depressive episode, phobias, obsessive-compulsive
disorder and panic disorder. An individual may appear in more than one category of
neurotic disorder. An alternative simpler definition of disorder, which is often used, is the
presence of a CIS-R score of 12 or above. This gives a slightly lower prevalence of any
neurotic disorder than that obtained when individual disorders are identified separately.
The survey also collected data on psychotic disorder, personality disorder and alcohol
misuse, and drug dependence and intellectual functioning. For more details of how these
disorders were measured see the main report and technical report of the survey that
describe the instruments used in some detail (Singleton et al 2001; Singleton et al 2002).
Other topics covered by the survey
Questions to gather information on a range of factors that might be related to mental
disorder were also included in the survey questionnaire. The topics covered were:
· General health and service use
– self-perceived health status: the SF-12 and long-standing illness
– medication and service use – GP, in-patient, out-patient, day care and community
care
– lifetime experience of treatment in psychiatric hospitals/wards
19
· Socio-demographic data
- personal characteristics: e.g. age, marital status, ethnicity
· Education and employment
· Finances – income and debt
· Accommodation – tenure, stability, quality
· Stressful life events experienced
· Social networks and social support
· Activities of daily living and need for informal care
· Intellectual functioning
– New Adult Reading Test (NART)
– TICS-m and animal naming test (adults aged 60+)
Occupation and industry coding
Information was collected in the initial interview about employment. People who were
currently in paid employment were asked about the nature of their present job. This
included whether their work was full or part time, if they were an employee or self
employed, and if they had a management or supervisory role. Interviewers also recorded
verbatim their job title, a description of what their job entailed (including any necessary
qualifications or training) and also what the organisation they worked for mainly did or
made at the place where they worked. For any respondent who was not currently in paid
employment, but who had previously been, this information was collected about their last
job.These descriptions were then coded, using the Standard Occupational Classification
1990 (SOC90) after the interview was over.
Standard occupational classification
The Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) consists of four levels: the major groups,
the sub-major groups, the minor groups and the constituent unit groups (Table 1.3). At the
most detailed level, there are 374 unit groups, each with a 3-digit classification. Each
occupational unit group is allocated to a minor group (two digit), of which there are 77, a
sub-major group (alpha-numeric), of which there are 22, and a major group (one digit), of
which there are 9. The major group structure is a set of broad occupational categories,
which are designed to bring together unit groups that are similar in terms of the
qualifications, training, skills and experience. Descriptions of the major groups and their
constituent sub-groups are shown in Appendix A. Further details of how the constituent
20
unit groups and minor groups relate to the broader categories can be found in (OPCS,
1991).
Table 4 Definitions of major and sub-major groups and the constituent minor groups
Major group Sub-major group Minor groups Managers and administrative Corporate managers and
administrators
Managers/proprietors in agriculture and services
10,11,12,13,14,15,19
16,17
Professional occupations Science and engineering professionals
Health professionals
Teaching professionals
Other professional occupations
20,21
22
23
24,25,26,27,29
Associate professional and technical occupations
Science and engineering associate professionals
Health associate professionals
Other associate professional occupations
30,31,32
34
33,35,36,37,38,39
Clerical and secretarial occupations
Clerical occupations
Secretarial occupations
40,41,42,43,44,49
45,46
Craft and related occupations Skilled construction trades
Skilled engineering trades
Other skilled trades
50
51,52
53,54,55,56,57,58,59
Personal and protective service occupations
Protective service occupations
Personal service occupations
60,61
62,63,64,65,66,67,69
Sales occupations Buyers, brokers and sales reps.
Other sales occupations
70,71
72,73,79
Plant and machine operatives Industrial plant and machine operators, assemblers
Drivers and mobile machine operators
80,81,82,83,84,85,86,89
87,88
Other occupations Other occupations in agriculture, forestry and fishing
Other elementary occupations
90
91,92,93,94,95,99
Specific occupation groups
Results were reported for major, sub-major and minor unit groups. This report also gives
results for some specific occupational unit groups or combinations of related unit groups
21
(Table 5). These were chosen either because these specific groups are thought to be at high
risk of work related psychiatric morbidity (e.g. teachers, health professionals) or because
there were sufficiently large numbers within a specific unit group (e.g. drivers of roads
goods vehicles). Only those specific occupation groups with a sample of 30 or more were
selected.
Table 5 Definitions of specific occupation groups
Specific additional SOC groupings Unit group codes Marketing and sales managers
Other specialist managers
Higher education
Secondary teachers
Primary teachers
Social workers
Nurses, midwives
Other health associate professionals
Welfare, community, youth workers
Accounts clerks
Counter clerks
Police officers etc
Security staff
Chefs
Waiters
Bar staff
Nursing auxiliaries
Care assistants and attendants
Drivers of roads goods vehicles
Cleaners, domestics
121
120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127
230, 231
233
234
293
340, 341
342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349
371
410
411
610, 611, 612, 613, 614
615, 619
620
621
622
640
644
872
958
22
OCCUPATIONAL GROUPING USED IN 1995 SELF-REPORTED WORK-RELATED ILLNESS SURVEY
A further occupational grouping is also used so that results from the 2000 Psychiatric
Morbidity Survey can be compared with an earlier survey of self-reported work-related
illness (Jones et al 1998). The 1995 survey of self-reported work-related illness used a 29
group classification of occupational categories. This was constructed so that SOC unit
groups with similar working conditions were grouped together (Jones et al 1997).
1992 STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION
The Standard Industrial Classification is a means of classifying business establishments by
the type of economic activity in which they are engaged. The UK SIC (92) is a hierarchical
five-digit system. At the broadest level of description UK SIC (92) is divided into 17
sections, each denoted by a single letter from A to Q. Within these sections there are 60
divisions (denoted by two digits). The divisions are then broken down into 222 groups
(three digits). Details of the codes can be found in the index (Office for National
Statistics).
Combining the data from the 1993 and 2000 surveys
Because the numbers of people in many of the different occupational categories of interest
are small many apparent differences among groups are not in fact statistically significant.
In order to obtain a larger sample, the datasets from the 1993 and 2000 surveys were
combined for some analyses. The 2000 data had been weighted back to control population
totals obtained from the Labour Force Survey in order to take account of non-response
(since no information had been obtained about non-responders). In the 1993 survey some
information had been obtained wherever possible about non-responding households so this
was used in the weighting procedures for the original analyses. To ensure comparability in
the combined survey the 1993 data was re-weighted using the same approach as used on
the 2000 survey for all analyses reported here. For details of these weighting procedures
see the Technical Report of the 2000 survey (Singleton et al, 2002).
23
ANALYSIS STRATEGY
As described above, many different types and levels of occupational groupings are
considered in this report. In all cases a similar approach has been taken to investigate the
association between occupation and mental disorder. Firstly, tables showing the
distribution of CIS-R scores and the prevalence of neurotic disorders within the different
occupational were produced. These tables can be found in Appendix B.
For the more detailed analysis considered in the body of the report the definition of
disorder as having a CIS-R score of 12 or more was used. In order to compare rates of
psychological disorder across a wide range of occupations, rates were compared with the
rate for the entire sample. Occupation groups with prevalence rates 2% or more above or
below that for the population as a whole were identified. However, as many occupational
groups contain only small numbers of sample members such differences may not be
statistically significant. In addition, a number of factors may be responsible for differences
in levels of disorder between occupations, some of which may be unrelated to the
occupations themselves. For example, the prevalence of neurotic disorder varies by age
and sex and, since many occupations have very different age and sex profiles, variation in
the prevalence of disorder would be expected.
Therefore, to investigate the variation in the prevalence of disorder across occupation
groups and the effect of a range of other variables on this, multiple logistic regression was
used, with the presence of disorder as the dependent variable. For each type of
occupational grouping considered, a series of logistic regression analyses were undertaken
starting with a simple bivariate analysis, which indicated the likelihood of people in each
occupation group having disorder in comparison to a reference group of managers. The
reference group chosen was one that had a large sample size and a fairly low prevalence of
disorder. The next stage involved repeating the regression controlling for sex, age and age
sex interaction. This was followed by a third stage in which defacto marital status, family
type, tenure and financial difficulties were entered as well. Finally, the presence of long
standing physical health problems was added into the model. These potential confounding
variables were added at each stage into the model.
The difference in likelihood of having a disorder for an individual in a particular
occupational category compared to an individual in the reference category is indicated by
an odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Occupation groups with a higher
24
likelihood of having disorder than the reference group have odds ratios of greater than 1.00
and those with a lower likelihood have odds ratios of less than 1.00. However, many of the
differences will not be statistically significant. Those that are significant are indicated in
the tables. Looking at the change in odds ratios for different occupation groups before and
after adjustment for the different factors mentioned above gives an indication of which of
these factors have an impact on the prevalence of disorder seen in that group.
All analyses were carried out in SPSS using appropriate weights. However, SPSS is not
able to take into account the full complexity of the survey design. Therefore standard
errors for the prevalence rates shown were calculated using STATA which takes full
account of the clustering and stratification in the survey design. These standard errors were
used to assess the statistical significance of differences between proportions discussed in
the report. Further details of the weighting and the statistical procedures used can be found
in Appendix C.
25
REFERENCES American Psychiatric Association, (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders. 4th edition (DSM-IV). APA: Washington DC
Jones JR, Hodgson JT and Osman J. (1997) Self-reported working conditions in 1995:
Results from a household survey. HSE Books.
Jones JR, Hodgson JT, Clegg TA and Elliott RC. (1998) Self-reported work-related illness
in 1995: Results from a household survey. HSE Books.
Lewis G, and Pelosi AJ. (1990) Manual of the revised clinical interview schedule (CIS-
R), Institute of Psychiatry: London.
Lewis, G, Pelosi, A., Araya, R C and Dunn, G. (1992) Measuring psychiatric disorder
in the community: a standardized assessment for use by lay interviewers,
Psychological Medicine, 22, 465-486
ONS (1992) United Kingdom Standard Industrial Classification of Economic
Activities. London HMSO
OPCS (1991) Standard Occupational Classification, Volume 3. London: HMSO
Singleton N, Bumpstead R, O’Brien M, Lee A, and Meltzer H (2001) Psychiatric
morbidity among adults living in private households, 2000, London: TSO
Singleton N, Lee A and Meltzer H (2002) Psychiatric morbidity among adults living in
private households, 2000: Technical Report. London: Office for National Statistics
World Health Organisation (1992) The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and
Behavioural Disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines, WHO:
Geneva
World Health Organisation (1993) The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural
disorders: diagnostic criteria for research. World Health Organisation: Geneva
26
CHAPTER 4 DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS
The 2000 survey of psychiatric morbidity among adults in private households covered the
age range 16-74 and hence included a considerable number of people beyond retirement
age. The 1993 survey only covered people aged 16-65. In order to facilitate comparison
between the two datasets and to better reflect the situation in the working population it was
decided to restrict the main analyses to the sample of people aged 16-64. In order to
capture those people in temporary work and insecure occupations we included in the
sample those who had been working in the last year as well as those currently working.
People screened to have a diagnosis of psychosis were also excluded because the
association between occupation and psychosis is different from the association between
occupation and common mental disorder (Muntaner et al 1993). Because of the
imprecision of the diagnosis of psychosis and the small numbers of cases of psychosis
identified in this sample this group was not included in the analyses reported here.
Of all adults aged under 65 who had worked in the previous year and did not have
psychosis, 94% were working, 2% were unemployed and 4% were economically inactive.
Ninety six percent of men in this sample were working, 2% unemployed and 2%
economically inactive whereas 93% of women were working, 2% unemployed and 5%
unemployed (Table 6).
Table 6 Employment status by sex All adults in survey *Occupational analysis sample Male Female All adults Male Female All adults % % % % % %
Working 73 61 67 96 93 94 Full time 65 33 49 85 52 70 Part time 9 27 18 10 41 25
Unemployed 4 2 3 2 2 2
Economically inactive 23 37 30 2 5 4
Base 3816 4700 8516 2704 2793 5497 * All adults working in past year, aged under 65 and no psychosis
Reason for economic activity
In the sample of all adults aged under 65 who had worked in the past year and didn’t have
psychosis, termed the occupational analysis sample, the two main reasons for economic
inactivity were looking after family/ home (27%) and retired from paid work (23%). The
27
main reason for economic inactivity among women was looking after family/ home (38%)
but in men was retirement from paid work (32%). Men who were economically inactive
were more likely than women to be long term sick or disabled 16% versus 7%, retired from
work, 32% versus 19%, and temporarily sick or injured, 10% versus 8% (Table 7).
Table 7 Reason for economic inactivity by sex
All adults in survey Male Female All adults
*Occupational analysis sample Male Female All adults
% % % % % % Student 15 8 11 17 14 15 Looking after the family/home Temporarily sick or injured Long-term sick or disabled Retired from paid work None of these
3 2 25 51 4
32 1 13 42 4
21 2 17 46 4
5 10 16 32 19
38 8 7 19 14
27 9 10 23 16
Base 1030 1955 2985 68 167 235 * All adults working in past year, aged under 65 and no psychosis
Numbers in major SOC groups
Managers & administrators, clerical & secretarial occupations constituted the two largest
major SOC groups, with 16% of all respondents in each group (Table 8). The proportion of
all respondents in other major SOC groups was between 7-11%. Clerical & secretarial
occupations constituted the largest major SOC group (24%) for women while managerial
& administrative occupations were the largest SOC group for men (20%).
Sub-major SOC groups
Managers & administrators (12%) and clerical occupations (12%) were the largest sub
major SOC groups in the sample (Table 9). Clerical occupations (16%), personal service
occupations (15%), and other sales occupations (11%) were the largest groups for women.
Managers and administrators (15%) constituted the largest sub-major SOC group in men.
These rankings coincided with the sample of all adults in the survey from which the
sample examined in this report was drawn. Minor SOC groups each constituted 6% or less
of the sample examined in this report.
28
Table 8 Major SOC groups by sex
All adults in survey Male Female All adults
*Occupational analysis sample Male Female All adults
Long term sick Male Female All adults
% % % % % % % % % Managers & Administrators Professional Occupations Associate Professionals & Technical Occupations Clerical & Secretarial Occupations Craft & Related Occupations Personal & Protective Service Occupations Sales Occupations Plant & Machine Operatives Other Occupations
19 10 9 8 19 6 6 15 7
11 8 10 24 3 15 13 6 10
15 9 10 16 11 11 9 10 9
20 11 10 8 18 6 6 14 7
13 10 11 24 2 16 12 4 8
16 10 10 16 11 11 9 9 7
7 5 3 3 32 8 1 27 14
5 2 5 20 6 21 10 13 18
6 4 3 11 20 14 5 20 16
Base 3699 4553 8252 2702 2792 5494 251 250 501 * All adults working in past year, aged under 65 and no psychosis
29
Table 9 Sub-major SOC groups by sex
All adults in survey *Occupational analysis sample Long term sick Male Female All adults Male Female All adults Male Female All
adults % % % % % % % % %
Managers & Administrators 14 7 10 15 9 12 4 1 3 Managers & Proprietors in Agriculture & 5 4 5 5 4 5 3 4 4 Services Science & Engineering Professionals 4 1 2 4 1 3 2 - 1 Health Professionals 1 0 0 1 0 0 - - -Teaching Professionals 3 5 4 3 6 4 2 2 2 Other Professional Occupations 3 2 2 3 2 3 1 0 1 Science & Engineering Associate 4 1 2 4 1 3 0 - 0 Professionals Health Associate Professionals 1 5 3 1 5 3 - 3 1 Other Associate Professional Occupations 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 Clerical Occupations 7 16 11 8 16 12 3 11 7 Secretarial Occupations 0 8 4 0 8 4 0 9 4 Skilled Construction Trades 4 0 2 4 0 2 11 0 6 Skilled Engineering Trades 6 0 3 6 0 3 8 - 4 Other Skilled Trades 9 3 6 8 2 5 12 6 9 Protective Service Occupations 3 1 2 3 1 2 2 - 1 Personal service Occupations 4 15 9 4 15 9 6 21 13 Buyers, Brokers & Sales Reps 2 1 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 Other Sales Occupations 3 12 8 4 11 7 1 10 5 Industrial Plant & Machine Operators, 8 5 7 7 3 6 12 13 13 Assemblers Drivers & Mobile Machine Operators 7 0 4 6 1 4 15 - 8 Other Occupations in Agriculture, 1 0 1 1 0 1 2 - 1 Forestry & Fishing Other Elementary Occupations 7 10 8 6 8 7 13 18 15 Base 3699 4553 8252 2702 2792 5494 251 250 501 * All adults working in past year, aged under 65 and no psychosis
31
CHAPTER 5 MENTAL ILLNESS BY OCCUPATION
This chapter reports the rates of psychiatric morbidity by occupations. Psychiatric
morbidity measured by the Clinical Interview Schedule was defined in three ways. First,
the prevalence of common mental disorder defined as clinical caseness was indicated by a
score of 12 or more symptoms. This defines a disorder, which would be described by a
psychiatrist as requiring treatment without assigning a specific diagnosis. In this report this
is referred to as psychological disorder. Secondly, ‘any neurotic disorder’ was defined on
the basis of the participant scoring sufficiently on any diagnosis making up common
mental disorder. The analyses on ‘ any neurotic disorder’ are not included in this report,
except for the analyses of the 1993-2000 combined data, as the results were very similar to
the psychological disorder results. In a few instances where specific neurotic disorders
were associated with certain occupations this is indicated in the text.
Prevalence of psychological disorder by major SOC group
Table 10 shows major SOC groups with high and low prevalence of psychological disorder
in men, women and all adults in the occupational analysis sample. High and low
prevalence were defined as 2% greater or less than the overall prevalence based upon a 1%
standard error for the overall prevalence of psychological disorder for major SOC groups.
The prevalence of psychological disorder (CIS-R score => 12) by major SOC groups
ranged between 9-17% in all adults. Major SOC groups with a higher prevalence compared
to the 13% overall prevalence in all adults included clerical & secretarial, sales, and
personal & protective service occupations. Craft & related, ‘other’, professional
occupations and plant & machine operatives had a lower prevalence of psychological
disorder compared to the overall prevalence.
Women had a higher prevalence of psychological disorder than men across all major SOC
groups. For example women in professional occupations had almost twice the prevalence
of psychological disorder than men in professional occupations (15% v 8%). Women in
sales had a higher prevalence compared to the overall prevalence in women but women in
‘other’ occupations, professional occupations, managerial & administrative posts, and
female plant & machine operatives a lower prevalence of psychological disorder.
Compared to the 11% overall prevalence of psychological disorder in men prevalence was
higher in managerial & administrative occupations but lower in men in professional
32
occupations, plant & machine operatives and ‘other’ occupations, all with a prevalence of
8% (Table 10).
Table 10 High and low prevalence of psychological disorder by major SOC group
All Men Women Percentage (95% CI)
Overall prevalence 13 (12-15) 11 (9-12) 17 (15-19) High prevalence groups Clerical & Secretarial 16 (13-19) Managers & Administrators 13 (11-16) Personal & protective service 15 (12-19) Sales 17 (17-21) 20 (15-25)
Low prevalence groups Craft & Related occupations 11 (8-14) Managers & Administrators 15 (11-19) ‘Other’ occupations 11 (8-14) 8 (4-12) 15 (10-19) Plant & machine operatives 9 (6-12) 8 (5-11) 13 (6-20) Professional occupations 11 (8-14) 8 (5-11) 15 (11-20)
Risk of psychological disorder by major SOC group
Table 11 shows major SOC groups significantly associated with psychological disorder. In
unadjusted analysis of all respondents, and compared to managers & administrators, plant
& machine operatives had a reduced risk of psychological disorder (OR 0.60 CI 0.43-0.85)
which remained after full adjustment for social, financial and ill health factors (OR 0.55 CI
0.38-0.78). Similarly, in unadjusted analysis of men there was a reduced risk of
psychological disorder in professional (OR 0.58 CI 0.37-0.91), ‘other’ occupations (OR
0.56 CI 0.32-0.97) and plant & machine operatives (OR 0.56 CI 0.37-0.85) which
remained significant after full adjustment (professional occupations OR 0.63 CI 0.44-
0.99), (‘other’ occupations OR 0.55 CI 0.31-0.97) (plant & machine operatives OR 0.47
CI 0.30-0.73). There was no association between major SOC group and reduced risk of
psychological disorder in women.
Table 11 Odds of psychological disorder by major SOC group
*All **All *Men **Men OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI)
Managers & administrators 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 ‘Other’ occupations 0.78 0.55-1.10 0.61 0.42-0.87 0.56 0.32-0.97 0.55 0.31-0.97 Plant & machine operatives 0.60 0.43-0.85 0.55 0.38-0.78 0.56 0.37-0.85 0.47 0.30-0.73 Professional occupations 0.58 0.37-0.91 0.63 0.44-0.99
*Unadjusted OR ** adjusted for social, financial and ill health factors
33
Prevalence of psychological disorder by sub-major SOC group
Table 12 shows sub-major SOC groups with high and low prevalence of psychological
disorder in all adults, and men and women separately. High and low prevalence was
defined as 2% greater or less than the overall prevalence based upon a 1% standard error
for the overall prevalence. Compared to the 13% overall prevalence of psychological
disorder in all adults sub-major SOC groups with higher prevalence included managers &
administrators, teaching professionals, other associate professional, clerical and
secretarial, ‘other’ sales and personal service occupations. Sub-major SOC groups with a
lower prevalence of psychological disorder compared to the overall prevalence in all adults
included science and engineering professionals, personal service associate professionals,
other professional occupations, health associate professionals, skilled engineering and
‘other’ skilled trades, protective service occupations, industrial plant & machine
operatives, assemblers and drivers & mobile machine operators.
Generally, prevalence of psychological disorder was higher in women than men across
most sub-major SOC groups. Sub-major SOC groups with a higher prevalence of disorder
compared to the 17% overall prevalence of psychological disorder in women included,
other associate professionals, clerical and secretarial, other sales occupations and buyers,
brokers & sales representatives. Sub-major SOC groups with a lower prevalence
compared to the 17% overall prevalence of disorder in women included managers &
proprietors in agriculture services, health associate professionals, secretarial occupations,
industrial plant & machine operatives, assemblers and other elementary occupations.
In separate analysis by sex, sub-major SOC groups with a higher prevalence of
psychological disorder compared to the 11% overall prevalence of disorder in men
included managers & administrators, teaching professionals, other associate
professionals, skilled construction trades, personal service and other sales occupations.
Sub-major SOC groups with a lower prevalence compared to the overall prevalence in men
included science & engineering professionals, other professional occupations, clerical
occupations, buyers, brokers & sales representatives, industrial plant & machine
operators, assemblers, drivers & mobile machine operators and other elementary
occupations.
34
Table 12 High and low prevalence of psychological disorder by sub-major SOC group
All Men Women Percentage (95% CI)
Overall prevalence 13 (12-15) 11 (9-12) 17 (15-19) High prevalence groups Buyers, brokers & sales repsClerical occupationsManagers & AdministratorsOther associate professional. OccupationsOther sales occupationsPersonal service occupationsSecretarial occupationsSkilled construction tradesTeaching professionals
30 (13-48 16 (13-19) 20 (16-24) 15 (12-17) 14 (10-17)
18 (14-22) 13 (7-19) 24 (16-31) 18 (14-22) 16 (7-25) 19 (14-24) 16 (13-20) 13 (6-20)
15 (10-20) 13 (6-19)
15 (11-20) 13 (6-19)
Low prevalence groups Buyers, brokers & sales representatives 6 (0-12) Clerical occupations 9 (5-14) Drivers & mobile machine operators 9 (4-14) 7 (2-11) Health associate professionals 11 (6-16) 11 (6-16)Industrial plant & machine operators, assemblers 9 (6-12) 9 (5-12) 9 (3-15) Managers & proprietors inagriculture services 12 (6-17)Other elementary occupations 8 (4-13) 15 (10-20) Other professional occupations 10 (5-15) 8 (2-14) Other skilled trades 10 (7-14)Protective service occupations 11 (4-18)Science & engineering associate professionals 11 (6-16) 6 (1-11) Science & Engineering professionals 8 (3-13)Secretarial occupations 14 (9-19)Skilled engineering trades 10 (5-15)
Risk of psychological disorder by sub-major SOC group
Table 13 shows sub-major SOC groups significantly associated with risk of psychological
disorder. In unadjusted analysis of all respondents and compared to managers &
administrators sub-major SOC groups associated with a significantly reduced risk of
psychological disorder included science & engineering professionals (OR 0.50 CI 0.27-
0.92), industrial plant & machine operators, assemblers (OR 0.55 CI 0.36-0.85), drivers &
mobile machine operators (OR 0.59 CI 0.35-0.97). This reduced risk remained significant
in Science & Engineering professionals (OR 0.54 CI0.29-1.00), industrial plant &
machine operators, assemblers (OR 0.43 CI 0.28-0.68), drivers & mobile machine
operators (OR 0.57 CI 0.34-0.97) after additional adjustment for sociodemographic,
financial and ill health related factors. Also, a significantly reduced risk of psychological
disorder became apparent in health associate professionals (OR 0.50 CI 0.29-0.88), and
35
‘other’ elementary occupations (OR 0.58 CI 0.39-0.85) after adjustment for
sociodemographic, financial and ill health related factors. In separate unadjusted analysis
by sex, there was a significantly reduced risk of psychological disorder in men in other
professional occupations (OR 0.40 CI 0.17-0.94), drivers & mobile machine operators
(OR 0.48 CI 0.26-0.87) and industrial plant & machine operators & assemblers (OR 0.48
CI 0.26 0.87). In further analysis, after adjustment for sociodemographic, financial and ill
health factors the reduced risk of psychological disorder still remained significant in
drivers & mobile machine operators (OR 0.42 CI 0.22-0.78), was no longer significant in
other professional occupations (OR 0.47 CI 0.20-1.11), but became significant in clerical
occupations (OR 0.52 CI 0.30-0.90), and industrial plant & machine operators and
assemblers (OR 0.48 CI 0.27-0.83). In unadjusted analysis a reduced risk of psychological
disorder was not significantly associated with female industrial plant & machine
operators, assemblers (OR 0.48 CI 0.22-1.05) but was significantly associated with a
reduced risk after adjustment for sociodemographic, financial and ill health factors (OR
0.32 CI 0.14-0.73).
Table 13 Odds of psychological disorder by sub-major SOC group
All All Men Men *OR (95% CI) **OR (95% CI) *OR (95% CI) **OR (95% CI)
Managers & administrators 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Clerical occupations 0.60 0.36-1.01 0.52 0.30-0.90 Drivers & mobile machine operators 0.59 0.35-0.97 0.57 0.34-0.97 0.48 0.26-0.87 0.42 0.22-0.78 Health associate professionals 0.70 0.41-1.20 0.50 0.29-0.88 Industrial plant & machine operators, assemblers 0.55 0.36-0.85 0.43 0.28-0.68 0.60 0.36-1.02 0.48 0.27-0.83 Other elementary occupations 0.79 0.55-1.14 0.58 0.39-0.85 Other professional occupations 0.40 0.17-0.94 0.47 0.20-1.11 Science & Engineering Professionals 0.50 0.27-0.92 0.54 0.29-1.00
*Unadjusted OR ** OR adjusted for social, financial and ill health factors
Prevalence of psychological disorder by minor SOC group
Table 14 shows minor SOC groups with high and low prevalence of psychological
disorder. High and low prevalence was defined as 2% greater or less than the overall
prevalence based upon a 1% standard error for the overall prevalence. Although there was
much variation in the prevalence of psychological disorder by minor SOC categories the
prevalence amongst some minor categories needs to be interpreted with caution, as there
were few respondents in some categories. Nevertheless, compared to the 13% overall
psychological disorder prevalence in minor SOC groups, minor SOC groups with a much
higher prevalence included general managers in government & large organisations,
managers in transport & storing, welfare associate professionals, respondents in
36
professional technical occupations not elsewhere stated (NES), catering and sales
occupations NES, filing record clerks and clerks NES.
The prevalence of psychological disorder was lower in natural scientists, engineers &
technologists, business & financial professionals, business & finance associate
professionals, professional occupations NES, stores despatch clerks & keepers, electrical
& electronic trades, metal forming, welding etc. trades, woodworking trades, computer
analysts, programmers, stores despatch clerks & keepers, and textile garment trades
compared to the overall prevalence in minor SOC groups.
Table 14 High and low prevalence of psychological disorder by minor SOC group
All Overall prevalence High prevalence groups Administration staff in government Artistic, sports etc professionals CateringClerks NES Clerical & secretarial occupations NES Filing record clerks General managers in government & large organisations Health & related occupations Managers & administrators Managers in transport & storingOther craft related trades NES Professional technical occupations NESSales occupations NESSales check out assistants Scientific technicians Secretarial etc personnel Teaching professionals Vehicle trades Welfare associate professionals
Low prevalence groups Business & finance associate professionals Business & finance professionals Computer analysts, programmers Engineers & technologists Electrical & electronic trades Metal forming, welding etc. trades Natural scientistsProfessional occupations NES Stores despatch clerks & keepers Textile garment trades Woodworking trades
Percentage (95% CI) 13 (12-15)
15 (6-23) 18 (9-26)
20 (13-27) 27 (19-35) 16 (4-29) 20 (10-30)
26 (15-38) 19 (13-25) 16 (7-26)
24 (11-37) 16 (3-28)
24 (12-36) 26 (8-45)
16 (12-20) 18 (7-30) 16 (9-22) 15 (11-20) 15 (4-25)
21 (10-31)
9 (3-14) 6 (0-11) 9 (2-15) 8 (2-15) 7 (1-13) 7 (0-14)
6 (0-14) 9 (1-17) 7 (2-12) 9 (0-18) 9 (2-17)
37
Risk of psychological disorder by minor SOC group
Table 15 shows minor SOC groups significantly associated with increased risk of
psychological disorder in all adults. In unadjusted analysis compared to specialist
managers minor SOC groups with an increased risk of psychological disorder included
general managers in government & large organisations (OR 2.79 CI 1.41-5.54), managers
in transport & storing (OR 2.44 CI 1.18-5.03), professional technical occupations NES
(OR 2.43 CI 1.20-4.91), filing record clerks (OR 1.96 CI 1.00-3.84), clerks NES (OR 2.71
CI 1.59-4.61), catering occupations (OR 1.97 CI 1.14-3.40), health & related occupations
(OR 1.86 CI 1.08-3.19), buyers / mobile salespersons (OR 2.48 CI 1.09-5.60) and sales
occupations NES (OR 2.78 CI 1.25-6.19). In further analysis after taking into account
socio-demographic, financial and ill health factors, there was a significantly increased risk
of psychological disorder in general managers in government & large organisations (OR
3.07 CI 1.51-6.24), managers in transport & storing (OR 2.91 CI 1.37-6.19), clerks NES
(OR 1.83 CI 1.04-3.22), and buyers / mobile sales persons (OR 2.56 1.08-6.07) but not in
professional technical occupations NES (OR 1.85 CI 0.89-3.86), filing record clerks (OR
1.49 CI 0.74-3.00), catering occupations (OR 1.31 CI 0.74-2.33), health & related
occupations (OR 1.31 CI 0.74-2.33) or sales occupations NES (OR 1.58 CI 0.67-3.70).
There was no significant association between any minor SOC group and a reduced risk of
psychological disorder.
Table 15 Odds of psychological disorder by minor SOC group
All *OR (95% CI) **OR (95% CI) Specialist managers 1.00 1.00 Buyers & Mobile Salespersons 2.48 1.09-5.60 2.56 1.08-6.07 Clerks NES 2.71 1.59-4.61 1.83 1.04-3.22 Filing record clerks 1.96 1.00-3.84 1.49 0.74-3.00 General managers in government & large organisations 2.79 1.41-5.54 3.07 1.51-6.24 Managers in transport & storing 2.44 1.18-5.03 2.91 1.37-6.19 Sales occupations NES 2.78 1.25-6.19 1.58 0.67-3.70
*Unadjusted OR ** adjusted for social, financial and ill health factors
Prevalence of psychological disorder by specific additional SOC unit groups Table 16 shows the prevalence of psychological disorder in specific additional SOC
groups. Specific additional SOC groups were selected for examination on the basis of
earlier research that suggested that these groups might be especially vulnerable to common
mental disorder related to work. As before the prevalence rates of psychological disorder
by specific additional SOC unit groups should be interpreted with caution because of small
numbers in some unit group categories. Compared to the 13% overall psychological
38
disorder prevalence in specific additional SOC groups, specific additional SOC groups
with a much higher prevalence of psychological disorder included teachers in primary and
secondary (but not higher education), welfare community youth workers, security staff,
waiters, bar staff, nurse auxiliaries and care assistants. Other specific unit groups with a
slightly higher prevalence of psychological disorder compared to the overall prevalence
included chefs and cleaners & domestics. The prevalence of psychological disorder was
much lower in police officers etc. and in drivers of road goods vehicles compared to the
overall prevalence in specific additional unit groups.
Table 16 High and low prevalence of psychological disorder by specific additional SOC group
All Percentage (95% CI) Overall prevalence 13 (12-15) High prevalence groups Bar staff 29 (13-46) Care assistants 19 (12-27) Chefs 16 (6-25)Cleaners & domestics 15 (9-21)Nurse auxiliaries 19 (6-33)Secondary teachers 18 (10-26) Security staff 18 (4-32)Teachers in primary education 19 (9-30)Welfare community, youth workers 21 (8-35)Waiters 18 (5-32)
Low prevalence groups Drivers of road goodsvehicles 9 (3-15) Police officers etc 4 (0-8)
Risk of psychological disorder by specific additional SOC unit groupings
In unadjusted analysis there was a significantly increased risk of psychological disorder in
bar staff (OR 3.74 CI 1.46-9.58). This increased risk of psychological disorder in bar staff
remained significant after adjustment for age, sex and age by sex interaction (OR 3.39 CI
1.30-8.82). However, bar staff were not at a significantly increased risk of psychological
disorder after taking sociodemographic confounders into account (OR 2.52 CI 0.95-6.72)
and neither after additional adjustment for long standing physical illness (OR 2.21 CI 0.83-
5.92). This suggests that the increased risk of psychological disorder in bar staff is
accounted largely for by other non-health and physical illness factors.
Prevalence of psychological disorder by 29-category grouping used in SWI 95
39
The Health and Safety Executive has previously used information from the 1995 Survey of
self-reported work-related illness (SWI95) to provide estimates of occupational differences
in the prevalence of work-related stress, depression and anxiety. This survey used a 29
category occupational grouping constructed so that SOC unit groups with similar working
conditions were grouped together (Jones et al, 1998). Table 17 shows the prevalence of
psychological disorder in 2000 for the 29 occupational categories used in the SWI95
survey.
Table 17 shows the high and low prevalence of psychological disorder in some of the 29
categories used in SWI95. Compared to the 13% overall prevalence of psychological
disorder in other unit groups used in SW195, groups with a much higher prevalence
included caterers, teachers, literary artistic & sports, clerical, hair & beauty and care
workers. SW1 95 categories with a lower prevalence of psychological disorder compared
to the overall prevalence included personal service, security & protective services, metal,
electrical, textile and ‘other’ processing, repetitive assembly inspection, road transport
operatives, and moving & storing materials.
Table 17 High and low prevalence of psychological disorder by the 29 categories used in SWI95.
All Percentage (95% CI) Overall prevalence High prevalence groups Care workers CaterersClerical Hair & beauty Literary artistic & sportsSelling Teachers
Low prevalence groups Electrical processing Metal processingMoving & storing materials Other transport & machine operatives ‘Other’ processing Repetitive assembly inspection Road transport operatives Science & Engineering Security & protective services Textile processing
13 (12-15)
16 (11-20) 19 (13-25)
17 (14-21) 16 (4-28)
17 (9-25) 17 (13-21)
16 (11-21)
7 (1-12) 10 (6-14)
7 (3-12) 5 (0-12) 9 (5-12) 9 (3-15) 10 (5-15) 9 (6-13) 10 (2-17) 8 (0-17)
40
SOC by SIC cross classifications
Occupations may vary in how stressful they are depending on what industry they are
situated in. For instance, clerical secretarial posts in the construction industry may differ
in their work characteristics from clerical secretarial posts in the health service. The cross
classification of occupation and industry may provide useful insights into whether
occupational factors or characteristics of industries relate to psychological disorder. Table
18 shows the prevalence of psychological disorder in major SOC groups within 2 Standard
Industrial Classification (SIC) categories, occupations in construction and occupations in
human health activities (HHA). High levels of morbidity have been found previously in
these two Standard Industrial Classification categories. This analysis was carried out to
determine whether certain occupational groups within industrial sectors were more at risk
of psychological disorder. The overall prevalence of psychological disorder in major SOC
groups cross-classified by these 2 SIC categories was 13%. Clerical & secretarial
occupations in construction and personal & protective service occupations in HHA had a
much higher prevalence of psychological disorder compared to the overall prevalence. In
contrast managers & administrators, craft related occupations in construction, and clerical
& secretarial occupations in HHA had a lower prevalence compared to the overall
prevalence. Interestingly, clerical & secretarial occupations in construction had a much
higher prevalence of psychological disorder than clerical & secretarial occupations in
HHA.
Table 18 High and low prevalence of psychological disorder in SOC groups in construction and human health activities
Construction Percentage (95% CI) Human health activities Percentage (95% CI) Overall 13 (12-15) Overall 13 (12-15) High prevalence groups High prevalence groups Clerical & secretarial occupations 27 (11-43) Personal & protective service
occupations 19 (9-29)
Low prevalence groups Low prevalence groups Craft related occupations 9 (5-13) Clerical & secretarial occupations 9 (1-17) Managers & administrators 4 (0-9) Professional occupations -
Prevalence of neurotic disorders
The second outcome measuring common mental disorder was ‘any neurotic disorder’.
Mixed anxiety / depressive disorder was the most frequent neurotic disorder in men and
women and was more prevalent in women than men across all major and sub major SOC
groups. Mixed anxiety / depressive disorder was also the most frequent neurotic disorder
across most minor SOC groups except in textile, garment trades, security service
41
occupations, ‘other’ transport machine operatives and plant & machine operatives in
whom generalised anxiety disorder was more frequent.
Prevalence of Psychological disorder by minor SOC groups in the 19932000 combined dataset.
Table 19 shows minor SOC groups with high and low prevalence of psychological disorder
from the 1993-2000 surveys combined dataset. High and low prevalence of disorder was
defined as 2% greater or less than the overall prevalence (13%). Greater number of
respondents in the combined dataset makes the prevalence estimates more robust than the
prevalence estimates from either the 1993 or 2000 survey. Compared to the 13% overall
prevalence, there was a much greater prevalence of psychological disorder in general
managers in government & large organisations, managers in transport & storing, welfare
associate and artistic, sports, etc, professionals, clerks NES, professional technical NES,
catering and sales and mobile salespersons and agents. Prevalence was also higher than
the overall prevalence in filing record clerks, receptionists, telephonists etc. health related
and other sales service occupations, sales representatives, managers, administrators NES,
administration staff in government and sales, check out assistants, sales representatives,
personal service occupations NES, receptionists telephonists etc, mobile sales persons &
agents, and other sales service occcuaptions.
The prevalence of psychological disorder was much lower in health professionals,
business and financial professionals, printing and related trades, buyers brokers agents
etc, metal working operatives, assemblers, line workers, farming related occupations,
other community occupations, other occupations NES, natural scientists, draughts-persons
surveyors, metal machining fitting etc and electrical and electronic trades. Prevalence was
also lower amongst construction, textile garment, woodworking, and other craft related
trades NES, NCO's armed forces, hairdressers beauticians, domestic staff, food drink
tobacco, chemical paper etc and metal working operatives, transport, professional,
security etc service occupations NES, metal forming welding trades and road transport,
other transport machine operatives and metal machining, fitting etc trades.
42
Table 19 High and low prevalence of psychological disorder by minor SOC group from 1993-2000 survey
All Percentage (95% CI) Overall prevalence High prevalence groups Administration staff in government Artistic, sports etc professionals CateringClerks NES Filing & record clerks General managers in government & large organisations Health & related occupations Managers & administrators Managers in transport & storingMobile sales persons & agents Other sales service occupations Personal service occupations NES Professional technical occupations NESReceptionists, telephonists etc. Sales check out assistants Sales occupations NESSales representatives Welfare associate professionals
Low prevalence groups Assemblers line workers Business & finance professionals Buyers brokers agents etc Chemicals paper etc operatives Construction trades Domestic staff etc Draughts-persons surveyors etc Electrical & electronic trades Engineers & technologists Food & tobacco operatives Hairdressers beauticians etc Health professionals Metal forming, welding etc. trades Metal machining, fitting etc trades Metal making treating operatives Metal working operatives Natural scientists
13 (12-14)
15 (9-21) 19 (12-25)
21 (15-26) 21 (16-26) 17 (10-23)
22 (13-31) 18 (14-22) 16 (10-22)
20 (10-30) 19 (6-32) 17 (14-20) 20 (1-38)
21 (13-28) 16 (10-21) 17 (14-20)
26 (13-40) 16 (9-24)
22 (14-30)
7 (1-14) 6 (2-10) 6 (0-14) 9 (2-15) 10 (6-14) 9 (4-15) 2 (0-6) 6 (3-9) 8 (4-11) 9 (2-16) 11 (0-21)) 2 (0-4) 10 (4-15) 7 (3-11) 9 (0-20) 4 (0-8) 5 (0-10)
43
NCOs armed services 9 (1-18)Other communication occupations 6 (1-10)Other craft related trades NES 10 (4-16)Other farming related occupations 2 (0-6) Other occupations NES 4 (0-12)Other transport occupations 9 (0-19)Other transport machine operatives 9 (3-15)Other routine operatives 10 (6-14)Printing & related trades 7 (0-16)Professional occupations NES 9 (4-13)Road transport operatives 10 (6-14)Stores despatch clerks & keepers 9 (4-13)Security etc service occupations 11 (6-16)Textile garment trades 9 (4-14)Woodworking trades 9 (5-14)
Risk of psychological disorder by minor SOC groups in the 1993-2000 combined dataset.
Table 20 shows the odds of psychological disorder associated with minor SOC groups
from data from the combined 1993, 2000 surveys on occupation and mental health. There
was an association between increased risk of psychological disorder and occupation when
occupational grouping was categorised in minor SOC units. Compared to specialist
managers and after taking into account socio-demographic, financial and ill health factors,
there was a significantly increased risk of psychological disorder in general managers in
government & large organisations (OR 2.29), managers in transport & storing (OR 2.05),
artistic sports etc professionals (OR 1.67), clerks NES (OR 1.65), catering occupations
(OR 1.55), and sales occupations NES (OR 2.36). In contrast a significantly reduced risk
of psychological disorder was associated with health professionals (0.14), business &
financial professionals (0.49) and other farming related occupations (0.18) even after
accounting for socio-demographic, financial and ill health factors.
Table 20 Odds of psychological disorder by minor SOC group from 1993-2000 combined dataset
All *OR (95% CI) Specialist Managers 1.00 Artistic sports etc professionals 1.67 1.06-2.64 Business & financial professionals 0.49 0.24-0.99 Catering occupations 1.55 1.03-2.34 Clerks NES 1.65 1.10-2.48 General managers in government & large organisations 2.29 1.30-4.03 Health professionals 0.14 0.02-0.92 Managers in transport & storing 2.05 1.13-3.73 Other farming related occupations 0.18 0.04-0.75 Sales occupations NES 2.36 1.27-4.38
* Adjusted for social, financial and ill health factors
44
Prevalence of neurotic disorder by minor SOC groups in the 1993-2000 combined dataset.
Table 21 shows minor SOC groups with high and low prevalence of neurotic disorder from
the combined dataset of the 1993-2000 surveys on psychiatric morbidity and occupation.
Mixed / anxiety depressive disorder was the most frequent disorder across most minor
SOC groups except in professional, security service etc occupations, other transport
machine operatives in whom generalised anxiety was more common. Compared to the
14% overall prevalence of any neurotic disorder minor SOC groups with a much higher
prevalence included general managers in government and large organisations, managers
in transport and storing, welfare etc associate, artistic, sports etc professionals,
professional technical occupations NES, clerks NES, receptionists, telephonists, personal
service occupations NES, mobile salespersons and agents and sales occupations NES.
Minor SOC groups with a higher prevalence of neurotic disorder included managers in
farming horticulture etc, managers administrators NES, teaching professionals, architects
town planners, surveyors, health related occupations, sales representatives, sales check
out assistants, sales occupations NES and other sales occupations.
Compared to the 14% overall prevalence of any neurotic disorder, minor SOC groups with
a much lower prevalence of disorder included engineers and technologists, health business
and financial professionals, electrical and electronic, printing and related trades, NCOs
etc armed forces, assemblers line workers, other farming related occupations, other
occupations NES. Minor SOC groups with a lower prevalence of disorder included natural
scientists, professional occupations NES, draughts-persons surveyors etc, health
professionals, stores despatch clerks & keepers, construction, metal machining fitting,
vehicle, textile garment, woodworking metal forming welding etc. trades, food drink
tobacco operatives, metal working chemical paper etc, metal making treating, other
routine, and road transport operatives, other manufacturing etc and other transport
occupations.
45
Table 21 High and low prevalence of any neurotic disorder by minor SOC group from the 1993-2000 survey dataset
All Percentage (95% CI) Overall prevalence High prevalence groups Architects, surveyors, town planners Artistic, sports etc professionals Catering occupations Clerks NES Filing record clerks General managers in government & large organisations Health & related occupations Managers in farming & horticulture Managers in transport & storingManagers administrators etc NES Mobile sales persons & agents Other sales service occupations Personal service occupations Professional technical occupations NESReceptionists, telephonists Sales check out assistants Sales representatives Sales occupations NES Teaching professionals Welfare associate professionals
Low prevalence groups Assemblers, line workers Business & finance professionals Buyers brokers agents Chemicals paper etc operatives Construction trades Domestic staff Draughts-persons, surveyors etc Electrical & electronic trades
14 (13-15)
18 (8-28) 21 (14-27) 21 (16-27) 21 (16-26) 17 (10-23)
22 (13-31) 19 (15-23) 17 (3-30)
21 (11-31) 17 (11-23) 20 (7-33) 19 (15-22) 22 (3-40)
23 (14-31) 20 (14-26) 18 (15-21) 16 (9-23) 26 (13-40) 16 (13-20)
25 (17-34)
7 (1-14) 7 (3-11) 6 (0-14) 12 (5-19) 10 (6-14) 9 (4-15) 3 (0-7) 7 (3-10)
Low prevalence groups Textile garment trades 9 (4-14) Vehicle trades 12 (6-8) Woodworking trades 10 (5-15)
46
Engineers & technologists 8 (4-12) Food, drink, tobacco operatives 10 (3-17) Hairdressers beauticians 12 (2-23) Health associate professionals 12 (8-15) Health professionals 4 (0-8) Metal forming, welding etc trades 11 (7-16) Metal machining fitting trades 9 (5-13) Metal making treating operatives 10 (0-20) Metal working operatives 4 (0-8) Natural scientists 5 (0-10) NCOs armed services 9 (1-18) Other communication occ. 6 (0-12) Other craft related trades NES 12 (5-19) Other farming occupations 4 (0-8) Other manufacturing occupations 12 (0-24) Other occupations NES 4 (1-11) Other routine operatives 12 (8-16) Other transport occupations 9 (0-19) Printing & related trades 7 (0-16) Professional occupations NES 11 (5-16) Road transport operatives 11 (6-15) Stores despatch clerks & keepers 12 (7-18)
Risk of neurotic disorder by minor SOC groups in the 1993-2000 combined dataset.
Table 22 shows odds of any neurotic disorder associated with minor SOC groups.
Compared to specialist managers and taking socio-demographic, financial and ill health
factors into account a significantly increased risk of any neurotic disorder was associated
with general managers in government & large organisations (2.19), managers in transport
& storing (2.14), welfare etc professionals (1.90), artistic sports etc professionals (1.84),
professional technical occupations NES (1.74), clerks NES (1.62), catering occupations
(1.58) and sales occupations NES (2.25). Conversely, a significantly reduced risk of any
neurotic disorder was associated with other farming related occupations (0.28).
Table 22 Odds of any neurotic disorder by minor SOC group in 1993-2000 combined survey dataset
All *OR (95% CI) General managers in government & large organisations 2.19 1.25-3.83 Managers in transport & storing 2.14 1.20-3.81 Welfare etc associate professionals 1.90 1.14-3.18 Artistic sports etc. professionals 1.84 1.19-2.86 Professional technical occupations NES 1.74 1.05-2.89 Clerks NES 1.62 1.08-2.41 Catering occupations 1.58 1.05-2.36 Sales occupations 2.25 1.22-4.16 Other farming related occupations 0.28 0.09-0.88
* Adjusted for social, financial and ill health factors
47
DISCUSSION Prevalence rates of common mental disorder were assessed by occupational classifications:
major SOC group, sub-major SOC group, minor SOC group and additional unit groups.
The main mental health outcome reported was the proportion scoring 12 or more on the
CIS-R (psychological disorder).
In order to compare rates of common mental disorder across a wide range of occupations,
rates were compared with the mean for the entire sample or with a reference group of
managers (either Managers and Administrators for major SOC groups or specialist
managers for minor SOC groups) chosen because of the large number of participants in
this group. There was consistency among which groups had high or low rates of common
mental disorder across ‘psychological disorder’ and ‘any neurotic disorder’. This was
reassuring, but hardly surprising, as the derivation of two outcomes was very similar.
The rates in major SOC groups may not be particularly informative about specific
occupations because these groups are so broad and contain a wide variety of different
occupations with different characteristics. Nevertheless, because of the size of these groups
the findings are robust. Rates of common mental disorder in sub-major and minor
categories may be more informative about specific occupations. The disadvantage of these
more specific groups is that they contain fewer participants and hence the reliability of
rates is less certain. Thus it is necessary to compare rates of common mental disorder
across the levels of occupational classification to interpret these findings.
In the logistic regression analyses after initial adjustment for age and sex we next adjusted
for marital status, family type, housing tenure and financial difficulties. This was partly to
adjust for family or non-work factors that might influence mental health and be related to
occupation. However, it could be argued that this is overadjustment in terms of housing
tenure and financial difficulties as these are related to the income received as a result of
being in a particular occupation and are integral to that occupation. Interpreting these
analyses requires recognition that some of the effects of social position and income have
been adjusted for in relating occupation and risk of psychological disorder. The final
adjustment was for long-standing physical illness. Again this is important as longstanding
physical illness is related to occupation and also is a potent risk factor for psychological
disorder. Although it is important to adjust for the effects of physical illness on
psychological disorder this could also be construed as overly conservative as it is possible
48
that physical illness is a mediating or moderating factor on the pathway from occupation to
psychological disorder or that psychological disorder presents with physical symptoms and
is diagnosed as physical illness.
OCCUPATIONS WITH LOW RISK OF COMMON MENTAL DISORDER
In major SOC groups rates of common mental disorder were low in men across a range of
occupations that seem to have little in common: Plant and machine operatives,
professionals, craft and related and ‘other’ occupations. These groups with low rates will
tend to vary in income from high (professionals) to low (plant and machine operators).
Thus income does not seem likely to be an explanation for low rates of disorder. While
professionals may have an interesting job with high levels of skill discretion, this seems
less likely to be the case for plant and machine operatives. Hence skill discretion although
it may be a partial explanation does not seem to be a sufficient explanation for low rates.
In sub-major groups low rates were found in other professional occupations, drivers and
mobile machine operators, industrial plant and machine operators and assemblers
amongst others. Traditionally, these blue-collar occupations might be associated with
higher rates of ill health, especially physical ill health. It may be that working conditions
for these skilled occupations have improved in recent years, while at the same time these
occupations are relatively self contained and do not have high levels of psychological
demands that might impair mental health. It is possible, although speculative in this study,
that there is a reporting bias, linked to the social desirability of reporting mental health
symptoms. This might vary by occupation and lead to apparent low levels of
psychological disorder in certain occupational groups.
OCCUPATIONS WITH HIGH RISK OF COMMON MENTAL DISORDER
High rates of disorder were found in sales occupations, especially in women, in associate
professional and technical occupations, in clerical/secretarial occupations, personal and
protective services and managers and administrators. In minor SOC groups general
managers in government and large organisations may be under high pressure to achieve
targets, and have high levels of accountability and a lack of long-term job security, that
together may comprise a high level of job demands, deleterious to mental health (Wall et al
1997). Managers in transport and storage may similarly be exposed to high levels of
psychological work demands. Buyers/mobile sales persons are under pressure to achieve
sales targets in an increasingly competitive market – this may be stressful and contribute to
49
high levels of common mental disorder. Hence, high levels of demands may be important
as contributors to a higher risk of psychological disorder in these occupations. The sex
difference in rates of common mental disorder within Buyers, Brokers and Salespersons is
striking although the number of women is small in this group. Could working conditions
and work ethos be too focussed on men in these occupations at the expense of women?
Scientific technicians and professional technical occupations NES also had a higher risk of
disorder, the reasons for which are not clear. The higher risk of disorder in clerks may
relate to the low status and expectations in this group.
Specific additional SOC unit groups
There was a higher prevalence of common mental disorder in many occupations that have
been traditionally associated with high risk: primary and secondary teachers, welfare
community youth workers, security staff, waiters, bar staff, nurse auxiliaries and care
assistants. These are occupations that require working directly with the general public, as
school pupils, clients, patients or customers. It is recognised that this ‘people work’ with
high expectations from the public, risk of violence and verbal aggression, coupled with the
requirement of the professional to mask their own emotional needs, may be hazardous to
mental health (Hochschild, 1983). In addition, low financial rewards but increased
administrative and performance expectations add to the psychological demands of these
occupations. Such jobs have high levels of effort-reward imbalance demonstrated
elsewhere to increase the risk of psychological distress (Stansfeld et al, 1999). Small
numbers of participants in these occupations in the sample may account for the lack of
significant associations in the logistic regression analyses although bar staff continue to be
at high risk. In addition to the pressure of dealing with people, bar staff are also exposed to
another environmental hazard – a ready supply of alcohol, where alcohol abuse is a known
risk factor for common mental disorder (Kessler et al, 1997).
Comparison with SWI95
The pattern of differences by occupation is to some extent similar to the findings of the
SWI95 survey. In the SWI95 survey, nurses and teachers had the highest estimated
prevalence with around 2% of those currently or recently working classified as suffering
from work-related stress, depression or anxiety. Care workers, managers and
professionals had the second highest prevalence of self-reported work-related stress,
depression or anxiety, at around 1%. Groups with a low prevalence of self-reported work
50
related stress, depression or anxiety included construction and processing occupations
(Jones et al, 1998).
The comparison of occupations across SIC groups is instructive. The same occupation has
different rates of common mental disorder according to the occupational sector it is
situated in. Thus people in the same occupation may be more or less at risk depending on
the context in which they work. It is not known what may determine this but it is plausible
that working conditions and status of the occupation within the organisation may
determine this.
Analysis of 1993-2000 combined data
Overall there were fairly few changes in prevalence rates of common mental disorder by
occupation between 1993 and 2000. Thus we felt justified in combining the 1993 and 2000
datasets to increase the size of occupational groups. By combining the datasets we did
enlarge the numbers in minor SOC groups with an increase in precision of the estimates.
The associations between occupation and mental health were similar in the 1993-2000
combined dataset and the 2000 dataset. Examination of the results from the combined
dataset did not alter the conclusions we derived from the 2000 dataset.
Comparison between the ONS psychiatric morbidity study and the North American and European studies
The North American psychiatric interview studies suggest high rates of depression among
certain groups that were also at risk in the ONS Psychiatric Morbidity Study. These
include sales, administrative, clerical, secretarial and teachers. High-risk groups in a
European study using the General Health Questionnaire included typists, nurses, waiters,
managers, supply clerks and social workers. At the same time there were discrepancies:
machine operators/assemblers had low rates of common mental disorder in the UK but
high rates of depression in North America. There must be considerable diversity of
working conditions within these occupations that may contribute to these differing rates.
Given that there are occupational differences in the prevalence of psychological disorder a
number of factors may explain the observed differences.
· Firstly, occupations vary in terms of the hazards in the physical environment
encountered by employees.
51
· Secondly, since most employees have some degree of choice as to which occupation
they pursue, self-selection may play a role in observed occupational differences
· Thirdly, occupations vary in terms of the psychosocial conditions experienced by
employees, like low control, high work demand, role conflict, and co-worker support.
· Fourthly, occupations may differ in other factors like income obtained from the
occupation, socio-economic status (SES) and education that have an impact on
depression but are not directly part of the psychosocial work environment.
· Fifthly, there may be exposure to working conditions harmful to mental health that are
specific to certain occupations.
In conclusion there are occupational differences in psychological disorder and the reasons
for these differences are complex. Once the causes are better understood than effective
interventions can be put in place to change the psychosocial and physical conditions at
work.
52
REFERENCES
Hochschild, A.R. (1983). The managed heart: commercialization of human feeling.
Berkeley, University of California Press.
Jones JR, Hodgson JT, Clegg TA, Elliot RC. Self-Reported Work-related Illness in 1995:
Results of a Household Survey. Sudbury: HSE Books, 1998
Kessler, R.C., Crum, R.M., Warner, L.A., Shulenberg, J., Anthony, J.C. (1997). Lifetime
co-occurrence of DSM-III-R alcohol abuse and dependence with other psychiatric
disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 54, 313-21.
Stansfeld, S.A., Fuhrer, M.J., Shipley, M.J., Marmot, M.G. (1999). Work characteristics
predict psychiatric disorder: prospective results from the Whitehall II study. Occupational
and Environmental Medicine 56, 302-307.
Wall TD, Bolden RI, Borrill CS, Carter AJ, Golya DA, Hardy GE, Haynes CE, Rick JE,
Shapiro DA, West MA. (1997) Minor psychiatric disorder in NHS trust staff : occupational
and gender differences British Journal of Psychiatry 171 519-23.
53
CHAPTER 6 PSYCHIATRIC MORBIDITY AND SICKNESS ABSENCE
Introduction
Mental health problems are known to be a major cause of sickness absence. In this chapter,
we report occupational differences in sickness absence. We then examine the association
between psychiatric morbidity and sickness absence and investigate the extent to which
prevalence of psychological disorder explains differences in sickness absence rates by
occupation. We also see whether the magnitude of association between psychological
disorder and sickness absence varies by occupation.
It has been estimated that around 3% of total working days are lost due to sickness absence
and that the cost to UK industry is in the order of £10.7 billion (Confederation of British
Industry, 2001). Sickness absence has been shown to be a measure of health, particularly
long or medically certified spells of absence (Marmot et al 1995).
There are two ways of looking at the link between psychiatric morbidity and sickness
absence. The first approach looks at the specific reason given for being absent from work.
Using this approach, it has been shown that psychiatric morbidity is one of the major
reasons for being absent from work and that its importance increases with length of spell
(Stansfeld et al 1995, Feeney et al 1998). The second approach looks at an independent
measure of psychological illness in relation to overall sickness absence levels. Several
studies, including prospective studies, have shown that there is a link between prevalence
of psychological disorder and rates of sickness absence. Simon et al (2001) have reviewed
the literature on the impact of depression on work productivity, including sickness
absence.
Other factors that have been shown to be related to long or medically certified spells of
sickness absence include low socioeconomic status (North et al 1993) , heavy alcohol
intake (Jenkins 1986; Marmot et al 1993) and physical work hazards, such as heavy lifting
(Voss et al 2001). Associations have also been demonstrated between aspects of the
psychosocial work environment and long spells of sickness absence, including low job
control (North et al 1996, Stansfeld et al 1999), control over working time among women
but not men (Ala-Mursula et al 2002), workplace bullying (Kivimaki et al 2000, Voss et al
2001) and organisational justice (Kivimaki et al 2003). In addition, sickness absence rates
54
are associated with organisational downsizing (Vahtera et al 1997), job insecurity (Voss et
al 2001) and type of employment contract (Benavides et al 2001).
It has also been suggested that taking a spell of absence, particularly a short spell, may be a
coping strategy which is protective for future health (Kristenson 1991, Rael et al 1995,
Stansfeld et al 1997).
Overall sickness absence
Participants were asked if they had taken time off work in the past year as a result of their
health or feelings and if so, how many days they had been off work. In this chapter, three
summary measures of sickness absence are used:
· Percentage taking any time off in past year
· Percentage taking 6 or more days off in past year
· Mean number of days taken in past year
We chose a cut point of 6 or more days for the second summary measure as taking this
amount of time off work is more likely to reflect real illness. The average number of days
off work per year has been used in other national surveys of sickness absence. However,
this summary measure can be unduly influenced by a small number of people who take
very long absences so may be less useful than the first two summary measures.
In 2000, 30% (CI 28%-32%) of adults under the age of 65 and in work in the past year
reported that they had taken some time off work because of their health or feelings. The
mean number of days taken off work was 7 days (CI 6-8 days) and 17% (CI 15%-19%) of
participants reported taking 6 or more days in the past year.
The proportion taking any time off work was lower among older people. Women were
more likely to report taking any time off work and also had a higher rate of taking 6 or
more days off work than men.
Sickness absence by occupation
This section describes occupational differences in levels of sickness absence.
55
Major SOC groups
Table B.6a shows the percentage taking any time off work, the percentage taking 6 or more
days off work and the mean number of days off by major SOC group. Compared with the
overall results, managers and administrators were less likely to report taking any time off
work (27%) as were those in craft and related occupations (27%) whereas those in clerical
and secretarial occupations were more likely to report taking any time off work (35%).
Major SOC groups with relatively high proportions taking 6 or more days off work
(around 20% compared with around 15% in other major SOC groups) were clerical and
secretarial, personal and protective service and plant & machine operatives.
The mean number of days off in the past year was highest in craft and related occupations
(9 days) and lower for managers and administrators (5 days) and sales occupations (4
days). Although the average number of days off work is higher for craft and related than
for managers and administrators, the two occupational groupings have similar proportions
taking any time off work and also similar proportions taking more than 6 days off work.
The high mean number of days off for craft and related occupations may be a result of a
small proportion of people who took a large number of days off work and illustrates the
potential problem with using the average number of days off as a summary indicator for
sickness absence.
Age and gender differences in the make up of different occupational groups could account
for some of the occupational differences in sickness absence. Therefore, a logistic
regression analysis of occupational differences in sickness absence was carried out with
adjustments for age and sex. Table 25 shows the results of this analysis for taking any time
off work by major SOC groups. In this analysis, the reference group was managers and
administrators. This analysis confirmed that the prevalence of taking any days off work
rates was low among managers and administrators and significantly higher in clerical and
secretarial (Odds ratio 1.34, CI 1-09-1.64). Table 26 shows results for taking 6 or more
days off work by major SOC groups. Odds ratios for taking 6 or more days off work were
significantly higher for clerical and secretarial (Odds ratio 1.54, CI 1.21-1.96), personal
and protective services (Odds ratio 1.36, CI 1.04-1.78) and plant and machine operatives
(Odds ratio 1.57, CI 1.19-2.07).
56
Sub-major SOC groups
There were differences in proportions taking sickness absence by sub-major SOC group
(Tables B.6b). In logistic regression analyses of sub-major SOC groups, the chosen
reference group was managers and administrators (Tables 27 and 28). In this reference
group, the percentages taking any sickness absence (30%) and taking more than 6 days
(15%) were similar to the overall figure for all occupations (30%, 17% respectively). Sub
major SOC groups with a significantly high proportion reporting taking any time off
work in comparison to managers and administrators were:
· Science and Engineering Associate Professionals 39% OR 1.44 (CI 1.00-2.07).
People working in the following sub-major SOC occupations were significantly less likely
to take time off work:
· Managers and proprietors in agriculture and services20% OR 0.56 (CI 0.40-0.79)
· Other associate professionals 25% OR 0.73 (CI 0.54- 1.00).
The proportion of people taking time off work was also high (but not statistically
significant) in the following occupations:
· Secretarial Occupations 37%, OR 1.20 (CI 0.87-1.67)
· Industrial Plant and Machine Operatives, Assemblers 35%, OR 1.23 (CI 0.93-1.63).
The proportion of people taking time off work was also low (but not statistically
significant) in the following occupations:
· Other professional occupations 25%, OR 0.75 (CI 0.51-1.10)
· Other associate professional occupations 25%, OR 0.73 (CI 0.54-1.00)
· Skilled engineering trades 23%, OR 0.72 (CI 0.49-1.04)
· Protective service occupations 25%, OR 0.78 (CI 0.49-1.25)
Sub-major SOC groups with a significantly high proportion reporting taking 6 or more
days off work in comparison to managers and administrators were:
· Secretarial occupations 25%, OR 1.57 (CI 1.08-2.27)
· Industrial Plant and Machine Operators, Assemblers 21%, OR 1.46 (CI 1.04-2.04).
People working in the following sub-major SOC occupations were significantly less likely
to take time off work:
57
· Managers and proprietors in agriculture and services 11%, OR 0.64 (CI 0.41-0.99).
The proportion of people taking 6 or more days off work was also relatively high (but not
statistically significant) in the following occupations:
· Health associate professionals 23%, OR 1.41 (CI 0.91-2.16)
· Science and engineering professionals 20%, OR 1.45 (CI 0.94-2.23)
· Clerical occupations 20%, OR 1.31 (CI 0.99-1.73)
· Skilled construction trades 20%, OR 1.50 (CI 0.92-2.45)
The proportion of people taking time off work was also low (but not statistically
significant) in the following occupations:
· Other professional occupations 11%, OR 0.66 (CI 0.39-1.10)
· Other associate professional occupations 11%, OR 0.69 (CI 0.46-1.03)
Minor SOC groups
Table B.6c reports differences in proportions taking sickness absence by minor SOC
group. In the logistic regression analyses of these minor SOC groups, the chosen reference
group was specialist managers (Tables B.7a and B.7b). In this group, the percentage taking
any sickness absence (30%) was the same as the overall figure for all occupations but the
percentage taking more than 6 days (11%) was low both compared with the figures for all
managers and administrators (15%) and the overall figure for all occupations (17%).
Minor SOC groups with a significantly high proportion reporting taking any days off work
in comparison to specialist managers were:
· Scientific technicians 53%, OR 2.62 (CI 1.47, 4.69)
· General managers-government, large organisations 42%, OR 1.85 (CI 1.04, 3.30)
· Administrative staff in government 44%, OR 1.71 (CI 1.01, 2.88).
People working in the following minor SOC groups were significantly less likely to take
time off work:
· Managers in service industry 20%, OR 0.60 (CI 0.40, 0.90)
· Business and finance associate professional 14%, OR 0.38 (CI 0.17, 0.84).
58
The percentages taking any time off work were also relatively high in most of the minor
SOC groups within the major SOC grouping secretarial and clerical, ranging from 32% to
44%.
The percentage taking 6 or more days off work was low in the reference group, specialist
managers (11%). Minor SOC groups with a significantly high proportion reporting taking
6 or more days off work in comparison to specialist managers were:
· Financial and office managers etc 21%, OR 1.95 (CI 1.09-3.49)
· Managers in transport and storing 21%, OR 2.16 (CI 1.02-4.59)
· Engineers and technologists 22%, OR 2.37 (CI 1.33-4.24)
· Scientific technicians 22%, OR 2.31 (CI 1.12, 4.77)
· Computer analysts, programmers 19%, OR 2.02 (CI 1.00, 4.08)
· Health associate professionals 23%, OR 2.03 (CI 1.18, 3.47)
· Administrative staff in government 23%, OR 2.15 (CI 1.12, 4.13)
· Clerks nes 26%, OR 2.53 (CI 1.48, 4.32)
· Stores, despatch clerks and keepers 25%, OR 2.86 (CI 1.61, 5.10)
· Secretarial etc personnel 23%, OR 1.98 (CI 1.15-3.41)
· Receptionists, telephonists etc 30%, OR 2.88 (CI 1.54-5.39)
· Clerical, secretarial nes 25%, OR 2.42 (CI 1.02, 5.74)
· Construction trades 20%, OR 2.18 (CI 1.21, 3.94)
· Textiles, garments trades 26%, OR 2.62 (CI 1.11, 6.18)
· Security etc service occupations 20%, OR 2.07 (CI 1.09, 3.90)
· Health and related occupations 29%, OR 2.87 (CI 1.72, 4.80)
· Chemicals, paper etc operatives 24%, OR 2.51 (CI 1.04, 6.08)
· Other routine operatives 23%, OR 2.31 (CI 1.26-4.22)
· Road transport operatives 18%, OR 1.95 (CI 1.13-3.34)
· Plant & machine operatives nes 29%, OR 3.51 (CI 1.77-6.95)
· Other communication occupations 25%, OR 2.78 (CI 1.28, 6.05)
In comparison with specialist managers, there were no minor SOC groups where
proportions taking 6 or more days were significantly lower. Minor SOC groups with low or
similar proportions compared with specialist managers were:
59
· Production managers – manufacturing etc 12%, OR 1.17 (CI 0.60, 2.28)
· Managers etc service industry 11%, OR 0.91 (CI 0.52, 1.58)
· Business and financial professionals 9%, OR 0.80 (CI 0.35, 1.84)
· Business, finance associate professionals 5%, OR 0.40 (CI 0.11, 1.43)
· Artistic, sports etc professionals 9%, OR 0.75 (CI 0.35, 1.63)
· Professional, technical occupations nes 9%, OR 0.79 (CI 0.31, 2.05)
Specific additional groupings
Table B.6d reports the proportions taking sickness absence for specific additional
groupings of SOC unit groups. In the logistic regression analyses of these specific
additional groupings, the chosen reference group was sales managers (Tables B.7c and
B.7d). The percentages taking any sickness absence (23%) and 6 or more days (7%) were
low in this group in comparison with both the figures for all occupations (30% and 17%
respectively) and also for other occupations in the same minor SOC grouping of specialist
managers (29%, 11% respectively).
The only specific additional grouping with a significantly high proportion reporting taking
any days off work in comparison to sales managers was:
· Nursing auxiliaries 49%, OR 2.60 (CI 1.14, 5.93)
The percentage taking at least one day off in the last year was also high (but not
statistically significant in:
· Nurses and midwives 38%, OR 1.80 (CI 0.98, 3.33)
60
Specific occupational groups with a significantly high proportion reporting taking 6 or
more days off work in comparison to sales managers were:
· Primary teachers 20%, OR 2.66 (CI 1.03, 6.90)
· Social workers 22%, OR 3.21 (CI 1.03, 10.02)
· Nurses and midwives 26%, OR 3.84 (CI 1.61, 9.15)
· Welfare, community, youth workers 23%, OR 3.36 (CI 1.22, 9.30)
· Counter clerks 20%, OR 2.85 (CI 1.06-7.67)
· Police officers 20%, OR 3.10 (CI 1.09, 8.84)
· Security staff 21%, OR 3.36 (CI 1.21, 9.34)
· Chefs 22% OR 3.31 (CI 1.27, 8.64)
· Nursing auxiliaries 36% OR 5.85 (CI 2.09-16.39)
· Care assistants 29% OR 4.48 (CI 1.91-10.52)
· Drivers of road goods vehicles 20%, OR 3.38 (CI 1.41-8.11)
· Cleaners and domestics 17%, OR 2.37 (CI 1.00-5.61)
61
Mental illness and sickness absence
Table 23 shows the association between psychological disorder (CIS-R score of 12+) and
sickness absence in the preceding year. There was a strong association between prevalence
of psychological disorder and sickness absence. Respondents with a CIS-R score of 12 +
were much more likely to report having taken days off work in the past year than those
with a CIS-R score under 12 (50% compared with 27%; Odds ratio adjusted for age and
sex: 2.71 CI 2.33-3.15). The proportion taking 6 or more days off work in the past year
was also much higher among those with psychological disorder (36% compared with 14%;
Odds ratio adjusted for age and sex: 3.55 CI 3.01- 4.20). About 1 in 5 people who reported
taking more than 6 days off work in the past year had a high CIS-R score.
Table 23 Time off work as a result of health/feelings over the past year by CIS-R score
CIS-R score <12 CIS-R score 12+ All adults
Any time off 27% (CI 25%-29%) 50% (CI 44%-54%) 30% (CI 38%-32%)
6 or more days off 14% (CI 12%-16%) 36% (CI 32%-40%) 17% (CI 15%-19%)
Mean no. of days off 5 (CI 4-6) 19 (CI 15-23) 7 (CI 6-8)
Base 4720 767 5437
The average number of days taken off work in the past year was higher among those with a
high CIS-R score at 19 days (CI 15 to 23 days) compared with an average of 5 days (CI 4
to 6 days) among those with a CIS-R score under 12. If it were assumed that poor mental
health was the cause of this excess absence, then the percentage of total days lost which
might be ‘attributable’ to psychological morbidity is around 29%. However, there is a
problem with using retrospective sickness absence data. Some cases of psychological
morbidity may be a result of other physical illness rather than being a direct cause of
sickness absence. In addition, other research has suggested that taking one or two days off
work may be a healthy coping behaviour and so may protect against subsequent poor
mental health.
As expected, people who reported having a long-standing physical complaint had taken
more sickness absence in the last year (Table 24). Physical illness is known to be a risk
factor for mental health problems, so we repeated the analysis of the relationship between
62
psychological disorder and sickness absence including an adjustment for presence of a
longstanding physical complaint. The association between psychological disorder and
sickness absence remained significant after adjusting for presence of longstanding physical
complaints and the odds ratios were not much reduced (Table 24).
Table 24 Odds ratios~ of having taken any days off work in the past year as a result of health/feelings by CIS-R score and physical complaints
Any days off work 6 or more days off work CIS-R score Odds ratio (CI) Odds ratio (CI)
0-11 1.00 1 12+ 2.46 ** (2.11-2.87) 3.22 ** (2.72-3.81)
Any longstanding physical complaint
No 1 1 Yes 2.03 ** (1.80-2.28) 2.08 ** (1.81-2.40)
** p<0.01 ~ Odds ratios for CIS-R score adjusted for age, sex and longstanding physical complaint Odds ratios for longstanding physical complaint adjusted for age, sex and CIS-R score
The contribution of minor mental illness to occupational differences in sickness absence
In this chapter, we have shown that there were significant differences in rates of sickness
absence by occupational groupings and in Chapter 5, we have described the differences in
prevalence of psychological disorder by occupation. To what extent did these occupational
differences in prevalence of psychological disorder explain differences in sickness absence
by occupation?
Tables 25-28 show odds ratios for sickness absence by major SOC and sub-major SOC
groupings before and after adjustment for psychological disorder. In general, the odds
ratios for occupational differences in rates of sickness absence were hardly changed after
adjustment for psychological morbidity (defined as CIS-R score of 12+). Thus, differences
in the prevalence of high CIS-R score by occupation did not explain the occupational
differences in rates of sickness absence.
63
Table 25
jOdds ratios for having taken any days off work in the past year for ma or SOC groups
Adjusted Odds Ratio: Sociodemographic Adjusted Odds Ratio: CIS- Adjusted Odds Ratio:
Odds Ratio variables R caseness Physical complaint
Major SOC group Managers & Administrators 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 -Professional Occupations 1.14 (0.91-1.42) 1.11 (0.89-1.39) 1.16 (0.92-1.45) 1.14 (0.90-1.43) Associate Professionals & Technical Occupations 1.17 (0.94-1.46) 1.13 (0.90-1.41) 1.14 (0.91-1.43) 1.15 (0.92-1.45) Clerical & Secretarial Occupations 1.45 ** (1.19-1.76) 1.34 ** (1.09-1.64) 1.35 ** (1.10-1.66) 1.30 * (1.06-1.61) Craft & Related Occupations 0.98 (0.79-1.23) 1.01 (0.80-1.27) 1.02 (0.81-1.29) 1.02 (0.80-1.29) Personal & Protective Service Occupations 1.11 (0.89-1.38) 1.03 (0.82-1.29) 1.03 (0.82-1.30) 1.00 (0.79-1.26) Sales Occupations 1.04 (0.82-1.31) 0.96 (0.76-1.23) 0.95 (0.74-1.21) 0.93 (0.73-1.20) Plant & Machine Operatives 1.22 (0.97-1.53) 1.24 (0.98-1.56) 1.30 * (1.03-1.65) 1.28 * (1.01-1.62) Other Occupations 1.19 (0.93-1.52) 1.12 (0.87-1.44) 1.16 (0.90-1.50) 1.15 (0.89-1.48)
Variables entered into the model which were Sex CIS-R score 12+ Has a physical complaint significant Age
Age by sex Other variables entered in the model which were not significant * p<0.05, ** p<0.01
Analyses of occupational differences in sickness absence were also repeated with an
adjustment for presence of a long standing physical complaint as well as for mental illness.
Again, the odds ratios for occupational differences in sickness absence remained similar
(Tables 25-28).
Table 26
jOdds ratios for taking 6 or more days off work in the past year for ma or SOC groups
Adjusted Odds Ratio: Sociodemographic Adjusted Odds Ratio: CIS-R Adjusted Odds Ratio:
Odds Ratio variables caseness Physical complaint
Major SOC group Managers & Administrators 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 -Professional Occupations 1.08 (0.81-1.44) 1.06 (0.80-1.41) 1.11 (0.83-1.49) 1.09 (0.82-1.47) Associate Professionals & Technical Occupations 1.16 (0.88-1.54) 1.13 (0.85-1.50) 1.13 (0.85-1.51) 1.16 (0.87-1.55) Clerical & Secretarial Occupations 1.66 ** (1.31-2.11) 1.54 ** (1.21-1.96) 1.54 ** (1.20-1.98) 1.53 ** (1.19-1.96) Craft & Related Occupations 1.11 (0.84-1.47) 1.20 (0.91-1.60) 1.25 (0.94-1.68) 1.24 (0.93-1.67) Personal & Protective Service Occupations 1.44 ** (1.10-1.88) 1.36 * (1.04-1.78) 1.37 * (1.04-1.80) 1.36 * (1.03-1.80) Sales Occupations 0.93 (0.69-1.27) 0.91 (0.67-1.24) 0.87 (0.64-1.19) 0.89 (0.65-1.22) Plant & Machine Operatives 1.49 ** (1.13-1.96) 1.57 ** (1.19-2.07) 1.72 ** (1.29-2.29) 1.69 ** (1.27-2.25) Other Occupations 1.17 (0.86-1.60) 1.14 (0.84-1.56) 1.20 (0.87-1.65) 1.21 (0.87-1.67)
Variables entered into the model which were Age by sex CIS-R score 12+ Has a physical complaint significant
Other variables entered in the model which Sex were not significant Age * p<0.05, ** p<0.01
64
Table 27
jOdds ratios for having taken any days off work in the past year for sub-ma or SOC groups
Adjusted Odds Ratio: Sociodemographic Adjusted Odds Ratio: CIS- Adjusted Odds Ratio:
Odds Ratio variables R caseness Physical complaint
Sub - major SOC group Managers & Administrators 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 -Managers & Proprietors in Agriculture & Services 0.58 ** (0.41-0.81) 0.56 ** (0.40-0.79) 0.58 ** (0.41-0.81) 0.58 ** (0.41-0.81) Science & Engineering Professionals 1.13 (0.79-1.63) 1.12 (0.77-1.61) 1.20 (0.83-1.74) 1.15 (0.79-1.68) Health Professionals .. - .. - .. - .. -Teaching Professionals 1.10 (0.81-1.49) 1.06 (0.77-1.44) 1.06 (0.77-1.46) 1.04 (0.75-1.44) Other Professional Occupations 0.77 (0.53-1.12) 0.75 (0.51-1.10) 0.79 (0.54-1.16) 0.79 (0.54-1.17) Science & Engineering Associate Professionals 1.46 * (1.02-2.10) 1.44 * (1.00-2.07) 1.50 * (1.04-2.17) 1.56 * (1.07-2.26) Health Associate Professionals 1.19 (0.82-1.71) 1.08 (0.75-1.57) 1.16 (0.79-1.69) 1.14 (0.78-1.67) Other Associate Professional Occupations 0.76 (0.56-1.03) 0.73 * (0.54-1.00) 0.71 * (0.52-0.97) 0.72 * (0.52-0.98) Clerical Occupations 1.23 (0.98-1.53) 1.14 (0.91-1.44) 1.15 (0.91-1.45) 1.10 (0.87-1.40) Secretarial Occupations 1.36 (0.99-1.85) 1.20 (0.87-1.67) 1.25 (0.90-1.74) 1.23 (0.88-1.72) Skilled Construction Trades 1.12 (0.74-1.69) 1.18 (0.78-1.79) 1.17 (0.77-1.79) 1.13 (0.74-1.74) Skilled Engineering Trades 0.70 (0.48-1.01) 0.72 (0.49-1.04) 0.73 (0.50-1.06) 0.73 (0.50-1.06) Other Skilled Trades 0.87 (0.64-1.17) 0.87 (0.64-1.17) 0.89 (0.66-1.21) 0.90 (0.66-1.23) Protective Service Occupations 0.78 (0.49-1.24) 0.78 (0.49-1.25) 0.80 (0.50-1.29) 0.73 (0.45-1.19) Personal service Occupations 1.00 (0.78-1.28) 0.91 (0.71-1.18) 0.91 (0.71-1.19) 0.89 (0.69-1.16) Buyers,Brokers and Sales Reps 0.86 (0.54-1.35) 0.84 (0.53-1.32) 0.85 (0.53-1.35) 0.85 (0.53-1.37) Other Sales Occupations 0.91 (0.70-1.19) 0.84 (0.63-1.10) 0.82 (0.62-1.09) 0.80 (0.60-1.07) Industrial Plant & Machine Operators,Assemblers 1.25 (0.95-1.65) 1.23 (0.93-1.63) 1.32 (0.99-1.75) 1.27 (0.95-1.69) Drivers & Mobile Machine Operators 0.80 (0.57-1.13) 0.85 (0.60-1.20) 0.88 (0.62-1.25) 0.89 (0.62-1.27) Other Occupations in Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing .. - .. - .. - .. -Other Elementary Occupations 1.06 (0.81-1.38) 0.99 (0.75-1.29) 1.02 (0.78-1.34) 1.01 (0.76-1.33)
Variables entered into the model which were Sex CIS-R score 12+ Has a physical complaint significant Age
Age by sex Other variables entered in the model which were not significant * p<0.05, ** p<0.01
Table 28
jOdds ratios for taking 6 or more days off work in the past year for sub-ma or SOC groups
Adjusted Odds Ratio: Sociodemographic Adjusted Odds Ratio: Adjusted Odds Ratio:
Odds Ratio variables CIS-R caseness Physical complaint
Sub - major SOC group Managers & Administrators 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 -Managers & Proprietors in Agriculture & Services 0.65 (0.42-1.01) 0.64 * (0.41-0.99) 0.66 (0.42-1.03) 0.66 (0.42-1.03) Science & Engineering Professionals 1.38 (0.90-2.13) 1.45 (0.94-2.23) 1.64 * (1.05-2.56) 1.60 * (1.02-2.49) Health Professionals .. - .. - .. - .. -Teaching Professionals 1.07 (0.73-1.58) 0.99 (0.67-1.46) 0.98 (0.66-1.46) 0.95 (0.63-1.43) Other Professional Occupations 0.66 (0.39-1.11) 0.66 (0.39-1.10) 0.70 (0.41-1.19) 0.71 (0.42-1.21) Science & Engineering Associate Professionals 1.21 (0.77-1.91) 1.28 (0.81-2.03) 1.37 (0.86-2.18) 1.44 (0.90-2.31) Health Associate Professionals 1.59 * (1.04-2.42) 1.41 (0.91-2.16) 1.56 * (1.01-2.42) 1.56 * (1.00-2.44) Other Associate Professional Occupations 0.71 (0.47-1.07) 0.69 (0.46-1.03) 0.64 * (0.42-0.97) 0.66 * (0.43-1.00) Clerical Occupations 1.39 * (1.05-1.82) 1.31 (0.99-1.73) 1.31 (0.98-1.74) 1.29 (0.97-1.72) Secretarial Occupations 1.84 ** (1.28-2.64) 1.57 * (1.08-2.27) 1.65 * (1.13-2.40) 1.65 * (1.12-2.42) Skilled Construction Trades 1.37 (0.84-2.23) 1.50 (0.92-2.45) 1.53 (0.92-2.53) 1.46 (0.88-2.43) Skilled Engineering Trades 0.89 (0.57-1.40) 0.98 (0.62-1.54) 1.03 (0.65-1.64) 1.03 (0.64-1.64) Other Skilled Trades 0.93 (0.64-1.36) 0.98 (0.67-1.44) 1.04 (0.71-1.54) 1.05 (0.71-1.55) Protective Service Occupations 1.27 (0.75-2.15) 1.33 (0.78-2.26) 1.43 (0.83-2.46) 1.33 (0.77-2.30) Personal service Occupations 1.30 (0.96-1.75) 1.20 (0.89-1.62) 1.20 (0.88-1.63) 1.21 (0.89-1.65) Buyers,Brokers and Sales Reps 0.82 (0.45-1.49) 0.83 (0.45-1.51) 0.84 (0.45-1.56) 0.85 (0.46-1.58) Other Sales Occupations 0.85 (0.60-1.19) 0.81 (0.57-1.15) 0.77 (0.54-1.09) 0.79 (0.55-1.12) Industrial Plant & Machine Operators,Assemblers 1.42 * (1.01-1.99) 1.46 * (1.04-2.04) 1.63 ** (1.16-2.30) 1.58 * (1.11-2.23) Drivers & Mobile Machine Operators 1.21 (0.81-1.81) 1.31 (0.88-1.97) 1.43 (0.95-2.16) 1.44 (0.95-2.19) Other Occupations in Agriculture, Forestry & Fishin .. - .. - .. - .. -Other Elementary Occupations 1.09 (0.78-1.52) 1.06 (0.76-1.47) 1.11 (0.79-1.56) 1.11 (0.79-1.57)
Variables entered into the model which were Age by sex CIS-R score 12+ Has a physical complaint significant
Other variables entered in the model which Sex were not significant Age
Tables B.7a-7d show similar analyses of sickness absence by minor SOC groupings and
specific additional occupational groups. Differences in prevalence of psychological
65
disorder did not appear to explain much of the occupational differences in sickness absence
(odds ratios for occupational differences were in general similar or increased after
adjustment for psychological morbidity). The same was true after adjustment for presence
of long standing physical complaints.
It may be that psychological morbidity is more strongly related to sickness absence in
some occupations than others. This might be the case, for example, if thresholds for coping
with work among those with poor mental health varies by occupation. In the major SOC
groups, odds ratios for any days off work ranged from 1.4 in other occupations to 3.8 in
plant and machine operatives (Table 29). Odds ratios for taking 6 or more days off work
ranged from 1.55 in other occupations to 5.8 in plant and machine operatives.
66
Table 29
Tim e o ff w or k a s a r e sul t of hea l th /fe e lin gs ov er th e p as t y ear
by m a j or S O C gr o u p a nd C IS -R sc or e
M a n age rs & A dm in is tr a to rs
P ro fes s io n a l O c c upa ti ons
A s s oc ia te
P ro fes s io na l s &
Te c h n i c a l O c c upa tio ns
C le ri c a l &
S ec re ta ria l O c c up a ti on s
C ra ft & R e l a ted O c c u pa tio ns
P e rs o n a l &
P ro te c ti v e
S e rv ic e O c c u pa ti on s
S a les O c c upa tio ns
P lan t & M ac h ine O pe r a tiv es
O the r O c c upa ti ons
P e rc e n t ag e re p o rti ng ti m e o ff
C IS -R s cor e <12
A ny tim e o ff 6 o r m o re d ay s o f f
M ean no . o f d ay s o ff
24 11
3
(2 ) (1 )
2 8 1 3
4
(2 ) (2 )
28 13
5
(2 ) (2 )
3 2 1 7
6
(2 ) (1 )
24 12
4
(2 ) (2 )
2 5 1 4
5
(2 ) (2 )
2 4 1 2
4
(2 ) (2 )
29 16
7
(2 ) (2 )
3 0 1 5
7
(3 ) (2 )
B as e 7 8 3 544 5 1 1 729 485 502 389 42 8 349
M a n age rs & A dm in is tr a to rs
P ro fes s io n a l O c c upa ti ons
A s s oc ia te
P ro fes s io na l s &
Te c h n i c a l O c c upa tio ns
C le ri c a l &
S ec re ta ria l O c c up a ti on s
C ra ft & R e l a ted O c c u pa tio ns
P e rs o n a l &
P ro te c ti v e
S e rv ic e O c c u pa ti on s
S a les O c c upa tio ns
P lan t & M ac h ine O pe r a tiv es
O the r O c c upa ti ons
P e rc e n t ag e re p o rti ng ti m e o ff
C IS -R s cor e 1 2+
A ny tim e o ff 6 o r m o re d ay s o f f
M ean no . o f d ay s o ff
47 34
16
(5 ) (4 )
4 9 2 9
2 1
(7 ) (6 )
49 36
13
(6 ) (5 )
5 5 4 4
1 5
(5 ) (5 )
50 39
51
(6 ) (6 )
5 5 4 6
2 4
(5 ) (5 )
4 7 2 1
5
(7 ) (5 )
60 53
16
(8 ) (8 )
3 8 2 2
1 7
(8 ) (5 )
B as e 1 3 8 71 8 9 144 60 9 7 74 42 52
M a n age rs & A dm in is tr a to rs
P ro fes s io n a l O c c upa ti ons
A s s oc ia te
P ro fes s io na l s &
Te c h n i c a l O c c upa tio ns
C le ri c a l &
S ec re ta ria l O c c up a ti on s
C ra ft & R e l a ted O c c u pa tio ns
P e rs o n a l &
P ro te c ti v e
S e rv ic e O c c u pa ti on s
S a les O c c upa tio ns
P lan t & M ac h ine O pe r a tiv es
O the r O c c upa ti ons
P e rc e n t ag e re p o rti ng ti m e o ff
A ll ad ult s A ny tim e o ff 27 (2 ) 3 0 (2 ) 31 (2 ) 3 5 (2 ) 27 (2 ) 2 9 (2 ) 2 8 (2 ) 31 (2 ) 3 1 (3 )
6 o r m o re d ay s o f f 14 (1 ) 1 5 (2 ) 16 (2 ) 2 1 (1 ) 15 (2 ) 1 9 (2 ) 1 3 (1 ) 20 (2 ) 1 6 (2 )
M ean no . o f d ay s o ff 5 6 6 8 9 8 4 7 8
B as e 9 2 1 615 6 0 0 873 545 599 463 47 0 401
O d ds ra ti o A ny tim e o ff 2 .71 2 .54
6 o r m o re d ay s o f f 4 .14 2 .65
D i ffe re nc e A v e rag e ex c e s s da y s 13 1 7
2 .5 5 2 .58 3 .14 3 .62 2 .73 3 .77 1 .40
3 .7 9 3 .80 4 .39 5 .07 1 .94 5 .81 1 .55
8 9 47 1 9 0 10 9
67
Among those who reported taking 6 or more days off in the past year, proportions
classified as having a high CIS-R score ranged from about 1 in 10 among professional
occupations and sales occupations to about 1 in 4 among personal, protective and service
workers. There were also differences in the association between CIS-R score and taking
time off work among Sub-Major SOC groups (Table B.8).
Discussion
There were occupational differences in prevalence of any sickness absence, prevalence of
taking more than 6 days in last year and average number of days off work. Sickness
absence was high in clerical and secretarial occupations, personal and protective services
and plant and machine operatives. Although the prevalence of taking any sickness absence
was low in the broad Major SOC group, Managers and administrators, some occupational
groups within this had a high prevalence including managers and administrators working
in government. The prevalence of taking sickness absence was also high in some
professional groups including science and engineering professionals, nursing, teachers, and
social workers. In addition, the prevalence of taking 6 or more days off was high in some
manual occupations, including construction trades.
Other sources of data on national levels of sickness absence have been described by
Barham and Leonard (2002). The Labour Force Survey collects information from a sample
of individuals on sickness absence in one reference week. Data for Autumn 2001 showed
sickness absence accounted for 2 per cent of total working days. Other sources of national
data come from surveys of employers, such as the annual CBI surveys. These surveys
collect sickness absence data from personnel departments so that the quality of data will
depend on the reporting system used by employers. The 2000 CBI survey estimated that
the mean number of days off work due to sickness absence was 7.8 days, very similar to
results in this report giving the mean number of days off work as 7 days.
Kessler et al (1997) showed in a US study of 16 occupational groupings defined on basis
of similar work characteristics – they found that clerical and sales workers had higher rates
of work loss days. A study in Canada (Dewa and Lin 2000) of 14 occupational groupings
showed that unskilled manual had higher total disability days.
68
Thus results from different studies consistently show that absence rates are high among
clerical and manual occupations. This may be because these occupational differences are
related to socioeconomic status and reflect associated factors, such as income, which
predict health and in turn sickness absence (North et al 1993). It may also be related to
occupational differences in the psychosocial work environment.
Our results show that psychiatric morbidity is strongly related to sickness absence, both
prevalence and total days off, and that this association remains after adjusting for
longstanding illness. The percentage of total days off ‘attributable’ to psychological
disorder was 29%. Thus, promotion of good mental health may help to reduce levels of
sickness absence (Stansfeld 1996).
Although there may be a problem with using retrospective sickness absence data, a strong
link between mental health and sickness absence has been found in prospective studies as
well (Simon et al 2001). Savikko et al (2001) showed that the association between
psychiatric morbidity and sickness absence was seen for different indicators of absence,
including frequency, incidence and duration of spells. Also, they also showed that the
association was seen for less severe forms of mental health problems as well as serious
mental health problems.
In a study of the Dutch population (the NEMESIS study), Laitenen-Krispijn and Bijl
(2000) reported that major depressive disorder prospectively predicted the prevalence of
any sickness absence in men but that this association was weaker among women.
We found some evidence for occupational differences in the magnitude of the association
between mental health and sickness absence. This could reflect the nature of the job, or
rehabilitation and sickness absence policies. Few other studies have looked at occupational
differences in the association between psychiatric morbidity and sickness absence. Kessler
and Frank (1997) showed that the effects of psychiatric disorder on sickness absence were
similar across all occupations.
Despite the strong association between mental health and sickness absence, occupational
differences in prevalence of psychological morbidity did not appear to explain
occupational differences in sickness absence.
69
In conclusion, our findings confirmed that there is a strong link between psychiatric
morbidity and sickness absence rates. Within each occupational grouping, those with
psychological disorder were more likely to have taken sickness absence in the preceding
year. Thus, promotion of good mental health may help to reduce levels of sickness
absence. However, occupational differences in prevalence of psychological disorder
explained little of the variation in sickness absence rates by occupation.
70
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working times: associations with subjective health and sickness absence. Journal of
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Barham C. and Leonard J. (2002) Trends and sources of data on sickness absence. Labour
Market Trends, April 2002: 177-185.
Benavides,FG, Benach,J, Diez-Roux,AV, Roman,C (2000) How do types of employment
relate to health indicators? Findings from the Second European Survey on Working
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Confederation of British Industry (2001). Pulling Together: 2001 absence and labour
turnover survey. CBI and PPP healthcare
Dewa,CS, Lin,E (2000) Chronic physical illness, psychiatric disorder and disability in the
workplace. Social Science & Medicine 51: 41-50.
Feeney,A, North,F, Head,J, Canner,R, Marmot,MG (1998) Socioeconomic and sex
differentials in reasons for sickness absence from the Whitehall II study. Occupation &
Environmental Medicine 55: 91-98.
Kessler,RC, Frank,RG (1997): The impact of psychiatric disorders on work loss days.
Psychological Medicine 27: 861-873.
Kivimaki M, Elovainio M, Vahtera J. (2000) Workplace bullying and sickness absence in
hospital staff. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 57: 656-660.
Kivimaki M, Elovainio M, Vahtera J, Ferrie J.E. (2003) Organisational justice and health
of employees: prospective cohort study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 60:
27-34.
Kristenson T (1991). Sickness absence and work strain among Danish slaughterhouse
workers: an analysis of absence from work regarded as coping behaviour. Social Science
and Medicine 32: 15-27.
Laitinen-Krispijin,S, Bijl,RV (2000) Mental disorders and employee sickness absence: the
NEMESIS study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 35: 71-77.
71
Marmot,M, Feeney,A, Shipley,M, North,F, Syme,SL (1995) Sickness absence as a
measure of health status and functioning: from the UK Whitehall II study. Journal of
Epidemiology Community Health 49: 124-130.
Marmot,MG, North,F, Feeney,A, Head,J (1993) Alcohol consumption and sickness
absence: from the Whitehall II Study. Addiction 88: 369-382.
North,F, Syme,SL, Feeney,A, Head,J, Shipley,MJ, Marmot,MG (1993) Explaining
socioeconomic differences in sickness absence: the Whitehall II study. British Medical
Journal 306: 361-366.
North,FM, Syme,SL, Feeney,A, Shipley,M, Marmot,M (1996) Psychosocial work
environment and sickness absence among British civil servants: The Whitehall II Study.
Am.J.Public Health 86: 332-340.
Rael,EGS, Stansfeld,SA, Shipley,M, Head,J, Feeney,A, Marmot,M (1995) Sickness
absence in the Whitehall II study, London: the role of social support and material
problems. Journal of Epidemiology Community Health 49: 474-481.
Savikko,A, Alexanderson,K, Hensing,G (2001) Do mental health problems increase
sickness absence due to other diseases? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
36: 310-316.
Simon,G, Barber,C, Birnbaum,HG, Frank,RG, Greenberg,PE, Rose,RM et al (2001)
Depression and work productivity: the comparative costs of treatment versus nontreatment.
Journal of Occupation and Environmental Medicine 43: 2-9.
Stansfeld,S, Feeney,A, Head,J, Canner,R, North,F, Marmot,MG (1995) Sickness absence
for psychiatric illness: The Whitehall II Study. Social Science & Medicine 40: 189-197.
Stansfeld,SA, Rael,EGS, Head,J, Shipley,M, Marmot,M (1997) Social support and
psychiatric sickness absence: a prospective study of British civil servants. Psychological
Medicine 27: 35-48.
Stansfeld,SA, (1996) Mental Health and sickness absence. OHR, 26-30
Stansfeld SA, Head J, Ferrie J, (1999) Short-term disability, sickness absence and social
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439.
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Vahtera,J, Kivimaki,M, Pentti,J (1997) Effect of organizational downsizing on health of
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Voss,M, Floderus,B, Diderichsen,F (2001) Physical, psychosocial, and organisational
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58: 178-184.
73
Chapter 7 TRENDS IN PREVALENCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER
This chapter describes changes in prevalence of psychological disorder between 1993 and
2000. First, overall trends are described and then trends within occupational groupings are
examined.
Overall trends
Overall, there was little change in the prevalence of psychological disorder. In 1993, 12%
of those aged under 65 and in work in the past year had a high score on the CIS-R. In
2000, the figure was 13%. This overall picture of little change was also true for both men
and women. Further information on changes within age groups and for specific mental
disorders and neurotic symptoms were described in the 2000 Psychiatric Morbidity main
report (Singleton, 2001).
Trends by occupational groups
Tables 30 to 33 show trends in the prevalence of psychological disorder for major SOC
groups, sub-major SOC groups, minor SOC groups and specific additional groupings.
Here, we comment on those occupations in which there were either significant increases or
significant decreases in the prevalence of psychological morbidity.
Table 30. Difference in CIS-R score 12+ from 1993 to 2000 by major SOC group by sex Women Men All adults
1993 2000 Difference % 1993 2000 Difference % 1993 2000 Difference %
All 16 17 1 9 11 1 12 13 1
Managers & 21 15 -6 9 13 4 13 14 1 administrators Professional occupations 15 15 0 7 8 2
Associate professional 15 15 0 12 11 -1 10 11 1 & technical occupations Clerical & Secretarial 14 18 4 9 11 -1 13 14 1 occupations Craft & related 9 17 9 7 10 3 13 16 3 occupations Personal & protective 17 17 0 12 12 1 7 11 4 service occupations Sales occupations 18 20 2 17 12 -5 17 17 0
Plant & machine 10 13 3 10 8 -2 10 9 -1 operatives Other occupations 21 15 -6 8 8 0 15 11 -4
74
Table 31
Difference in CIS-R score 12+ from 1993 to 2000 by sub-major SOC group (all aged 16-64 years who had worked within the past year and were not assessed as having a psychotic disorder)
All adults
1993 2000 difference % % %
All 12 13 1 Managers & Administrators 12 15 2 Managers & Proprietors in Agriculture & Services 15 12 -3 Science & Engineering Professionals 6 8 2 Health Professionals 3 .. .. Teaching Professionals 14 15 2 Other Professional Occupations 9 10 1 Science & Engineering Associate Professionals 9 11 2 Health Associate Professionals 12 11 -1 Other Associate Professional Occupations 17 18 1 Clerical Occupations 12 16 4 Secretarial Occupations 14 15 2 Skilled Construction Trades 6 14 8 Skilled Engineering Trades 4 10 6 Other Skilled Trades 10 10 1 Protective Service Occupations 10 11 1 Personal service Occupations 17 16 0 Buyers,Brokers and Sales Reps 15 13 -2 Other Sales Occupations 18 18 0 Industrial Plant & Machine Operators,Assemblers 10 9 -1 Drivers & Mobile Machine Operators 11 9 -1 Other Occupations in Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing 3 2 -1 Other Elementary Occuaptions 16 12 -4
75
Table 32
Difference in CIS-R score 12+ from 1993 to 2000 by minor SOC group (all aged 16-64 years who had worked within the past year and were not assessed as having a psychotic disorder)
All adults
1993 2000 difference % % %
All 12 13 1 Gen. managers -government,large orgs 13 26 14 Prod. managers - manufacturing etc 11 13 2 Specialist managers 13 11 -2 Financial & office managers etc 13 14 1 Managers in transport & storing 10 24 14 Protective service officers .. .. .. Managers in farming,horticulture etc 10 .. .. Managers etc service industry 15 11 -4 Managers,administrators nes 15 16 1 Natural scientists 4 6 2 Engineers & technologists 7 8 2 Health professionals 3 .. .. Teaching professionals 14 15 2 Legal professionals .. .. .. Business & financial professionals 7 6 -2 Architects,town planners,surveyors 16 .. .. Librarians etc professionals .. .. .. Professional occupations nes 8 9 1 Scientific technicians 7 18 12 Draughtspersons,surveyors etc 4 .. .. Computer analysts,programmers 17 9 -8 Ship,aircraft officers & controllers .. .. .. Health associate professionals 12 11 -1 Legal associate professionals .. .. .. Business,finance associate profs 15 9 -7 Welfare etc associate professionals 23 21 -2 Artistic,sports etc professionals 19 18 -1 Prof,technical occupations nes 16 24 8 Administrative staff in government 16 15 -1 Numerical clerks & cashiers 12 13 1 Filing & record clerks 13 20 7 Clerks nes 13 27 14 Stores,despatch clerks & keepers 11 7 -4 Secretarial etc personnel 12 16 4 Receptionist,telephonists etc 19 13 -6 Clerical,secretarial occupations nes 9 16 7 Construction trades 6 14 8 Metal machining,fitting etc trades 2 14 12 Electrical,electronic trades 6 7 1 Metal forming,welding etc trades 13 7 -6 Vehicle trades 10 15 5 Textiles,garments etc trades 9 9 -1 Printing & related trades 9 .. .. Woodworking trades 8 9 1 Food preparation trades .. .. .. Other craft,related trades nes 7 16 9 NCOs etc, armed forces 9 .. .. Security etc service occupations 11 11 0 Catering occupations 21 20 -1 Travel attendants etc occupations .. .. .. Health & related occupations 17 19 2 Childcare & related occupations 14 11 -3 Hairdressers,beauticians etc .. .. .. Domestic staff etc 17 1 -16 Personal service occupations nes .. .. .. Buyers,brokers agents etc .. .. .. Sales representatives 17 13 -4 Sales,check-out assistants 19 16 -3 Mobile salespersons & agents 7 .. .. Sales occupations nes .. 26 .. Food,drink,tobacco operatives 6 11 4 Textiles,tannery operatives .. .. .. Chemicals,paper etc operatives 10 9 0 Metal making,treating operatives .. .. .. Metal working operatives 8 - 8
76
Table 33
Difference in CIS-R score 12+ from 1993 to 2000 by specific additional SOC unit groupings (all aged 16-64 years who had worked within the past year and were not assessed as having a psychotic disorder)
All adults
1993 2000 difference % % %
All 12 13 1 Sales managers 11 10 -2 Others in category 12 15 12 -3 Higher education 15 12 -3 Secondary education 12 18 6 Primary education 15 19 5 Social workers 11 12 2 Nurses & midwives 9 11 1 Other health assoc prof 19 11 -8 Welfare, community, youth workers 27 21 -6 Accounts, clerks 11 14 3 Counter clerks 14 10 -4 Police officers etc 11 4 -7 Security staff 10 18 8 Chefs 18 16 -2 Waiters 22 18 -4 Barstaff 22 29 7 Nurse aux 15 19 4 Care assistants & attendants 19 19 0 Drivers of roads goods vehicles 6 9 3 Cleaners & domestics 22 15 -7 Other occupations 12 13 1
Trends in psychological disorder by major SOC groups
There was a significant increase in the prevalence of psychological disorder (CIS-R score
12+) in:
Craft and related occupations (from 7% to 11%)
Male managers and administrators (from 9% to 13%)
Female clerical and secretarial occupations (from 14% to 18%)
Trends in psychological disorder by sub-major SOC groups
There was a significant increase in the prevalence of psychological disorder (CIS-R score
12+) in:
Skilled construction trades (from 6% to 14%)
Skilled engineering trades (from 4% to 10%)
Trends in psychological disorder Minor SOC groups
There was a significant increase in the prevalence of psychological disorder (CIS-R score
12+) in:
Clerks nes (from 13% to 27%)
77
Construction trades (from 6% to 14%)
Metal machining, fitting etc trades (from 2% to 14%)
The prevalence of psychological disorder also increased between 1993 and 2000 among
general managers in government and large organisations (from 13% to 26%) although
this was not statistically significant.
There was a significant decrease in the prevalence of psychological disorder (CIS-R score
12+) in:
Domestic staff etc (from 17% to 1%). However, the sample size of this group was small in
2000 (30 respondents).
Specific additional SOC units
There were no significant changes among these groups between 1993 and 2000.
Discussion
Overall, the prevalence of psychological disorder among working adults was
similar in 1993 and 2000. The prevalence of psychological disorder did not change
significantly for most occupational groups but a few particular occupation groups
showed a significant increase. The increase in prevalence seen for women in the
secretarial and clerical groups may be of particular concern as this group already
had a relatively high prevalence. In contrast the 2000/2001 survey of self reported
work related illness found that the estimated prevalence rate of stress and related
(mainly heart) conditions had doubled from 0.8% (CI 0.7-0.9) to 1.7% (CI 1.6-1.8)
between 1990 and 2000/2001 (Health and Safety Statistics Highlights 2001/2002).
It is difficult to compare the results of these two surveys as the questions were
different. The second survey, unlike the first, specifically asked about mental
health problems. In SWI95 the latter part of the question was ’any illness, disability
or other physical problem’ whereas in the later survey the question was extended as
follows: ‘ any illness, disability or other physical or mental problem’. Prompting
for mental problems is likely to increase the reporting of stress. Nevertheless, other
explanations are also possible. During this decade the recognition of work related
stress increased among the general public and hence this increase in prevalence
might be related to a greater tendency to report stress. Alternatively, as there were
78
enormous changes in working conditions during this decade it is not unrealistic to
think that this doubling in prevalence of stress might reflect a real increase in work
related stress conditions.
REFERENCES
Health and Safety Statistics Highlights 2001/2002 http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/overall/hssh0102.pdf
79
CHAPTER 8 DRUG USE
This chapter describes the use of illicit drugs and prescribed psychotropic drugs by
occupation.
Use of illicit drugs in last year by major SOC group
Table 34 shows the percentage of illicit drug use by major SOC groups. In analysis of all
adults, major SOC groups associate professional & technical occupations had a higher
reported use of illicit drugs in the last year compared to the overall prevalence of drug use
in the last year. Reported use of illicit drugs was higher in men than women across all
major SOC groups. Men in associate professional & technical, clerical & secretarial,
personal & protective service, sales, and ‘other’ occupations reported greater use of illicit
drug use in the past year. Women managers & administrators, and females in associate
professional & technical occupations reported greater use of illicit drugs in the last year
than the overall prevalence of use of illicit drugs.
Table 34 Prevalence of illicit drugs use by major SOC group
All Men Women Percentage (95% CI) Percentage (95% CI) Percentage (95% CI)
Overall prevalence 12 (11-13) 15 (14-17) 9 (8-11) High Prevalence groups Associate professionals & technical occupations 15 (12-18) 19 (14-23) 11 (7-16) Clerical & secretarial occupations 18 (12-25) Managers & administrators 13 (9-17) Other occupations 19 (13-26) Personal & protective service 18 (11-25) Sales 19 (12-26)
Risk of reported illicit drug use in last year by major SOC group
Table 35 shows the odds of reported illicit drug use in the last year by major SOC groups.
Compared to managers & administrators and after taking into account age and sex, there
was a significantly reduced risk of reported illicit drug use associated with professional,
clerical & secretarial, personal & protective service, sales and ‘other’ occupations. This
analysis suggests that taking only age and sex into account professional, clerical &
secretarial, personal & protective service and ‘other’ occupations are associated with a
reduced likelihood of having used illicit drugs in the last year.
80
Table 35 Odds of illicit drug use by major SOC group
All *OR (95% CI) Managers & administrators 1.00 Clerical & secretarial occupations 0.63 0.46-0.86 Other occupations 0.67 0.46-0.96 Personal & protective service occupations 0.68 0.49-0.95 Professional occupations 0.59 0.41-0.84 Sales occupations 0.54 0.38-0.76
* Adjusted for age and sex
Use of illicit drugs in last year by sub-major SOC group
Table 36 shows sub-major SOC groups with a prevalence of use of illicit drugs. Compared
to the overall prevalence of illicit drug use in sub-major SOC groups, sub-major SOC
groups with a higher reported use of illicit drug use included, managers & proprietors in
agriculture services, science & engineering associate professionals, skilled engineering
trades, and other associate professionals. However, these findings ought to be interpreted
with caution as the prevalence of illicit drug use is strongly related to sex .
Table 36 Use of illicit drugs by sub-major SOC group
All Percentage (95% CI) Overall prevalence 12 (11-13) High prevalence groups Managers & proprietors inagriculture 15 (10-21) Other associate professionals 15 (11-19) Science & engineering associate professionals 24 (16-31) Skilled engineering trades 16 (10-22)
Risk of reported illicit drug use in last year by sub-major SOC group
In unadjusted analysis an increased likelihood of reported illicit drug use was significantly
associated with science & engineering associate professionals (OR 2.32), but a
significantly decreased likelihood associated with teaching professionals (OR 0.54), and
secretarial occupations (OR 0.48). After adjustment for age, sex and age by sex interaction
the association between an increased likelihood of drug use in science & engineering
associate professionals, was no longer significant and neither was it significant in teaching
professionals, nor secretarial occupations but was significant in clerical and 'other'
professional occupations (OR 0.69, OR 0.53 respectively) (Table 37). This analysis
suggests that taking only age and sex into account clerical and 'other' professional
occupations are associated with a reduced likelihood of illicit drug taking in the last year.
81
Table 37 Odds of illicit drug use by sub-major SOC group
All *OR (95% CI) Clerical occupations 0.69 0.49-0.99 'Other' professional occupations 0.53 0.28-0.97
* Adjusted for age, sex age sex interaction
Use of Psychotropic drugs by major SOC group
Use of prescribed psychotropic drugs, indicative of underlying mental illness was
compared across major SOC groups. Table 38 shows major SOC groups with a high
prevalence of use of psychotropic drugs. Compared to the 3% prevalence of use of
psychotropic medication in all adults in major SOC groups, personal & protective service
occupations had a higher reported use. Psychotropic drug use was greater in women than
men across all major SOC groups. Compared to their overall prevalence men and women
in personal & protective service occupations had a higher prevalence of use of
psychotropic medication.
Table 38 Prevalence of psychotropic drugs use by major SOC group
All Men Women Percentage (95% CI)
Overall prevalence 3 (3-4) 1 (1-2) 5 (4-6) High Prevalence groups Personal & protective service Occupations 6 (4-8) 8 (5-11)
Risk of psychotropic drug use by major SOC group
In unadjusted analysis an increased likelihood of reported psychotropic medication use was
significantly associated with personal & protective service occupations (OR 2.28) and also
after adjustment for age, sex and age by sex interaction (OR 1.71). This analysis suggests
that taking only age and sex into account respondents in personal & protective service
occupations have a greater likelihood of using psychotropic drugs (Table 39).
Table 39 Odds of psychotropic drug use by major SOC group
All *OR (95% CI) Personal & protective service occupations 1.71 1.03-2.82 * Adjusted for age, sex and age sex interaction
82
Reported effect of psychotropic medication upon ability to do job by Major SOC group.
Compared to the 7% overall prevalence of reported effects of psychotropic medication on
ability to do job, only personal & protective service occupations had a higher prevalence
of reported effects of psychotropic medication (9%). All other major SOC groups had a
lower prevalence of reported effect of psychotropic medication, though the estimates need
to be interpreted with caution as the numbers were small in these major SOC groups.
Use of Psychotropic drugs by sub-major SOC group
Table 40 shows some sub-major SOC groups with a high prevalence of psychotropic drug
use. Compared to the 3% reported use of psychotropic drugs in all sub-major SOC groups,
sub-major SOC groups with a higher reported prevalence of use of psychotropic drugs
included health associate professionals, and buyers brokers & sales representatives, both
with 5%. However, these findings ought to be interpreted with caution as the prevalence of
psychotropic drug use is strongly related to sex .
Table 40 Prevalence of use of psychotropic drugs by sub-major SOC group
All Percentage (95% CI)
Overall prevalence 3 (3-4) High prevalence groups Buyers, brokers & sales representatives 5 (0-9) Health associate professionals 5 (1-9) Personal service occupations 7 (4-9) Secretarial occupations 5 (2-8)
Risk of psychotropic drug use by sub-major SOC group
In unadjusted analysis an increased likelihood of reported psychotropic medication use was
significantly associated with secretarial occupations (OR 2.15) and personal & protective
service occupations (OR 2.77) but only with personal & protective service occupations
after adjustment for age, sex and age by sex interaction (OR 1.95). This analysis suggests
that taking only age and sex into account personal service occupations are associated with
an increased likelihood of psychotropic drug use (Table 41).
Table 41 Odds of psychotropic drug use by sub-major SOC group
All OR (95% CI)
83
Personal & protective service occupations 1.95 1.08-3.53
* Adjusted for age and sex
Discussion
The numbers reporting illicit drug use within occupations is small and it is difficult to draw
robust conclusions. It is possible that the culture within certain occupations or the people
who choose to work in certain occupations are either more likely to be associated with
taking illicit drugs (science and engineering associate professionals) or less likely to take
illicit drugs (clerical and other professional occupations). Personal and protective service
occupations had higher rates of psychotropic drug use than the sample as a whole. It may
be that these rates are confined more to the personal service occupations (bar staff, waiters,
nurses) who had higher rates of psychological disorder than the protective service
occupations who had lower rates.
84
CHAPTER 9 MEDICAL AND RELATED SERVICES USED BY TIME TAKEN OFF WORK Table 42 shows a list of the services used by respondents who had taken time off work due
to physical or mental health problems. Amongst people who had taken time off work for a
physical /emotional problem the most frequently used service for both physical and mental
health problems was the general practice (GP) service. For physical problems 73%
consulted their GP in the last year, 17% in the last 2 weeks, 5% had an inpatient stay and
25% an outpatient visit to a hospital in the last quarter. For psychological problems 17%
had consulted their GP's in the last year, 2% in the last 2 weeks, 1% had a hospital
outpatient visit and 7% had consulted a mental health professional (psychiatrist,
psychologist, community mental health centre, nurse, counsellor). General practice (GP)
was the most frequently used service regardless of whether respondents had taken time off
work or not. There was a higher proportion of GP consultations for physical and mental
health problems amongst respondents who had taken time off work, and a lower proportion
amongst those who had not, compared to GP consultations for physical and mental health
problems in all adults. Also, inpatient and outpatient stays in the last quarter for physical
health problems were higher in proportion amongst those who had taken time off work,
and lower in those who had not, compared to overall inpatient, outpatient stays in all
adults. Similarly, respondents who had taken time off in the last year had a higher
frequency, and those who did not take time off work, a lower frequency of contact with
mental health professionals, (psychiatrist, psychologist, community mental health centre,
nurse, counsellor) compared to the overall frequency of contact with a mental health
professional in all adults. It is likely that respondents who have taken time off work due to
their physical / mental health problem and sought help from health professionals have been
more incapacitated by their illness than those who have not taken time off work for their
illness.
85
Table 42 Services used by time off work due to physical/mental health problems
Had time off work? All adults Yes No
Percentage reporting use of each service (95% CI) Consulted GP in last year for physical problem 73 (70-75) 51 (49-52) 57 (56-59) Consulted GP in last year for mental or emotional problem 17 (15-19) 7 (6-8) 10 (9-11)
Consulted GP in last 2 weeks for physical problem 17 (15-19) 6 (6-7) 10 (9-10) Consulted GP in last 2 weeks for mental or emotional problem 2 (2-3) 1 (0-1) 1 (1-1)
Inpatient stay with physical complaint in last qtr 5 (4-6) 1 (0-1) 2 (1-2) Inpatient stay with mental complaint in last qtr 0 (0-0) 0 (0-0) 0 (0-0)
Outpatient visit with physical complaint in last qtr 25 (23-27) 12 (11-13) 16 (15-17) Outpatient visit with mental complaint in last qtr 1 (0-1) 0 (0-0) 0 (0-0)
Used a community mental health centre in the last year Seen a Psychiatrist in the last year Seen a Psychologist in the last year Seen a community psychiatric nurse in last year Receiving any counselling
1 (0-1) 0 (0-0) 0 (0-1) 1 (1-2) 0 (0-0) 1 (0-1) 1 (0-1) 0 (0-0) 0 (0-0) 1 (0-1) 0 (0-1) 0 (0-1) 3 (2-4) 1 (1-1) 2 (1-2)
Base 1671 3824 5495
86
CHAPTER 10 PSYCHIATRIC MORBIDITY AMONG THE LONG TERM SICK It may be that some of the influences of occupation on mental health are underestimated if
work related mental illness means that people leave the workforce. Occupational
differences in mental health may be reduced or obscured if it is more difficult for people
with a mental health problem to remain in work in some occupations than in others. In this
chapter, we report the distribution of the long term sick by their previous occupation, look
at the reasons for being long term sick and examine the prevalence of psychiatric
morbidity among the long term sick.
Long term sick by occupation
A total of 514 adults aged under 65 in the survey were not working in the past year and
were classified as long term sick and disabled (6% of all adults aged 65 and under). Table
8, Chapter 5, showed the distribution of the long term sick by Major SOC group. In
comparison with adults in work over the past year, the previous occupation of the long
term sick was more likely to be in one of the following Major SOC groups: Craft and
related occupation, Personal and protective service occupations, Plant and machine
operatives and other occupations and less likely to be in the other Major SOC groups. The
excess proportions of long term sick among these Major SOC groups was also apparent for
most of the constituent Sub-Major SOC groups (Table 9) including all sub-major SOC
groups within the major groups Craft and related occupations and Plant and Machine
Operatives and also the sub-major SOC groups Personal Service occupations and Other
Elementary occupations.
Reason for being long term sick and disabled
Eighty per cent of the long term sick and disabled reported that physical health problems
were the reason (Table 43) and this was similar for men and women. Just under a fifth of
both men and women said that the way they had been feeling made it impossible to work.
87
Table 43 Reason those who were long term sick and disabled were not working Male Female All adults
% (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI)
Way being feeling is impossible 18 (13-24) 17 (11-22) 18 (14-21)
Physical health problem 80 (74-85) 80 (75-85) 80 (76-84)
Not found suitable job 1 (0-2) 0 (0-1) 1 (0-1)
Do not want/need paid job 0 (0 -1) 2 (0-3) 1 (0-2)
Other 1 (0-2) 1 (0-3) 1 (0-2)
Base 258 256 514
CIS-R score for long term sick and disabled
The prevalence of psychological disorder was much higher among the long term sick with
55% of men having a high CIS-R score and 51% of women having a high CIS-R score
(Table 44) compared with a prevalence of 11% and 17% among men and women in work
in the last year. The odds ratio for psychological disorder in comparison with working
people was 9.63 (CI 7.70-12.05) after adjustment for age and sex. After further adjustment
for presence of a long standing physical complaint and other sociodemographic and
financial factors, the risk of psychological morbidity was still significantly higher among
the long term sick than in the working population (Adjusted Odds ratio 5.76 CI 4.53-7.34).
88
25 63
Table 44
CIS-R score for long term sick and disabled and those in employment
Long-term sick, aged under 65
All adults working in past year, aged under 65 and no psychosis
Women 0 to 5 6 to 11 Under 12
23 48 (55-41)
% 95% CI
20 83 (85-81)
% 95% CI
12 to 17 18+ 12 or above
18 34 52 (59-45)
10 7
17 (19-15)
Base 256 2793
Men 0 to 5 6 to 11 Under 12
24 20 44 (51-37)
75 15 89 (91-88)
12 to 17 18+ 12 or above
14 42 56 (63-49)
6 4
11 (12-9)
Base 258 2704
All Adults 0 to 5 24 69 6 to 11 21 17 Under 12 46 (51-41) 87 (88-85)
12 to 17 16 8 18+ 39 6 12 or above 54 (59-49) 13 (15-12)
Base 514 5497
Prevalence of neurotic disorders among long term sick and disabled
The prevalence of any neurotic disorder was much higher among the long term sick and
disabled (Table 45). The prevalence of each type of neurotic disorder was higher among
the long term sick but the distribution across the different types was different in the long
term sick. The proportions of the long term sick with mixed anxiety/depressive disorder
(22%) or with generalised anxiety disorder (22%) were similar whereas generalised
anxiety disorder was less common than mixed anxiety/depressive disorder among those in
work in the past year (3% and 9% respectively). The prevalence of depressive episodes
was also high among the long term sick (17%) whereas this was less common among those
89
in work in the past year (2%). Similarly, the prevalence of phobias and obsessive
compulsive disorders was high among the long term sick.
Table 45 Prevalence of neurotic disorders among the long term sick and disabled in comparison with those in work in the last year
Long term sick and disabled Adults in work in last year
Male Female All adults Male Female All adults
Percentage assessed as having each disorder (95% CI)
Mixed anxiety/depressive 20 (15-25) 25 (18-31) 22 (18-26) 7 (6-8) 11 (9-12) 9 (8-9) disorder Generalised anxiety disorder 27 (20-34) 17 (12-23) 23 (18-27) 3 (3-4) 4 (3-4) 3 (3-4)
Depressive episode 20 (14-26) 13 (9-18) 17 (13-21) 1 (1-2) 2 (2-3) 2 (1-2)
Any phobia 12 (8-16) 13 (8-18) 12 (9-16) 1 (0-1) 2 (1-2) 1 (1-1)
Obsessive compulsive disorder 5 (2-8) 6 (3-9) 6 (4-8) 1 (0-1) 1 (1-2) 1 (1-1)
Panic disorder 5 (2-8) 1 (0-2) 3 (1-5) 1 (0-1) 1 (0-1) 1 (0-1)
Any neurotic disorder 60 (53-67) 53 (46-60) 57 (52-62) 12 (10-13) 18 (15-25) 15 (13-16)
Base 267 267 534 2702 2792 5494
Discussion As expected, the distribution of previous occupations of the long term sick differed from
the occupational distribution of those in work in the past year, with manual and craft
occupations being over-represented among the long term sick. About a fifth of both men
and women gave the ‘way being feeling is impossible’ as the reason for being long term
sick and around 80% of the long term sick reported that physical health problems were the
reason. However, the prevalence of psychological disorder was far higher among the long
term sick than among those in work in the past year. Thus, it may be that those with a
combination of physical and mental health problems may find it more difficult to remain in
work. It is also likely that the high prevalence of mental health problems among the long
term sick is partly a direct result of being out of work and partly a consequence of having a
physical health problem.
Apart from the major SOC group Personal and protective service occupations, the
occupations that were over-represented among the long term sick were those with a low
prevalence of psychological morbidity. This might suggest that it is more difficult for
people with psychological morbidity to remain in these occupations.
90
Conclusions
· There are certain occupations that have higher than average levels of Common Mental
Disorder (CMD). These include general managers in government and large
organisations, managers in transport and storing, clerks NES, buyers and mobile
salespersons, clerical/secretarial, teachers, welfare community youth workers, waiters
and barstaff.
· These occupations are characterised by high levels of demands. These include fast
work pace, sales targets, emotional demands and possibly long-term job insecurity.
· There is some consistency between occupations with high levels of CMD in this study
and other studies. In the literature, teachers, social workers, clerks and sales persons
are identified as at high risk for CMD.
· Certain occupations have low rates of CMD and there may be protective factors such
as high levels of skill discretion, high rewards and good working conditions that
protect mental health.
· Rates of CMD have increased in male managers/ administrators, secretarial/clerical
occupations and clerks between 1993 and 2000. This may reflect deterioration in
working conditions in these occupations. Overall the prevalence of CMD remained
very stable between 1993 and 2000.
· Sickness absence rates were strongly associated with CMD. However, the presence of
CMD did not explain the difference in sickness absence rates between occupations.
This is not unexpected as sickness absence rates included physical as well as
psychological causes of absence, and many other non-work factors influence rates of
sickness absence. Higher rates of sickness absence in clerical/secretarial and personal
and protective service occupations were in keeping with high rates of CMD in these
occupations. However, plant and machine operators had high rates of sickness
absence but lower rates of CMD. These occupations may have high levels of accidents
at work and thus have higher levels of sickness absence or physical complaints. There
was a higher proportion of General Practitioner consultations among the workers
taking sickness absence.
· Buyers, brokers and sales persons had high rates of psychotropic drug use that is in
keeping with their high rates of CMD.
· As expected, those who were on long term sick leave from work had high rates of
CMD.
91
· The strengths of this study are that the sample was representative of the UK
population, uses a standard classification of occupation and a well accepted structured
interview to measure CMD.
· The limitations of the study include the cross sectional nature of the study, the small
numbers in certain minor groups and the possibility of social desirability bias leading
to under-reporting of psychological symptoms.
· One further limitation of this cross sectional study was the inability to measure
differential selection into or out of, occupations. Selection into occupations might
occur in relation to social status, personality and health. Selection might relate to
current mental health and personality and tolerance of disability within an occupation.
Thus certain occupations might be avoided by people prone to mental ill-health while
other occupations might be more preferred. Similarly, there may be attrition of people
with CMD from occupations with high level of job demands. A longitudinal study
tracking people’s occupational histories would be necessary to understand these
processes and how they may influence rates of common mental disorder in
occupational groups.
· Further studies of occupation and CMD should include measures of job strain
(decision latitude, job demands), work social support and effort-reward imbalance. In
this way the processes underlying high rates of CMD within occupations can be better
understood. More detailed measures of sickness absence, including information on
occurrence of long spells of absence, would enable further exploration of the
association of occupation, CMD and Sickness Absence.
92
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH The ONS series of Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys of Great Britain provide a very useful
source of information on occupation and mental health and a good method of tracking
changes in mental health by occupation over time. However, there are ways in which the
information collected could be made more useful by additional questions.
A substantial number of longitudinal studies have now demonstrated that the psychosocial
work environment has both protective and risky elements that can be measured reliably.
Low social support at work from supervisors and colleagues, higher demands at work
including conflicting demands and high work pace, and low decision latitude at work
including low decision authority (control) over work and low skill discretion predict future
common mental disorder. In future surveys a brief questionnaire measure of support,
demands and decision latitude could be included.
It is a truism to say that work is better for mental health than unemployment. However, it
has been increasingly recognised that the price of greater labour market flexibility has been
an increase in job insecurity. Job insecurity has been shown to predict mental ill health in
a number of studies (Ferrie et al 1995, Ferrie et all 1998, Ferrie et al 2001). By adding a
brief screening question on job security an additional dimension of job-related risk for
mental ill health could be included.
An area of work and health relationships that has profound economic consequences is
sickness absence from work because of mental ill health. At present the questions on
sickness absence are limited in scope and do not give an assessment of sickness absence
across the whole working population in the study. The addition of only a few further
questions would greatly expand the capacity of future surveys to answer questions relating
to work characteristics, occupation and sickness absence.
93
APPENDIX A: Details of the assessments and classifications used in the report
A1: Calculation of CIS-R symptom scores, neurotic disorders and total CIS-R scores
1. Calculation of CIS-R symptom scores
Calculation of symptom score for Somatic Symptoms
Score one for each of:
Noticed ache or pain/discomfort for four days or more in past seven days
Ache or pain/discomfort lasted more than three hours on any day in past week/on that day
Ache or pain/discomfort has been very unpleasant in past week
Ache or pain/discomfort has bothered you when you were doing something interesting in past week
Calculation of symptom score for Fatigue
Score one for each of:
Felt tired/lacking in energy for four days or more in past seven days
Felt tired for more than three hours in total on any day in past week
Felt so tired/lacking in energy that you've had to push yourself to get things done on at least one occasion during past week
Felt tired/lacking in energy when doing things you enjoy or used to enjoy at least once during past week
Calculation of symptom score for Concentration and forgetfulness
Score one for each of:
Noticed problems with concentration/memory for four days or more in past week
Could not always concentrate on a TV programme, read a newspaper article or talk to someone without mind wandering in past week
Problems with concentration actually stopped you from getting on with things you used to do or would like to do
Forgot something important in past seven days
94
Calculation of symptom score for Sleep Problems
Score one for each of:
Had problems with sleep for four nights or more out of past seven nights
Spent at least ¼ hour trying to get to sleep on the night with least sleep in the past week
Spent three or more hours trying to get to sleep on four nights or more in past week
Slept for at least ¼ hour longer than usual sleeping on the night you slept the longest in the past week
Slept for more than three hours longer than usual on four nights or more in past week
Calculation of symptom score for Irritability
Score one for each of:
Felt irritable or short tempered/angry on four days or more
Felt irritable or short tempered/angry for more than one hour on any day in past week
Felt so irritable or short tempered/angry that you wanted to shout at someone in past week (even if you hadn't actually shouted)
Had arguments, rows or quarrels or lost your temper with someone in past seven days andfelt it was unjustified on at least one occasion
Calculation of symptom score for Worry about Physical Health
Score one for each of:
Worried about physical health/serious physical illness on four days or more in past sevendays
Felt that you had been worrying too much, in view of actual health
Worrying had been very unpleasant in past week
Not able to take mind off health worries at least once by doing something else in past week
Calculation of symptom score for Depression
Score one for each of:
Unable to enjoy or take an interest in things as much as usual in past week
Felt sad, miserable or depressed/unable to enjoy or take an interest in things on four days or more in past week
95
Felt sad, miserable or depressed/unable to enjoy or take an interest in things for more than three hours in total on any day in past week
When sad, miserable or depressed did not become happier when something nice happened, or when in company
Calculation of symptom score for Depressive ideas
Score one for each of:
Felt guilty or blamed yourself when things went wrong when it hasn't been your fault atleast once in past seven days
Felt that you are not as good as other people during past weekFelt hopeless, for instance about your future, during past seven days
Felt that life isn't worth living in past week
Thought of killing yourself in past week
Calculation of symptom score for Worry
Score one for each of:
Been worrying about things other than physical health on four or more days out of pastseven days
Have been worrying too much in view of your circumstances
Worrying has been very unpleasant in past week
Have worried for more than three hours in total on any of past seven days
Calculation of symptom score for Anxiety
Score one for each of:
Felt generally anxious/nervous/tense on four or more of past seven days
Anxiety/nervousness/tension has been very unpleasant in past week
When anxious/nervous/tense, have had one or more of following symptoms:
Heart racing or pounding
Hands sweating or shaking
Feeling dizzy
Difficulty getting your breath
Butterflies in your stomach
96
Dry mouth
Nausea or feeling as though you wanted to vomit
Felt anxious/nervous/tense for more than three hours in total in any one of past seven days
Calculation of symptom score for Phobias
Score one for each of:
Felt nervous/anxious about (situation/thing) four or more times in past seven days
On occasions when felt anxious/nervous/tense, had one or more of following symptoms:
Heart racing or pounding
Hands sweating or shaking
Feeling dizzy
Difficulty getting your breath
Butterflies in your stomach
Dry mouth
Nausea or feeling as though you wanted to vomit
Avoided situation or thing because it would have made you anxious/nervous/tense once or
more in past seven days
Calculation of symptom score for Panic
Score one for each of:
Anxiety or tension got so bad you got in a panic (e.g. felt that you might collapse or lose
control unless you did something about it) once or more in past week
Feelings of panic have been very unpleasant or unbearable in past week
This panic/worst of these panics lasted longer than 10 minutes
Calculation of symptom score for Compulsions
Score one for each of:
Found yourself doing things over again (that you had already done) on four days or morein last week
Have tried to stop repeating behaviour/doing these things over again during past week
97
Repeating behaviour/doing these things over again made you upset or annoyed with yourself in past week
Repeated behaviour three or more times during past week
Calculation of symptom score for Obsessions
Score one for each of:
Unpleasant thoughts or ideas kept coming into your mind on four days or more in last week
Tried to stop thinking any of these thoughts in past week
Became upset or annoyed with yourself when you have had these thoughts in past week
Longest episode of having such thoughts was ¼ hour or longer
2. Algorithms for production of ICD-10 diagnoses of neurosis from the CIS-R ('scores' refer to CIS-R scores)
The neurotic disorders covered in this report were produced from the CIS-R schedule,
which is described in Chapter 1 and reproduced as part of the questionnaire in the
Technical Report of the main survey (Singleton et al 2002). The production of the six
categories of disorder shown in the tables in appendix B occurred in two stages: first, the
informants' responses to the CIS-R were used to produce specific ICD-10 diagnoses of
neurosis. This was done by applying the algorithms described below. Second, the range
of ICD-10 diagnoses were grouped together to produce categories used in the calculation
of prevalence.
F32.00 Mild depressive episode without somatic symptoms.
1. Symptom duration >= 2 weeks
2. Two or more from:
× Depressed mood
× Loss of interest
× Fatigue
3. Two or three from:
98
× Reduced concentration
× Reduced self-esteem
× Ideas of guilt
× Pessimism about future
× Suicidal ideas or acts
× Disturbed sleep
× Diminished appetite
4. Social impairment
5. Fewer than four from:
× Lack of normal pleasure /interest
× Loss of normal emotional reactivity
× A.m. waking >= 2 hours early
× Loss of libido
× Diurnal variation in mood
× Diminished appetite
× Loss of >= 5% body weight
× Psychomotor agitation
× Psychomotor retardation
F32.01 Mild depressive episode with somatic symptoms.
1. Symptom duration >= 2 weeks
2. Two or more from:
× Depressed mood
× Loss of interest
× Fatigue
3. Two or three from:
× Reduced concentration
× Reduced self-esteem
× Ideas of guilt
× Pessimism about future
× Suicidal ideas or acts
99
× Disturbed sleep
× Diminished appetite
4. Social impairment
5. Four or more from:
× Lack of normal pleasure /interest
× Loss of normal emotional reactivity
× A.m. waking >=2 hours early
× Loss of libido
× Diurnal variation in mood
× Diminished appetite
× Loss of >=5% body weight
× Psychomotor agitation
× Psychomotor retardation
F32.10 Moderate depressive episode without somatic symptoms.
1. Symptom duration >=2 weeks
2. Two or more from:
× Depressed mood
× Loss of interest
× Fatigue
3. Four or more from:
× Reduced concentration
× Reduced self-esteem
× Ideas of guilt
× Pessimism about future
× Suicidal ideas or acts
× Disturbed sleep
× Diminished appetite
4. Social impairment
100
5. Fewer than four from:
× Lack of normal pleasure /interest
× Loss of normal emotional reactivity
× A.m. waking >=2 hours early
× Loss of libido
× Diurnal variation in mood
× Diminished appetite
× Loss of >=5% body weight
× Psychomotor agitation
× Psychomotor retardation
F32.11 Moderate depressive episode with somatic symptoms.
1. Symptom duration >=2 weeks
2. Two or more from:
× depressed mood
× loss of interest
× fatigue
3. Four or more from:
× reduced concentration
× reduced self-esteem
× ideas of guilt
× pessimism about future
× suicidal ideas or acts
× disturbed sleep
× diminished appetite
4. Social impairment
5. Four or more from:
× Lack of normal pleasure /interest
× Loss of normal emotional reactivity
× A.m. waking >=2 hours early
101
× Loss of libido
× Diurnal variation in mood
× Diminished appetite
× Loss of >= 5% body weight
× Psychomotor agitation
× Psychomotor retardation
F32.2 Severe depressive episode
1. All three from:
× Depressed mood
× Loss of interest
× Fatigue
2. Four or more from:
× Reduced concentration
× Reduced self-esteem
× Ideas of guilt
× Pessimism about future
× Suicidal ideas or acts
× Disturbed sleep
× Diminished appetite
3. Social impairment
4. Four or more from:
× Lack of normal pleasure /interest
× Loss of normal emotional reactivity
× A.m. waking >=2 hours early
× Loss of libido
× Diurnal variation in mood
× Diminished appetite
× Loss of >=5% body weight
× Psychomotor agitation
× Psychomotor retardation
102
F40.00 Agoraphobia without panic disorder
1. Fear of open spaces and related aspects: crowds, distance from alone
2. Social impairment
3. Avoidant behaviour must be prominent feature
4. Overall phobia score >=2
5. No panic attacks
F40.01 Agoraphobia with panic disorder
1. Fear of open spaces and related aspects: crowds, distance from alone
2. Social impairment
3. Avoidant behaviour must be prominent feature
4. Overall phobia score >= 2
5. Panic disorder (overall panic score >= 2)
F40.1 Social phobias
home, travelling
home, travelling
1. Fear of scrutiny by other people: eating or speaking in public etc.
2. Social impairment
3. Avoidant behaviour must be prominent feature
4. Overall phobia score >= 2
F40.2 Specific (isolated) phobias
1. Fear of specific situations or things, e.g. animals, insects, heights, blood, flying etc.
2. Social impairment
3. Avoidant behaviour must be prominent feature
4. Overall phobia score >= 2
F41.0 Panic disorder
103
1. Criteria for phobic disorders not met
2. Recent panic attacks
3. Anxiety-free between attacks
4. Overall panic score >= 2
F41.1 Generalised anxiety disorder
1. Duration >= 6 months
2. Free-floating anxiety
3. Autonomic overactivity
4. Overall anxiety score >=2
F41.2 Mixed anxiety and depressive disorder
1. (Sum of scores for each CIS-R section) >=12
2. Criteria for other categories not met
F42 Obsessive-compulsive disorder
1. Duration >=2 weeks
2. At least one act /thought resisted
3. Social impairment
4. Overall scores:
Obsession score=4, or
Compulsion score=4, or
Obsession compulsion scores >= 6
3. Grouping neurotic disorders (and depressive episode) into broad categories
Depression
F32.00 and F32.01 were grouped to produce mild depressive episode (i.e. with or without
somatic symptoms). F32.10 and F32.11 were similarly grouped to produce Moderate
104
Depressive Episode. Mild depressive episode, moderate depressive episode and Severe
depressive episode (F32.2) were then combined to produce the final category of
Depression.
Phobias
The ICD-10 phobic diagnoses F40.00, F40.01, F40.1 and F40.2, were combined into one
category of phobia.
Categories for analysis
This produced six categories of neurosis for analysis:
× Mixed anxiety and depressive disorder
× Generalised anxiety disorder
× Depressive disorder
× All phobias
× Obsessive compulsive disorder
× Panic disorder
105
A2: STANDARD OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION MAJOR GROUP SUB-MAJOR GROUP Minor group Unit group Description
1 MANAGERS & ADMINISTRATORS
a) CORPORATE MANAGERS AND ADMINISTRATORS
10 General managers and administrators in national and local
government, large companies and organisations
100 General administrators: national government (assistant secretary/grade5 & above)
101 General managers; large companies and organisations
102 Local government officers (administrative & executive functions)
103 General administrators; national government (HEO to senior principal / grade 6)
11 Production mangers in manufacturing, construction and energy industries
110 Production, works & maintenance managers
111 Managers in building & contracting
112 Clerks of work
113 Managers in mining & energy industries
12 Specialist managers
120 Treasurers & company financial managers
121 Marketing & sales managers
122 Purchasing managers
123 Advertising & public relations managers
124 Personnel, training & industrial relations managers
125 Organisation & methods & work study managers
126 Computer systems & data processing managers
127 Company secretaries
13 Financial institution and office managers, civil service executive officers
130 Credit controllers
131 Bank, building society & post office; managers (except self-employed)
132 Civil service executive officers
139 Other financial institution & office managers nes
106
14 Managers in transport and storing
140 Transport managers
141 Store controllers
142 Managers in warehousing & other materials handling
15 Protective service officers
150 Officers in UK armed forces
151 Officers in foreign & commonwealth armed forces
152 Police officers - inspectors & above
153 Fire service officers - station officer & above
154 Prison officers - principal officer & above
155 Customs & excise, immigration service officer (customs: chief preventative officer &
above; excise: surveyor & above)
19 Managers and administrators nes
190 Officials of trade associations, trade unions, professional bodies & charities
191 Registrars & administrators of educational establishments
199 Other managers & administrators nes
b) MANAGERS/PROPRIETORS IN AGRICULTURE AND SERVICES
16 Managers in farming, horticulture, forestry and fishing
160 Farm owners & managers, horticulturists
169 Other managers in farming, horticulture, forestry & fishing nes
17 Managers and proprietors in service industries
170 Property & estate managers
171 Garage managers & proprietors
172 Hairdressers' & barbers' managers & proprietors
173 Hotel & accommodation managers
174 Restaurant & catering managers
175 Publicans, innkeepers & club stewards
176 Entertainment & sports managers
177 Travel agency managers
178 Managers & proprietors of butchers & fishmongers
179 Managers & proprietors in service industries nes
107
2 PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS
a) SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING PROFESSIONALS
20 Natural scientists
200 Chemists
201 Biological scientists & biochemists
202 Physicists geologists & meteorologists
209 Other natural scientists nes
21 Engineers and technologists
210 Civil , structural, municipal, mining & quarry engineers
211 Mechanical engineers
212 Electrical engineers
213 Electronic engineers
214 Software engineers
215 Chemical engineers
216 Design & development engineers
217 Process & production engineers
218 Planning & quality control engineers
219 Other engineers & technologists nes
b) HEALTH PROFESSIONALS
22 Health professionals
220 Medical practitioners
221 Pharmacists/pharmacologists
222 Ophthalmic opticians
223 Dental practitioners
224 Veterinarians
c) TEACHING PROFESSIONALS
23 Teaching professionals
230 University & polytechnic teaching professionals
231 Higher & further education teaching professionals
108
232 Education officers, school inspectors
233 Secondary (& middle school deemed secondary) education teaching
professionals
234 Primary (& middle school deemed primary) & nursery teaching
professionals
235 Special education teaching professionals
239 Other teaching professionals nes
d) OTHER PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS
24 Legal professionals
240 Judges & officers of the court
241 Barristers & advocates
242 Solicitors
25 Business and financial professionals
250 Chartered & certified accountants
251 Management accountants
252 Actuaries, economists & statisticians
253 Management consultants, business analysts
26 Architects, town planners and surveyors
260 Architects
261 Town planners
262 Building, land, mining & general practice surveyors
27 Librarians and related professionals
270 Librarians
271 Archivists & curators
29 Professional occupations nes
290 Psychologists
291 Other social and behavioural scientists
292 Clergy
293 Social workers, probation officers
109
3 ASSOCIATE PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS
a) SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ASSOCIATE PROFESSIONALS
30 Scientific technicians
300 Laboratory technicians
301 Engineering technicians
302 Electrical/electronic technicians
303 Architectural & town planning technicians
304 Building & civil engineering technicians
309 Other scientific technicians ness
31 Draughtpersons, quantity and other surveyors
310 Draughtspersons
311 Building inspectors
312 Quantity surveyors
313 Marine, insurance & other surveyors
32 Computer analyst/programmers
320 Computer analyst/programmers
b) HEALTH ASSOCIATE PROFESSIONALS
34 Health associate professionals
340 Nurses
341 Midwives
342 Medical radiographers
343 Physiotherapists
344 Chiropodists
345 Dispensing opticians
346 Medical technicians, dental auxiliaries
347 Occupational & speech therapists, psychotherapists, therapists nes
348 Environmental health officers
349 Other health associate professionals nes
110
c) OTHER ASSOCIATE PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS
33 Ship and aircraft officers, Air traffic planners and controllers
330 Air traffic planners & controllers
331 Aircraft flight deck officers
332 Ship & hovercraft officers
35 Legal associate professionals
350 Legal service & related occupations
360 Estimators, valuers
36 Business and financial associate professionals
361 Underwriters, claims assessors, brokers, investment analysts
362 Taxation experts
363 Personnel & industrial relations officers
364 Organisation & methods & work study officers
37 Social welfare associate professionals
370 Matrons, houseparents
371 Welfare, community & youth workers
38 Literary, artistic and sports professionals
380 Authors, writers, journalists
381 Artists, commercial artists, graphic designers
382 Industrial designers
383 Clothing designers
384 Actors, entertainers, stage managers, producers & directors
385 Musicians
386 Photographers, camera, sound & video operators
387 Professional athletes, sports officials
39 Associate professional and technical occupations
390 Information officers
391 Vocational & industrial trainers
392 Careers advisers & vocational guidance specialists
393 Driving instructors (excluding HGV)
111
394 Inspectors of factories, utilities & trading standards
395 Other statutory & similar inspectors nes
396 Occupational hygienists & safety officers (health & safety)
399 Other associate professional & technical occupations nes
4 CLERICAL AND SECRETARIAL OCCUPATIONS
a) CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS
40 Administrative/clerical officers and assistants in civil service and
local government
400 Civil Service administrative officers & assistants
401 Local government clerical officers & assistants
41 Numerical clerks and cashiers
410 Accounts & wages clerks, book-keepers, other financial clerks
411 Counter clerks & cashiers
412 Debt, rent & other cash collectors
42 Filing and records clerks
420 Filing, computer & other record clerks (including legal conveyancing)
421 Library assistants/clerks
43 Clerks nes
430 Clerks nes
44 Stores and despatch clerks, storekeepers
440 Stores, despatch & production control clerks
441 Storekeepers & warehousemen/women
49 Clerical and secretarial occupations nes
490 Computer operators, data processing operators, other office machine operators
491 Tracers, drawing office assistants
112
b) SECRETARIAL OCCUPATIONS
45 Secretaries, personal assistants, typists, word processor operators
450 Medical secretaries
451 Legal secretaries
452 Typists & word processor operators
459 Other secretaries, personal assistants, typists, word processor operators nes
46 Receptionists, telephonists and related occupations
460 Receptionists
461 Receptionist / telephonists
462 Telephone operators
463 Radio & telegraph operators, other office communication system operators
5 CRAFT AND RELATED OCCUPATIONS
a) SKILLED CONSTRUCTION TRADES
50 Construction trades
500 Bricklayers, masons
501 Roofers, slaters, tilers, sheeters, cladders
502 Plasterers
503 Glaziers
504 Builders, building contractors
505 Scaffolders, stagers, steeplejacks, riggers
506 Floorers, floor coverers, carpet fitters & planners, floor & wall tilers
507 Painters & decorators
509 Other construction trades nes
b) SKILLED ENGINEERING TRADES
51 Metal machining, fitting and instrument making trades
510 Centre, capstan, turret & other lather setters & setter-operators
511 Boring & drilling machine setters & setter-operators
512 Grinding machine setters & setter-operators
513 Milling machine setters & setter-operators
113
514 Press setters & setter-operators
515 Tool makers, tool fitters & markers-out
516 Metal working production & maintenance fitters
517 Precision instrument makers & repairers
518 Goldsmiths, silversmiths, precious stone workers
519 Other machine tool setters & setter operators nes (inc. CNC setter-operators)
52 Electrical/electronic trades
520 Production fitters (electical/electronic)
521 Electricians, electrical maintenance fitters
522 Electrical engineers (not professional)
523 Telephone fitters
524 Cable jointers, lines repairers
525 Radio, TV & video engineers
526 Computer engineers, installation & maintenance
529 Other electrical/electronic trades nes
c) OTHER SKILLED TRADES
53 Metal forming, welding and related trades
530 Smiths & forge workers
531 Moulders, core makers, die casters
532 Plumbers, heating & ventilating engineers & related trades
533 Sheet metal workers
534 Metal plate workers, shipwrights, riveters
535 Steel erectors
536 Barbenders, steel fixers
537 Welding trades
54 Vehicle trades
540 Motor mechanics, auto engineers (including road patrol engineers)
541 Coach & vehicle body builders
542 Vehicle body repairers, panel beaters
543 Auto electricians
544 Tyre & exhaust fitters
114
55 Textiles, garments and related trades
550 Weavers
551 Knitters
552 Warp preparers, bleachers, dyers & finishers
553 Sewing machinists, menders, darners & embroiderers
554 Coach trimmers, upholsterers & mattress makers
555 Shoe repairers, leather cutters & sewers, footwear lasters, makers &
finishers, other leather making & repairing
556 Tailors & dressmakers
557 Clothing cutter, milliners, furriers
559 Other textiles, garments & related trades nes
56 Printing and related trades
560 Originators, compositors & print preparers
561 Printers
562 Bookbinders & print finishers
563 Screen printers
569 Other printing & related trades nes
57 Woodworking trades
570 Carpenters & joiners
571 Cabinet makers
572 Case & box makers
573 Pattern makers (moulds)
579 Other woodworking trades nes
58 Food preparations trades
580 Bakers, flour confectioners
581 Butchers, meat cutters
582 Fishmongers, poultry dressers
59 Other craft and related occupations
590 Glass product & ceramics makers
591 Glass product & ceramics finishers & decorators
592 Dental technicians
593 Musical instrument makers, piano tuners
115
594 Gardeners, groundsmen/groundswomen
595 Horticultural trades
596 Coach painters, other spray painters
597 Face trained coalmining workers, shotfirers & deputies
598 Office machinery mechanics
599 Other craft & related occupations nes
6 PERSONAL AND PROTECTIVE SERVICE OCCUPATIONS
a) PROTECTIVE SERVICE OCCUPATIONS
60 NCOs and other ranks, Armed Forces
600 NCOs & other ranks, UK armed forces
601 NCOs & other ranks, foreign & commonwealth armed forces
61 Security and protective service occupations
610 Police officers (sergeant & below)
611 Fire service officers (leading fire office & below)
612 Prison service officers (below principal officer)
613 Customs & excise officers, immigration officers (customs: below chief
preventative officer; excise: below surveyor)
614 Traffic wardens
615 Security guards & related occupations
619 Other security & protective service occupations nes
b) PERSONAL SERVICE OCCUPATIONS
62 Catering occupations
620 Chefs, cooks
621 Waiters, waitresses
622 Bar staff
63 Travel attendants and related occupations
630 Travel & flight attendants
631 Railway station staff
116
64 Health and related occupations
640 Assistant nurses, nursing auxiliaries
641 Hospital ward assistants
642 Ambulance staff
643 Dental nurses
644 Care assistants & attendants
65 Childcare and related occupations
650 Nursery nurses
651 Playgroup leaders
652 Educational assistants
659 Other childcare & related occupations nes
66 Hairdressers, beauticians and related occupations
660 Hairdressers, barbers
661 Beauticians & related occupations
67 Domestic staff and related occupations
670 Domestic housekeepers & related occupations
671 Housekeepers (non-domestic)
672 Caretakers
673 Launderers, dry cleaners, pressers
69 Personal and protective service occupations nes
690 Undertakers
691 Bookmakers
699 Other personal & protective services nes
7 SALES OCCUPATIONS
a) BUYERS, BROKERS AND SALES REPS
70 Buyers, brokers and related agents
700 Buyers (retail trade)
701 Buyers & purchasing officers (not retail)
702 Importers & exporters
703 Air, commodity & ship brokers
117
71 Sales representatives
710 Technical & wholesale sales representatives
719 Other sales representatives
b) OTHER SALES OCCUPATIONS
72 Sales assistants and checkout operators
720 Sales assistants
721 Retail cash desk & check out operators
722 Petrol pump forecourt attendants
73 Mobile, market and door-to-door sales persons and agents
730 Collector salespersons & credit agents
731 Roundsmen/women & van salespersons
732 Market & street traders & assistants
733 Scrap dealers, scrap metal merchants
79 Sales occupations nes
790 Merchandisers
791 Window dressers, floral arrangers
792 Telephone sales person
8 PLANT AND MACHINE OPERATIVES
a) INDUSTRIAL PLANT AND MACHINE OPERATORS, ASSEMBLERS
80 Food, drink and tobacco process operatives
800 Bakery & confectionery process operatives
801 Brewery & vinery process operatives
802 Tobacco process operatives
809 Other food, drink & tobacco process operatives nes
81 Textiles and tannery process operatives
810 Tannery production operatives
811 Preparatory fibre processors
812 Spinners, doublers, twisters
118
813 Winders, reelers
814 Other textiles processing operatives
82 Chemicals, papers, plastics and related process operatives
820 Chemical, gas & petroleum process plant operatives
821 Paper, wood & related process plant operatives
822 Cutting & slitting machine operatives (paper products etc)
823 Glass & ceramics furnace operatives, kilnsetters
824 Rubber process operatives, moulding machine operatives, tyre builders
825 Plastics process operatives, moulders & extruders
826 Synthetic fibre makers
829 Other chemicals, paper, plastics & related process operatives nes
b) OTHER SALES OCCUPATIONS
72 Sales assistants and checkout operators
720 Sales assistants
721 Retail cash desk & check out operators
722 Petrol pump forecourt attendants
73 Mobile, market and door-to-door sales persons and agents
730 Collector salespersons & credit agents
731 Roundsmen/women & van salespersons
732 Market & street traders & assistants
733 Scrap dealers, scrap metal merchants
79 Sales occupations nes
790 Merchandisers
791 Window dressers, floral arrangers
792 Telephone sales person
8 PLANT AND MACHINE OPERATIVES
a) INDUSTRIAL PLANT AND MACHINE OPERATORS, ASSEMBLERS
80 Food, drink and tobacco process operatives
119
800 Bakery & confectionery process operatives
801 Brewery & vinery process operatives
802 Tobacco process operatives
809 Other food, drink & tobacco process operatives nes
81 Textiles and tannery process operatives
810 Tannery production operatives
811 Preparatory fibre processors
812 Spinners, doublers, twisters
813 Winders, reelers
814 Other textiles processing operatives
82 Chemicals, papers, plastics and related process operatives
820 Chemical, gas & petroleum process plant operatives
821 Paper, wood & related process plant operatives
822 Cutting & slitting machine operatives (paper products etc)
823 Glass & ceramics furnace operatives, kilnsetters
824 Rubber process operatives, moulding machine operatives, tyre builders
825 Plastics process operatives, moulders & extruders
826 Synthetic fibre makers
829 Other chemicals, paper, plastics & related process operatives nes
b) DRIVERS AND MOBILE MACHINE OPERATIVES
87 Road transport operatives
870 Bus inspectors
871 Road transport depot inspectors & related occupations
872 Drivers of road goods vehicles
873 Bus & coach drivers
874 Taxi, cab drivers & chauffeurs
875 Bus conductors
88 Other transport and machinery operatives
880 Seafarers (merchant navy); barge, lighter & boat operatives
881 Railway inspectors, supervisors & guards
882 Railway engine drivers & assistants
120
883 Railway signal operatives & crossing keepers
884 Shunters & points operatives
885 Mechanical plant drivers & operatives (earth moving & civil engineering)
886 Crane drivers
887 Fork lift & mechanical truck drivers
889 Other transport & machinery operatives nes
9 OTHER OCCUPATIONS
a) OTHER OCCUPATIONS IN AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND
FISHING
90 Other occupations in agriculture, forestry and fishing
900 Farm workers
901 Agricultural machinery drivers & operatives
902 Other related farming occupations
903 Fishing & related workers
904 Forestry workers
b) OTHER ELEMENTARY OCCUPATIONS
91 Other occupations in mining and manufacturing
910 Coal mine labourers
911 Labourers in foundries
912 Labourers in engineering & allied trades
913 Mates to metal/electrical & related fitters
919 Other labourers in making & processing industries nes
92 Other occupations in construction
920 Mates to woodworkers trades workers
921 Mates to building trades workers
922 Rail construction & maintenance workers
923 Road construction & maintenance workers
924 Paviours, kerb layers
929 Other building & civil engineering labourers nes
121
93 Other occupations in transport
930 Stevedores, dockers
931 Goods porters
932 Slingers
933 Refuse & salvage collectors
934 Driver's mates
94 Other occupations communications
940 Postal workers, mail sorters
941 Messengers, couriers
95 Other occupations in sales and services
950 Hospital porters
951 Hotel porters
952 Kitchen porters
953 Counterhands, catering assistants
954 Shelf fillers
955 Lift & car park attendants
956 Window cleaners
957 Road sweepers
958 Cleaners, domestics
959 Other occupations in sales & service nes
99 Other occupations nes
990 All other labourers & related workers
999 All others in miscellaneous occupations nes
Notes:nes Not elsewhere specified nec Not elsewhere classified
122
Appendix B: Full tables of results by occupational group
123
Appendix B1: Major SOC groups
Table B.1a CIS-R score (grouped) by Major SOC group
Associate Personal & Professionals & Clerical & Protective
Managers & Professional Technical Secretarial Craft & Related Service Sales Plant & Machine Other Administrators Occupations Occupations Occupations Occupations Occupations Occupations Operatives Occupations All
Women % % % % % % % % % %
CIS-R Score
0 to 5 63 65 62 64 56 63 62 71 64 63 6 to 11 21 20 21 18 26 20 18 15 22 20 Under 12 85 (2) 85 (2) 83 (2) 82 (2) 83 (6) 83 (2) 80 (3) 87 (4) 85 (2) 83 (1)
12 to 17 8 9 10 10 8 10 12 7 8 10 18+ 7 6 7 8 9 7 8 6 7 7 12 or above 15 (2) 15 (2) 17 (2) 18 (2) 17 (6) 17 (2) 20 (3) 13 (4) 15 (2) 17 (1)
Base 375 292 327 671 46 434 316 106 225 2792
Men
0 to 5 72 80 69 73 76 76 70 76 77 75 6 to 11 14 11 20 16 13 12 17 16 16 15 Under 12 87 (1) 92 (2) 89 (2) 89 (2) 90 (1) 88 (3) 88 (3) 92 (1) 92 (2) 89 (1)
12 to 17 9 6 7 4 6 4 9 5 6 6 18+ 4 2 5 6 5 8 4 3 2 4 12 or above 13 (1) 8 (2) 11 (2) 11 (2) 10 (1) 12 (3) 12 (3) 8 (1) 8 (2) 11 (1)
Base 547 324 273 203 499 167 148 365 176 2702
All Adults
0 to 5 69 74 65 67 75 67 65 75 70 69 6 to 11 17 15 20 17 14 18 18 16 19 17 Under 12 86 (1) 89 (1) 86 (1) 84 (1) 89 (1) 85 (2) 83 (2) 91 (1) 89 (2) 87 (1)
12 to 17 9 7 9 9 6 8 11 5 7 8 18+ 5 4 6 7 5 7 6 4 4 6 12 or above 14 (1) 11 (1) 14 (1) 16 (1) 11 (1) 15 (2) 17 (2) 9 (1) 11 (2) 13 (1)
Base 922 616 600 874 545 601 464 471 401 5494
Table B.1b Odds ratios associated with CIS-R score 12+ for major SOC groups by sex
Women Women Women Women Women Odds Ratio Adjusted Odds Ratio: Adjusted Odds Ratio: Adjusted Odds Ratio:
Major SOC group Managers & Administrators Professional Occupations Associate Professionals & Technical Occupations Clerical & Secretarial Occupations Craft & Related Occupations Personal & Protective Service Occupations Sales Occupations Plant & Machine Operatives Other Occupations
1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 -0.99 (0.64-1.54) 0.99 (0.64-1.54) 1.03 (0.66-1.62) 1.02 (0.65-1.60) 1.17 (0.77-1.77) 1.17 (0.77-1.78) 1.08 (0.71-1.66) 1.10 (0.72-1.69) 1.21 (0.86-1.73) 1.21 (0.85-1.72) 1.17 (0.82-1.68) 1.14 (0.79-1.64) 1.16 (0.52-2.60) 1.18 (0.52-2.65) 1.02 (0.44-2.34) 0.97 (0.42-2.25) 1.15 (0.78-1.69) 1.13 (0.77-1.67) 0.99 (0.67-1.48) 0.99 (0.66-1.47) 1.37 (0.92-2.03) 1.30 (0.87-1.95) 1.24 (0.82-1.87) 1.24 (0.82-1.88) 0.86 (0.46-1.60) 0.83 (0.44-1.56) 0.65 (0.34-1.23) 0.64 (0.33-1.23) 0.94 (0.59-1.51) 0.96 (0.59-1.54) 0.74 (0.45-1.22) 0.73 (0.44-1.20)
Variables entered into the model which were Tenure Had a physical compla significant Age Financial difficulties
Other variables entered in the model which were Marital status not significant Family type
Men Men Men Men Men Odds Ratio Adjusted Odds Ratio: Adjusted Odds Ratio: Adjusted Odds Ratio:
Major SOC group Managers & Administrators Professional Occupations Associate Professionals & Technical Occupations Clerical & Secretarial Occupations Craft & Related Occupations Personal & Protective Service Occupations Sales Occupations Plant & Machine Operatives Other Occupations
1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 -0.58 * (0.37-0.91) 0.60 * (0.38-0.94) 0.62 * (0.39-0.98) 0.63 * (0.44-0.99) 0.81 (0.53-1.24) 0.82 (0.54-1.26) 0.74 (0.48-1.15) 0.76 (0.49-1.18) 0.71 (0.44-1.14) 0.73 (0.45-1.18) 0.64 (0.39-1.04) 0.61 (0.37-1.01) 0.76 (0.54-1.08) 0.79 (0.55-1.12) 0.71 (0.50-1.03) 0.71 (0.49-1.02) 0.91 (0.57-1.47) 0.96 (0.59-1.55) 0.75 (0.46-1.24) 0.71 (0.42-1.17) 0.91 (0.56-1.47) 0.99 (0.60-1.64) 0.85 (0.51-1.42) 0.83 (0.49-1.41) 0.56 ** (0.37-0.85) 0.58 * (0.38-0.88) 0.49 ** (0.32-0.75) 0.47 ** (0.30-0.73) 0.56 * (0.32-0.97) 0.60 (0.35-1.05) 0.54 * (0.30-0.95) 0.55 * (0.31-0.97)
Variables entered into the model which were Family type Had a physical compla significant Age Financial difficulties
Other variables entered in the model which were Marital status not significant Tenure
All adults All adults All adults All adults All adults Odds Ratio Adjusted Odds Ratio: Adjusted Odds Ratio: Adjusted Odds Ratio:
Major SOC group Managers & Administrators Professional Occupations Associate Professionals & Technical Occupations Clerical & Secretarial Occupations Craft & Related Occupations Personal & Protective Service Occupations Sales Occupations Plant & Machine Operatives Other Occupations
1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 -0.78 (0.57-1.06) 0.75 (0.55-1.03) 0.77 (0.56-1.05) 0.76 (0.55-1.05) 1.02 (0.76-1.36) 0.95 (0.71-1.27) 0.87 (0.65-1.18) 0.89 (0.66-1.20) 1.15 (0.89-1.48) 0.96 (0.74-1.25) 0.87 (0.66-1.14) 0.84 (0.64-1.10) 0.76 (0.55-1.03) 0.90 (0.65-1.23) 0.82 (0.60-1.13) 0.82 (0.59-1.13) 1.13 (0.86-2.00) 0.97 (0.72-1.29) 0.85 (0.63-1.14) 0.83 (0.61-1.11) 1.26 (0.94-1.68) 1.09 (0.81-1.47) 1.00 (0.74-1.36) 1.00 (0.73-1.36) 0.60 ** (0.43-0.85) 0.67 * (0.47-0.95) 0.56 ** (0.39-0.79) 0.55 ** (0.38-0.78) 0.78 (0.55-1.10) 0.74 (0.52-1.05) 0.61 ** (0.42-0.87) 0.61 ** (0.42-0.87)
Variables entered into the model which were Sex Marital status Had a physical compla significant Age Financial difficulties
Other variables entered in the model which were Age by sex Family type not significant Tenure * p<0.05, ** p<0.01
Table B.1c Prevalence of neurotic disorders by sex and major SOC group
Associate Personal & Professionals & Clerical & Protective
Managers & Professional Technical Secretarial Craft & Related Service Sales Plant & Machine Other Administrators Occupations Occupations Occupations Occupations Occupations Occupations Operatives Occupations All
% % % % % % % % % % Women
Mixed anxiety/depressive disorder 9 (2) 9 (2) 11 (2) 13 (1) 8 (5) 11 (2) 13 (2) 8 (3) 8 (2) 11 (1) Generalised anxiety disorder 4 (1) 5 (1) 4 (1) 3 (1) 8 (4) 4 (1) 3 (1) 1 (1) 3 (1) 4 (0) Depressive episode 3 (1) 2 (1) 2 (1) 2 (1) - 1 (0) 3 (1) 3 (1) 4 (1) 2 (0) All Phobias 1 (0) 3 (1) 1 (1) 1 (0) - 2 (1) 2 (1) - 2 (1) 2 (0) Obsessive compulsive disorder 1 (0) 1 (1) 1 (0) 1 (0) - 1 (0) 3 (1) 2 (2) 1 (1) 1 (0) Panic disorder 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (1) 1 (0) 3 (2) 1 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (1) 1 (0) Any neurotic disorder 16 (2) 18 (2) 20 (2) 19 (2) 19 (7) 18 (2) 20 (3) 13 (4) 17 (3) 18 (1)
Base 375 292 327 671 46 434 316 106 225 2792
Men
Mixed anxiety/depressive disorder 9 (1) 7 (1) 8 (2) 6 (2) 6 (1) 6 (2) 6 (2) 4 (1) 5 (2) 7 (1) Generalised anxiety disorder 4 (1) 2 (1) 3 (1) 3 (1) 3 (1) 3 (2) 4 (2) 4 (1) 2 (1) 3 (0) Depressive episode 1 (1) - 2 (1) 1 (0) 2 (1) 4 (2) - 2 (1) 0 (0) 1 (0) All Phobias 0 (0) - 2 (1) - 1 (0) 1 (1) 0 (0) - - 1 (0) Obsessive compulsive disorder 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (1) 1 (0) 1 (1) 1 (1) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (0) Panic disorder 0 (0) - 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (0) - 1 (1) 0 (0) 1 (1) 1 (0) Any neurotic disorder 15 (1) 10 (2) 13 (2) 11 (2) 11 (1) 13 (3) 13 (3) 10 (2) 8 (2) 12 (1)
Base 547 324 273 203 499 167 148 365 176 2702
All adults
Mixed anxiety/depressive disorder 9 (1) 8 (1) 9 (1) 11 (1) 6 (1) 10 (1) 10 (2) 5 (1) 6 (1) 9 (0) Generalised anxiety disorder 4 (1) 4 (1) 3 (1) 3 (1) 4 (1) 4 (1) 3 (1) 4 (1) 3 (1) 3 (0) Depressive episode 2 (0) 1 (0) 2 (1) 2 (0) 2 (1) 2 (1) 2 (1) 2 (1) 2 (1) 2 (0) All Phobias 0 (0) 1 (0) 2 (1) 1 (0) 1 (0) 2 (0) 1 (1) - 1 (0) 1 (0) Obsessive compulsive disorder 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (0) 1 (0) 1 (0) 1 (0) 2 (1) 1 (0) 1 (0) 1 (0) Panic disorder 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (0) 1 (0) 1 (0) 0 (0) 1 (0) 0 (0) 1 (0) 1 (0) Any neurotic disorder 15 (1) 13 (1) 16 (2) 17 (1) 12 (1) 16 (2) 17 (2) 10 (1) 13 (2) 15 (1)
Base 922 616 600 874 545 601 464 471 401 5494
T a b l e B . 1 d O d d s r a t i o s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h h a v i n g a n y n e u r o t i c d i s o r d e r f o r m a j o r S O C g r o u p s b y s e x
W o m e n W o m e n W o m e n W o m e n W o m e n O d d s R a t i o A d j u s t e d O d d s R a t i o : A d j u s t e d O d d s R a t i o : A d j u s t e d O d d s R a t i o :
M a j o r S O C g r o u p M a n a g e r s & A d m i n i s t r a t o r s P r o f e s s i o n a l O c c u p a t i o n s A s s o c i a t e P r o f e s s i o n a l s & T e c h n i c a l O c c u p a t i o n s C l e r i c a l & S e c r e t a r i a l O c c u p a t i o n s C r a f t & R e l a t e d O c c u p a t i o n s P e r s o n a l & P r o t e c t i v e S e r v i c e O c c u p a t i o n s S a l e s O c c u p a t i o n s P l a n t & M a c h i n e O p e r a t i v e s O t h e r O c c u p a t i o n s
V a r i a b l e s e n t e r e d i n t o t h e m o d e l w h i c h w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t
O t h e r v a r i a b l e s e n t e r e d i n t h e m o d e l w h i c h
1 . 0 0 - 1 . 0 0 - 1 . 0 0 - 1 . 0 0 -1 . 1 2 ( 0 . 7 3 - 1 . 7 1 ) 1 . 1 2 ( 0 . 7 3 - 1 . 7 1 ) 1 . 1 7 ( 0 . 7 6 - 1 . 8 0 ) 1 . 1 5 ( 0 . 7 5 - 1 . 7 8 ) 1 . 2 7 ( 0 . 8 5 - 1 . 9 0 ) 1 . 2 7 ( 0 . 8 5 - 1 . 9 0 ) 1 . 1 8 ( 0 . 7 8 - 1 . 7 8 ) 1 . 2 0 ( 0 . 7 9 - 1 . 8 1 ) 1 . 2 6 ( 0 . 8 9 - 1 . 7 7 ) 1 . 2 6 ( 0 . 8 9 - 1 . 7 7 ) 1 . 2 1 ( 0 . 8 5 - 1 . 7 1 ) 1 . 1 8 ( 0 . 8 3 - 1 . 6 9 ) 1 . 2 5 ( 0 . 5 7 - 2 . 7 2 ) 1 . 2 5 ( 0 . 5 7 - 2 . 7 2 ) 1 . 1 1 ( 0 . 5 0 - 2 . 4 8 ) 1 . 0 6 ( 0 . 4 7 - 2 . 3 8 ) 1 . 1 6 ( 0 . 8 0 - 1 . 6 9 ) 1 . 1 6 ( 0 . 8 0 - 1 . 6 9 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 0 . 6 8 - 1 . 4 7 ) 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 6 7 - 1 . 4 7 ) 1 . 3 1 ( 0 . 8 9 - 1 . 9 3 ) 1 . 3 1 ( 0 . 8 9 - 1 . 9 3 ) 1 . 1 7 ( 0 . 7 9 - 1 . 7 5 ) 1 . 2 0 ( 0 . 8 0 - 1 . 7 9 ) 0 . 8 1 ( 0 . 4 4 - 1 . 5 1 ) 0 . 8 1 ( 0 . 4 4 - 1 . 5 1 ) 0 . 6 2 ( 0 . 3 2 - 1 . 1 7 ) 0 . 6 2 ( 0 . 3 2 - 1 . 1 8 ) 1 . 0 7 ( 0 . 6 8 - 1 . 6 8 ) 1 . 0 7 ( 0 . 6 8 - 1 . 6 8 ) 0 . 8 3 ( 0 . 5 2 - 1 . 3 4 ) 0 . 8 2 ( 0 . 5 1 - 1 . 3 2 )
T e n u r e H a d a p h y s i c a l c o m p l a i n F i n a n c i a l d i f f i c u l t i e s
A g e F a m i l y t y p e w e r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t M a r i t a l s t a u s
M e n M e n M e n M e n M e n O d d s R a t i o A d j u s t e d O d d s R a t i o : A d j u s t e d O d d s R a t i o : A d j u s t e d O d d s R a t i o :
M a j o r S O C g r o u p M a n a g e r s & A d m i n i s t r a t o r s 1 . 0 0 - 1 . 0 0 - 1 . 0 0 - 1 . 0 0 -P r o f e s s i o n a l O c c u p a t i o n s 0 . 6 2 * ( 0 . 4 1 - 0 . 9 4 ) 0 . 6 4 * ( 0 . 4 2 - 0 . 9 7 ) 0 . 6 5 ( 0 . 4 3 - 1 . 0 1 ) 0 . 6 6 ( 0 . 4 3 - 1 . 0 2 ) A s s o c i a t e P r o f e s s i o n a l s & T e c h n i c a l O c c u p a t i o n s 0 . 8 3 ( 0 . 5 6 - 1 . 2 5 ) 0 . 8 5 ( 0 . 5 7 - 1 . 2 7 ) 0 . 7 7 ( 0 . 5 1 - 1 . 1 7 ) 0 . 7 9 ( 0 . 5 2 - 1 . 2 0 ) C l e r i c a l & S e c r e t a r i a l O c c u p a t i o n s 0 . 6 3 ( 0 . 4 0 - 1 . 0 1 ) 0 . 6 5 ( 0 . 4 0 - 1 . 0 4 ) 0 . 5 9 * ( 0 . 3 6 - 0 . 9 6 ) 0 . 5 6 * ( 0 . 3 4 - 0 . 9 2 ) C r a f t & R e l a t e d O c c u p a t i o n s 0 . 7 2 ( 0 . 5 1 - 1 . 0 1 ) 0 . 7 4 ( 0 . 5 3 - 1 . 0 4 ) 0 . 6 9 * ( 0 . 4 8 - 0 . 9 8 ) 0 . 6 8 * ( 0 . 4 7 - 0 . 9 7 ) P e r s o n a l & P r o t e c t i v e S e r v i c e O c c u p a t i o n s 0 . 9 0 ( 0 . 5 7 - 1 . 4 2 ) 0 . 9 4 ( 0 . 5 9 - 1 . 4 9 ) 0 . 7 5 ( 0 . 4 6 - 1 . 2 2 ) 0 . 7 0 ( 0 . 4 3 - 1 . 1 5 ) S a l e s O c c u p a t i o n s 0 . 8 3 ( 0 . 5 2 - 1 . 3 3 ) 0 . 9 0 ( 0 . 5 5 - 1 . 4 6 ) 0 . 7 8 ( 0 . 4 7 - 1 . 3 0 ) 0 . 7 7 ( 0 . 4 6 - 1 . 2 8 ) P l a n t & M a c h i n e O p e r a t i v e s 0 . 6 1 * ( 0 . 4 1 - 0 . 9 0 ) 0 . 6 4 * ( 0 . 4 3 - 0 . 9 4 ) 0 . 5 7 * * ( 0 . 3 8 - 0 . 8 6 ) 0 . 5 6 * * ( 0 . 3 7 - 0 . 8 4 ) O t h e r O c c u p a t i o n s 0 . 5 2 * ( 0 . 3 1 - 0 . 8 9 ) 0 . 5 6 * ( 0 . 3 3 - 0 . 9 7 ) 0 . 5 2 * ( 0 . 2 9 - 0 . 9 0 ) 0 . 5 2 * ( 0 . 3 0 - 0 . 9 1 )
V a r i a b l e s e n t e r e d i n t o t h e m o d e l w h i c h w e r e A g e F a m i l y t y p e H a d a p h y s i c a l c o m p l a i n s i g n i f i c a n t F i n a n c i a l d i f f i c u l t i e s
T e n u r e O t h e r v a r i a b l e s e n t e r e d i n t h e m o d e l w h i c h M a r i t a l s t a t u s w e r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t
A l l a d u l t s
M a j o r S O C g r o u p M a n a g e r s & A d m i n i s t r a t o r s P r o f e s s i o n a l O c c u p a t i o n s A s s o c i a t e P r o f e s s i o n a l s & T e c h n i c a l O c c u p a t i o n s C l e r i c a l & S e c r e t a r i a l O c c u p a t i o n s C r a f t & R e l a t e d O c c u p a t i o n s P e r s o n a l & P r o t e c t i v e S e r v i c e O c c u p a t i o n s S a l e s O c c u p a t i o n s P l a n t & M a c h i n e O p e r a t i v e s O t h e r O c c u p a t i o n s
V a r i a b l e s e n t e r e d i n t o t h e m o d e l w h i c h w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t
O t h e r v a r i a b l e s e n t e r e d i n t h e m o d e l w h i c h w e r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t
A l l a d u l t s A l l a d u l t s A l l a d u l t s A l l a d u l t s O d d s R a t i o A d j u s t e d O d d s R a t i o : A d j u s t e d O d d s R a t i o : A d j u s t e d O d d s R a t i o :
1 . 0 0 - 1 . 0 0 - 1 . 0 0 - 1 . 0 0 -0 . 8 4 ( 0 . 6 3 - 0 . 1 3 ) 0 . 8 2 ( 0 . 6 1 - 1 . 1 0 ) 0 . 8 4 ( 0 . 6 3 - 1 . 1 4 ) 0 . 8 4 ( 0 . 6 2 - 1 . 1 3 ) 1 . 0 7 ( 0 . 8 1 - 1 . 4 1 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 0 . 7 5 - 1 . 3 2 ) 0 . 9 3 ( 0 . 7 0 - 1 . 2 4 ) 0 . 9 5 ( 0 . 9 5 - 1 . 2 6 ) 1 . 1 2 ( 0 . 8 7 - 1 . 4 3 ) 0 . 9 4 ( 0 . 7 3 - 1 . 2 2 ) 0 . 8 7 ( 0 . 6 7 - 1 . 1 3 ) 0 . 8 4 ( 0 . 6 5 - 1 . 1 0 ) 0 . 7 4 * ( 0 . 5 4 - 0 . 9 9 ) 0 . 8 7 ( 0 . 6 4 - 1 . 1 8 ) 0 . 8 1 ( 0 . 5 9 - 1 . 1 0 ) 0 . 8 0 ( 0 . 5 9 - 1 . 1 0 ) 1 . 1 1 ( 0 . 8 5 - 1 . 4 6 ) 0 . 9 6 ( 0 . 7 3 - 1 . 2 7 ) 0 . 8 4 ( 0 . 6 3 - 1 . 1 2 ) 0 . 8 2 ( 0 . 6 1 - 1 . 1 0 ) 1 . 1 6 ( 0 . 8 7 - 1 . 5 4 ) 1 . 0 2 ( 0 . 7 6 - 1 . 3 7 ) 0 . 9 5 ( 0 . 7 0 - 1 . 2 9 ) 0 . 9 5 ( 0 . 7 0 - 1 . 2 9 ) 0 . 6 4 * * ( 0 . 4 6 - 0 . 8 9 ) 0 . 7 1 * ( 0 . 5 1 - 0 . 9 9 ) 0 . 6 0 * * ( 0 . 4 3 - 0 . 8 5 ) 0 . 5 9 * * ( 0 . 4 2 - 0 . 8 4 ) 0 . 8 1 ( 0 . 5 8 - 1 . 1 3 ) 0 . 7 7 ( 0 . 5 5 - 1 . 0 8 ) 0 . 6 4 * ( 0 . 4 5 - 0 . 9 1 ) 0 . 6 4 * ( 0 . 4 5 - 0 . 9 1 )
S e x M a r i t a l s t a t u s H a d a p h y s i c a l c o m p l a i n A g e F i n a n c i a l d i f f i c u l t i e s
T e n u r e A g e b y s e x F a m i l y t y p e
* p < 0 . 0 5 , * * p < 0 . 0 1
Appendix B2: Sub-Major SOC groups
T a b l e B . 2 a C I S - R s c o r e ( g r o u p e d ) b y S u b - m a j o r S O C g r o u p
M a n a g e r s & S c ie n c e & P r o p r i e t o r s in S c ie n c e & O t h e r E n g in e e r in g H e a l t h O t h e r A s s o c ia t e
M a n a g e r s & A g r ic u l t u r e & E n g in e e r in g H e a l t h T e a c h in g P r o f e s s io n a l A s s o c ia t e A s s o c ia t e P r o f e s s io n a l C le r ic a l S e c r e t a r ia l
W o m e n % A d m in i s t r a t o r s
% S e r v i c e s
% P r o f e s s io n a ls
% P r o f e s s io n a ls
% P r o f e s s io n a l s
% O c c u p a t i o n s
% P r o f e s s io n a ls
% P r o f e s s io n a l s
% O c c u p a t i o n s
% O c c u p a t i o n s
% O c c u p a t io n s
C I S - R s c o r e
0 t o 5 6 1 6 8 [ 2 0 ] [ 9 ] 6 3 6 1 [ 1 7 ] 6 3 6 1 6 2 6 8 6 t o 1 1 2 2 2 1 [ 5 ] [ 1 ] 2 0 2 4 [ 7 ] 2 6 1 6 1 8 1 8 U n d e r 1 2 8 3 ( 3 ) 8 8 ( 3 ) [ 2 5 ] [ 1 0 ] 8 3 ( 3 ) 8 4 ( 4 ) [ 2 4 ] 8 9 ( 3 ) 7 6 ( 4 ) 8 0 ( 2 ) 8 6 ( 3 )
1 2 t o 1 7 8 9 [ 2 ] - 9 1 0 [ 3 ] 7 1 4 1 1 8 1 8 + 9 3 [ 1 ] - 8 5 [ 1 ] 4 1 0 9 6 1 2 o r a b o v e 1 7 ( 3 ) 1 2 ( 3 ) [ 3 ] - 1 7 ( 3 ) 1 6 ( 4 ) [ 4 ] 1 1 ( 3 ) 2 4 ( 4 ) 2 0 ( 2 ) 1 4 ( 3 )
B a s e 2 6 1 1 1 4 2 8 1 0 1 7 7 7 7 2 8 1 3 9 1 6 0 4 4 7 2 2 4
I n d u s t r ia l P la n t O c c u p a t i o n s in S k i l l e d P r o t e c t iv e & M a c h in e D r i v e r s & M o b i le A g r ic u l t u r e , O t h e r
E n g in e e r i n g O t h e r S k i l le d S e r v ic e P e r s o n a l s e r v ic e B u y e r s , B r o k e r s O t h e r S a le s O p e r a t o r s , M a c h in e F o r e s t r y & E le m e n t a r y
% T r a d e s
% T r a d e s
% O c c u p a t io n s
% O c c u p a t i o n s
% & S a le s R e p s
% O c c u p a t i o n s
% A s s e m b le r s
% O p e r a t o r s
% F i s h in g
% O c c u a p t i o n s
% A l l
C I S - R S c o r e
0 t o 5 [ 3 ] 5 6 [ 1 4 ] 6 2 5 2 6 3 7 3 [ 1 0 ] [ 7 ] 6 3 6 3 6 t o 1 1 - 2 8 [ 3 ] 2 1 1 8 1 8 1 8 - [ 2 ] 2 2 2 0 U n d e r 1 2 [ 3 ] 8 4 ( 6 ) [ 1 7 ] 8 3 ( 2 ) 7 0 ( 9 ) 8 1 ( 3 ) 9 1 ( 3 ) [ 1 0 ] [ 9 ] 8 5 ( 3 ) 8 3 ( 1 )
1 2 t o 1 7 - 9 [ 2 ] 1 0 1 8 1 2 4 [ 4 ] - 8 1 0 1 8 + - 7 [ 1 ] 7 1 2 7 5 [ 1 ] - 7 7 1 2 o r a b o v e - 1 6 ( 6 ) [ 3 ] 1 7 ( 2 ) 3 0 ( 9 ) 1 9 ( 3 ) 9 ( 3 ) [ 5 ] - 1 5 ( 3 ) 1 7 ( 1 )
B a s e 3 4 2 2 0 4 1 4 3 1 2 8 5 9 1 1 5 9 2 1 6 2 7 9 2
M a n a g e r s & S c ie n c e & P r o p r i e t o r s in S c ie n c e & O t h e r E n g in e e r in g H e a l t h O t h e r A s s o c ia t e
M a n a g e r s & A g r ic u l t u r e & E n g in e e r in g H e a l t h T e a c h in g P r o f e s s io n a l A s s o c ia t e A s s o c ia t e P r o f e s s io n a l C le r ic a l S e c r e t a r ia l
M e n % A d m in i s t r a t o r s
% S e r v i c e s
% P r o f e s s io n a ls
% P r o f e s s io n a ls
% P r o f e s s io n a l s
% O c c u p a t i o n s
% P r o f e s s io n a ls
% P r o f e s s io n a l s
% O c c u p a t i o n s
% O c c u p a t i o n s
% O c c u p a t io n s
C I S - R S c o r e
0 t o 5 7 3 7 1 8 4 [ 1 6 ] 7 5 7 8 7 1 [ 1 9 ] 6 7 7 4 [ 4 ] 6 t o 1 1 1 4 1 7 8 [ 1 ] 1 2 1 6 1 8 [ 4 ] 2 1 1 7 [ 1 ] U n d e r 1 2 8 6 ( 2 ) 8 8 ( 3 ) 9 2 ( 3 ) [ 1 7 ] 8 7 ( 3 ) 9 4 ( 3 ) 9 0 ( 3 ) [ 2 3 ] 8 7 ( 3 ) 9 1 ( 2 ) [ 5 ]
1 2 t o 1 7 9 9 7 - 6 5 5 [ 2 ] 8 3 [ 2 ] 1 8 + 5 3 1 - 6 0 5 - 5 6 [ 1 ] 1 2 o r a b o v e 1 4 ( 2 ) 1 2 ( 3 ) 8 ( 3 ) - 1 3 ( 3 ) 6 ( 3 ) 1 0 ( 3 ) [ 2 ] 1 3 ( 3 ) 9 ( 2 ) [ 3 ]
B a s e 4 1 4 1 3 3 1 2 2 1 7 8 5 1 0 0 1 0 9 2 5 1 3 9 1 9 5 8
I n d u s t r ia l P la n t O c c u p a t i o n s in S k i l l e d P r o t e c t iv e & M a c h in e D r i v e r s & M o b i le A g r ic u l t u r e , O t h e r
E n g in e e r i n g O t h e r S k i l le d S e r v ic e P e r s o n a l s e r v ic e B u y e r s , B r o k e r s O t h e r S a le s O p e r a t o r s , M a c h in e F o r e s t r y & E le m e n t a r y
% T r a d e s
% T r a d e s
% O c c u p a t io n s
% O c c u p a t i o n s
% & S a le s R e p s
% O c c u p a t i o n s
% A s s e m b le r s
% O p e r a t o r s
% F i s h in g
% O c c u a p t i o n s
% A l l
C I S - R S c o r e
0 t o 5 7 5 7 8 7 4 7 7 7 5 6 7 7 5 7 8 [ 1 5 ] 7 5 7 5 6 t o 1 1 1 5 1 2 1 4 1 0 1 8 1 7 1 6 1 5 [ 2 ] 1 6 1 5 U n d e r 1 2 9 0 ( 3 ) 9 0 ( 2 ) 8 9 ( 4 ) 8 7 ( 4 ) 9 4 ( 3 ) 8 4 ( 4 ) 9 1 ( 2 ) 9 3 ( 2 ) [ 1 7 ] 9 2 ( 2 ) 8 9 ( 1 )
1 2 t o 1 7 5 6 1 7 5 1 1 6 3 - 7 6 1 8 + 5 3 1 0 6 2 5 2 4 [ 1 ] 2 4 1 2 o r a b o v e 1 0 ( 3 ) 1 0 ( 2 ) 1 1 ( 4 ) 1 3 ( 4 ) 6 ( 3 ) 1 6 ( 4 ) 9 ( 2 ) 7 ( 2 ) [ 1 ] 8 ( 2 ) 1 1 ( 1 )
B a s e 1 6 4 2 3 4 6 9 9 8 6 9 7 9 1 9 7 1 6 8 1 8 1 5 8 2 7 0 2
Table B.2a cont . CIS-R score (grouped) by Sub-major SOC group
Managers & Science & Proprietors in Science & Other Engineering Health Other Associate
Managers & Agriculture & Engineering Health Teaching Professional Associate Associate Professional Clerical Secretarial Administrators Services Professionals Professionals Professionals Occupations Professionals Professionals Occupations Occupations Occupations
All adults % % % % % % % % % % %
CIS-R Score
0 to 5 69 70 83 [25] 67 72 70 64 64 66 67 6 to 11 16 18 10 [2] 17 19 19 26 18 17 18 Under 12 85 (1) 88 (2) 92 (3) [27] 85 (2) 90 (3) 89 (3) 89 (3) 82 (2) 84 (2) 85 (3)
12 to 17 9 9 7 - 8 7 6 7 11 9 9 18+ 6 3 1 - 7 2 5 4 8 8 6 12 or above 15 (1) 12 (2) 8 (3) - 15 (2) 10 (3) 11 (3) 11 (3) 18 (2) 16 (2) 15 (3)
Base 675 247 150 27 262 177 137 164 299 642 232
Industrial Plant Occupations in Skilled Protective & Machine Drivers & Mobile Agriculture, Other
Engineering Other Skilled Service Buyers, Brokers Personal service Other Sales Operators, Machine Forestry & Elementary Trades Trades Occupations Occupations & Sales Reps Occupations Assemblers Operators Fishing Occuaptions All
% % % % % % % % % % % CIS-R Score
0 to 5 75 75 74 65 69 64 74 77 [22] 69 69 6 to 11 15 14 15 18 18 18 17 14 [4] 19 17 Under 12 90 (3) 90 (2) 89 (4) 84 (2) 87 (3) 82 (2) 91 (2) 91 (2) [26] 88 (2) 87 (1)
12 to 17 5 7 2 9 8 12 6 4 - 7 8 18+ 5 4 8 7 4 7 3 5 [1] 5 6 12 or above 10 (3) 10 (2) 11 (4) 16 (2) 13 (3) 18 (2) 9 (2) 9 (2) [1] 12 (2) 13 (1)
Base 167 276 89 512 100 364 288 183 27 374 5494
T a b l e B . 2 b O d d s r a t i o s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h C I S - R s c o r e 1 2 + f o r s u b - m a j o r S O C g r o u p s
W o m e n W o m e n W o m e n W o m e n W o m e n O d d s R a t i o A d j u s t e d O d d s R a t i o : A d j u s t e d O d d s R a t i o : A d j u s t e d O d d s R a t i o :
S u b - m a j o r S O C g r o u p M a n a g e r s & A d m i n i s t r a t o r s 1 . 0 0 M a n a g e r s & P r o p r i e t o r s i n A g r i c u l t u r e & S e r v i c e s 0 . 6 3 S c i e n c e & E n g i n e e r i n g P r o f e s s i o n a l s
- 1 . 0 0 - 1 . 0 0 - 1 . 0 0 -( 0 . 3 2 - 1 . 2 2 ) 0 . 6 4 ( 0 . 3 3 - 1 . 2 4 ) 0 . 5 2 ( 0 . 2 6 - 1 . 0 2 ) 0 . 5 1 ( 0 . 2 6 - 1 . 0 1 )
-. . H e a l t h P r o f e s s i o n a l s . . T e a c h i n g P r o f e s s i o n a l s 0 . 9 9 O t h e r P r o f e s s i o n a l O c c u p a t i o n s 0 . 8 9 S c i e n c e & E n g i n e e r i n g A s s o c i a t e P r o f e s s i o n a l s . .
- . . - . . - . . - . . - . . - . . -
( 0 . 5 8 - 1 . 6 8 ) 0 . 9 8 ( 0 . 5 7 - 1 . 6 8 ) 0 . 9 6 ( 0 . 5 6 - 1 . 6 6 ) ( 0 . 4 2 - 1 . 8 5 ) 0 . 8 5 ( 0 . 4 1 - 1 . 7 8 ) 0 . 8 1 ( 0 . 3 8 - 1 . 7 1 ) 0 . 7 8 ( 0 . 3 7 - 1 . 6 6 )
-H e a l t h A s s o c i a t e P r o f e s s i o n a l s 0 . 6 0 O t h e r A s s o c i a t e P r o f e s s i o n a l O c c u p a t i o n s 1 . 5 0 C l e r i c a l O c c u p a t i o n s 1 . 2 1 S e c r e t a r i a l O c c u p a t i o n s 0 . 7 8 S k i l l e d C o n s t r u c t i o n T r a d e s . . S k i l l e d E n g i n e e r i n g T r a d e s
- . . - . . - . . ( 0 . 3 2 - 1 . 1 3 ) 0 . 6 2 ( 0 . 3 3 - 1 . 1 9 ) 0 . 5 6 ( 0 . 2 9 - 1 . 0 7 ) 0 . 5 5 ( 0 . 2 8 - 1 . 0 5 ) ( 0 . 9 0 - 2 . 5 1 ) 1 . 4 8 ( 0 . 8 9 - 2 . 4 8 ) 1 . 2 9 ( 0 . 7 6 - 2 . 1 9 ) 1 . 3 3 ( 0 . 7 9 - 2 . 2 6 ) ( 0 . 8 0 - 1 . 8 2 ) 1 . 1 9 ( 0 . 7 9 - 1 . 7 9 ) 1 . 0 7 ( 0 . 7 0 - 1 . 6 3 ) 1 . 0 3 ( 0 . 6 7 - 1 . 5 7 ) ( 0 . 4 7 - 1 . 3 0 ) 0 . 8 0 ( 0 . 4 8 - 1 . 3 3 ) 0 . 7 3 ( 0 . 4 3 - 1 . 2 2 ) 0 . 7 2 ( 0 . 4 2 - 1 . 2 1 )
- . . - . . - . . -. .
O t h e r S k i l l e d T r a d e s 0 . 8 9 P r o t e c t i v e S e r v i c e O c c u p a t i o n s
- . . - . . - . . ( 0 . 3 7 - 2 . 1 5 ) 0 . 9 1 ( 0 . 3 8 - 2 . 2 0 ) 0 . 7 3 ( 0 . 2 9 - 1 . 8 0 ) 0 . 6 8 ( 0 . 2 7 - 1 . 7 0 )
-. . P e r s o n a l s e r v i c e O c c u p a t i o n s 1 . 0 3 B u y e r s , B r o k e r s a n d S a l e s R e p s 2 . 0 8 O t h e r S a l e s O c c u p a t i o n s 1 . 1 2 I n d u s t r i a l P l a n t & M a c h i n e O p e r a t o r s , A s s e m b l e r s 0 . 4 8 D r i v e r s & M o b i l e M a c h i n e O p e r a t o r s
- . . - . . - . . ( 0 . 6 7 - 1 . 5 7 ) 1 . 0 2 ( 0 . 6 6 - 1 . 5 6 ) 0 . 8 2 ( 0 . 5 3 - 1 . 2 8 ) 0 . 8 2 ( 0 . 5 2 - 1 . 2 7 ) ( 0 . 8 7 - 5 . 0 0 ) 2 . 0 1 ( 0 . 8 3 - 4 . 8 4 ) 1 . 8 7 ( 0 . 7 6 - 4 . 6 3 ) 1 . 8 8 ( 0 . 7 5 - 4 . 6 9 ) ( 0 . 7 2 - 1 . 7 5 ) 1 . 0 7 ( 0 . 6 8 - 1 . 6 8 ) 0 . 9 4 ( 0 . 5 9 - 1 . 5 0 ) 0 . 9 4 ( 0 . 5 9 - 1 . 5 0 ) ( 0 . 2 2 - 1 . 0 5 ) 0 . 4 6 ( 0 . 2 1 - 1 . 0 2 ) 0 . 3 3 * * ( 0 . 1 5 - 0 . 7 5 ) 0 . 3 2 * * ( 0 . 1 4 - 0 . 7 3 )
-. . - . . - . . - . . O t h e r O c c u p a t i o n s i n A g r i c u l t u r e , F o r e s t r y & F i s h i n g . . - . . - . . - . . O t h e r E l e m e n t a r y O c c u p a t i o n s 0 . 8 8 ( 0 . 5 3 - 1 . 4 5 ) 0 . 9 0 ( 0 . 5 4 - 1 . 4 9 ) 0 . 6 4 ( 0 . 3 8 - 1 . 1 0 ) 0 . 6 3 ( 0 . 3 7 - 1 . 0 8 )
V a r i a b l e s e n t e r e d i n t o t h e m o d e l w h i c h w e r e A g e M a r i t a l s t a t u s H a d a p h y s i c a l c o m p l a i n s i g n i f i c a n t F i n a n c i a l d i f f i c u l t i e s
O t h e r v a r i a b l e s e n t e r e d i n t h e m o d e l w h i c h F a m i l y t y p e w e r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t T e n u r e
M e n M e n M e n M e n M e n O d d s R a t i o A d j u s t e d O d d s R a t i o : A d j u s t e d O d d s R a t i o : A d j u s t e d O d d s R a t i o :
S u b - m a j o r S O C g r o u p M a n a g e r s & A d m i n i s t r a t o r s 1 . 0 0 M a n a g e r s & P r o p r i e t o r s i n A g r i c u l t u r e & S e r v i c e s 0 . 9 0 S c i e n c e & E n g i n e e r i n g P r o f e s s i o n a l s 0 . 5 7 H e a l t h P r o f e s s i o n a l s . . T e a c h i n g P r o f e s s i o n a l s 0 . 9 1 O t h e r P r o f e s s i o n a l O c c u p a t i o n s 0 . 4 0 * S c i e n c e & E n g i n e e r i n g A s s o c i a t e P r o f e s s i o n a l s 0 . 7 5 H e a l t h A s s o c i a t e P r o f e s s i o n a l s . . O t h e r A s s o c i a t e P r o f e s s i o n a l O c c u p a t i o n s 0 . 8 5 C l e r i c a l O c c u p a t i o n s 0 . 6 0 S e c r e t a r i a l O c c u p a t i o n s
- 1 . 0 0 - 1 . 0 0 - 1 . 0 0 -( 0 . 5 3 - 1 . 5 5 ) 0 . 9 2 ( 0 . 5 3 - 1 . 5 8 ) 0 . 7 9 ( 0 . 4 5 - 1 . 3 7 ) 0 . 8 1 ( 0 . 4 6 - 1 . 4 2 ) ( 0 . 2 9 - 1 . 1 1 ) 0 . 5 7 ( 0 . 2 9 - 1 . 1 3 ) 0 . 5 6 ( 0 . 2 8 - 1 . 1 1 ) 0 . 5 6 ( 0 . 2 8 - 1 . 1 1 )
- . . - . . - . . -( 0 . 4 7 - 1 . 7 9 ) 0 . 9 8 0 . 9 1 ( 0 . 4 5 - 1 . 8 1 ) 0 . 9 1 ( 0 . 4 5 - 1 . 8 2 ) ( 0 . 1 7 - 0 . 9 4 ) 0 . 4 1 * ( 0 . 1 7 - 0 . 9 6 ) 0 . 4 5 ( 0 . 1 9 - 1 . 0 6 ) 0 . 4 7 ( 0 . 2 0 - 1 . 1 1 ) ( 0 . 4 0 - 1 . 4 0 ) 0 . 7 7 ( 0 . 4 1 - 1 . 4 5 ) 0 . 6 3 ( 0 . 3 3 - 1 . 2 1 ) 0 . 6 7 ( 0 . 3 5 - 1 . 2 8 )
- . . - . . - . . -( 0 . 4 8 - 1 . 4 8 ) 0 . 8 5 ( 0 . 4 9 - 1 . 4 9 ) 0 . 7 8 ( 0 . 4 4 - 1 . 3 8 ) 0 . 7 9 ( 0 . 4 4 - 1 . 4 0 ) ( 0 . 3 6 - 1 . 0 1 ) 0 . 6 4 ( 0 . 3 8 - 1 . 0 7 ) 0 . 5 3 * ( 0 . 3 1 - 0 . 6 2 ) 0 . 5 2 * * ( 0 . 3 0 - 0 . 9 0 )
-S k i l l e d C o n s t r u c t i o n T r a d e s S k i l l e d E n g i n e e r i n g T r a d e s O t h e r S k i l l e d T r a d e s P r o t e c t i v e S e r v i c e O c c u p a t i o n s P e r s o n a l s e r v i c e O c c u p a t i o n s B u y e r s , B r o k e r s a n d S a l e s R e p s O t h e r S a l e s O c c u p a t i o n s I n d u s t r i a l P l a n t & M a c h i n e O p e r a t o r s , A s s e m b l e r s D r i v e r s & M o b i l e M a c h i n e O p e r a t o r s O t h e r O c c u p a t i o n s i n A g r i c u l t u r e , F o r e s t r y & F i s h i n g
. . - . . - . . - . . 0 . 9 2 ( 0 . 5 1 - 1 . 6 8 ) 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 5 4 - 1 . 8 1 ) 0 . 7 9 ( 0 . 4 3 - 1 . 4 7 ) 0 . 7 4 ( 0 . 3 9 - 1 . 3 8 ) 0 . 7 3 ( 0 . 4 3 - 1 . 2 4 ) 0 . 7 6 ( 0 . 4 4 - 1 . 2 9 ) 0 . 6 9 ( 0 . 4 0 - 1 . 1 9 ) 0 . 6 9 ( 0 . 4 0 - 1 . 2 0 ) 0 . 6 7 ( 0 . 4 1 - 1 . 1 0 ) 0 . 6 9 ( 0 . 4 2 - 1 . 1 4 ) 0 . 6 1 ( 0 . 3 7 - 1 . 0 1 ) 0 . 6 3 ( 0 . 3 8 - 1 . 0 5 ) 0 . 8 0 ( 0 . 3 9 - 1 . 6 5 ) 0 . 7 9 ( 0 . 3 8 - 1 . 6 4 ) 0 . 5 4 ( 0 . 2 5 - 1 . 1 4 ) 0 . 4 8 ( 0 . 2 3 - 1 . 0 4 ) 0 . 9 5 ( 0 . 5 3 - 1 . 7 3 ) 1 . 0 9 ( 0 . 5 9 - 2 . 0 0 ) 0 . 8 9 ( 0 . 4 8 - 1 . 6 8 ) 0 . 8 9 ( 0 . 4 7 - 1 . 6 7 ) 0 . 4 4 ( 0 . 1 7 - 1 . 1 2 ) 0 . 4 5 ( 0 . 1 7 - 1 . 1 5 ) 0 . 4 4 ( 0 . 1 7 - 1 . 1 3 ) 0 . 4 5 ( 0 . 1 7 - 1 . 1 7 ) 1 . 2 0 ( 0 . 6 9 - 2 . 0 9 ) 1 . 4 8 ( 0 . 8 1 - 2 . 7 1 ) 1 . 0 8 ( 0 . 5 8 - 2 . 0 1 ) 1 . 0 5 ( 0 . 5 6 - 1 . 9 7 ) 0 . 6 0 ( 0 . 3 6 - 1 . 0 2 ) 0 . 6 4 ( 0 . 3 7 - 1 . 0 8 ) 0 . 5 1 * ( 0 . 3 0 - 0 . 8 8 ) 0 . 4 8 * * ( 0 . 2 7 - 0 . 8 3 ) 0 . 4 8 * ( 0 . 2 6 - 0 . 8 7 ) 0 . 4 9 ( 0 . 2 7 - 0 . 9 0 ) 0 . 4 0 * * ( 0 . 2 2 - 0 . 7 5 ) 0 . 4 2 * * ( 0 . 2 2 - 0 . 7 8 )
. . - . . - . . - . . O t h e r E l e m e n t a r y O c c u p a t i o n s 0 . 5 9 ( 0 . 3 3 - 1 . 0 4 ) 0 . 6 5 ( 0 . 3 6 - 1 . 1 7 ) 0 . 5 5 ( 0 . 3 0 - 1 . 0 1 ) 0 . 5 6 ( 0 . 3 1 - 1 . 0 3 )
V a r i a b l e s e n t e r e d i n t o t h e m o d e l w h i c h w e r e A g e F a m i l y t y p e H a d a p h y s i c a l c o m p l a i n s i g n i f i c a n t F i n a n c i a l d i f f i c u l t i e s
O t h e r v a r i a b l e s e n t e r e d i n t h e m o d e l w h i c h M a r i t a l s t a t u s w e r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t T e n u r e * p < 0 . 0 5 , * * p < 0 . 0 1
jTable B.2b cont. Odds ratios associated with CIS-R score 12+ for sub-ma or SOC groups
All adults All adults All adults All adults All adults Odds Ratio Adjusted Odds Ratio: Adjusted Odds Ratio: Adjusted Odds Ratio:
Sub - major SOC group Managers & Administrators Managers & Proprietors in Agriculture & Services Science & Engineering Professionals Health Professionals Teaching Professionals Other Professional Occupations Science & Engineering Associate Professionals Health Associate Professionals Other Associate Professional Occupations Clerical Occupations Secretarial Occupations Skilled Construction Trades Skilled Engineering Trades Other Skilled Trades Protective Service Occupations Personal service Occupations Buyers,Brokers and Sales Reps Other Sales Occupations Industrial Plant & Machine Operators,Assemblers Drivers & Mobile Machine Operators Other Occupations in Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Other Elementary Occupations
1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 -0.79 (0.52-1.20) 0.77 (0.50-1.17) 0.65 * (0.42-1.00) 0.65 (0.42-1.01) 0.50 * (0.27-0.92) 0.54 * (0.29-1.00) 0.54 (0.29-1.00) 0.54 * (0.29-1.00)
.. - .. - .. - .. -1.05 (0.71-1.57) 0.96 (0.64-1.44) 0.89 (0.59-1.35) 0.88 (0.58-1.34) 0.62 (0.36-1.07) 0.59 (0.34-1.02) 0.58 (0.33-1.01) 0.58 (0.33-1.01) 0.73 (0.43-1.26) 0.79 (0.45-1.36) 0.65 (0.37-1.13) 0.68 (0.39-1.20) 0.70 (0.41-1.20) 0.57 * (0.33-0.98) 0.51 * (0.29-0.89) 0.50 * (0.29-0.88) 1.23 (0.85-1.76) 1.14 (0.79-1.64) 1.01 (0.69-1.48) 1.03 (0.71-1.51) 1.10 (0.82-1.47) 0.94 (0.70-1.27) 0.80 (0.58-1.08) 0.77 (0.56-1.05) 1.02 (0.67-1.55) 0.78 (0.51-1.20) 0.71 (0.46-1.10) 0.70 (0.45-1.08) 0.90 (0.52-1.58) 1.15 (0.65-2.02) 0.91 (0.51-1.62) 0.86 (0.48-1.55) 0.65 (0.39-1.08) 0.80 (0.48-1.33) 0.72 (0.43-1.22) 0.73 (0.43-1.22) 0.67 (0.44-1.02) 0.75 (0.49-1.15) 0.66 (0.43-1.02) 0.67 (0.43-1.04) 0.70 (0.37-1.33) 0.75 (0.39-1.44) 0.60 (0.31-1.16) 0.55 (0.28-1.07) 1.14 (0.84-1.56) 0.93 (0.67-1.29) 0.78 (0.56-1.08) 0.77 (0.55-1.62) 0.84 (0.46-1.54) 0.87 (0.47-1.60) 0.86 (0.46-0.60) 0.87 (0.46-1.62) 1.27 (0.92-1.75) 1.05 (0.75-1.48) 0.89 (0.63-1.26) 0.89 (0.63-1.26) 0.55 ** (0.36-0.85) 0.58 * (0.37-0.90) 0.46 ** (0.29-0.71) 0.43 ** (0.28-0.68) 0.59 * (0.35-0.97) 0.70 (0.42-1.17) 0.55 * (0.33-0.93) 0.57 * (0.34-0.97)
.. - .. - .. - .. -0.79 (0.55-1.14) 0.74 (0.51-1.07) 0.58 ** (0.39-0.85) 0.58 ** (0.39-0.85)
Variables entered into the model which were Sex Tenure Had a physical complain significant Age Financial difficulties
Other variables entered in the model which Age by sex Family type were not significant Marital status * p<0.05, ** p<0.01
T a b le B .2 c P r e v a le n c e o f n e u r o t ic d is o r d e r s b y s u b - m a jo r S O C g r o u p
M a n a g e r s & S c ie n c e & P r o p r ie to r s in S c ie n c e & O th e r E n g in e e r in g H e a lth O th e r A s s o c ia te
M a n a g e r s & A g r ic u l tu r e & E n g in e e r in g H e a lth T e a c h in g P r o f e s s io n a l A s s o c ia te A s s o c ia te P r o f e s s io n a l C le r ic a l A d m in is tr a to r s S e r v ic e s P r o f e s s io n a ls P r o fe s s io n a ls P r o f e s s io n a ls O c c u p a t io n s P r o f e s s io n a ls P r o f e s s io n a ls O c c u p a t io n s O c c u p a t io n s
% % % % % % % % % % W o m e n
M ix e d a n x ie ty /d e p r e s s iv e d is o r d e r 1 0 ( 2 ) 6 ( 2 ) [2 ] - 1 0 ( 2 ) 8 ( 3 ) [2 ] 8 ( 2 ) 1 5 ( 3 ) 1 5 ( 2 ) G e n e r a l is e d a n x ie ty d is o r d e r 4 ( 1 ) 5 ( 2 ) - - 6 ( 2 ) 7 ( 3 ) [2 ] 1 ( 1 ) 5 ( 2 ) 4 ( 1 ) D e p r e s s iv e e p is o d e 2 ( 1 ) 3 ( 2 ) [1 ] - 2 ( 1 ) 3 ( 3 ) [1 ] 1 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) A l l P h o b ia s 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) - - 4 ( 1 ) 4 ( 3 ) - 1 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( 0 ) O b s e s s iv e c o m p u ls iv e d is o r d e r 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 0 ) - - 1 ( 1 ) - - - 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 0 ) P a n ic d is o r d e r 1 ( 1 ) - - - - 1 ( 1 ) - 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 0 ) A n y n e u r o t ic d is o r d e r 1 8 ( 2 ) 1 2 ( 3 ) [ 3 ] - 2 0 ( 3 ) 1 8 ( 5 ) [ 5 ] 1 2 ( 3 ) 2 6 ( 4 ) 2 2 ( 2 )
B a s e 2 6 1 1 1 4 2 8 1 0 1 7 7 7 7 2 8 1 3 9 1 6 0 4 4 7
In d u s t r ia l P la n t O c c u p a t io n s in S k il le d P r o te c t iv e & M a c h in e D r iv e r s & M o b i le A g r ic u l tu r e , O th e r
E n g in e e r in g O th e r S k i l le d S e r v ic e P e r s o n a l s e r v ic e B u y e r s , B r o k e r s O th e r S a le s O p e r a to r s , M a c h in e F o r e s t r y & E le m e n ta r y
% T r a d e s
% T r a d e s
% O c c u p a t io n s
% O c c u p a t io n s
% & S a le s R e p s
% O c c u p a t io n s
% A s s e m b le r s
% O p e r a to r s
% F is h in g
% O c c u a p t io n s
M ix e d a n x ie ty /d e p r e s s iv e d is o r d e r - 9 ( 5 ) [2 ] 1 1 ( 2 ) 1 5 ( 7 ) 1 3 ( 2 ) 5 ( 2 ) [4 ] - 8 ( 2 ) G e n e r a l is e d a n x ie ty d is o r d e r - 9 ( 4 ) - 4 ( 1 ) 9 ( 5 ) 2 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) - - 4 ( 1 ) D e p r e s s iv e e p is o d e - - - 1 ( 0 ) 8 ( 6 ) 2 ( 1 ) 3 ( 2 ) - - 4 ( 1 ) A l l P h o b ia s - - - 2 ( 1 ) 6 ( 6 ) 2 ( 1 ) - - - 2 ( 1 ) O b s e s s iv e c o m p u ls iv e d is o r d e r - - [1 ] 1 ( 0 ) 6 ( 6 ) 3 ( 1 ) - [1 ] - 1 ( 1 ) P a n ic d is o r d e r - - - 1 ( 0 ) - 0 ( 0 ) 1 ( 1 ) - - 1 ( 1 ) A n y n e u r o t ic d is o r d e r - 1 8 ( 7 ) [ 3 ] 1 8 ( 2 ) 3 2 ( 9 ) 1 9 ( 3 ) 9 ( 3 ) [ 5 ] - 1 8 ( 3 )
B a s e 3 4 2 2 0 4 1 4 3 1 2 8 5 9 1 1 5 9 2 1 6
M a n a g e r s & S c ie n c e & P r o p r ie to r s in S c ie n c e & O th e r E n g in e e r in g H e a lth O th e r A s s o c ia te
M a n a g e r s & A g r ic u l tu r e & E n g in e e r in g H e a lth T e a c h in g P r o f e s s io n a l A s s o c ia te A s s o c ia te P r o f e s s io n a l C le r ic a l
% A d m in is tr a to r s
% S e r v ic e s
% P r o f e s s io n a ls
% P r o fe s s io n a ls
% P r o f e s s io n a ls
% O c c u p a t io n s
% P r o f e s s io n a ls
% P r o f e s s io n a ls
% O c c u p a t io n s
% O c c u p a t io n s
M e n
M ix e d a n x ie ty /d e p r e s s iv e d is o r d e r 9 ( 1 ) 1 0 ( 3 ) 8 ( 3 ) - 1 1 ( 3 ) 5 ( 3 ) 7 ( 2 ) [2 ] 8 ( 2 ) 5 ( 2 ) G e n e r a l is e d a n x ie ty d is o r d e r 3 ( 1 ) 4 ( 2 ) 1 ( 1 ) [1 ] 2 ( 2 ) 4 ( 2 ) 2 ( 1 ) - 5 ( 2 ) 3 ( 1 ) D e p r e s s iv e e p is o d e 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) - - - - 0 ( 0 ) - 3 ( 2 ) 1 ( 0 ) A l l P h o b ia s 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) - - - - 2 ( 2 ) - 3 ( 2 ) -O b s e s s iv e c o m p u ls iv e d is o r d e r 0 ( 0 ) - - - - 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) - 0 ( 0 ) 1 ( 1 ) P a n ic d is o r d e r 0 ( 0 ) - - - - - 0 ( 0 ) - 0 ( 0 ) 1 ( 0 ) A n y n e u r o t ic d is o r d e r 1 5 ( 2 ) 1 5 ( 3 ) 8 ( 3 ) [ 1 ] 1 3 ( 3 ) 9 ( 3 ) 1 0 ( 3 ) [ 2 ] 1 6 ( 3 ) 9 ( 2 )
B a s e 4 1 4 1 3 3 1 2 2 1 7 8 5 1 0 0 1 0 9 2 5 1 3 9 1 9 5
In d u s t r ia l P la n t O c c u p a t io n s in S k il le d P r o te c t iv e & M a c h in e D r iv e r s & M o b i le A g r ic u l tu r e , O th e r
E n g in e e r in g O th e r S k i l le d S e r v ic e P e r s o n a l s e r v ic e B u y e r s , B r o k e r s O th e r S a le s O p e r a to r s , M a c h in e F o r e s t r y & E le m e n ta r y T r a d e s T r a d e s O c c u p a t io n s O c c u p a t io n s & S a le s R e p s O c c u p a t io n s A s s e m b le r s O p e r a to r s F is h in g O c c u a p t io n s
% % % % % % % % % %
M ix e d a n x ie ty /d e p r e s s iv e d is o r d e r 5 ( 2 ) 6 ( 2 ) 3 ( 2 ) 9 ( 3 ) 2 ( 2 ) 9 ( 4 ) 5 ( 2 ) 3 ( 1 ) - 6 ( 2 ) G e n e r a l is e d a n x ie ty d is o r d e r 5 ( 2 ) 2 ( 1 ) 5 ( 3 ) 2 ( 1 ) 5 ( 3 ) 4 ( 2 ) 5 ( 2 ) 3 ( 2 ) [1 ] 2 ( 1 ) D e p r e s s iv e e p is o d e 3 ( 1 ) 0 ( 0 ) 6 ( 3 ) 3 ( 1 ) - - 2 ( 1 ) 3 ( 2 ) - 0 ( 0 ) A l l P h o b ia s 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 2 ( 2 ) 1 ( 1 ) - 1 ( 1 ) - - - -O b s e s s iv e c o m p u ls iv e d is o r d e r 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 3 ( 3 ) - - 2 ( 2 ) 0 ( 0 ) - - 0 ( 0 ) P a n ic d is o r d e r 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) - - - 2 ( 2 ) 1 ( 0 ) - - 1 ( 1 ) A n y n e u r o t ic d is o r d e r 1 2 ( 3 ) 1 0 ( 2 ) 1 4 ( 5 ) 1 3 ( 4 ) 6 ( 3 ) 1 6 ( 4 ) 1 0 ( 2 ) 9 ( 3 ) [ 1 ] 9 ( 2 )
B a s e 1 6 4 2 3 4 6 9 9 8 6 9 7 9 1 9 7 1 6 8 1 8 1 5 8
Table B.2c cont. Prevalence of neurotic disorders by sub-major SOC group
Managers & Science & Proprietors in Science & Other Engineering Health Other Associate
Managers & Agriculture & Engineering Health Teaching Professional Associate Associate Professional Clerical Administrators Services Professionals Professionals Professionals Occupations Professionals Professionals Occupations Occupations
% % % % % % % % % % All adults
Mixed anxiety/depressive disorder 10 (1) 8 (2) 7 (3) Generalised anxiety disorder 4 (1) 4 (1) 1 (0) Depressive episode 2 (1) 2 (1) 0 (0) All Phobias 0 (0) 1 (0) - -Obsessive compulsive disorder 1 (0) 0 (0) - -Panic disorder 0 (0) - - - -
- 11 (2) 6 (2) 7 (2) 8 (2) 11 (2) 11 (1) [1] 4 (1) 5 (2) 2 (1) 1 (1) 5 (1) 3 (1)
- 1 (1) 1 (1) 1 (1) 1 (1) 3 (1) 1 (0) - 2 (1) 2 (1) 1 (1) 1 (1) 3 (1) 1 (0) - 1 (1) 0 (0) 0 (0) - - 1 (0) 1 (0) - - - 1 (1) 0 (0) 2 (1) 1 (0) 0 (0)
Any neurotic disorder 16 (1) 14 (2) 8 (3) [1] 17 (2) 12 (3) 12 (3) 12 (3) 21 (2) 17 (2)
Base 675 247 150 27 262 177 137 164 299 642
Industrial Plant Occupations in Skilled Protective & Machine Drivers & Mobile Agriculture, Other
Engineering Other Skilled Service Personal service Buyers, Brokers Other Sales Operators, Machine Forestry & Elementary Trades Trades Occupations Occupations & Sales Reps Occupations Assemblers Operators Fishing Occuaptions
% % % % % % % % % %
Mixed anxiety/depressive disorder 5 (2) 7 (2) 4 (2) Generalised anxiety disorder 5 (2) 3 (1) 4 (3) Depressive episode 3 (1) 0 (0) 5 (3) All Phobias 2 (1) 1 (1) 2 (1) Obsessive compulsive disorder 1 (1) 1 (1) 3 (2) Panic disorder 1 (1) 1 (1) -
11 (2) 5 (2) 12 (2) 5 (1) 4 (1) - 7 (1) 4 (1) 6 (3) 3 (1) 4 (1) 3 (2) [1] 3 (1) 2 (0) 2 (2) 2 (1) 2 (1) 3 (2) - 2 (1) 1 (1) 2 (2) 1 (1) - - - - - 1 (0) 1 (0) 2 (2) 2 (1) 0 (0) 1 (1) - 1 (0) 0 (0) - - 1 (1) 1 (0) - - - 1 (0)
Any neurotic disorder 12 (3) 11 (2) 13 (4) 17 (2) 13 (4) 18 (2) 10 (2) 11 (3) [1] 13 (2)
Base 167 276 89 512 100 364 288 183 27 374
Table B.2d Odds ratios associated with having any neurotic disorder for sub-major SOC groups
All adults All adults All adults All adults All adults Odds Ratio Adjusted Odds Ratio: Adjusted Odds Ratio: Adjusted Odds Ratio:
Sub - major SOC group Managers & Administrators 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 -Managers & Proprietors in Agriculture & Services 0.88 (0.59-1.30) 0.86 (0.58-1.28) 0.73 (0.49-1.10) 0.74 (0.49-1.12) Science & Engineering Professionals 0.49 * (0.27-0.88) 0.53 * (0.29-0.97) 0.54 * (0.29-0.99) 0.54 * (0.29-0.99) Health Professionals .. - .. - .. - .. -Teaching Professionals 1.14 (0.78-1.66) 1.03 (0.70-1.51) 0.97 (0.65-1.44) 0.95 (0.64-1.42) Other Professional Occupations 0.76 (0.47-1.25) 0.74 (0.45-1.21) 0.73 (0.44-1.22) 0.74 (0.44-1.23) Science & Engineering Associate Professionals 0.73 (0.43-1.24) 0.79 (0.47-1.35) 0.66 (0.38-1.14) 0.70 (0.41-1.21) Health Associate Professionals 0.72 (0.43-1.21) 0.59 * (0.34-1.00) 0.53 * (0.31-0.91) 0.52 * (0.30-0.90) Other Associate Professional Occupations 1.38 (0.97-1.95) 1.29 (0.91-1.83) 1.17 (0.81-1.67) 1.19 (0.83-1.71) Clerical Occupations 1.11 (0.84-1.47) 0.96 (0.72-1.29) 0.83 (0.62-1.12) 0.81 (0.60-1.09) Secretarial Occupations 0.99 (0.66-1.49) 0.76 (0.50-1.16) 0.70 (0.46-1.08) 0.69 (0.45-1.07) Skilled Construction Trades 0.84 (0.48-1.47) 1.06 (0.61-1.87) 0.86 (0.48-1.52) 0.81 (0.46-1.46) Skilled Engineering Trades 0.71 (0.44-1.14) 0.87 (0.53-1.41) 0.79 (0.48-1.29) 0.79 (0.48-1.30) Other Skilled Trades 0.66 * (0.44-1.00) 0.74 (0.49-1.12) 0.66 (0.43-1.02) 0.68 (0.44-1.04) Protective Service Occupations 0.82 (0.45-1.49) 0.89 (0.49-1.62) 0.69 (0.37-1.28) 0.64 (0.34-1.18) Personal service Occupations 1.13 (0.83-1.53) 0.93 (0.68-1.27) 0.78 (0.56-1.09) 0.78 (0.56-1.08) Buyers,Brokers and Sales Reps 0.81 (0.45-1.480 0.85 (0.46-1.55) 0.84 (0.46-1.56) 0.86 (0.46-1.59) Other Sales Occupations 1.20 (0.87-1.65) 1.01 (0.72-1.41) 0.87 (0.62-1.23) 0.87 (0.62-1.23) Industrial Plant & Machine Operators,Assemblers 0.60 * (0.40-0.90) 0.63 * (0.42-0.96) 0.51 ** (0.33-0.78) 0.49 ** (0.32-0.75) Drivers & Mobile Machine Operators 0.65 (0.40-1.04) 0.77 (0.48-1.25) 0.63 (0.38-1.03) 0.65 (0.40-1.07) Other Occupations in Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing .. - .. - .. - .. -Other Elementary Occupations 0.84 (0.59-1.20) 0.80 (0.56-1.14) 0.63 * (0.43-0.91) 0.63 * (0.43-0.91)
Variables entered into the model which were Sex Marital status significant Age Tenure
Financial difficulties Other variables entered in the model which were Family type not significant Age*sex * p<0.05, ** p<0.01
Appendix B3: Minor SOC groups
T a b l e B . 3 a C I S - R s c o r e ( g r o u p e d ) b y M i n o r S O C g r o u p
P r o d . m a n a g e r s - F i n a n c i a l & M a n a g e r s i n M a n a g e r s i n M a n a g e r s , G e n . m a n a g e r s m a n u f a c t u r i n g S p e c ia l i s t o f f i c e m a n a g e r s t r a n s p o r t & P r o t e c t i v e f a r m i n g , M a n a g e r s e t c a d m i n i s t r a t o r s N a t u r a l g o v t , l a r g e o r g s e t c m a n a g e r s e t c s t o r i n g s e r v i c e o f f i c e r s h o r t i c u l t u r e e t c s e r v i c e i n d u s t r y n e s s c i e n t i s t s
A l l a d u l t s % % % % % % % % % %
C I S - R S c o r e
0 t o 5 6 2 7 3 7 1 7 0 6 0 [ 9 ] [ 1 0 ] 7 0 6 0 8 5 6 t o 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 8 1 6 1 6 - [ 2 ] 1 9 2 3 9 U n d e r 1 2 7 4 ( 6 ) 8 7 ( 3 ) 8 9 ( 2 ) 8 6 ( 3 ) 7 6 ( 7 ) [ 9 ] [ 1 2 ] 8 9 ( 2 ) 8 4 ( 5 ) 9 4 ( 4 )
1 2 t o 1 7 1 7 7 6 9 1 3 - [ 3 ] 8 1 0 5 1 8 + 1 0 6 5 6 1 1 - - 3 6 1 1 2 o r a b o v e 2 6 ( 6 ) 1 3 ( 3 ) 1 1 ( 2 ) 1 4 ( 3 ) 2 4 ( 7 ) - [ 3 ] 1 1 ( 2 ) 1 6 ( 5 ) 6 ( 4 )
B a s e 6 1 1 1 1 2 5 5 1 2 5 4 4 9 1 5 2 3 2 7 0 4 1
A r c h i t e c t s , t o w n D r a u g h t s -E n g in e e r s & B u s in e s s & p l a n n e r s , L i b r a r i a n s e t c P r o f e s s i o n a l S c i e n t i f i c p e r s o n s ,
t e c h n o l o g i s t s H e a l t h p r o f . T e a c h i n g p r o f . L e g a l p r o f . f i n a n c ia l p r o f . s u r v e y o r s p r o f . o c c u p a t i o n s n e s t e c h n i c i a n s s u r v e y o r s e t c % % % % % % % % % %
C I S - R S c o r e
0 t o 5 8 2 [ 2 5 ] 6 7 [ 1 6 ] 8 0 [ 1 2 ] [ 2 ] 6 5 6 5 [ 1 8 ] 6 t o 1 1 1 0 [ 2 ] 1 7 [ 1 ] 1 4 [ 5 ] [ 2 ] 2 6 1 7 [ 5 ] U n d e r 1 2 9 2 ( 3 ) [ 2 7 ] 8 5 ( 2 ) [ 1 7 ] 9 4 ( 3 ) [ 1 7 ] [ 4 ] 9 1 ( 4 ) 8 2 ( 6 ) [ 2 3 ]
1 2 t o 1 7 7 - 8 [ 3 ] 5 [ 3 ] - 6 1 1 -1 8 + 1 - 7 [ 1 ] 1 - [ 1 ] 3 7 -1 2 o r a b o v e 8 ( 3 ) - 1 5 ( 2 ) [ 4 ] 6 ( 3 ) [ 3 ] [ 1 ] 9 ( 4 ) 1 8 ( 6 ) -
B a s e 1 0 9 2 7 2 6 2 2 1 8 2 2 0 5 4 9 5 2 2 3
C o m p u t e r S h i p , a i r c r a f t B u s in e s s , N u m e r i c a l a n a l y s t s , o f f i c e r s & H e a l t h a s s o c ia t e L e g a l a s s o c ia t e f i n a n c e W e l f a r e e t c A r t i s t i c , s p o r t s P r o f , t e c h n i c a l A d m i n s t a f f i n c l e r k s &
p r o g r a m m e r s c o n t r o l l e r s p r o f . p r o f . a s s o c ia t e p r o f . a s s o c ia t e p r o f . e t c p r o f . o c c s n e s g o v t c a s h i e r s % % % % % % % % % %
C I S - R S c o r e
0 t o 5 7 1 [ 2 ] 6 4 [ 4 ] 7 1 6 4 6 5 5 6 6 2 7 1 6 t o 1 1 2 1 [ 2 ] 2 6 - 2 1 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 3 1 6 U n d e r 1 2 9 1 ( 3 ) [ 4 ] 8 9 ( 3 ) [ 4 ] 9 1 ( 3 ) 7 9 ( 5 ) 8 2 ( 4 ) 7 6 ( 6 ) 8 5 ( 4 ) 8 7 ( 2 )
1 2 t o 1 7 4 - 7 [ 1 ] 5 1 0 1 3 1 3 7 6 1 8 + 5 - 4 [ 1 ] 4 1 1 5 1 1 8 7 1 2 o r a b o v e 9 ( 3 ) - 1 1 ( 3 ) [ 2 ] 9 ( 3 ) 2 1 ( 5 ) 1 8 ( 4 ) 2 4 ( 6 ) 1 5 ( 4 ) 1 3 ( 2 )
B a s e 6 2 4 1 6 4 6 5 3 7 4 1 0 5 5 7 7 4 2 3 1
S t o r e s , C l e r i c a l , M e t a l M e t a l F i l i n g & r e c o r d d e s p a t c h c l e r k s S e c r e t a r i a l e t c R e c e p t i o n i s t , t e l e s e c r e t a r i a l o c c s C o n s t r u c t i o n m a c h i n i n g , E l e c t r i c a l , f o r m i n g , w e l d i n g
c l e r k s C l e r k s n e s & k e e p e r s p e r s o n n e l p h o n i s t s e t c n e s t r a d e s f i t t i n g e t c t r a d e s e l e c t r o n i c t r a d e s e t c t r a d e s % % % % % % % % % %
C I S - R S c o r e
0 t o 5 6 6 5 5 7 3 6 7 6 8 7 3 7 4 7 5 7 5 8 2 6 t o 1 1 1 4 1 8 2 0 1 7 1 9 1 1 1 3 1 0 1 8 1 2 U n d e r 1 2 8 0 ( 5 ) 7 3 ( 4 ) 9 3 ( 3 ) 8 4 ( 3 ) 8 7 ( 4 ) 8 4 ( 6 ) 8 6 ( 3 ) 8 6 ( 5 ) 9 3 ( 3 ) 9 3 ( 4 )
1 2 t o 1 7 1 0 1 5 3 7 1 3 1 3 6 7 3 2 1 8 + 1 0 1 2 4 8 1 4 7 7 4 4 1 2 o r a b o v e 2 0 ( 5 ) 2 7 ( 4 ) 7 ( 3 ) 1 6 ( 3 ) 1 3 ( 4 ) 1 6 ( 6 ) 1 4 ( 3 ) 1 4 ( 5 ) 7 ( 3 ) 7 ( 4 )
B a s e 7 5 1 4 1 9 0 1 5 7 7 5 3 1 1 0 2 7 4 9 3 5 6
T a b l e B . 3 a c o n t . C I S - R s c o r e ( g r o u p e d ) b y M i n o r S O C g r o u p
F o o d O t h e r c r a f t T r a v e l T e x t i le s , g a r m e n P r in t i n g & W o o d w o r k in g p r e p a r a t io n , r e la t e d t r a d e s N C O s e t c , S e c u r i t y e t c a t t e n d a n t s e t c
V e h i c le t r a d e s t s e t c t r a d e s r e la t e d t r a d e s t r a d e s t r a d e s n e s a r m e d f o r c e s s e r v i c e o c c s C a t e r in g o c c s o c c s % % % % % % % % % %
C I S - R S c o r e
0 t o 5 7 0 7 3 [ 1 5 ] 8 1 [ 1 3 ] 7 0 [ 8 ] 7 4 5 7 [ 1 3 ] 6 t o 1 1 U n d e r 1 2
1 6 8 5 ( 5 )
1 8 9 1 ( 5 )
[ 5 ] [ 2 0 ]
1 0 9 1 ( 4 )
[ 3 ] [ 1 6 ]
1 5 8 4 ( 6 )
[ 1 ] [ 9 ]
1 5 8 9 ( 4 )
2 3 8 0 ( 4 )
[ 1 ] [ 1 4 ]
1 2 t o 1 7 1 3 3 [ 1 ] 7 - 1 2 - 3 1 4 [ 1 ] 1 8 + 1 2 o r a b o v e
2 1 5 ( 5 )
6 9 ( 5 )
-[ 1 ]
2 9 ( 4 )
[ 2 ] [ 2 ]
3 1 6 ( 6 )
[ 1 ] [ 1 ]
8 1 1 ( 4 )
6 2 0 ( 4 )
[ 1 ] [ 2 ]
B a s e 4 7 3 2 2 1 5 8 1 8 4 4 1 0 7 9 1 3 2 1 6
M o b i le H e a l t h & r e la t e d C h i l d c a r e & H a i r d r e s s e r s , D o m e s t i c s t a f f P e r s o n a l s e r v i c e B u y e r s , b r o k e r s S a le s , c h e c k s a l e s p e r s o n s &
o c c s r e la t e d o c c s b e a u t ic i a n s e t c e t c o c c s n e s a g e n t s e t c S a le s r e p s o u t a s s is t a n t s a g e n t s S a le s o c c s n e s % % % % % % % % % %
C I S - R S c o r e
0 t o 5 7 0 5 8 [ 1 8 ] 9 1 [ 1 1 ] [ 1 8 ] 6 5 6 6 [ 8 ] 5 4 6 t o 1 1 U n d e r 1 2
1 1 8 1 ( 3 )
3 0 8 9 ( 3 )
[ 4 ] [ 2 2 ]
7 9 9 ( 1 )
[ 2 ] [ 1 3 ]
[ 1 ] [ 1 9 ]
2 2 8 7 ( 8 )
1 8 8 4 ( 2 )
[ 4 ] [ 1 2 ]
2 0 7 4 ( 1 0 )
1 2 t o 1 7 9 5 [ 2 ] 1 [ 1 ] [ 1 ] 1 0 1 1 [ 5 ] 8 1 8 + 1 2 o r a b o v e
1 0 1 9 ( 3 )
6 1 1 ( 3 )
[ 1 ] [ 3 ]
-1 ( 1 )
[ 1 ] [ 2 ]
[ 2 ] [ 3 ]
4 1 3 ( 8 )
5 1 6 ( 2 )
[ 2 ] [ 7 ]
1 8 2 6 ( 1 0 )
B a s e 1 8 4 1 0 6 2 5 3 4 1 5 2 2 7 8 3 1 2 1 9 3 3
F o o d , d r in k , C h e m ic a l s , M e t a l O t h e r t r a n s p o r t , t o b a c c o T e x t i le s , t a n n e r y p a p e r e t c m a k i n g , t r e a t i n g M e t a l w o r k i n g A s s e m b le r s , O t h e r r o u t i n e R o a d t r a n s p o r t m a c h i n e P la n t & m a c h in e
o p e r a t iv e s o p e r a t iv e s o p e r a t iv e s o p e r a t i v e s o p e r a t iv e s l in e w o r k e r s o p e r a t iv e s o p e r a t i v e s o p e r a t iv e s o p e r a t iv e s n e s % % % % % % % % % %
C I S - R S c o r e
0 t o 5 6 9 [ 3 ] 7 9 [ 9 ] 7 7 8 0 7 7 7 5 8 6 6 1 6 t o 1 1 U n d e r 1 2
2 0 8 9 ( 5 )
--
1 2 9 1 ( 5 )
[ 1 ] [ 1 0 ]
2 3 1 0 0
1 5 9 5 ( 5 )
1 2 8 9 ( 3 )
1 5 9 0 ( 3 )
9 9 5 ( 3 )
2 6 8 7 ( 4 )
1 2 t o 1 7 1 1 - 7 [ 1 ] - 3 7 5 1 5 1 8 + - - 2 - - 2 4 5 4 8 1 2 o r a b o v e 1 1 ( 5 ) - 9 ( 5 ) [ 1 ] - 5 ( 5 ) 1 1 ( 3 ) 1 0 ( 3 ) 5 ( 3 ) 1 3 ( 4 )
B a s e 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 2 4 0 8 6 1 5 3 3 0 5 2
O t h e r O t h e r O t h e r O t h e r f a r m in g m a n u f a c t u r i n g c o n s t r u c t io n O t h e r t r a n s p o r t c o m m u n ic a t io n O t h e r s a le s ,
r e l a t e d o c c s e t c o c c s o c c s o c c s o c c s s e r v ic e o c c s O t h e r o c c s n e s T o t a l % % % % % % % %
C I S - R S c o r e
0 t o 5 [ 2 2 ] [ 1 2 ] [ 1 6 ] [ 1 6 ] 6 9 6 5 [ 1 3 ] 6 9 6 t o 1 1 U n d e r 1 2
[ 4 ] [ 2 6 ]
[ 1 ] [ 1 3 ]
[ 2 ] [ 1 8 ]
[ 2 ] [ 1 8 ]
2 5 9 4 ( 4 )
2 0 8 6 ( 2 )
[ 4 ] [ 1 7 ]
1 7 8 7 ( 1 )
1 2 t o 1 7 - [ 1 ] [ 1 ] [ 1 ] 4 8 [ 1 ] 8 1 8 + [ 1 ] - [ 1 ] [ 1 ] 2 6 - 6 1 2 o r a b o v e [ 1 ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] 6 ( 4 ) 1 4 ( 2 ) [ 1 ] 1 3 ( 1 )
B a s e 2 7 1 4 2 0 2 0 3 9 2 6 3 1 8 5 4 9 4
T a b l e B . 3 b O d d s r a t i o s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h C I S - R s c o r e 1 2 + f o r m i n o r S O C g r o u p s
A l l a d u l t s A l l a d u l t s A l l a d u l t s A l l a d u l t s A l l a d u l t s O d d s R a t i o A d j u s t e d O d d s R a t i o : A d j u s t e d O d d s R a t i o : A d j u s t e d O d d s R a t i o :
M i n o r S O C g r o u p G e n . m a n a g e r s - g o v e r n m e n t , l a r g e o r g s 2 . 7 9 * * ( 1 . 4 1 - 5 . 5 4 ) P r o d . m a n a g e r s - m a n u f a c t u r i n g e t c 1 . 1 3 ( 0 . 5 9 - 2 . 1 7 ) S p e c i a l i s t m a n a g e r s 1 . 0 0 -F i n a n c i a l & o f f i c e m a n a g e r s e t c 1 . 2 9 ( 0 . 6 9 - 2 . 4 3 ) M a n a g e r s i n t r a n s p o r t & s t o r i n g 2 . 4 4 * ( 1 . 1 8 - 5 . 0 3 ) P r o t e c t i v e s e r v i c e o f f i c e r s . . -M a n a g e r s i n f a r m i n g , h o r t i c u l t u r e e t c
3 . 1 5 * * ( 1 . 5 8 - 6 . 3 0 ) 2 . 9 4 * * ( 1 . 4 6 - 5 . 9 4 ) 3 . 0 7 * * ( 1 . 5 1 - 6 . 2 4 )1 . 3 9 ( 0 . 7 2 - 2 . 6 9 ) 1 . 2 9 ( 0 . 6 6 - 2 . 5 2 ) 1 . 2 5 ( 0 . 6 4 - 2 . 4 6 ) 1 . 0 0 - 1 . 0 0 - 1 . 0 0 - 1 . 2 2 ( 0 . 6 5 - 2 . 3 1 ) 1 . 2 0 ( 0 . 6 3 - 2 . 2 9 ) 1 . 1 6 ( 0 . 6 1 - 2 . 2 2 ) 2 . 9 0 ( 1 . 4 0 - 6 . 0 4 ) 3 . 1 0 * * ( 1 . 1 8 - 6 . 5 2 ) 2 . 9 1 ( 1 . 3 7 - 6 . 1 9 )
. . - . . - . . -
M a n a g e r s e t c s e r v i c e i n d u s t r y M a n a g e r s , a d m i n i s t r a t o r s n e s N a t u r a l s c i e n t i s t s E n g i n e e r s & t e c h n o l o g i s t s H e a l t h p r o f e s s i o n a l s T e a c h i n g p r o f e s s i o n a l s L e g a l p r o f / a r c h i t e c t s / l i b r a r i a n s B u s i n e s s & f i n a n c i a l p r o f e s s i o n a l s P r o f e s s i o n a l o c c u p a t i o n s n e s S c i e n t i f i c t e c h n i c i a n s D r a u g h t s p e r s o n s / S h i p , a i r c r a f t o f f i c e r s / L e g a l a s s o c i a t e C o m p u t e r a n a l y s t s , p r o g r a m m e r s H e a l t h a s s o c i a t e p r o f e s s i o n a l s B u s i n e s s , f i n a n c e a s s o c i a t e p r o f s W e l f a r e e t c a s s o c i a t e p r o f e s s i o n a l s A r t i s t i c , s p o r t s e t c p r o f e s s i o n a l s P r o f , t e c h n i c a l o c c u p a t i o n s n e s A d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t a f f i n g o v e r n m e n t N u m e r i c a l c l e r k s & c a s h i e r s F i l i n g & r e c o r d c l e r k s C l e r k s n e s S t o r e s , d e s p a t c h c l e r k s & k e e p e r s S e c r e t a r i a l e t c p e r s o n n e l R e c e p t i o n i s t , t e l e p h o n i s t s e t c C l e r i c a l , s e c r e t a r i a l o c c u p a t i o n s n e s C o n s t r u c t i o n t r a d e s M e t a l m a c h i n i n g , f i t t i n g e t c t r a d e s E l e c t r i c a l , e l e c t r o n i c t r a d e s M e t a l f o r m i n g , w e l d i n g e t c t r a d e s V e h i c l e t r a d e s T e x t i l e s , g a r m e n t s e t c t r a d e s P r i n t i n g / F o o d p r e p a r a t i o n t r a d e s W o o d w o r k i n g t r a d e s O t h e r c r a f t , r e l a t e d t r a d e s n e s N C O s / T r a v e l a t t e n d a n t s / H a i r d r e s s e r s / P e r s o n a l s e r v i c e S e c u r i t y e t c s e r v i c e o c c u p a t i o n s C a t e r i n g o c c u p a t i o n s H e a l t h & r e l a t e d o c c u p a t i o n s C h i l d c a r e & r e l a t e d o c c u p a t i o n s D o m e s t i c s t a f f e t c B u y e r s / M o b i l e s a l e s p e r s o n s S a l e s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s S a l e s , c h e c k - o u t a s s i s t a n t s S a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s n e s F o o d , d r i n k , t o b a c c o o p e r a t i v e s T e x t i l e s , t a n n e r y o p e r a t i v e s C h e m i c a l s , p a p e r e t c o p e r a t i v e s M e t a l m a k i n g , t r e a t i n g o p e r a t i v e s M e t a l w o r k i n g o p e r a t i v e s A s s e m b l e r s , l i n e w o r k e r s O t h e r r o u t i n e o p e r a t i v e s R o a d t r a n s p o r t o p e r a t i v e s O t h e r t r a n s p o r t , m a c h i n e o p e r a t i v e s P l a n t & m a c h i n e o p e r a t i v e s n e s O t h e r f a r m i n g / m a n u f a c t u r i n g / c o n s t r u c t i o n / t r a n s p o r t O t h e r c o m m u n i c a t i o n o c c u p a t i o n s O t h e r s a l e s , s e r v i c e o c c u p a t i o n s
. . - . . - . . - . . 0 . 9 7 ( 0 . 5 6 - 1 . 6 8 ) 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 5 7 - 1 . 7 1 ) 0 . 8 1 ( 0 . 4 6 - 1 . 4 2 ) 0 . 8 0 ( 0 . 4 6 - 0 . 4 1 ) 1 . 5 2 ( 0 . 7 2 - 3 . 2 3 ) 1 . 4 5 ( 0 . 6 8 - 3 . 0 9 ) 1 . 3 5 ( 0 . 6 2 - 2 . 9 2 ) 1 . 2 8 ( 0 . 5 9 - 2 . 8 0 ) 0 . 5 1 ( 0 . 1 4 - 1 . 8 7 ) 0 . 5 3 ( 0 . 1 4 - 1 . 9 5 ) 0 . 5 6 ( 0 . 1 5 - 2 . 0 9 ) 0 . 6 1 ( 0 . 1 6 - 2 . 2 9 ) 0 . 7 4 ( 0 . 3 5 - 1 . 5 5 ) 0 . 8 5 ( 0 . 4 0 - 1 . 8 0 ) 0 . 8 1 ( 0 . 3 8 - 1 . 7 5 ) 0 . 7 6 ( 0 . 3 5 - 1 . 6 4 )
. . - . . - . . - . . -1 . 4 2 ( 0 . 8 5 - 2 . 3 7 ) 1 . 3 9 ( 0 . 8 3 - 2 . 3 3 ) 1 . 2 7 ( 0 . 7 5 - 2 . 1 5 ) 1 . 2 3 ( 0 . 7 2 - 2 . 0 9 ) 1 . 6 3 ( 0 . 7 0 - 3 . 7 6 ) 1 . 6 5 ( 0 . 7 1 - 3 . 8 3 ) 1 . 6 6 ( 0 . 7 0 - 3 . 9 6 ) 1 . 6 8 ( 0 . 7 0 - 2 . 0 9 ) 0 . 4 5 ( 0 . 1 7 - 1 . 2 4 ) 0 . 4 6 ( 0 . 1 7 - 1 . 2 6 ) 0 . 4 6 ( 0 . 1 7 - 1 . 2 9 ) 0 . 4 6 ( 0 . 1 6 - 1 . 2 8 ) 0 . 8 0 ( 0 . 2 6 - 2 . 4 6 ) 0 . 8 0 ( 0 . 2 6 - 2 . 4 9 ) 0 . 6 9 ( 0 . 2 2 - 2 . 1 8 ) 0 . 6 4 ( 0 . 2 0 - 2 . 0 3 ) 1 . 8 5 ( 0 . 8 6 - 3 . 9 7 ) 2 . 3 3 * ( 1 . 0 7 - 2 . 0 6 ) 2 . 0 2 ( 0 . 9 1 - 4 . 5 0 ) 2 . 1 6 ( 0 . 9 7 - 4 . 8 0 ) 0 . 5 1 ( 0 . 1 2 - 2 . 2 4 ) 0 . 5 8 ( 0 . 1 3 - 2 . 5 3 ) 0 . 5 0 ( 0 . 1 1 - 2 . 2 2 ) 0 . 5 4 ( 0 . 1 2 - 2 . 4 3 ) 0 . 7 4 ( 0 . 3 0 - 1 . 8 3 ) 0 . 8 0 ( 0 . 3 2 - 1 . 9 8 ) 0 . 5 9 ( 0 . 2 3 - 1 . 5 0 ) 0 . 5 9 ( 0 . 2 3 - 1 . 5 1 ) 0 . 9 4 ( 0 . 5 0 - 1 . 7 7 ) 0 . 8 4 ( 0 . 4 5 - 1 . 6 0 ) 0 . 7 4 ( 0 . 3 9 - 1 . 4 2 ) 0 . 7 2 ( 0 . 3 7 - 1 . 3 8 ) 0 . 7 3 ( 0 . 2 7 - 1 . 9 7 ) 0 . 7 4 ( 0 . 2 7 - 2 . 0 3 ) 0 . 7 6 ( 0 . 2 7 - 2 . 0 8 ) 0 . 7 5 ( 0 . 2 7 - 2 . 1 0 ) 1 . 7 4 ( 0 . 8 3 - 3 . 6 5 ) 1 . 6 2 ( 0 . 7 7 - 3 . 4 1 ) 1 . 2 7 ( 0 . 5 9 - 2 . 7 3 ) 1 . 2 7 ( 0 . 5 9 - 2 . 7 6 ) 1 . 6 9 ( 0 . 9 0 - 3 . 1 6 ) 1 . 7 0 ( 0 . 9 1 - 3 . 2 1 ) 1 . 4 6 ( 0 . 7 6 - 2 . 7 9 ) 1 . 5 1 ( 0 . 7 9 - 2 . 9 0 ) 2 . 4 3 * * ( 1 . 2 0 - 4 . 9 1 ) 2 . 2 6 * ( 1 . 1 2 - 4 . 5 9 ) 2 . 0 0 ( 0 . 9 6 - 4 . 1 5 ) 1 . 8 5 ( 0 . 8 9 - 3 . 8 6 ) 1 . 3 5 ( 0 . 6 5 - 2 . 8 0 ) 1 . 2 2 ( 0 . 5 9 - 2 . 5 5 ) 0 . 9 8 ( 0 . 4 6 - 2 . 0 8 ) 0 . 8 9 ( 0 . 4 2 - 1 . 9 0 ) 1 . 1 6 ( 0 . 6 8 - 1 . 9 8 ) 1 . 0 5 ( 0 . 6 1 - 1 . 8 0 ) 0 . 9 1 ( 0 . 5 2 - 1 . 5 9 ) 0 . 8 4 ( 0 . 4 8 - 1 . 4 8 ) 1 . 9 6 * ( 1 . 0 0 - 3 . 8 4 ) 1 . 6 9 ( 0 . 8 5 - 3 . 3 4 ) 1 . 5 2 ( 0 . 7 6 - 3 . 0 6 ) 1 . 4 9 ( 0 . 7 4 - 3 . 0 0 ) 2 . 7 1 * * ( 1 . 5 9 - 4 . 6 1 ) 2 . 4 8 * * ( 1 . 4 4 - 4 . 2 8 ) 1 . 9 7 * ( 1 . 1 3 - 3 . 4 5 ) 1 . 8 3 * ( 1 . 0 4 - 3 . 2 2 ) 0 . 5 9 ( 0 . 2 6 - 1 . 3 5 ) 0 . 6 4 ( 0 . 2 8 - 1 . 4 8 ) 0 . 4 6 ( 0 . 2 0 - 1 . 0 8 ) 0 . 4 6 ( 0 . 2 0 - 1 . 0 7 ) 1 . 4 7 ( 0 . 8 2 - 2 . 6 1 ) 1 . 2 3 ( 0 . 6 8 - 2 . 2 2 ) 1 . 1 5 ( 0 . 6 3 - 2 . 1 1 ) 1 . 0 9 ( 0 . 5 9 - 2 . 0 0 ) 1 . 1 9 ( 0 . 5 6 - 2 . 5 6 ) 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 4 6 - 2 . 1 4 ) 0 . 7 8 ( 0 . 3 6 - 1 . 7 1 ) 0 . 7 7 ( 0 . 3 5 - 1 . 6 9 ) 1 . 5 3 ( 0 . 5 8 - 4 . 0 6 ) 1 . 4 6 ( 0 . 5 4 - 3 . 9 1 ) 1 . 3 4 ( 0 . 4 9 - 3 . 6 6 ) 1 . 4 8 ( 0 . 5 4 - 4 . 0 4 ) 1 . 2 2 ( 0 . 6 4 - 2 . 3 2 ) 1 . 6 0 ( 0 . 8 3 - 3 . 0 9 ) 1 . 2 5 ( 0 . 6 4 - 2 . 4 4 ) 1 . 1 8 ( 0 . 6 0 - 2 . 3 1 ) 1 . 3 1 ( 0 . 6 5 - 2 . 6 5 ) 1 . 7 0 ( 0 . 8 4 - 3 . 4 6 ) 1 . 5 6 ( 0 . 7 6 - 3 . 2 2 ) 1 . 5 6 ( 0 . 7 5 - 3 . 2 4 ) 0 . 5 5 ( 0 . 2 3 - 1 . 2 8 ) 0 . 6 7 ( 0 . 2 8 - 1 . 5 9 ) 0 . 5 9 ( 0 . 2 5 - 1 . 4 2 ) 0 . 5 8 ( 0 . 2 4 - 1 . 3 9 ) 0 . 5 5 ( 0 . 1 9 - 1 . 6 3 ) 0 . 7 0 ( 0 . 2 4 - 2 . 0 7 ) 0 . 6 5 ( 0 . 2 2 - 1 . 9 6 ) 0 . 6 8 ( 0 . 2 3 - 2 . 0 3 ) 1 . 3 4 ( 0 . 5 9 - 3 . 0 7 ) 1 . 6 6 ( 0 . 7 2 - 3 . 8 5 ) 1 . 4 7 ( 0 . 6 2 - 3 . 4 7 ) 1 . 5 7 ( 0 . 6 6 - 3 . 7 2 ) 0 . 7 3 ( 0 . 2 1 - 2 . 5 7 ) 0 . 7 3 ( 0 . 2 1 - 2 . 5 7 ) 0 . 5 9 ( 0 . 1 6 - 2 . 1 2 ) 0 . 5 4 ( 0 . 1 5 - 2 . 0 0 ) 0 . 6 3 ( 0 . 1 9 - 2 . 0 6 ) 0 . 6 3 ( 0 . 1 9 - 2 . 0 7 ) 0 . 4 7 ( 0 . 1 4 - 1 . 5 8 ) 0 . 4 3 ( 0 . 1 3 - 1 . 4 5 ) 0 . 8 0 ( 0 . 3 2 - 2 . 0 4 ) 1 . 0 2 ( 0 . 4 0 - 2 . 6 1 ) 0 . 8 4 ( 0 . 3 2 - 2 . 1 8 ) 0 . 8 9 ( 0 . 3 4 - 2 . 3 2 ) 1 . 4 4 ( 0 . 6 0 - 3 . 4 6 ) 1 . 7 4 ( 0 . 7 2 - 4 . 2 1 ) 1 . 6 6 ( 0 . 6 8 - 4 . 0 9 ) 1 . 5 8 ( 0 . 6 4 - 3 . 9 3 ) 1 . 3 9 ( 0 . 6 7 - 2 . 9 1 ) 1 . 2 6 ( 0 . 6 0 - 2 . 6 6 ) 1 . 0 3 ( 0 . 4 8 - 2 . 2 2 ) 1 . 0 7 ( 0 . 5 0 - 2 . 3 2 ) 0 . 9 6 ( 0 . 4 6 - 2 . 0 4 ) 1 . 0 6 ( 0 . 5 0 - 2 . 2 6 ) 0 . 8 2 ( 0 . 3 8 - 1 . 7 7 ) 0 . 7 5 ( 0 . 3 5 - 1 . 6 3 ) 1 . 9 7 ( 1 . 1 4 - 3 . 4 0 ) 1 . 8 1 ( 1 . 0 3 - 3 . 1 8 ) 1 . 4 8 ( 0 . 8 3 - 2 . 6 4 ) 1 . 3 8 ( 0 . 7 7 - 2 . 4 7 ) 1 . 8 6 ( 1 . 0 8 - 3 . 1 9 ) 1 . 6 6 ( 0 . 9 5 - 2 . 8 9 ) 1 . 3 2 ( 0 . 7 5 - 2 . 3 4 ) 1 . 3 1 ( 0 . 7 4 - 2 . 3 3 ) 1 . 0 1 ( 0 . 4 9 - 2 . 0 7 ) 0 . 8 0 ( 0 . 3 9 - 1 . 6 7 ) 0 . 7 3 ( 0 . 3 5 - 1 . 5 5 ) 0 . 7 0 ( 0 . 3 3 - 1 . 4 8 ) 0 . 1 1 ( 0 . 0 1 - 1 . 9 6 ) 0 . 1 3 ( 0 . 0 1 - 2 . 3 3 ) 0 . 0 9 ( 0 . 0 1 - 1 . 6 9 ) 0 . 0 8 ( 0 . 0 0 - 1 . 4 8 ) 2 . 4 8 ( 1 . 0 9 - 5 . 6 0 ) 2 . 7 5 * ( 1 . 2 0 - 6 . 3 0 ) 2 . 4 9 * ( 1 . 0 7 - 5 . 8 3 ) 2 . 5 6 * ( 1 . 0 8 - 6 . 0 7 ) 1 . 2 0 ( 0 . 5 8 - 2 . 5 1 ) 1 . 2 9 ( 0 . 5 2 - 2 . 7 1 ) 1 . 1 7 ( 0 . 5 5 - 2 . 5 0 ) 1 . 1 5 ( 0 . 5 4 - 2 . 4 7 ) 1 . 4 8 ( 0 . 9 2 - 2 . 3 7 ) 1 . 3 4 ( 0 . 8 2 - 2 . 1 9 ) 1 . 1 6 ( 0 . 7 1 - 1 . 9 2 ) 1 . 1 4 ( 0 . 5 4 - 2 . 4 7 ) 2 . 7 8 ( 1 . 2 5 - 6 . 1 9 ) 2 . 5 6 ( 1 . 1 3 - 5 . 7 9 ) 1 . 7 1 ( 0 . 7 4 - 3 . 9 6 ) 1 . 5 8 ( 0 . 6 7 - 3 . 7 0 ) 0 . 9 3 ( 0 . 3 1 - 2 . 7 9 ) 1 . 0 1 ( 0 . 3 3 - 3 . 0 5 ) 0 . 7 6 ( 0 . 2 5 - 2 . 3 5 ) 0 . 6 7 ( 0 . 2 1 - 2 . 1 0 )
. . - . . - . . - . . -0 . 7 8 ( 0 . 2 3 - 2 . 6 7 ) 0 . 8 2 ( 0 . 2 4 - 2 . 8 4 ) 0 . 7 0 ( 0 . 2 0 - 2 . 4 5 ) 0 . 6 4 ( 0 . 1 8 - 2 . 2 8 )
. . - . . - . . - . . -0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 - 1 4 1 3 . 7 9 ) 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 - 1 5 7 6 . 8 8 ) 0 . 0 1 ( 0 . 0 0 - 8 7 4 . 4 8 ) 0 . 0 1 ( 0 . 0 0 - 8 1 5 . 0 4 ) 0 . 4 4 ( 0 . 1 2 - 1 . 5 9 ) 0 . 4 5 ( 0 . 1 2 - 1 . 6 5 ) 0 . 4 3 ( 0 . 1 2 - 1 . 5 8 ) 0 . 4 1 ( 0 . 1 1 - 1 . 5 1 ) 0 . 9 5 ( 0 . 4 5 - 1 . 9 7 ) 0 . 9 6 ( 0 . 4 6 - 2 . 0 2 ) 0 . 6 5 ( 0 . 3 0 - 1 . 3 8 ) 0 . 5 9 ( 0 . 2 7 - 1 . 2 7 ) 0 . 8 7 ( 0 . 4 7 - 1 . 6 1 ) 1 . 0 6 ( 0 . 5 7 - 1 . 9 9 ) 0 . 7 9 ( 0 . 4 2 - 1 . 5 0 ) 0 . 8 1 ( 0 . 4 3 - 1 . 5 4 ) 0 . 4 2 ( 0 . 0 9 - 1 . 9 3 ) 0 . 5 2 ( 0 . 1 1 - 2 . 4 1 ) 0 . 4 6 ( 0 . 1 0 - 2 . 1 9 ) 0 . 4 8 ( 0 . 1 0 - 2 . 2 8 ) 1 . 1 5 ( 1 . 1 5 - 2 . 6 9 ) 1 . 4 9 ( 0 . 6 3 - 3 . 5 2 ) 1 . 2 0 ( 0 . 5 0 - 2 . 9 0 ) 1 . 2 1 ( 0 . 5 0 - 2 . 9 4 ) 0 . 5 5 ( 0 . 2 4 - 1 . 2 6 ) 0 . 6 7 ( 0 . 2 9 - 1 . 5 3 ) 0 . 5 2 ( 0 . 2 2 - 1 . 2 0 ) 0 . 5 3 ( 0 . 2 3 - 1 . 2 3 ) 0 . 5 0 ( 0 . 1 4 - 1 . 8 0 ) 0 . 6 2 ( 0 . 1 7 - 2 . 2 4 ) 0 . 5 4 ( 0 . 1 5 - 1 . 9 9 ) 0 . 4 9 ( 0 . 1 3 - 1 . 8 3 ) 1 . 2 8 ( 0 . 7 6 - 2 . 1 3 ) 1 . 2 1 ( 0 . 7 1 - 2 . 0 4 ) 0 . 9 1 ( 0 . 5 3 - 1 . 5 5 ) 0 . 8 8 ( 0 . 5 1 - 1 . 5 0 )
V a r i a b l e s e n t e r e d i n t o t h e m o d e l w h i c h w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t
O t h e r v a r i a b l e s e n t e r e d i n t h e m o d e l w h i c h w e r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t
S e x M a r i t a l s t a t u s H a s a p h y s i c a l c o m p l a i n t A g e F i n a n c i a l d i f f i c u l t i e s A g e b y s e x
T e n u r e F a m i l y t y p e
* p < 0 . 0 5 , * * p < 0 . 0 1
- - - - -
T a b le B .3 c P r e v a le n c e o f n e u r o t ic d is o r d e r s b y m in o r S O C g r o u p
P ro d . m a n a g e r s -G e n . m a n a g e rs - m a n u fa c tu r in g g o v t , la r g e o rg s e tc
A ll a d u lt s % %
F in a n c ia l & M a n a g e r s in M a n a g e rs in M a n a g e rs , S p e c ia lis t o f f ic e m a n a g e r s t ra n s p o r t & P ro te c t iv e fa r m in g , M a n a g e r s e tc a d m in is t r a to rs N a tu ra l m a n a g e rs e tc s to r in g s e r v ic e o f f ic e rs h o r t ic u ltu r e e tc s e rv ic e in d u s try n e s s c ie n t is ts
% % % % % % % %
m ix e d a n x ie ty /d e p r e s s iv e d is o rd e r 1 8 ( 5 ) 1 0 (3 ) 7 (2 ) g e n e ra l is e d a n x ie ty d is o rd e r 6 ( 3 ) 4 (2 ) 2 (1 ) d e p re s s iv e e p is o d e 4 ( 3 ) 2 (1 ) 1 (0 ) a n y p h o b ia - - o b s e s s iv e c o m p u ls iv e d is o rd e r 1 ( 1 ) 1 (1 ) 1 (0 ) p a n ic d is o r d e r - - 1 (1 )
9 ( 2 ) 1 1 (5 ) - [3 ] 7 (2 ) 1 3 (4 ) 5 ( 4 ) 5 ( 2 ) 6 (4 ) - - 5 (1 ) 2 (1 ) -2 ( 1 ) 5 (3 ) - - 2 (1 ) 2 (2 ) 1 ( 1 ) - 2 (2 ) - - 1 (0 ) 3 (2 ) -- - - - 0 (0 ) 2 (2 ) -- 2 (2 ) - - - - -
A n y n e u ro t ic d is o rd e r 2 6 ( 6 ) 1 5 (4 ) 1 1 (2 ) 1 6 ( 3 ) 2 6 (7 ) - [ 3 ] 1 3 (2 ) 1 7 (5 ) 6 ( 4 )
B a s e 6 1 1 1 1 2 5 5 1 2 5 4 4 9 1 5 2 3 2 7 0 4 1
E n g in e e rs & te c h n o lo g is ts H e a lth p r o f . T e a c h in g p r o f . L e g a l p ro f .
% % % %
A rc h ite c ts , to w n D ra u g h ts -B u s in e s s & p la n n e rs , L ib r a r ia n s e tc P ro fe s s io n a l S c ie n t i f ic p e r s o n s ,
f in a n c ia l p ro f . s u rv e y o rs p ro f . o c c u p a t io n s n e s te c h n ic ia n s s u rv e y o rs e tc % % % % % %
m ix e d a n x ie ty /d e p r e s s iv e d is o rd e r 8 ( 3 ) - 1 1 (2 ) g e n e ra l is e d a n x ie ty d is o rd e r 1 ( 1 ) [1 ] 4 (1 ) d e p re s s iv e e p is o d e - - 1 (1 ) a n y p h o b ia - - 2 (1 ) o b s e s s iv e c o m p u ls iv e d is o rd e r - - 1 (1 ) p a n ic d is o r d e r
[2 ] 5 (3 ) [3 ] - 5 (3 ) 1 0 (4 ) -[2 ] 1 (1 ) [2 ] [1 ] 4 (2 ) 3 (3 ) -
- - - [1 ] - 2 (2 ) -[1 ] 1 (1 ) - [1 ] - 3 (3 ) -[1 ] - - - - - -
- - 2 (2 ) - -A n y n e u ro t ic d is o rd e r 9 ( 3 ) [1 ] 1 7 (2 ) [ 5 ] 7 (3 ) [ 5 ] [ 1 ] 1 1 (4 ) 1 8 (6 ) -
B a s e 1 0 9 2 7 2 6 2 2 1 8 2 2 0 5 4 9 5 2 2 3
C o m p u te r S h ip , a ir c ra f t a n a ly s ts , o f f ic e r s & H e a lth a s s o c ia te L e g a l a s s o c ia te
p ro g ra m m e r s c o n tr o lle rs p ro f . p ro f . % % % %
B u s in e s s , N u m e r ic a l f in a n c e W e lfa re e tc A r t is t ic , s p o r ts P r o f , te c h n ic a l A d m in s ta f f in c le rk s &
a s s o c ia te p r o f . a s s o c ia te p ro f . e tc p ro f . o c c s n e s g o v t c a s h ie r s % % % % % %
m ix e d a n x ie ty /d e p r e s s iv e d is o rd e r 8 ( 3 ) - 8 (2 ) g e n e ra l is e d a n x ie ty d is o rd e r 2 ( 2 ) - 1 (1 ) d e p re s s iv e e p is o d e 1 ( 1 ) - 1 (1 ) a n y p h o b ia - - 1 (1 ) o b s e s s iv e c o m p u ls iv e d is o rd e r 1 ( 1 ) - p a n ic d is o r d e r 1 ( 1 ) - 2 (1 )
[2 ] 6 (2 ) 1 3 (4 ) 1 1 ( 3 ) 1 2 (5 ) 1 2 (4 ) 8 ( 2 ) - 2 (2 ) 9 (4 ) 6 ( 2 ) 4 (3 ) 2 (2 ) 3 ( 1 ) - 2 (2 ) 2 (2 ) 3 ( 1 ) 7 (4 ) 1 (1 ) 1 ( 1 ) - - 3 (3 ) 3 ( 2 ) 5 (3 ) - 1 ( 1 ) - 1 (1 ) - 1 ( 1 ) 2 (2 ) 1 (1 ) 1 ( 1 ) - - 2 (1 ) - 2 (2 ) - 1 ( 1 )
A n y n e u ro t ic d is o rd e r 1 0 ( 4 ) - 1 2 (3 ) [ 2 ] 1 0 (3 ) 2 5 (6 ) 2 2 ( 4 ) 2 5 (6 ) 1 6 (4 ) 1 5 ( 2 )
B a s e 6 2 4 1 6 4 6 5 3 7 4 1 0 5 5 7 7 4 2 3 1
S to r e s , C le r ic a l, M e ta l M e ta l f o rm in g , F il in g & r e c o rd d e s p a tc h c le r k s S e c re ta r ia l e tc R e c e p t io n is t , te le s e c re ta r ia l o c c s C o n s tru c t io n m a c h in in g , E le c tr ic a l, w e ld in g e tc
c le rk s C le r k s n e s & k e e p e r s p e r s o n n e l p h o n is ts e tc n e s t ra d e s f i t t in g e tc t r a d e s e le c tro n ic t ra d e s t ra d e s % % % % % % % % % %
m ix e d a n x ie ty /d e p r e s s iv e d is o rd e r 1 5 ( 5 ) 1 9 (4 ) 5 (2 ) g e n e ra l is e d a n x ie ty d is o rd e r 5 ( 2 ) 5 (2 ) 3 (2 ) d e p re s s iv e e p is o d e - 3 (1 ) 1 (1 ) a n y p h o b ia 1 ( 1 ) 2 (1 ) o b s e s s iv e c o m p u ls iv e d is o rd e r 1 ( 1 ) 1 (1 ) p a n ic d is o r d e r - - 1 (1 )
9 ( 3 ) 1 2 (4 ) 8 (5 ) 6 ( 2 ) 7 (3 ) 2 (1 ) 7 ( 4 ) 2 ( 1 ) 1 (1 ) 5 (3 ) 4 ( 2 ) 6 (3 ) 4 (2 ) -3 ( 2 ) - 4 (3 ) 4 ( 2 ) 5 (3 ) 1 (1 ) -2 ( 1 ) 1 (1 ) - - 3 (0 ) 1 (1 ) -1 ( 1 ) - - - 1 (1 ) 1 (1 ) -1 ( 1 ) 1 (1 ) 2 (2 ) 3 ( 1 ) 1 (1 ) 1 (1 ) -
A n y n e u ro t ic d is o rd e r 2 0 ( 5 ) 2 8 (4 ) 8 (3 ) 1 6 ( 3 ) 1 5 (5 ) 1 6 (6 ) 1 4 ( 3 ) 1 6 (4 ) 8 (3 ) 7 ( 4 )
B a s e 7 5 1 4 1 9 0 1 5 7 7 5 3 1 1 0 2 7 4 9 3 5 6
- - - - - - - - - -
- - - - -
T a b l e B . 3 c c o n t . P r e v a le n c e o f n e u r o t ic d i s o r d e r s b y m i n o r S O C g r o u p
T e x t i le s ,g a r m e n P r in t in g & W o o d w o r k in g V e h ic le t r a d e s ts e t c t r a d e s r e la t e d t r a d e s t r a d e s
F o o d O th e r c r a f t T r a v e l p r e p a r a t io n , r e la t e d t r a d e s N C O s e t c , S e c u r i t y e t c a t t e n d a n t s e t c
t r a d e s n e s a r m e d f o r c e s s e r v ic e o c c s C a te r in g o c c s o c c s % % % % % % % % % %
m ix e d a n x ie t y / d e p r e s s iv e d is o r d e r 1 0 ( 4 ) 3 ( 3 ) g e n e r a l is e d a n x ie t y d is o r d e r 1 ( 1 ) 6 ( 4 ) d e p r e s s iv e e p is o d e 1 ( 1 ) a n y p h o b ia - o b s e s s iv e c o m p u ls iv e d is o r d e r 4 ( 3 ) p a n ic d is o r d e r - -
[1 ] 7 ( 3 ) - 8 ( 5 ) - 4 ( 2 ) 1 7 ( 4 ) [1 ] - 2 ( 2 ) [3 ] 5 ( 4 ) - 5 ( 3 ) 2 ( 1 ) -- - - - [1 ] 5 ( 3 ) 2 ( 1 ) [1 ] - 3 ( 2 ) - 3 ( 3 ) - 2 ( 2 ) - -- - - - - 3 ( 3 ) 0 ( 0 ) -- 1 ( 1 ) [1 ] 2 ( 2 ) - - 1 ( 1 ) -
A n y n e u r o t ic d i s o r d e r 1 5 ( 5 ) 9 ( 5 ) [ 1 ] 1 0 ( 4 ) [ 3 ] 1 6 ( 6 ) [ 1 ] 1 4 ( 4 ) 2 1 ( 4 ) [ 2 ]
B a s e 4 7 3 2 2 1 5 8 1 8 4 4 1 0 7 9 1 3 2 1 6
H e a l t h & r e la t e d C h i ld c a r e & H a i r d r e s s e r s , D o m e s t ic s t a f f o c c s r e la t e d o c c s b e a u t ic ia n s e t c e t c
% % % %
M o b ile P e r s o n a l s e r v ic e B u y e r s , b r o k e r s S a le s , c h e c k - s a le s p e r s o n s &
o c c s n e s a g e n t s e t c S a le s r e p s o u t a s s is t a n t s a g e n t s S a le s o c c s n e s % % % % % %
m ix e d a n x ie t y / d e p r e s s iv e d is o r d e r 1 0 ( 2 ) 7 ( 2 ) [2 ] g e n e r a l is e d a n x ie t y d is o r d e r 7 ( 2 ) 4 ( 2 ) [1 ] d e p r e s s iv e e p is o d e 2 ( 1 ) - a n y p h o b ia 2 ( 1 ) 3 ( 2 ) o b s e s s iv e c o m p u ls iv e d is o r d e r 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( 0 ) p a n ic d is o r d e r - 1 ( 1 )
1 ( 1 ) [1 ] [1 ] 6 ( 3 ) 1 0 ( 2 ) [5 ] 1 8 ( 9 ) - - [1 ] 6 ( 3 ) 3 ( 1 ) [2 ] -- [1 ] [1 ] 2 ( 2 ) 1 ( 0 ) [1 ] 8 ( 5 ) - [1 ] - 2 ( 2 ) 1 ( 1 ) [2 ] -- - - 2 ( 2 ) 2 ( 1 ) [1 ] -- - - - 1 ( 1 ) - -
A n y n e u r o t ic d i s o r d e r 1 9 ( 3 ) 1 4 ( 3 ) [ 3 ] 1 ( 1 ) [ 2 ] [ 3 ] 1 4 ( 4 ) 1 6 ( 2 ) [ 8 ] 2 6 ( 1 0 )
B a s e 1 8 4 1 0 6 2 5 3 4 1 5 2 2 7 8 3 1 2 1 9 3 3
F o o d , d r in k , C h e m ic a ls , M e t a l to b a c c o T e x t i le s , ta n n e r y p a p e r e tc m a k in g , t r e a t in g
o p e r a t iv e s o p e r a t iv e s o p e r a t iv e s o p e r a t iv e s % % % %
O t h e r t r a n s p o r t , M e t a l w o r k in g A s s e m b le r s , O th e r r o u t in e R o a d t r a n s p o r t m a c h in e P la n t & m a c h in e
o p e r a t iv e s l in e w o r k e r s o p e r a t iv e s o p e r a t iv e s o p e r a t iv e s o p e r a t iv e s n e s % % % % % %
m ix e d a n x ie t y / d e p r e s s iv e d is o r d e r 7 ( 4 ) - 7 ( 5 ) g e n e r a l is e d a n x ie t y d is o r d e r 4 ( 3 ) - 4 ( 3 ) d e p r e s s iv e e p is o d e - - 2 ( 2 ) a n y p h o b ia o b s e s s iv e c o m p u ls iv e d is o r d e r - - p a n ic d is o r d e r
[1 ] - 3 ( 3 ) 6 ( 3 ) 5 ( 2 ) 1 ( 1 ) 7 ( 3 ) - - - 4 ( 2 ) 2 ( 1 ) 9 ( 6 ) 1 0 ( 4 ) - - 2 ( 2 ) 3 ( 2 ) 3 ( 2 ) 4 ( 3 ) 4 ( 3 )
- - - - 1 ( 1 ) - 1 ( 1 ) - 1 ( 1 ) - 2 ( 2 )
A n y n e u r o t ic d i s o r d e r 1 1 ( 5 ) - 1 1 ( 5 ) [ 1 ] - 5 ( 5 ) 1 1 ( 3 ) 1 0 ( 3 ) 1 4 ( 9 ) 1 9 ( 5 )
B a s e 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 2 4 0 8 6 1 5 3 3 0 5 2
O t h e r O t h e r O th e r f a r m in g m a n u f a c t u r in g c o n s t r u c t io n r e la t e d o c c s e t c o c c s o c c s
O th e r O t h e r t r a n s p o r t c o m m u n ic a t io n O t h e r s a le s ,
o c c s o c c s s e r v ic e o c c s O t h e r o c c s n e s T o t a l % % % % % % % %
m ix e d a n x ie t y / d e p r e s s iv e d is o r d e r - [1 ] [1 ] [1 ] 4 7 ( 3 ) [1 ] 9 ( 2 ) g e n e r a l is e d a n x ie t y d is o r d e r [1 ] - [1 ] - 3 ( 2 ) 3 ( 1 ) - 3 ( 0 ) d e p r e s s iv e e p is o d e - - [1 ] - - 3 ( 1 ) - 2 ( 0 ) a n y p h o b ia - - - - - 1 ( 1 ) - 1 ( 0 ) o b s e s s iv e c o m p u ls iv e d is o r d e r - - - [1 ] - 1 ( 1 ) - 1 ( 0 ) p a n ic d is o r d e r - - - - - 1 ( 1 ) - 1 ( 0 ) A n y n e u r o t ic d i s o r d e r [ 1 ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] 7 ( 4 ) 1 6 ( 2 ) [ 1 ] 1 5 ( 1 )
B a s e 2 7 1 4 2 0 2 0 3 9 2 6 3 1 8 5 4 9 4
T a b l e B . 3 d O d d s r a t i o s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h h a v i n g a n y n e u r o t i c d i s o r d e r f o r m i n o r S O C g r o u p s
A l l a d u l t s A l l a d u l t s A l l a d u l t s A l l a d u l t s A d j u s t e d O d d s R a t i o :
A d j u s t e d O d d s R a t i o : S o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c A d j u s t e d O d d s R a t i o : A l l a d u l t s O d d s R a t i o A g e a n d s e x v a r i a b l e s P h y s i c a l c o m p l a i n t
M i n o r S O C g r o u p G e n . m a n a g e r s - g o v e r n m e n t , l a r g e o r g s 2 . 7 9 * * ( 1 . 4 1 - 5 . 5 4 ) P r o d . m a n a g e r s - m a n u f a c t u r i n g e t c 1 . 3 4 ( 0 . 7 2 - 2 . 5 1 ) S p e c i a l i s t m a n a g e r s 1 . 0 0 -F i n a n c i a l & o f f i c e m a n a g e r s e t c 1 . 4 5 ( 0 . 7 8 - 2 . 6 8 ) M a n a g e r s i n t r a n s p o r t & s t o r i n g 2 . 7 6 * * ( 1 . 3 6 - 5 . 6 0 ) P r o t e c t i v e s e r v i c e o f f i c e r s . . -M a n a g e r s i n f a r m i n g , h o r t i c u l t u r e e t c
3 . 1 1 * * ( 1 . 5 5 - 6 . 2 0 ) 2 . 9 2 * * ( 1 . 4 4 - 5 . 9 1 ) 3 . 0 5 * * ( 1 . 5 0 - 6 . 2 2 ) 1 . 6 6 ( 0 . 8 8 - 3 . 1 3 ) 1 . 5 7 ( 0 . 8 2 - 2 . 9 9 ) 1 . 5 3 ( 0 . 8 0 - 2 . 9 3 ) 1 . 0 0 - 1 . 0 0 - 1 . 0 0 1 . 3 5 ( 0 . 7 3 - 2 . 5 1 ) 1 . 3 4 ( 0 . 7 2 - 2 . 5 2 ) 1 . 3 1 ( 0 . 6 9 - 2 . 4 7 ) 3 . 1 5 * * ( 1 . 5 4 - 6 . 4 4 ) 3 . 2 9 * * ( 1 . 5 9 - 6 . 8 0 ) 3 . 1 3 * * ( 1 . 5 0 - 6 . 5 4 )
. . - . . - . . . .
M a n a g e r s e t c s e r v i c e i n d u s t r y 1 . 1 8 M a n a g e r s , a d m i n i s t r a t o r s n e s 1 . 6 0 N a t u r a l s c i e n t i s t s 0 . 5 1 E n g i n e e r s & t e c h n o l o g i s t s 0 . 7 8 H e a l t h p r o f e s s i o n a l s
- . . - . . - . . -( 0 . 7 0 - 2 . 0 0 ) 1 . 1 9 ( 0 . 7 0 - 2 . 0 2 ) 0 . 9 8 ( 0 . 5 7 - 1 . 6 9 ) 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 5 7 - 1 . 7 0 ) ( 0 . 7 6 - 3 . 3 7 ) 1 . 4 3 ( 0 . 6 8 - 3 . 0 2 ) 1 . 3 3 ( 0 . 6 2 - 2 . 8 6 ) 1 . 2 8 ( 0 . 5 9 - 2 . 7 7 ) ( 0 . 1 4 - 1 . 8 7 ) 0 . 5 1 ( 0 . 1 4 - 1 . 8 7 ) 0 . 5 5 ( 0 . 1 5 - 2 . 0 4 ) 0 . 6 0 ( 0 . 1 6 - 2 . 2 4 ) ( 0 . 3 7 - 1 . 6 2 ) 0 . 9 1 ( 0 . 4 3 - 1 . 9 1 ) 0 . 8 9 ( 0 . 4 2 - 1 . 8 8 ) 0 . 8 4 ( 0 . 3 9 - 1 . 7 8 )
T e a c h i n g p r o f e s s i o n a l s L e g a l p r o f / a r c h i t e c t s / l i b r a r i a n s B u s i n e s s & f i n a n c i a l p r o f e s s i o n a l s P r o f e s s i o n a l o c c u p a t i o n s n e s S c i e n t i f i c t e c h n i c i a n s D r a u g h t s p e r s o n s / S h i p , a i r c r a f t o f f i c e r s / L e g a l a s s o c i a t e C o m p u t e r a n a l y s t s , p r o g r a m m e r s H e a l t h a s s o c i a t e p r o f e s s i o n a l s B u s i n e s s , f i n a n c e a s s o c i a t e p r o f s W e l f a r e e t c a s s o c i a t e p r o f e s s i o n a l s A r t i s t i c , s p o r t s e t c p r o f e s s i o n a l s P r o f , t e c h n i c a l o c c u p a t i o n s n e s A d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t a f f i n g o v e r n m e n t N u m e r i c a l c l e r k s & c a s h i e r s F i l i n g & r e c o r d c l e r k s C l e r k s n e s S t o r e s , d e s p a t c h c l e r k s & k e e p e r s S e c r e t a r i a l e t c p e r s o n n e l R e c e p t i o n i s t , t e l e p h o n i s t s e t c C l e r i c a l , s e c r e t a r i a l o c c u p a t i o n s n e s C o n s t r u c t i o n t r a d e s M e t a l m a c h i n i n g , f i t t i n g e t c t r a d e s E l e c t r i c a l , e l e c t r o n i c t r a d e s M e t a l f o r m i n g , w e l d i n g e t c t r a d e s V e h i c l e t r a d e s T e x t i l e s , g a r m e n t s e t c t r a d e s P r i n t i n g / F o o d p r e p a r a t i o n t r a d e s W o o d w o r k i n g t r a d e s O t h e r c r a f t , r e l a t e d t r a d e s n e s N C O s / T r a v e l a t t e n d a n t s / H a i r d r e s s e r s / P e r s o n a l s e r v i S e c u r i t y e t c s e r v i c e o c c u p a t i o n s C a t e r i n g o c c u p a t i o n s H e a l t h & r e l a t e d o c c u p a t i o n s C h i l d c a r e & r e l a t e d o c c u p a t i o n s D o m e s t i c s t a f f e t c B u y e r s / M o b i l e s a l e s p e r s o n s S a l e s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s S a l e s , c h e c k - o u t a s s i s t a n t s S a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s n e s F o o d , d r i n k , t o b a c c o o p e r a t i v e s T e x t i l e s , t a n n e r y o p e r a t i v e s
. . - . . - . . - . . -1 . 6 4 ( 0 . 9 9 - 2 . 7 0 ) 1 . 5 4 ( 0 . 9 3 - 2 . 5 7 ) 1 . 4 3 ( 0 . 8 5 - 2 . 3 9 ) 1 . 3 9 ( 0 . 8 2 - 2 . 3 3 ) 2 . 3 6 * ( 1 . 0 9 - 5 . 0 9 ) 2 . 3 7 * ( 1 . 0 9 - 5 . 1 4 ) 2 . 4 3 * ( 1 . 0 9 - 5 . 3 9 ) 2 . 4 7 * ( 1 . 1 1 - 5 . 4 9 ) 0 . 5 6 ( 0 . 2 2 - 1 . 4 2 ) 0 . 5 6 ( 0 . 2 2 - 1 . 4 3 ) 0 . 5 7 ( 0 . 2 2 - 1 . 4 8 ) 0 . 5 8 ( 0 . 2 3 - 1 . 5 1 ) 1 . 0 1 ( 0 . 3 6 - 2 . 8 4 ) 0 . 9 7 ( 0 . 3 4 - 2 . 7 5 ) 0 . 8 4 ( 0 . 2 9 - 2 . 4 2 ) 0 . 7 7 ( 0 . 2 6 - 2 . 2 6 ) 1 . 8 5 ( 0 . 8 6 - 3 . 9 7 ) 2 . 1 8 * ( 1 . 0 1 - 4 . 7 2 ) 1 . 9 3 ( 0 . 8 7 - 4 . 2 8 ) 2 . 0 6 ( 0 . 9 3 - 4 . 5 8 ) 0 . 5 1 ( 0 . 1 2 - 2 . 2 4 ) 0 . 6 0 ( 0 . 6 0 - 0 . 1 4 ) 0 . 5 2 ( 0 . 1 2 - 2 . 2 9 ) 0 . 5 6 ( 0 . 1 3 - 2 . 5 2 ) 0 . 8 8 ( 0 . 3 7 - 2 . 0 7 ) 0 . 9 5 ( 0 . 4 0 - 2 . 2 4 ) 0 . 7 3 ( 0 . 3 0 - 1 . 7 6 ) 0 . 7 5 ( 0 . 3 1 - 1 . 8 1 ) 1 . 0 4 ( 0 . 5 6 - 1 . 9 2 ) 0 . 8 8 ( 0 . 4 7 - 1 . 6 3 ) 0 . 7 8 ( 0 . 4 1 - 1 . 4 7 ) 0 . 7 5 ( 0 . 4 0 - 1 . 4 3 ) 0 . 8 8 ( 0 . 3 5 - 2 . 2 4 ) 0 . 9 1 ( 0 . 3 5 - 2 . 3 2 ) 0 . 9 2 ( 0 . 3 6 - 2 . 3 8 ) 0 . 9 3 ( 0 . 3 5 - 2 . 4 2 ) 2 . 2 5 ( 1 . 1 2 - 5 . 4 2 ) 1 . 9 5 ( 0 . 9 6 - 3 . 9 4 ) 1 . 5 4 ( 0 . 7 5 - 3 . 1 9 ) 1 . 5 6 ( 0 . 7 5 - 3 . 2 5 ) 2 . 1 3 ( 1 . 1 7 - 3 . 8 8 ) 2 . 1 4 * ( 1 . 1 7 - 3 . 9 2 ) 1 . 9 0 * ( 1 . 0 2 - 3 . 5 4 ) 1 . 9 7 * ( 1 . 0 6 - 3 . 6 9 ) 2 . 6 5 * * ( 1 . 3 3 - 5 . 3 0 ) 2 . 5 0 * ( 1 . 2 4 - 5 . 0 1 ) 2 . 2 5 * ( 1 . 1 0 - 4 . 6 0 ) 2 . 0 9 * ( 1 . 0 2 - 4 . 3 1 ) 1 . 4 8 ( 0 . 7 3 - 3 . 0 2 ) 1 . 3 0 ( 0 . 6 4 - 2 . 6 6 ) 1 . 0 5 ( 0 . 5 0 - 2 . 1 9 ) 0 . 9 6 ( 0 . 4 6 - 2 . 0 3 ) 1 . 3 2 ( 0 . 7 8 - 2 . 2 2 ) 1 . 1 4 ( 0 . 6 7 - 1 . 9 3 ) 1 . 0 3 ( 0 . 6 0 - 1 . 7 6 ) 0 . 9 6 ( 0 . 5 5 - 1 . 6 5 ) 1 . 9 6 * ( 1 . 0 0 - 3 . 8 4 ) 1 . 7 0 ( 0 . 8 6 - 3 . 3 7 ) 1 . 5 9 ( 0 . 7 9 - 3 . 1 9 ) 1 . 5 5 ( 0 . 7 7 - 3 . 1 3 ) 2 . 8 0 * * ( 1 . 6 5 - 4 . 7 6 ) 2 . 4 4 * * ( 1 . 4 2 - 4 . 1 9 ) 2 . 0 0 * ( 1 . 1 5 - 3 . 4 8 ) 1 . 8 7 * ( 1 . 0 7 - 3 . 2 7 ) 0 . 7 4 ( 0 . 3 4 - 1 . 6 1 ) 0 . 8 4 ( 0 . 3 9 - 1 . 8 1 ) 0 . 6 0 ( 0 . 2 7 - 1 . 3 2 ) 0 . 5 9 ( 0 . 2 7 - 1 . 3 1 ) 1 . 4 7 ( 0 . 8 2 - 2 . 6 1 ) 1 . 1 7 ( 0 . 6 5 - 2 . 1 2 ) 1 . 1 5 ( 0 . 6 3 - 2 . 0 9 ) 1 . 0 9 ( 0 . 6 0 - 2 . 0 0 ) 1 . 3 4 ( 0 . 6 4 - 2 . 8 1 ) 1 . 0 8 ( 0 . 5 1 - 2 . 2 7 ) 0 . 8 5 ( 0 . 4 0 - 1 . 8 2 ) 0 . 8 5 ( 0 . 4 0 - 1 . 8 3 ) 1 . 5 3 ( 0 . 5 8 - 4 . 0 6 ) 1 . 3 8 ( 0 . 5 2 - 3 . 6 9 ) 1 . 3 5 ( 0 . 4 9 - 3 . 6 9 ) 1 . 4 9 ( 0 . 5 4 - 4 . 0 6 ) 1 . 2 2 ( 0 . 6 4 - 2 . 3 2 ) 1 . 5 9 ( 0 . 8 3 - 3 . 0 6 ) 1 . 2 6 ( 0 . 6 4 - 2 . 4 5 ) 1 . 1 8 ( 0 . 6 0 - 2 . 3 2 ) 1 . 4 9 ( 0 . 7 6 - 2 . 9 4 ) 1 . 9 3 ( 0 . 9 7 - 3 . 8 4 ) 1 . 7 6 ( 0 . 8 7 - 3 . 5 5 ) 1 . 7 8 ( 0 . 8 8 - 3 . 6 0 ) 0 . 6 6 ( 0 . 3 0 - 1 . 4 7 ) 0 . 8 2 ( 0 . 3 7 - 1 . 8 5 ) 0 . 7 3 ( 0 . 3 2 - 1 . 6 5 ) 0 . 7 2 ( 0 . 3 2 - 1 . 6 3 ) 0 . 5 5 ( 0 . 1 9 - 1 . 6 3 ) 0 . 7 0 ( 0 2 4 - 2 . 0 6 ) 0 . 6 8 ( 0 . 2 3 - 2 . 0 3 ) 0 . 7 0 ( 0 . 2 3 - 2 . 0 9 ) 1 . 3 4 ( 0 . 5 9 - 3 . 0 7 ) 1 . 6 4 ( 0 . 7 1 - 3 . 7 7 ) 1 . 4 7 ( 0 . 6 3 - 3 . 4 6 ) 1 . 5 9 ( 0 . 6 7 - 3 . 7 5 ) 0 . 7 3 ( 0 . 2 1 - 2 . 5 7 ) 0 . 6 8 ( 0 . 1 9 - 2 . 4 0 ) 0 . 5 5 ( 0 . 1 5 - 2 . 0 0 ) 0 . 5 2 ( 0 . 1 4 - 1 . 9 1 ) 0 . 8 2 ( 0 . 2 8 - 2 . 4 1 ) 0 . 8 3 ( 0 . 2 8 - 2 . 4 3 ) 0 . 6 3 ( 0 . 2 1 - 1 . 9 2 ) 0 . 5 9 ( 0 . 1 9 - 1 . 8 1 ) 0 . 8 8 ( 0 . 3 6 - 2 . 1 8 ) 1 . 1 4 ( 0 . 4 6 - 2 . 8 2 ) 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 3 9 - 2 . 5 1 ) 1 . 0 6 ( 0 . 4 2 - 2 . 6 9 ) 1 . 4 4 ( 0 . 6 0 - 3 . 4 6 ) 1 . 7 0 ( 0 . 7 0 - 4 . 1 1 ) 1 . 6 5 ( 0 . 6 7 - 4 . 0 6 ) 1 . 5 8 ( 0 . 6 4 - 3 . 9 3 ) 1 . 3 9 ( 0 . 6 7 - 2 . 9 1 ) 1 . 2 6 ( 0 . 6 0 - 2 . 6 4 ) 1 . 0 4 ( 0 . 4 8 - 2 . 2 3 ) 1 . 0 7 ( 0 . 5 0 - 2 . 3 1 ) 1 . 2 3 ( 0 . 6 1 - 2 . 4 8 ) 1 . 3 8 ( 0 . 6 8 - 2 . 7 9 ) 1 . 0 3 ( 0 . 5 0 - 2 . 1 2 ) 0 . 9 4 ( 0 . 4 5 - 1 . 9 4 ) 2 . 0 4 ( 1 . 1 9 - 3 . 5 2 ) 1 . 8 3 * ( 1 . 0 5 - 3 . 2 0 ) 1 . 4 9 ( 0 . 8 4 - 2 . 6 4 ) 1 . 4 0 ( 0 . 7 9 - 2 . 5 0 ) 1 . 8 6 ( 1 . 0 8 - 3 . 1 9 ) 1 . 5 8 ( 0 . 9 1 - 2 . 7 4 ) 1 . 2 6 ( 0 . 7 1 - 2 . 2 2 ) 1 . 2 6 ( 0 . 7 1 - 2 . 2 3 ) 1 . 3 0 ( 0 . 6 6 - 2 . 5 5 ) 0 . 9 8 ( 0 . 4 9 - 1 . 9 4 ) 0 . 9 2 ( 0 . 4 6 - 1 . 8 5 ) 0 . 8 8 ( 0 . 4 4 - 1 . 7 8 ) 0 . 1 1 ( 0 . 0 1 - 1 . 9 6 ) 0 . 1 3 ( 0 . 0 1 - 2 . 2 1 ) 0 . 0 9 ( 0 . 0 0 - 1 . 5 5 ) 0 . 0 7 ( 0 . 0 0 - 1 . 3 4 ) 2 . 7 1 * ( 1 . 2 1 - 3 . 0 4 ) 2 . 9 3 * * ( 1 . 3 0 - 6 . 6 1 ) 2 . 6 8 * ( 1 . 1 6 - 6 . 1 8 ) 2 . 7 8 * ( 1 . 1 9 - 6 . 4 9 ) 1 . 2 6 ( 0 . 6 1 - 2 . 6 2 ) 1 . 3 5 ( 0 . 6 5 - 2 . 8 1 ) 1 . 2 4 ( 0 . 5 9 - 2 . 6 2 ) 1 . 2 2 ( 0 . 5 8 - 2 . 5 9 ) 1 . 4 8 ( 0 . 9 2 - 2 . 3 7 ) 1 . 3 1 ( 0 . 8 0 - 2 . 1 3 ) 1 . 1 5 ( 0 . 7 0 - 1 . 8 9 ) 1 . 1 3 ( 0 . 6 8 - 1 . 8 6 ) 2 . 7 8 ( 1 . 2 5 - 6 . 1 9 ) 2 . 4 4 * ( 1 . 0 8 - 5 . 4 9 ) 1 . 7 2 ( 0 . 7 4 - 3 . 9 7 ) 1 . 6 0 ( 0 . 6 9 - 3 . 7 4 ) 0 . 9 3 ( 0 . 3 1 - 2 . 7 9 ) 1 . 0 1 ( 0 . 3 4 - 3 . 0 4 ) 0 . 7 9 ( 0 . 2 6 - 2 . 4 5 ) 0 . 7 1 ( 0 . 2 3 - 2 . 2 2 )
. . - . . - . . - . . -C h e m i c a l s , p a p e r e t c o p e r a t i v e s 1 . 0 0 ( 0 . 3 2 - 3 . 0 8 ) 1 . 0 8 ( 0 . 3 5 - 3 . 3 8 ) 0 . 9 1 ( 0 . 2 8 - 2 . 9 1 ) 0 . 8 4 ( 0 . 2 6 - 2 . 7 3 ) M e t a l m a k i n g , t r e a t i n g o p e r a t i v e s M e t a l w o r k i n g o p e r a t i v e s A s s e m b l e r s , l i n e w o r k e r s O t h e r r o u t i n e o p e r a t i v e s R o a d t r a n s p o r t o p e r a t i v e s O t h e r t r a n s p o r t , m a c h i n e o p e r a t i v e s P l a n t & m a c h i n e o p e r a t i v e s n e s O t h e r f a r m i n g / m a n u f a c t u r i n g / c o n s t r u c t i o n / t r a n s p o r t O t h e r c o m m u n i c a t i o n o c c u p a t i o n s O t h e r s a l e s , s e r v i c e o c c u p a t i o n s
. . - . . - . . - . . -0 . 0 2 ( 0 . 0 0 - 2 9 . 4 5 ) 0 . 0 2 ( 0 . 0 0 - 3 4 . 8 8 ) 0 . 0 1 ( 0 . 0 0 - 2 1 . 1 1 ) 0 . 0 1 ( 0 . 0 0 - 2 1 . 0 2 ) 0 . 4 4 ( 0 . 1 2 - 1 . 5 9 ) 0 . 4 5 ( 0 . 1 2 - 1 . 6 3 ) 0 . 4 3 ( 0 . 1 2 - 1 . 5 7 ) 0 . 4 1 ( 0 . 1 1 - 1 . 5 0 ) 0 . 9 5 ( 0 . 4 5 - 1 . 9 7 ) 0 . 9 4 ( 0 . 4 5 - 1 . 9 8 ) 0 . 6 6 ( 0 . 3 1 - 1 . 4 1 ) 0 . 6 1 ( 0 . 2 8 - 1 . 3 1 ) 0 . 8 7 ( 0 . 4 7 - 1 . 6 1 ) 1 . 0 7 ( 0 . 5 8 - 2 . 0 1 ) 0 . 8 2 ( 0 . 4 3 - 1 . 5 5 ) 0 . 8 4 ( 0 . 4 4 - 1 . 5 9 ) 1 . 2 8 ( 0 . 4 7 - 3 . 5 3 ) 1 . 5 8 ( 0 . 5 7 - 4 . 3 7 ) 1 . 5 3 ( 0 . 5 4 - 4 . 3 3 ) 1 . 6 1 ( 0 . 5 7 - 4 . 5 8 ) 1 . 7 7 ( 0 . 8 3 - 3 . 7 8 ) 2 . 2 9 ( 1 . 0 6 - 4 . 9 4 ) 1 . 9 4 ( 0 . 8 8 - 4 . 2 7 ) 1 . 9 6 ( 0 . 5 9 - 4 . 3 5 ) 0 . 5 5 ( 0 . 2 4 - 1 . 2 6 ) 0 . 6 6 ( 0 . 2 9 - 1 . 5 1 ) 0 . 5 2 ( 0 . 2 3 - 1 . 2 1 ) 0 . 5 4 ( 0 . 2 3 - 1 . 2 6 ) 0 . 6 0 ( 0 . 1 8 - 1 . 9 8 ) 0 . 7 3 ( 0 . 2 2 - 2 . 4 4 ) 0 . 6 4 ( 0 . 1 9 - 2 . 1 6 ) 0 . 5 9 ( 0 . 1 7 - 2 . 0 0 ) 1 . 4 9 ( 0 . 9 0 - 2 . 4 7 ) 1 . 3 4 ( 0 . 8 1 - 2 . 2 4 ) 1 . 0 1 ( 0 . 6 0 - 1 . 7 2 ) 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 5 8 - 1 . 6 8 )
V a r i a b l e s e n t e r e d i n t o t h e m o d e l w h i c h w e r e S e x M a r i t a l s t a t u s H a s a p h y s i c a l c o m p l a i n t s i g n i f i c a n t A g e T e n u r e
F i n a n c i a l d i f f i c u l t i e s O t h e r v a r i a b l e s e n t e r e d i n t h e m o d e l w h i c h w e r e A g e b y s e x F a m i l y t y p e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t * p < 0 . 0 5 , * * p < 0 . 0 1
Appendix B4: Specific additional unit groupings
Table B.4a CIS-R score(grouped) by specific additional unit groupings
Welfare, Sales Others in Higher Secondary Primary Nurses & Other health community,
managers category 12 education education education Social workers midwives assoc prof youth workers Accounts, clerks Counter clerks All adults % % % % % % % % % % %
CIS-R Score
0 to 5 74 69 73 63 64 56 60 70 66 70 75 6 to 11 16 19 15 19 16 32 29 19 13 16 15 Under 12 90 (3) 88 (3) 88 (4) 82 (4) 81 (5) 88 (5) 89 (3) 89 (5) 79 (7) 86 (3) 90 (4)
12 to 17 6 6 6 9 10 8 5 11 11 7 5 18+ 3 6 6 9 9 4 5 - 10 7 4 12 or above 10 (3) 12 (3) 12 (4) 18 (4) 19 (5) 12 (5) 11 (3) 11 (5) 21 (7) 14 (3) 10 (4)
Base 98 157 75 73 72 38 112 52 51 167 52
Police officers Care assistants Drivers of roads Cleaners & etc Security staff Chefs Waiters Barstaff Nurse aux & attendants goods vehicles domestics Other occupations All
% % % % % % % % % % % CIS-R Score
0 to 5 86 62 65 52 51 68 70 73 64 70 69 6 to 11 10 20 19 29 19 13 11 18 21 17 17 Under 12 96 (2) 82 (7) 84 (5) 82 (7) 71 (8) 81 (7) 81 (4) 91 (3) 85 (3) 87 (1) 87 (1)
12 to 17 3 3 15 11 16 3 11 6 10 8 8 18+ 1 15 1 7 13 16 9 4 5 5 6 12 or above 4 (2) 18 (7) 16 (5) 18 (7) 29 (8) 19 (7) 19 (4) 9 (3) 15 (3) 13 (1) 13 (1)
Base 43 36 58 38 36 37 127 101 155 3917 5495
Table B.4b Odds ratios associated with CIS-R score 12+ for specific additional SOC unit groupings
All adults All adults All adults All adults Adjusted Odds Ratio:
Adjusted Odds Ratio: Age Sociodemographic Adjusted Odds Ratio: All adults Odds Ratio and sex variables Physical complaint
SOC group Sales managers 1.00 -Others in category 12 1.25 (0.56-2.81) Higher education 1.21 (0.45-3.23) Secondary education 1.96 (0.81-4.76) Primary education 2.11 (0.88-5.11) Social workers 1.25 (0.36-4.41) Nurses & midwives 1.06 (0.43-2.62) Other health assoc prof 1.13 (0.39-3.31) W elfare, community, youth workers 1.97 (0.72-5.40) Accounts, clerks 1.44 (0.66-3.16) Counter clerks 0.98 (0.33-2.92) Police officers etc 0.37 (0.07-0.86) Security staff 1.94 (0.72-5.22) Chefs 1.67 (0.65-4.28) W aiters 2.03 (0.78-5.25) Barstaff 3.74 ** (1.46-9.58) Nurse aux 2.13 (0.73-6.25) Care assistants & attendants 2.18 (0.98-4.85) Drivers of roads goods vehicles 0.93 (0.38-2.29) Cleaners & domestics 1.54 (0.69-3.42) Other occupations 1.36 (0.70-2.63)
1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 -1.23 (0.55-2.78) 1.31 (0.57-3.00) 1.22 (0.53-2.80) 1.24 (0.46-3.34) 1.18 (0.43-3.24) 1.06 (0.39-2.93) 2.01 (0.82-4.90) 2.09 (0.85-5.17) 1.93 (0.78-4.80) 1.70 (0.70-4.14) 1.56 (0.63-3.86) 1.46 (0.58-3.63) 1.15 (0.33-4.08) 0.98 (0.27-3.58) 0.86 (0.23-3.19) 0.89 (0.36-2.21) 0.82 (0.33-2.07) 0.77 (0.30-1.94) 1.02 (0.34-3.00) 0.94 (0.31-2.83) 0.88 (0.29-2.66) 1.79 (0.65-4.94) 1.49 (0.53-4.20) 1.44 (0.51-4.10) 1.25 (0.56-2.76) 1.16 (0.52-2.29) 1.04 (0.46-2.34) 0.82 (0.27-2.46) 0.75 (0.24-2.29) 0.68 (0.22-2.11) 0.38 (0.07-1.90) 0.40 (0.08-2.05) 0.39 (0.07-1.98) 2.33 (0.86-6.32) 1.49 (0.54-4.12) 1.22 (0.44-3.39) 1.70 (0.66-4.43) 1.56 (0.59-4.12) 1.39 (0.52-3.70) 1.46 (0.55-3.86) 1.33 (0.49-3.57) 1.23 (0.45-3.31) 3.39 * (1.30-8.82) 2.52 (0.95-6.72) 2.21 (0.83-5.92) 1.80 (0.61-5.33) 1.49 (0.49-4.57) 1.38 (0.45-42.5) 1.82 (0.81-4.08) 1.52 (0.67-3.47) 1.46 (0.64-3.35) 1.16 (0.47-2.88) 0.98 (0.39-2.48) 0.90 (0.35-2.28) 1.34 (0.60-3.01) 1.08 (0.47-2.45) 0.98 (0.43-2.25) 1.37 (0.70-2.67) 1.23 (0.63-2.43) 1.16 (0.59-2.29)
Variables entered into the model Sex which were significant Age
Age by sex Other variables entered in the model which were not significant
Marital status Has a physical complaint Financial difficulties
Family type Tenure
* p<0.05, ** p<0.01
Table B.4c Prevalence of neurotic disorders by specific additional unit groupings
Welfare, Sales Others in Higher Secondary Primary Nurses & Other health community,
managers category 12 education education education Social workers midwives assoc prof youth workers Accounts, clerks All adults % % % % % % % % % %
mixed anxiety/depressive disorde 7 (0) 8 (0) 8 (0) 13 (0) 12 (0) 6 (0) 6 (0) 11 (0) 13 (0) 9 (0) generalised anxiety disorder 2 (0) 3 (0) 2 (0) 6 (0) 7 (0) 5 (0) 1 (0) - 9 (0) 2 (0) depressive episode 1 (0) 0 (0) 2 (0) 2 (0) - - 1 (0) - - 1 (0) any phobia - - 2 (0) 2 (0) 2 (0) - 1 (0) - 4 (0) 0 (0) obsessive compulsive disorder - 1 (0) 1 (0) - 2 (0) - - - - 1 (0) panic disorder 1 (0) - - - 3 (0) 3 (0) - 1 (0) 1 (0) Any neurotic disorder 10 (0) 12 (0) 13 (0) 21 (0) 21 (0) 15 (0) 12 (0) 11 (0) 24 (0) 15 (0)
Base 98 157 75 73 72 38 112 52 51 167
Police officers Care assistants Drivers of roads Cleaners & etc Security staff Chefs Waiters Barstaff Nurse aux & attendants goods vehicles domestics Other occupations
% % % % % % % % % %
mixed anxiety/depressive disorde 3 (0) 5 (0) 14 (0) 14 (0) 26 (0) 11 (0) 11 (0) 5 (0) 7 (0) 8 (0) generalised anxiety disorder 1 (0) 8 (0) - 3 (0) 2 (0) 5 (0) 6 (0) 1 (0) 5 (0) 3 (0) depressive episode 1 (0) 8 (0) 1 (0) 1 (0) 2 (0) 3 (0) 2 (0) 4 (0) 4 (0) 2 (0) any phobia 1 (0) 3 (0) - - - 4 (0) 2 (0) - 2 (0) 1 (0) obsessive compulsive disorder - 6 (0) - - 2 (0) 3 (0) 2 (0) - 1 (0) 1 (0) panic disorder - - 2 (0) 1 (0) - - - - 1 (0) 1 (0) Any neurotic disorder 4 (0) 23 (0) 17 (0) 18 (0) 29 (0) 19 (0) 19 (0) 9 (0) 18 (0) 14 (0)
Base 43 36 58 38 36 37 127 101 155 3917
i iTable B.4d Odds ratios associated w th hav ng any neurotic disorder for specific additional SOC unit groupings
All adults All adults All adults All adults All adults Odds Ratio Adjusted Odds Ratio: Age Adjusted Odds Ratio: Adjusted Odds Ratio:
SOC group Sales managers 1.00 -Others in category 12 1.25 (0.56-2.81) Higher education 1.36 (0.52-3.55) Secondary education 2.35 (0.99-5.59) Primary education 2.34 (0.98-5.59) Social workers 1.59 (0.49-5.20) Nurses & midwives 1.23 (0.51-2.95) Other health assoc prof 1.13 (0.39-3.31) Welfare, community, youth workers 2.29 (0.86-6.11) Accounts, clerks 1.55 (0.71-3.38) Counter clerks 1.43 (0.52-3.88) Police officers etc 0.37 (0.07-1.86) Security staff 2.68 * (1.05-6.85) Chefs 1.87 (0.74-4.71) Waiters 2.03 (0.78-5.25) Barstaff 3.74 ** (1.46-9.58) Nurse aux 2.13 (0.73-6.25) Care assistants & attendants 2.18 (0.98-4.85) Drivers of roads goods vehicles 0.93 (0.38-2.29) Cleaners & domestics 1.93 (0.89-4.21) Other occupations 1.49 (0.77-2.90)
1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 -1.21 (0.54-2.74) 1.26 (0.55-2.88) 1.18 (0.52-2.70) 1.35 (0.52-3.55) 1.31 (0.49-3.49) 1.18 (0.44-3.17) 2.33 (0.98-5.55) 2.37 (0.98-5.73) 2.20 (0.91-5.34) 1.87 (0.78-4.49) 1.66 (0.68-4.07) 1.57 (0.64-3.85) 1.38 (0.42-4.54) 1.20 (0.36-4.02) 1.06 (0.31-3.61) 0.97 (0.40-2.36) 0.88 (0.36-2.16) 0.83 (0.33-2.04) 0.99 (0.33-2.91) 0.94 (0.31-2.81) 0.87 (0.29-2.64) 1.97 (0.73-5.29) 1.66 (0.60-4.55) 1.62 (0.58-4.47) 1.30 (0.59-2.86) 1.23 (0.55-2.73) 1.10 (0.49-2.46) 1.16 (0.42-3.18) 1.08 (0.39-3.01) 1.00 (0.36-2.83) 0.39 (0.08-1.98) 0.40 (0.08-2.05) 0.38 (0.07-1.97) 3.06 * (1.19-7.89) 1.96 (0.75-5.14) 1.60 (0.60-4.23) 1.77 (0.70-4.49) 1.63 (0.63-4.22) 1.48 (0.57-3.84) 1.63 (0.62-4.29) 1.46 (0.54-3.92) 1.36 (0.51-3.67) 3.22 * (1.25-8.34) 2.37 (0.90-6.26) 2.09 (0.78-5.55) 1.72 (0.58-5.10) 1.50 (0.49-4.57) 1.38 (0.45-4.26) 1.77 (0.79-3.98) 1.48 (0.65-3.37) 1.43 (0.63-3.28) 1.14 (0.46-2.84) 1.01 (0.40-2.55) 0.93 (0.37-2.36) 1.64 (0.75-3.61) 1.35 (0.61-3.02) 1.26 (0.56-2.82) 1.49 (0.76-2.89) 1.35 (0.69-2.65) 1.28 (0.65-2.52)
Variables entered into the model which were Sex Marital status Has a physical complaint significant Age Tenure
Financial difficulties Other variables entered in the model which Age by sex Family type were not significant * p<0.05, ** p<0.01
Appendix B5: SWI95 29 category groupings
Table B.5a CIS-R score (grouped) by the 29 category grouping used in SWI 95
Professional & related supporting Other education Literary, artistic & Science &
management Teaching Nursing & welfare sports engineering Managerial Clerical Secretarial Selling All adults % % % % % % % % % %
CIS-R Score
0 to 5 70 67 62 69 65 75 70 64 68 66 6 to 11 16 17 25 17 18 16 17 19 17 17 Under 12 86 (2) 84 (3) 87 (3) 86 (3) 83 (4) 91 (2) 87 (1) 83 (2) 85 (3) 83
12 to 17 8 8 4 9 12 7 8 9 10 11 18+ 6 8 9 5 5 3 5 8 5 6 12 or above 14 (2) 16 (3) 13 (3) 14 (3) 17 (4) 9 (2) 13 (1) 17 (2) 15 (3) 17
Base 488 236 155 231 110 315 598 623 262 412
Security & Other personal Farming, fishing Textile protective services Catering Care workers Hair & beauty Cleaners services & forestry Metal processing Electrical processing processing
% % % % % % % % % % CIS-R Score
0 to 5 76 59 65 69 69 70 71 77 75 75 6 to 11 15 22 19 15 19 18 14 13 18 17 Under 12 90 (4) 81 (3) 84 (2) 84 (6) 88 (2) 88 (6) 85 (5) 90 (2) 93 (3) 92
12 to 17 2 12 8 13 8 6 12 6 3 2 18+ 8 7 8 3 4 6 3 4 4 6 12 or above 10 (4) 19 (3) 16 (2) 16 (6) 12 (2) 12 (6) 15 (5) 10 (2) 7 (3) 8
Base 83 204 273 44 189 47 71 224 95 35
Repetitive Other transport assembly, Road transport & machinery Materials moving
Other processing inspection Construction Coal mining operatives operatives & storing Armed forces Miscellaneous All % % % % % % % % % %
CIS-R Score
0 to 5 76 77 71 - 75 86 76 [10] [13] 69 6 to 11 15 14 15 - 15 9 17 [1] [4] 17 Under 12 91 (2) 91 (3) 86 (3) - 90 (3) 95 (3) 93 (2) [11] [17] 87
12 to 17 7 6 6 - 5 1 4 - [1] 8 18+ 2 3 8 - 5 4 4 [1] - 6 12 or above 9 (2) 9 (3) 14 (3) - 10 (3) 5 (3) 7 (2) [1] [1] 13
Base 218 122 142 0 153 30 104 12 18 5494
/j
Table 6a Time off work as a result of health feelings over the past year by ma or SOC group and sex
Associate Personal & Professionals & Clerical & Protective Plant &
Managers & Professional Technical Secretarial Craft & Related Service Sales Machine Other Administrators Occupations Occupations Occupations Occupations Occupations Occupations Operatives Occupations All
Percentage reporting time off
Women Any time off 32 (3) 32 (3) 31 (3) 36 (2) 40 (8) 30 (2) 30 (3) 29 (5) 30 (3) 32 (1) 6 or more days off 17 (2) 16 (2) 19 (2) 23 (2) 23 (6) 20 (2) 15 (2) 17 (4) 14 (2) 19 (1)
Mean no. of days off 7 5 6 9 14 8 5 7 9 7
Base 375 292 327 670 46 433 315 106 225 2789
Associate Personal & Professionals & Clerical & Protective Plant &
Managers & Professional Technical Secretarial Craft & Related Service Sales Machine Other Administrators Occupations Occupations Occupations Occupations Occupations Occupations Operatives Occupations All
Percentage reporting time off
Men Any time off 25 (2) 29 (3) 30 (3) 34 (4) 26 (2) 28 (4) 25 (4) 32 (3) 32 (4) 28 (1) 6 or more days off 13 (2) 14 (2) 13 (2) 17 (3) 15 (2) 17 (3) 10 (3) 20 (2) 18 (3) 15 (1)
Mean no. of days off 4 6 6 5 9 7 4 7 8 6
Base 546 323 273 203 499 166 148 364 176 2698
Associate Personal & Professionals & Clerical & Protective Plant &
Managers & Professional Technical Secretarial Craft & Related Service Sales Machine Other Administrators Occupations Occupations Occupations Occupations Occupations Occupations Operatives Occupations All
Percentage reporting time off
All adults Any time off 27 (2) 30 (2) 31 (2) 35 (2) 27 (2) 29 (2) 28 (2) 31 (2) 31 (3) 30 (1) 6 or more days off 14 (1) 15 (2) 16 (2) 21 (1) 15 (2) 19 (2) 13 (1) 20 (2) 16 (2) 17 (1)
Mean no. of days off 5 6 6 8 9 8 4 7 8 7
Base 921 615 600 873 545 599 463 470 401 5487
i l l / lii i l i
Table 6d Tme off work as a resut of heathfee ngs over the past year by specif c addtiona unit groupngs
Welfare, Others in Higher Secondary Primary Nurses & Other health community,
Sales managers category 12 education education education Social workers midwives assoc prof youth workers Accounts, clerks
Percentage reporting time off
Any time off 23 (5) 33 (4) 29 (6) 35 (6) 31 (6) 26 (7) 38 (5) 26 (7) 32 (8) 33 (4) 6 or more days off 7 (3) 14 (3) 14 (4) 18 (5) 20 (5) 22 (7) 26 (5) 16 (6) 23 (7) 14 (3)
Mean no. of days off 1 4 4 19 9 9 12 4 10 5
Base 98 157 74 73 72 38 112 52 51 167
Police officers Care assistants Drivers of roads Cleaners & etc Security staff Chefs Waiters Barstaff Nurse aux & attendants goods vehicles domestics Other occupations
Percentage reporting time off
Any time off 27 (7) 25 (7) 34 (7) 22 (8) 25 (8) 49 (8) 35 (5) 28 (5) 32 (4) 30 (1) 6 or more days off 20 (6) 21 (7) 22 (6) 8 (5) 17 (7) 36 (8) 29 (4) 20 (4) 17 (3) 16 (1)
Mean no. of days off 4 5 11 6 5 26 12 10 11 6
Base 42 36 58 38 36 37 126 100 155 3913
T a b l e 7 a O d d s r a t i o s f o r h a v i n g t a k e n a n y d a y s o f f w o r k i n t h e p a s t y e a r f o r m i n o r S O C g r o u p s
A d j u s t e d O d d s R a t i o : S o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c A d j u s t e d O d d s R a t i o : C I S - A d j u s t e d O d d s R a t i o :
O d d s R a t i o v a r i a b l e s R c a s e n e s s P h y s i c a l c o m p l a i n t
M i n o r S O C g r o u p G e n . m a n a g e r s - g o v e r n m e n t , l a r g e o r g s P r o d . m a n a g e r s - m a n u f a c t u r i n g e t c S p e c i a l i s t m a n a g e r s F i n a n c i a l & o f f i c e m a n a g e r s e t c M a n a g e r s i n t r a n s p o r t & s t o r i n g P r o t e c t i v e s e r v i c e o f f i c e r s M a n a g e r s i n f a r m i n g , h o r t i c u l t u r e e t c M a n a g e r s e t c s e r v i c e i n d u s t r y M a n a g e r s , a d m i n i s t r a t o r s n e s N a t u r a l s c i e n t i s t s E n g i n e e r s & t e c h n o l o g i s t s H e a l t h p r o f e s s i o n a l s T e a c h i n g p r o f e s s i o n a l s L e g a l p r o f / a r c h i t e c t s / l i b r a r i a n s B u s i n e s s & f i n a n c i a l p r o f e s s i o n a l s P r o f e s s i o n a l o c c u p a t i o n s n e s S c i e n t i f i c t e c h n i c i a n s D r a u g h t s p e r s o n s / S h i p , a i r c r a f t o f f i c e r s / L e g a l a s s o c i a t e C o m p u t e r a n a l y s t s , p r o g r a m m e r s H e a l t h a s s o c i a t e p r o f e s s i o n a l s B u s i n e s s , f i n a n c e a s s o c i a t e p r o f s W e l f a r e e t c a s s o c i a t e p r o f e s s i o n a l s A r t i s t i c , s p o r t s e t c p r o f e s s i o n a l s P r o f , t e c h n i c a l o c c u p a t i o n s n e s A d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t a f f i n g o v e r n m e n t N u m e r i c a l c l e r k s & c a s h i e r s F i l i n g & r e c o r d c l e r k s C l e r k s n e s S t o r e s , d e s p a t c h c l e r k s & k e e p e r s S e c r e t a r i a l e t c p e r s o n n e l R e c e p t i o n i s t , t e l e p h o n i s t s e t c C l e r i c a l , s e c r e t a r i a l o c c u p a t i o n s n e s C o n s t r u c t i o n t r a d e s M e t a l m a c h i n i n g , f i t t i n g e t c t r a d e s E l e c t r i c a l , e l e c t r o n i c t r a d e s M e t a l f o r m i n g , w e l d i n g e t c t r a d e s V e h i c l e t r a d e s T e x t i l e s , g a r m e n t s e t c t r a d e s P r i n t i n g / F o o d p r e p a r a t i o n t r a d e s W o o d w o r k i n g t r a d e s O t h e r c r a f t , r e l a t e d t r a d e s n e s N C O s / T r a v e l a t t e n d a n t s / H a i r d r e s s e r s / P e r s o n a l s e r v i S e c u r i t y e t c s e r v i c e o c c u p a t i o n s C a t e r i n g o c c u p a t i o n s H e a l t h & r e l a t e d o c c u p a t i o n s C h i l d c a r e & r e l a t e d o c c u p a t i o n s D o m e s t i c s t a f f e t c B u y e r s / M o b i l e s a l e s p e r s o n s S a l e s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s S a l e s , c h e c k - o u t a s s i s t a n t s S a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s n e s F o o d , d r i n k , t o b a c c o o p e r a t i v e s T e x t i l e s , t a n n e r y o p e r a t i v e s C h e m i c a l s , p a p e r e t c o p e r a t i v e s M e t a l m a k i n g , t r e a t i n g o p e r a t i v e s M e t a l w o r k i n g o p e r a t i v e s A s s e m b l e r s , l i n e w o r k e r s O t h e r r o u t i n e o p e r a t i v e s R o a d t r a n s p o r t o p e r a t i v e s O t h e r t r a n s p o r t , m a c h i n e o p e r a t i v e s P l a n t & m a c h i n e o p e r a t i v e s n e s O t h e r f a r m i n g / m a n u f a c t u r i n g / c o n s t r u c t i o n / t r a n s p o r t O t h e r c o m m u n i c a t i o n o c c u p a t i o n s O t h e r s a l e s , s e r v i c e o c c u p a t i o n s V a r i a b l e s e n t e r e d i n t o t h e m o d e l w h i c h w e r e
1 . 7 7 ( 1 . 0 0 - 3 . 1 4 ) 1 . 8 5 * ( 1 . 0 4 - 3 . 3 0 ) 1 . 5 8 ( 0 . 8 8 - 2 . 8 5 ) 1 . 6 9 ( 0 . 9 3 - 3 . 0 9 ) 0 . 6 6 ( 0 . 4 0 - 1 . 1 0 ) 0 . 7 3 ( 0 . 4 4 - 1 . 2 1 ) 0 . 6 9 ( 0 . 4 1 - 1 . 1 6 ) 0 . 6 5 ( 0 . 3 9 - 1 . 1 0 ) 1 . 0 0 - 1 . 0 0 - 1 . 0 0 - 1 . 0 0 -1 . 2 0 ( 0 . 7 6 - 1 . 9 0 ) 1 . 1 2 ( 0 . 7 0 - 1 . 7 8 ) 1 . 1 0 ( 0 . 6 8 - 1 . 7 5 ) 1 . 0 5 ( 0 . 6 5 - 1 . 6 9 ) 1 . 3 1 ( 0 . 7 1 - 2 . 4 1 ) 1 . 3 7 ( 0 . 7 4 - 2 . 5 4 ) 1 . 1 8 ( 0 . 6 3 - 2 . 2 1 ) 1 . 1 3 ( 0 . 6 0 - 2 . 1 2 )
. . - . . - . . - . .
. . - . . - . . - . . -0 . 6 1 * ( 0 . 4 1 - 0 . 9 2 ) 0 . 6 0 * ( 0 . 4 0 - 0 . 9 0 ) 0 . 5 9 * ( 0 . 3 9 - 0 . 9 0 ) 0 . 5 9 * ( 0 . 3 9 - 0 . 8 9 ) 1 . 2 6 ( 0 . 7 1 - 2 . 2 4 ) 1 . 2 2 ( 0 . 6 9 - 2 . 1 7 ) 1 . 1 7 ( 0 . 6 5 - 2 . 1 0 ) 1 . 1 3 ( 0 . 6 2 - 2 . 0 4 ) 0 . 6 9 ( 0 . 3 2 - 1 . 4 9 ) 0 . 6 4 ( 0 . 3 0 - 1 . 4 0 ) 0 . 6 7 ( 0 . 3 1 - 1 . 4 7 ) 0 . 7 1 ( 0 . 3 2 - 1 . 5 6 ) 1 . 4 3 ( 0 . 9 0 - 2 . 2 5 ) 1 . 4 5 ( 0 . 9 2 - 2 . 3 1 ) 1 . 4 9 ( 0 . 9 3 - 2 . 3 7 ) 1 . 3 6 ( 0 . 8 5 - 2 . 1 8 )
. . - . . - . . - . . -1 . 1 6 ( 0 . 8 0 - 1 . 6 9 ) 1 . 1 3 ( 0 . 7 7 - 1 . 6 5 ) 1 . 0 8 ( 0 . 7 4 - 1 . 5 9 ) 1 . 0 4 ( 0 . 7 0 - 1 . 5 4 ) 0 . 9 6 ( 0 . 4 9 - 1 . 9 1 ) 0 . 9 5 ( 0 . 4 8 - 1 . 8 9 ) 0 . 8 9 ( 0 . 4 4 - 1 . 7 9 ) 0 . 9 0 ( 0 . 4 5 - 1 . 8 1 ) 0 . 7 4 ( 0 . 4 2 - 1 . 3 0 ) 0 . 7 2 ( 0 . 4 1 - 1 . 2 8 ) 0 . 7 6 ( 0 . 4 3 - 1 . 3 6 ) 0 . 7 6 ( 0 . 4 2 - 1 . 3 6 ) 0 . 8 2 ( 0 . 3 8 - 1 . 7 4 ) 0 . 8 0 ( 0 . 3 7 - 1 . 7 1 ) 0 . 8 1 ( 0 . 3 8 - 1 . 7 5 ) 0 . 7 5 ( 0 . 3 5 - 1 . 6 5 ) 2 . 7 1 * * ( 1 . 5 3 - 4 . 8 2 ) 2 . 6 2 * * ( 1 . 4 7 - 4 . 6 9 ) 2 . 4 5 * * ( 1 . 3 6 - 4 . 4 2 ) 2 . 5 7 * * ( 1 . 4 2 - 4 . 6 7 ) 0 . 8 0 ( 0 . 3 4 - 1 . 8 4 ) 0 . 8 7 ( 0 . 3 8 - 2 . 0 3 ) 0 . 9 1 ( 0 . 3 9 - 2 . 1 4 ) 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 4 2 - 2 . 3 4 ) 1 . 3 1 ( 0 . 7 5 - 2 . 2 8 ) 1 . 2 9 ( 0 . 7 4 - 2 . 2 6 ) 1 . 3 3 ( 0 . 7 6 - 2 . 3 4 ) 1 . 3 1 ( 0 . 7 4 - 2 . 3 2 ) 1 . 2 6 ( 0 . 8 3 - 1 . 9 2 ) 1 . 1 5 ( 0 . 7 5 - 1 . 7 7 ) 1 . 1 8 ( 0 . 7 6 - 1 . 8 2 ) 1 . 1 4 ( 0 . 7 3 - 1 . 7 7 ) 0 . 3 8 * ( 0 . 1 7 - 0 . 8 5 ) 0 . 3 8 * ( 0 . 1 7 - 0 . 8 4 ) 0 . 3 8 * ( 0 . 1 7 - 0 . 8 6 ) 0 . 3 8 * ( 0 . 1 7 - 0 . 8 5 ) 0 . 9 0 ( 0 . 4 9 - 1 . 6 5 ) 0 . 8 3 ( 0 . 4 5 - 1 . 5 2 ) 0 . 7 5 ( 0 . 4 0 - 1 . 3 9 ) 0 . 7 5 ( 0 . 4 0 - 1 . 4 0 ) 1 . 0 1 ( 0 . 6 2 - 1 . 6 6 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 0 . 6 1 - 1 . 6 5 ) 0 . 9 3 ( 0 . 5 6 - 1 . 5 4 ) 0 . 9 6 ( 0 . 5 7 - 1 . 6 0 ) 0 . 6 8 ( 0 . 3 5 - 1 . 3 2 ) 0 . 6 7 ( 0 . 3 4 - 1 . 3 0 ) 0 . 5 7 ( 0 . 2 9 - 1 . 1 4 ) 0 . 5 2 ( 0 . 2 6 - 1 . 0 4 ) 1 . 8 9 * ( 1 . 1 3 - 3 . 1 7 ) 1 . 7 1 * ( 1 . 0 1 - 2 . 8 8 ) 1 . 7 0 ( 1 . 0 0 - 2 . 8 8 ) 1 . 5 7 ( 0 . 9 2 - 2 . 6 9 ) 1 . 1 3 ( 0 . 7 7 - 1 . 6 5 ) 1 . 0 1 ( 0 . 6 9 - 1 . 5 0 ) 1 . 0 1 ( 0 . 6 8 - 1 . 4 9 ) 0 . 9 3 ( 0 . 6 3 - 1 . 3 9 ) 1 . 1 6 ( 0 . 6 7 - 2 . 0 0 ) 1 . 1 0 ( 0 . 6 3 - 1 . 9 0 ) 1 . 0 1 ( 0 . 5 8 - 1 . 7 8 ) 0 . 9 7 ( 0 . 5 5 - 1 . 7 3 ) 1 . 3 3 ( 0 . 8 6 - 2 . 0 4 ) 1 . 2 4 ( 0 . 8 0 - 1 . 9 3 ) 1 . 0 6 ( 0 . 6 8 - 1 . 6 6 ) 0 . 9 8 ( 0 . 6 2 - 1 . 5 4 ) 1 . 2 7 ( 0 . 7 9 - 2 . 0 4 ) 1 . 3 1 ( 0 . 8 1 - 2 . 1 2 ) 1 . 3 8 ( 0 . 8 5 - 2 . 2 3 ) 1 . 3 3 ( 0 . 8 1 - 2 . 1 7 ) 1 . 3 7 ( 0 . 9 0 - 2 . 0 9 ) 1 . 2 1 ( 0 . 7 8 - 1 . 8 8 ) 1 . 1 9 ( 0 . 7 6 - 1 . 8 5 ) 1 . 1 3 ( 0 . 7 2 - 1 . 7 8 ) 1 . 5 9 ( 0 . 9 4 - 2 . 7 0 ) 1 . 4 1 ( 0 . 8 3 - 2 . 4 2 ) 1 . 4 3 ( 0 . 8 3 - 2 . 4 7 ) 1 . 4 2 ( 0 . 8 1 - 2 . 4 6 ) 1 . 7 9 ( 0 . 8 7 - 3 . 7 1 ) 1 . 5 6 ( 0 . 7 5 - 3 . 2 5 ) 1 . 5 1 ( 0 . 7 2 - 3 . 1 7 ) 1 . 6 1 ( 0 . 7 6 - 3 . 4 1 ) 1 . 1 9 ( 0 . 7 5 - 1 . 8 9 ) 1 . 2 8 ( 0 . 8 0 - 2 . 0 4 ) 1 . 2 2 ( 0 . 7 6 - 1 . 9 6 ) 1 . 1 6 ( 0 . 7 1 - 1 . 8 7 ) 0 . 8 0 ( 0 . 4 7 - 1 . 3 9 ) 0 . 8 6 ( 0 . 4 9 - 1 . 4 9 ) 0 . 8 0 ( 0 . 4 6 - 1 . 4 0 ) 0 . 8 0 ( 0 . 4 5 - 1 . 4 1 ) 0 . 6 9 ( 0 . 4 1 - 1 . 1 7 ) 0 . 7 0 ( 0 . 4 1 - 1 . 2 0 ) 0 . 7 2 ( 0 . 4 2 - 1 . 2 3 ) 0 . 6 9 ( 0 . 4 0 - 1 . 1 9 ) 1 . 1 9 ( 0 . 6 6 - 2 . 1 7 ) 1 . 3 3 ( 0 . 7 3 - 2 . 4 2 ) 1 . 3 7 ( 0 . 7 5 - 2 . 5 1 ) 1 . 3 7 ( 0 . 7 4 - 2 . 5 3 ) 1 . 0 4 ( 0 5 6 - 1 . 9 6 ) 1 . 0 5 ( 0 . 5 5 - 1 . 9 7 ) 0 . 9 8 ( 0 . 5 1 - 1 . 8 7 ) 1 . 0 4 ( 0 . 5 4 - 2 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 0 . 4 6 - 2 . 2 0 ) 0 . 8 9 ( 0 . 4 0 - 1 . 9 6 ) 0 . 9 1 ( 0 . 4 1 - 2 . 0 3 ) 0 . 8 5 ( 0 . 3 8 - 1 . 9 1 ) 1 . 4 9 ( 0 . 7 7 - 2 . 9 1 ) 1 . 4 4 ( 0 . 7 4 - 2 . 8 2 ) 1 . 5 2 ( 0 . 7 7 - 2 . 9 9 ) 1 . 4 3 ( 0 . 7 2 - 2 . 8 4 ) 0 . 5 3 ( 0 . 2 6 - 1 . 0 7 ) 0 . 5 5 ( 0 . 2 7 - 1 . 1 1 ) 0 . 5 4 ( 0 . 2 6 - 1 . 1 0 ) 0 . 5 5 ( 0 . 2 7 - 1 . 1 2 ) 0 . 5 7 ( 0 . 2 6 - 1 . 2 5 ) 0 . 5 8 ( 0 . 2 7 - 1 . 2 7 ) 0 . 5 4 ( 0 . 2 4 - 1 . 1 8 ) 0 . 5 2 ( 0 . 2 3 - 1 . 1 5 ) 0 . 5 8 ( 0 . 3 1 - 1 . 0 9 ) 0 . 5 3 * ( 0 . 2 8 - 1 . 0 0 ) 0 . 5 1 * ( 0 . 2 7 - 0 . 9 7 ) 0 . 5 2 * ( 0 . 2 8 - 0 . 9 9 ) 0 . 8 6 ( 0 . 5 1 - 1 . 4 7 ) 0 . 8 8 ( 0 . 5 2 - 1 . 5 0 ) 0 . 8 7 ( 0 . 5 1 - 1 . 5 0 ) 0 . 7 8 ( 0 . 4 5 - 1 . 3 5 ) 0 . 9 2 ( 0 . 5 9 - 1 . 4 4 ) 0 . 8 4 ( 0 . 5 3 - 1 . 3 1 ) 0 . 7 6 ( 0 . 4 8 - 1 . 2 0 ) 0 . 6 9 ( 0 4 3 - 1 . 1 0 ) 1 . 4 8 ( 0 . 9 8 - 2 . 2 3 ) 1 . 3 6 ( 0 . 9 0 - 2 . 0 7 ) 1 . 2 8 ( 0 . 8 4 - 1 . 9 6 ) 1 . 2 9 ( 0 . 8 3 - 1 . 9 8 ) 0 . 9 5 ( 0 . 5 7 - 1 . 5 8 ) 0 . 8 2 ( 0 . 4 9 - 1 . 3 8 ) 0 . 8 4 ( 0 . 5 0 - 1 . 4 2 ) 0 . 7 8 ( 0 . 4 6 - 1 . 3 2 ) 1 . 2 6 ( 0 . 5 9 - 2 . 6 9 ) 1 . 3 5 ( 0 . 6 3 - 2 . 9 0 ) 1 . 4 9 ( 0 . 6 9 - 3 . 2 0 ) 1 . 3 3 ( 0 . 6 1 - 2 . 8 8 ) 0 . 6 9 ( 0 . 3 1 - 1 . 5 1 ) 0 . 6 9 ( 0 . 3 1 - 1 . 5 2 ) 0 . 5 8 ( 0 . 2 6 - 1 . 3 0 ) 0 . 6 0 ( 0 . 2 6 - 1 . 3 6 ) 0 . 9 3 ( 0 . 5 4 - 1 . 6 2 ) 0 . 9 2 ( 0 . 5 3 - 1 . 6 0 ) 0 . 8 8 ( 0 . 5 0 - 1 . 5 5 ) 0 . 8 5 ( 0 . 4 8 - 1 . 5 0 ) 0 . 9 8 ( 0 . 6 9 - 1 . 3 9 ) 0 . 8 9 ( 0 . 6 2 - 1 . 2 8 ) 0 . 8 6 ( 0 . 5 9 - 1 . 2 4 ) 0 . 8 3 ( 0 . 5 7 - 1 . 2 0 ) 1 . 1 1 ( 0 . 5 4 - 2 . 2 7 ) 0 . 9 5 ( 0 . 4 6 - 1 . 9 6 ) 0 . 8 1 ( 0 . 3 8 - 1 . 7 0 ) 0 . 7 4 ( 0 . 3 5 - 1 . 5 8 ) 1 . 6 9 ( 0 . 8 4 - 3 . 4 1 ) 1 . 6 2 ( 0 . 8 0 - 3 . 2 9 ) 1 . 6 4 ( 0 . 8 0 - 3 . 3 5 ) 1 . 5 3 ( 0 . 7 4 - 3 . 1 4 )
. . - . . - . . - . . -1 . 1 8 ( 0 . 5 5 - 2 . 5 5 ) 1 . 2 2 ( 0 . 5 7 - 2 . 6 4 ) 1 . 2 5 ( 0 . 5 8 - 2 . 7 3 ) 1 . 1 7 ( 0 . 5 3 - 2 . 5 7
. . - . . - . . - . . -1 . 9 2 ( 1 . 9 2 - 3 . 9 9 ) 1 . 9 8 ( 0 . 9 5 - 4 . 1 3 ) 2 . 2 0 * ( 1 . 0 5 - 4 . 6 1 ) 2 . 1 0 ( 0 . 9 9 - 4 . 4 5 ) 0 . 9 7 ( 0 . 4 9 - 1 8 9 ) 0 . 9 2 ( 0 . 4 7 - 1 . 8 0 ) 0 . 9 8 ( 0 . 4 9 - 1 . 9 3 ) 0 . 9 3 ( 0 . 4 7 - 1 . 8 5 ) 1 . 0 4 ( 0 . 6 3 - 1 . 7 2 ) 1 . 0 1 ( 0 . 6 1 - 1 . 6 7 ) 1 . 0 1 ( 0 . 6 0 - 1 . 6 9 ) 0 . 9 3 ( 0 . 5 5 - 1 . 5 7 ) 0 . 8 7 ( 0 . 5 7 - 1 . 3 3 ) 0 . 9 3 ( 0 . 6 1 - 1 . 4 4 ) 0 . 9 2 ( 0 . 6 0 - 1 . 4 3 ) 0 . 9 1 ( 0 . 5 9 - 1 . 4 2 ) 0 . 7 7 ( 0 . 3 5 - 1 . 7 3 ) 0 . 8 2 ( 0 . 3 7 - 1 . 8 5 ) 0 . 8 6 ( 0 . 3 8 - 1 . 9 5 ) 0 . 8 7 ( 0 . 3 8 - 2 . 0 0 ) 1 . 6 7 ( 0 . 9 3 - 3 . 0 0 ) 1 . 7 6 ( 0 . 9 7 - 3 . 1 7 ) 1 . 7 0 ( 0 . 9 4 - 3 . 1 0 ) 1 . 7 0 ( 0 . 9 3 - 3 . 1 2 ) 1 . 1 9 ( 0 . 7 5 - 1 . 9 0 ) 1 . 1 9 ( 0 . 7 4 - 1 . 9 0 ) 1 . 2 3 ( 0 . 7 6 - 1 . 9 8 ) 1 . 2 6 ( 0 . 7 8 - 2 . 0 4 ) 1 . 1 0 ( 0 . 5 6 - 2 . 1 8 ) 1 . 0 6 ( 0 . 5 3 - 2 . 1 2 ) 1 . 1 0 ( 0 . 5 5 - 2 . 2 1 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 0 . 5 0 - 2 . 0 1 ) 1 . 0 6 ( 0 . 7 3 - 1 . 5 4 ) 0 . 9 7 ( 0 . 6 6 - 1 . 4 2 ) 0 . 9 5 ( 0 . 6 4 - 1 . 3 9 ) 0 . 9 0 ( 0 . 6 1 - 1 . 3 3 )
S e x C I S - R s c o r e 1 2 + H a s a p h y s i c a l c o m p l a i n t
T a b l e 7 b O d d s r a t i o s f o r t a k i n g 6 o r m o r e d a y s o f f w o r k i n t h e p a s t y e a r f o r m i n o r S O C g r o u p s
A d j u s t e d O d d s R a t i o : S o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c A d A d j u s t e d O d d s R a t i o :j u s t e d O d d s R a t i o : C I S -
O d d s R a t i o v a r i a b l e s P h y s i c a l c o m p l a i n t R c a s e n e s s
M i n o r S O C g r o u p G e n . m a n a g e r s - g o v e r n m e n t , l a r g e o r g s 1 . 9 8 ( 0 . 9 5 - 4 . 1 4 ) 2 . 0 3 ( 0 . . 9 7 - 4 . 2 4 ) 1 . 6 4 ( 0 . 7 6 - 3 . 5 1 ) 1 . 7 2 ( 0 . 7 9 - 3 . 7 3 ) P r o d . m a n a g e r s - m a n u f a c t u r i n g e t c 1 . 0 6 ( 0 . 5 5 - 2 . 0 5 ) 1 . 1 7 ( 0 . 6 0 - 2 . 2 8 ) 1 . 1 2 ( 0 . 5 7 - 2 . 2 2 ) 1 . 0 6 ( 0 . 5 4 - 2 . 1 0 ) S p e c i a l i s t m a n a g e r s 1 . 0 0 - 1 . 0 0 - 1 . 0 0 - 1 . 0 0 -F i n a n c i a l & o f f i c e m a n a g e r s e t c 2 . 0 4 * ( 1 . 1 4 - 3 . 6 4 ) 1 . 9 5 * ( 1 . 0 9 - 3 . 4 9 ) 1 . 9 2 * ( 1 . 0 6 - 3 . 4 7 ) 1 . 8 8 * ( 1 . 0 3 - 3 . 4 2 ) M a n a g e r s i n t r a n s p o r t & s t o r i n g 2 . 0 4 ( 0 . 9 6 - 4 . 3 2 ) 2 . 1 6 * ( 1 . 0 2 - 4 . 5 9 ) 1 . 8 0 ( 0 . 8 3 - 3 . 9 0 ) 1 . 7 5 ( 0 . 8 0 - 3 . 8 1 ) P r o t e c t i v e s e r v i c e o f f i c e r s . . - . . - . . - . . -M a n a g e r s i n f a r m i n g , h o r t i c u l t u r e e t c . . - . . - . . - . . -M a n a g e r s e t c s e r v i c e i n d u s t r y 0 . 9 2 ( 0 . 5 3 - 1 . 6 0 ) 0 . 9 1 ( 0 . 5 2 - 1 . 5 8 ) 0 . 9 0 ( 0 . 5 1 - 1 . 5 8 ) 0 . 9 0 ( 0 . 5 1 - 1 . 5 9 ) M a n a g e r s , a d m i n i s t r a t o r s n e s 1 . 8 6 ( 0 . 9 1 - 3 . 8 2 ) 1 . 7 3 ( 0 . 8 4 - 3 . 5 6 ) 1 . 6 3 ( 0 . 7 8 - 3 . 4 2 ) 1 . 6 3 ( 0 . 7 8 - 3 . 4 2 ) N a t u r a l s c i e n t i s t s 1 . 4 5 ( 0 . 5 8 - 3 . 5 9 ) 1 . 4 2 ( 0 . 5 7 - 3 . 5 3 ) 1 . 5 9 ( 0 . 6 3 - 4 . 0 2 ) 1 . 7 1 ( 0 . 6 7 - 4 . 3 4 ) E n g i n e e r s & t e c h n o l o g i s t s 2 . 1 8 * * ( 1 . 2 2 - 3 . 8 8 ) 2 . 3 7 * * ( 1 . 3 3 - 4 . 2 4 ) 2 . 5 4 * * ( 1 . 4 1 - 4 . 5 9 ) 2 . 3 6 * * ( 1 . 3 0 - 4 . 2 7 ) H e a l t h p r o f e s s i o n a l s . . - . . - . . - . . -T e a c h i n g p r o f e s s i o n a l s 1 . 5 4 ( 0 . 9 3 - 2 . 5 5 ) 1 . 4 3 ( 0 . 8 6 - 2 . 3 8 ) 1 . 3 5 ( 0 . 8 0 - 2 . 2 7 ) 1 . 3 0 ( 0 . 7 7 - 2 . 1 9 ) L e g a l p r o f / a r c h i t e c t s / l i b r a r i a n s 0 . 6 6 ( 0 . 2 1 - 2 . 0 2 ) 0 . 6 7 ( 0 . 2 2 - 2 . 0 5 ) 0 . 5 8 ( 0 . 1 8 - 1 . 8 2 ) 0 . 6 2 ( 0 . 2 0 - 1 . 9 4 ) B u s i n e s s & f i n a n c i a l p r o f e s s i o n a l s 0 . 8 0 ( 0 . 3 5 - 1 . 8 2 ) 0 . 8 0 ( 0 . 3 5 - 1 . 8 4 ) 0 . 8 9 ( 0 . 3 8 - 2 . 0 6 ) 0 . 9 0 ( 0 . 3 9 - 2 . 0 9 ) P r o f e s s i o n a l o c c u p a t i o n s n e s 1 . 6 7 ( 0 . 6 9 - 4 . 0 9 ) 1 . 6 1 ( 0 . 6 6 - 3 . 9 3 ) 1 . 6 8 ( 0 . 6 7 - 4 . 2 0 ) 1 . 5 7 ( 0 . 6 2 - 3 . 9 6 ) S c i e n t i f i c t e c h n i c i a n s 2 . 1 8 * ( 1 . 0 6 - 4 . 4 9 ) 2 . 3 1 * ( 1 . 1 2 - 4 . 7 7 ) 2 . 1 0 ( 1 . 0 0 - 4 . 4 3 ) 2 . 2 5 * ( 1 . 0 6 - 4 . 7 6 ) D r a u g h t s p e r s o n s / S h i p , a i r c r a f t o f f i c e r s / L e g a 1 . 3 6 ( 0 . 4 8 - 3 . 8 4 ) 1 . 4 8 ( 0 . 5 2 - 4 . 1 8 ) 1 . 6 2 ( 0 . 5 6 - 4 . 6 5 ) 1 . 7 7 ( 0 . 6 1 - 5 . 0 9 ) C o m p u t e r a n a l y s t s , p r o g r a m m e r s 1 . 8 7 ( 0 . 9 3 - 3 . 7 7 ) 2 . 0 2 * ( 1 . 0 0 - 4 . 0 8 ) 2 . 1 6 * ( 1 . 0 6 - 4 . 4 0 ) 2 . 2 2 * ( 1 . 0 8 - 4 . 5 6 ) H e a l t h a s s o c i a t e p r o f e s s i o n a l s 2 . 2 7 * * ( 1 . 3 3 - 3 . 8 7 ) 2 . 0 3 * ( 1 . 1 8 - 3 . 4 7 ) 2 . 1 3 * * ( 1 . 2 3 - 3 . 7 0 ) 2 . 1 2 * * ( 1 . 2 2 - 3 . 6 8 ) B u s i n e s s , f i n a n c e a s s o c i a t e p r o f s 0 . 4 0 ( 0 . 1 1 - 1 . 4 0 ) 0 . 4 0 ( 0 . 1 1 - 1 . 4 3 ) 0 . 4 1 ( 0 . 1 1 - 1 . 4 7 ) 0 . 4 0 ( 0 . 1 1 - 1 . 4 5 ) W e l f a r e e t c a s s o c i a t e p r o f e s s i o n a l s 1 . 9 2 ( 0 . 9 4 - 3 . 9 2 ) 1 . 7 2 ( 0 . 8 4 - 3 . 5 4 ) 1 . 5 3 ( 0 . 7 3 - 3 . 2 1 ) 1 . 5 7 ( 0 . 7 5 - 3 . 3 0 ) A r t i s t i c , s p o r t s e t c p r o f e s s i o n a l s 0 . 7 6 ( 0 . 3 5 - 1 . 6 4 ) 0 . 7 5 ( 0 . 3 5 - 1 . 6 3 ) 0 . 6 6 ( 0 . 3 0 - 1 . 4 4 ) 0 . 6 9 ( 0 . 3 1 - 1 . 5 2 ) P r o f , t e c h n i c a l o c c u p a t i o n s n e s 0 . 7 9 ( 0 . 3 1 - 2 . 0 4 ) 0 . 7 9 ( 0 . 3 1 - 2 . 0 5 ) 0 . 6 3 ( 0 . 2 4 - 1 . 6 6 ) 0 . 6 0 ( 0 . 2 3 - 1 . 5 9 ) A d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t a f f i n g o v e r n m e n t 2 . 2 7 * ( 1 . 1 8 - 4 . 3 5 ) 2 . 1 5 * ( 1 . 1 2 - 4 . 1 3 ) 2 . 1 2 * ( 1 . 0 9 - 4 . 1 4 ) 1 . 9 8 * ( 1 . 0 0 - 3 . 9 0 ) N u m e r i c a l c l e r k s & c a s h i e r s 1 . 4 6 ( 0 . 8 7 - 2 . 4 4 ) 1 . 3 4 ( 0 . 8 0 - 2 . 2 6 ) 1 . 3 3 ( 0 . 7 8 - 2 . 2 6 ) 1 . 2 8 ( 0 . 7 5 - 2 . 1 8 ) F i l i n g & r e c o r d c l e r k s 1 . 1 3 ( 0 . 5 2 - 2 . 4 3 ) 1 . 0 6 ( 0 . 4 9 - 2 . 2 9 ) 0 . 9 0 ( 0 . 4 1 - 1 . 9 9 ) 0 . 8 8 ( 0 . 4 0 - 1 . 9 6 ) C l e r k s n e s 2 . 6 9 * * ( 1 . 5 8 - 4 . 5 7 ) 2 . 5 3 * * ( 1 . 4 8 - 4 . 3 2 ) 2 . 0 6 * ( 1 . 1 9 - 3 . 5 6 ) 1 . 9 9 * ( 1 . 1 4 - 3 . 4 6 ) S t o r e s , d e s p a t c h c l e r k s & k e e p e r s 2 . 6 5 * * ( 1 . 4 9 - 4 . 7 0 ) 2 . 8 6 * * ( 1 . 6 1 - 5 . 1 0 ) 3 . 1 7 * * ( 1 . 7 6 - 5 . 7 0 ) 3 . 1 7 * * ( 1 . 7 5 - 5 . 7 2 ) S e c r e t a r i a l e t c p e r s o n n e l 2 . 3 2 * * ( 1 . 3 6 - 3 . 9 7 ) 1 . 9 8 * ( 1 . 1 5 - 3 . 4 1 ) 1 . 9 3 * ( 1 . 1 0 - 3 . 3 6 ) 1 . 8 8 * ( 1 . 0 7 - 3 . 3 0 ) R e c e p t i o n i s t , t e l e p h o n i s t s e t c 3 . 3 2 * * ( 1 . 7 8 - 6 . 1 8 ) 2 . 8 8 * * ( 1 . 5 4 - 5 . 3 9 ) 2 . 9 8 * * ( 1 . 5 7 - 5 . 6 6 ) 3 . 0 4 * * ( 1 . 5 9 - 5 . 8 2 ) C l e r i c a l , s e c r e t a r i a l o c c u p a t i o n s n e s 2 . 5 9 * ( 1 . 1 0 - 6 . 1 3 ) 2 . 4 2 * ( 1 . 0 2 - 5 . 7 4 ) 2 . 3 4 ( 0 . 9 6 - 5 . 6 9 ) 2 . 6 6 * ( 1 . 0 9 - 6 . 4 9 ) C o n s t r u c t i o n t r a d e s 1 . 9 6 * ( 1 . 0 9 - 3 . 5 2 ) 2 . 1 8 * * ( 1 . 2 1 - 3 . 9 4 ) 2 . 1 2 * ( 1 . 1 6 - 3 . 8 8 ) 2 . 0 1 * ( 1 . 1 0 - 3 . 7 0 ) M e t a l m a c h i n i n g , f i t t i n g e t c t r a d e s 1 . 2 3 ( 0 . 6 0 - 2 . 5 1 ) 1 . 3 7 ( 0 . 6 7 - 2 . 8 1 ) 1 . 2 9 ( 0 . 6 2 - 2 . 6 8 ) 1 . 2 9 ( 0 . 6 2 - 2 . 6 9 ) E l e c t r i c a l , e l e c t r o n i c t r a d e s 1 . 3 1 ( 0 . 6 8 - 2 . 5 3 ) 1 . 4 6 ( 0 . 7 5 - 2 . 8 4 ) 1 . 5 7 ( 0 . 8 0 - 3 . 0 9 ) 1 . 5 3 ( 0 . 7 8 - 3 . 0 3 ) M e t a l f o r m i n g , w e l d i n g e t c t r a d e s 1 . 2 8 ( 0 . 5 6 - 2 . 8 9 ) 1 . 4 3 ( 0 . 6 3 - 3 . 2 4 ) 1 . 5 5 ( 0 . 6 7 - 3 . 5 6 ) 1 . 5 1 ( 0 . 6 5 - 3 . 5 0 ) V e h i c l e t r a d e s 1 . 1 2 ( 0 . 4 6 - 2 . 6 8 ) 1 . 2 5 ( 0 . 5 2 - 3 . 0 0 ) 1 . 1 6 ( 0 . 4 7 - 2 . 8 4 ) 1 . 2 7 ( 0 . 5 1 - 3 . 1 4 ) T e x t i l e s , g a r m e n t s e t c t r a d e s 2 . 7 9 * ( 1 . 1 9 - 6 . 5 4 ) 2 . 6 2 * ( 1 . 1 1 - 6 . 1 8 ) 2 . 8 7 * ( 1 . 1 9 - 6 . 8 8 ) 2 . 7 6 * ( 1 . 1 4 - 6 . 7 2 ) P r i n t i n g / F o o d p r e p a r a t i o n t r a d e s 1 . 5 0 ( 0 . 6 1 - 3 . 6 5 ) 1 . 5 0 ( 0 . 6 1 - 3 . 6 6 ) 1 . 6 1 ( 0 . 6 5 - 4 . 0 0 ) 1 . 5 0 ( 0 . 6 0 - 3 . 7 9 ) W o o d w o r k i n g t r a d e s 1 . 1 5 ( 0 . 5 0 - 2 . 6 5 ) 1 . 2 9 ( 0 . 5 6 - 2 . 9 7 ) 1 . 3 2 ( 0 . 5 6 - 3 . 0 9 ) 1 . 3 5 ( 0 . 5 7 - 3 . 1 8 ) O t h e r c r a f t , r e l a t e d t r a d e s n e s 0 . 8 8 ( 0 . 3 2 - 2 . 4 5 ) 0 . 9 4 ( 0 . 3 4 - 2 . 6 2 ) 0 . 8 5 ( 0 . 3 0 - 2 . 4 3 ) 0 . 8 4 ( 0 . 3 0 - 2 . 4 0 ) N C O s / T r a v e l a t t e n d a n t s / H a i r d r e s s e r s / P e r 1 . 0 8 ( 0 . 4 9 - 2 . 3 6 ) 1 . 0 4 ( 0 . 4 7 - 2 . 2 7 ) 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 4 5 - 2 . 2 0 ) 1 . 0 6 ( 0 . 4 8 - 2 . 3 6 ) S e c u r i t y e t c s e r v i c e o c c u p a t i o n s 1 . 9 6 * ( 1 . 0 4 - 3 . 7 0 ) 2 . 0 7 * ( 1 . 0 9 - 3 . 9 0 ) 2 . 1 3 * ( 1 . 1 2 - 4 . 0 8 ) 1 . 9 7 * ( 1 . 0 2 - 3 . 8 0 ) C a t e r i n g o c c u p a t i o n s 1 . 4 6 ( 0 . 8 2 - 2 . 5 9 ) 1 . 4 5 ( 0 . 8 1 - 2 . 5 8 ) 1 . 2 5 ( 0 . 6 9 - 2 . 2 6 ) 1 . 2 3 ( 0 . 6 8 - 2 . 2 2 ) H e a l t h & r e l a t e d o c c u p a t i o n s 3 . 2 2 * * ( 1 . 9 4 - 5 . 3 5 ) 2 . 8 7 * * ( 1 . 7 2 - 4 . 8 0 ) 2 . 7 2 * * ( 1 . 1 6 - 4 . 6 0 ) 2 . 8 4 * * ( 1 . 6 7 - 4 . 8 4 ) C h i l d c a r e & r e l a t e d o c c u p a t i o n s 1 . 2 7 ( 0 . 6 4 - 2 . 4 9 ) 1 . 1 0 ( 0 . 5 6 - 2 . 1 8 ) 1 . 1 4 ( 0 . 5 7 - 2 . 2 8 ) 1 . 0 8 ( 0 . 5 3 - 2 . 1 7 ) D o m e s t i c s t a f f e t c 1 . 3 3 ( 0 . 4 8 - 3 . 7 1 ) 1 . 3 2 ( 0 . 4 7 - 3 . 7 0 ) 1 . 5 9 ( 0 . 5 6 - 4 . 4 7 ) 1 . 3 8 ( 0 . 4 9 - 3 . 9 0 ) B u y e r s / M o b i l e s a l e s p e r s o n s 1 . 3 0 ( 0 . 5 0 - 3 . 4 0 ) 1 . 3 3 ( 0 . 5 1 - 3 . 4 9 ) 1 . 0 8 ( 0 . 4 0 - 2 . 9 0 ) 1 . 1 2 ( 0 . 4 1 - 3 . 0 4 ) S a l e s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s 1 . 0 3 ( 0 . 4 8 - 2 . 2 3 ) 1 . 0 6 ( 0 4 9 - 2 . 2 8 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 0 . 4 6 - 2 . 2 0 ) 0 . 9 8 ( 0 . 4 4 - 2 . 1 6 ) S a l e s , c h e c k - o u t a s s i s t a n t s 1 . 2 2 ( 0 . 7 5 - 1 . 9 8 ) 1 . 1 8 ( 0 . 7 2 - 1 . 9 2 ) 1 . 1 0 ( 0 . 6 7 - 1 . 8 0 ) 1 . 1 2 ( 0 . 6 8 - 1 . 8 5 ) S a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s n e s 1 . 3 2 ( 0 . 5 1 - 3 . 4 3 ) 1 . 2 6 ( 0 . 4 8 - 3 . 3 0 ) 1 . 0 1 ( 0 . 3 8 - 2 . 6 9 ) 0 . 9 5 ( 0 . 3 5 - 2 . 5 9 ) F o o d , d r i n k , t o b a c c o o p e r a t i v e s 2 . 1 3 ( 0 . 9 0 - 5 . 0 6 ) 2 . 2 0 ( 0 . 9 2 - 5 . 2 3 ) 2 . 2 7 ( 0 . 9 3 - 5 . 5 0 ) 2 . 1 9 ( 0 . 9 0 - 5 . 3 4 ) T e x t i l e s , t a n n e r y o p e r a t i v e s . . - . . - . . - . . -C h e m i c a l s , p a p e r e t c o p e r a t i v e s 2 . 4 2 * ( 1 . 0 0 - 5 . 8 4 ) 2 . 5 1 * ( 1 . 0 4 - 6 . 0 8 ) 2 . 6 9 * ( 1 . 1 0 - 6 . 6 2 ) 2 . 5 1 * ( 1 . 0 1 - 6 . 2 4 ) M e t a l m a k i n g , t r e a t i n g o p e r a t i v e s . . - . . - . . - . . -M e t a l w o r k i n g o p e r a t i v e s 2 . 1 1 ( 0 . 8 5 - 5 . 2 4 ) 2 . 2 8 ( 0 . 9 1 - 5 . 6 9 ) 2 . 8 2 * ( 1 . 1 3 - 7 . 0 6 ) 2 . 6 7 * ( 1 . 0 6 - 6 . 7 5 ) A s s e m b l e r s , l i n e w o r k e r s 0 . 8 0 ( 0 . 2 9 - 2 . 2 4 ) 0 . 8 2 ( 0 . 2 9 - 2 . 3 0 ) 0 . 9 2 ( 0 . 3 3 - 2 . 6 0 ) 0 . 9 1 ( 0 . 3 2 - 2 . 5 7 ) O t h e r r o u t i n e o p e r a t i v e s 2 . 3 2 * * ( 1 . 2 7 - 4 . 2 3 ) 2 . 3 1 * * ( 1 . 2 6 - 4 . 2 2 ) 2 . 4 0 * * ( 1 . 3 0 - 4 . 4 4 ) 2 . 2 8 * * ( 1 . 2 2 - 4 . 2 6 ) R o a d t r a n s p o r t o p e r a t i v e s 1 . 7 8 * ( 1 . 0 4 - 3 . 0 4 ) 1 . 9 5 * ( 1 . 1 3 - 3 . 3 4 ) 2 . 0 0 * ( 1 . 1 5 - 3 . 4 7 ) 1 . 9 9 * ( 1 . 1 4 - 3 . 4 7 ) O t h e r t r a n s p o r t , m a c h i n e o p e r a t i v e s 1 . 5 4 ( 0 . 5 9 - 4 . 0 0 ) 1 . 7 2 ( 0 . 6 6 - 4 . 4 9 ) 1 . 9 3 ( 0 . 7 3 - 5 . 1 0 ) 1 . 9 9 ( 0 . 7 4 - 5 . 3 0 ) P l a n t & m a c h i n e o p e r a t i v e s n e s 3 . 1 9 * * ( 1 . 6 1 - 6 . 2 9 ) 3 . 5 1 * * ( 1 . 7 7 - 6 . 9 5 ) 3 . 5 6 * * ( 1 . 7 7 - 7 . 1 6 ) 3 . 5 4 * * ( 1 . 7 5 - 7 . 1 7 ) O t h e r f a r m i n g / m a n u f a c t u r i n g / c o n s t r u c t i o n / 1 . 4 5 ( 0 . 7 8 - 2 . 7 1 ) 1 . 5 9 ( 0 . 8 5 - 2 . 9 8 ) 1 . 7 4 ( 0 . 9 2 - 3 . 2 9 ) 1 . 8 2 ( 0 . 9 6 - 3 . 4 6 ) O t h e r c o m m u n i c a t i o n o c c u p a t i o n s 2 . 5 7 * ( 1 . 1 8 - 5 . 5 7 ) 2 . 7 8 * * ( 1 . 2 8 - 6 . 0 5 ) 3 . 1 3 * * ( 1 . 4 2 - 6 . 8 8 ) 2 . 9 2 * * ( 1 . 3 2 - 6 . 4 6 ) O t h e r s a l e s , s e r v i c e o c c u p a t i o n s 1 . 3 7 ( 0 . 8 2 - 2 . 2 7 ) 1 . 2 7 ( 0 . 7 6 - 2 . 1 1 ) 1 . 2 2 ( 0 . 7 2 - 2 . 0 5 ) 1 . 2 0 ( 0 . 7 1 - 2 . 0 3 )
Table 7c Odds ratios for having taken any days off work in the past year for specific additional SOC unit groupings
Adjusted Odds Ratio: Sociodemographic Adjusted Odds Ratio: CIS- Adjusted Odds Ratio:
Odds Ratio variables R caseness Physical complaint
SOC group Sales managers 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 -Others in category 12 1.58 (0.90-2.79) 1.55 (0.88-2.74) 1.52 (0.85-2.71) 1.43 (0.80-2.55) Higher education 1.34 (0.67-2.69) 1.32 (0.66-2.67) 1.29 (0.64-2.62) 1.15 (0.56-2.36) Secondary education 1.75 (0.90-3.41) 1.73 (0.88-3.37) 1.59 (0.81-3.13) 1.48 (0.75-2.94) Primary education 1.50 (0.76-2.95) 1.36 (0.68-2.70) 1.26 (0.63-2.53) 1.17 (0.58-2.36) Social workers 1.18 (0.47-2.96) 1.12 (0.44-2.83) 1.10 (0.43-2.81) 0.98 (0.38-2.53) Nurses & midwives 2.02 * (1.10-3.70) 1.80 (0.98-3.33) 1.85 (1.00-3.43) 1.74 (0.93-3.24) Other health assoc prof 1.12 (0.52-2.42) 1.05 (0.49-2.28) 1.05 (0.48-2.29) 0.96 (0.43-2.11) Welfare, community, youth workers 1.56 (0.72-3.36) 1.42 (0.65-3.07) 1.28 (0.58-2.79) 1.25 (0.57-2.75) Accounts, clerks 1.62 (0.92-2.83) 1.43 (0.82-2.52) 1.40 (0.79-2.48) 1.25 (0.70-2.23) Counter clerks 1.19 (0.56-2.52) 1.05 (0.50-2.24) 1.07 (0.50-2.30) 0.99 (0.46-2.14) Police officers etc 1.22 (0.55-2.71) 1.23 (0.55-2.74) 1.32 (0.59-2.95) 1.28 (0.57-2.88) Security staff 1.09 (0.49-2.43) 1.10 (0.49-2.45) 0.97 (043-2.20) 0.75 (0.33-1.72) Chefs 1.69 (0.84-3.39) 1.46 (0.72-2.95) 1.38 (0.68-2.80) 1.24 (0.61-2.55) Waiters 0.92 (0.42-2.04) 0.87 (0.39-1.95) 0.81 (0.36-1.84) 0.71 (0.31-1.63) Barstaff 1.06 (0.45-2.48) 0.92 (0.39-2.16) 0.73 (0.31-1.76) 0.62 (0.25-1.49) Nurse aux 3.11 ** (1.37-7.03) 2.60 * (1.14-5.93) 2.46 * (1.07-5.67) 2.34 * (1.01-5.45) Care assistants & attendants 1.79 (0.99-3.25) 1.66 (0.91-3.03) 1.54 (0.84-2.84) 1.49 (0.81-2.77) Drivers of roads goods vehicles 1.27 (0.69-2.35) 1.34 (0.72-2.48) 1.31 (0.70-2.45) 1.19 (0.63-2.23) Cleaners & domestics 1.56 (0.88-2.78) 1.42 (0.72-2.55) 1.38 (0.77-2.49) 1.26 (0.69-2.27) Other occupations 1.39 (0.87-2.22) 1.33 (0.83-2.14 1.29 (0.80-2.07) 1.20 (0.75-1.94)
Variables entered into the model which were Sex CIS-R score 12+ Has a physical complaint significant Age
Age by sex Other variables entered in the model which were not significant
Table 7d Odds ratios for taking 6 or more days off work in the past year for specific additional SOC unit groupings
Adjusted Odds Ratio: Sociodem ographic Adjusted Odds Ratio: CIS- Adjusted Odds Ratio:
Odds Ratio variables R caseness Physical com plaint
SOC group Sales m anagers 1.00 -Others in category 12 2.00 (0.84-4.79) Higher education 1.99 (0.72-5.50) Secondary education 2.70 * (1.04-7.03) Primary education 3.04 * (1.18-7.83) Social workers 3.48 * 1.12-10.83) Nurses & m idwives 4.38 ** 1.85-10.38) Other health assoc prof 2.31 (0.81-6.61) W elfare, comm unity, 3.67 * 1.33-10.12) Accounts, clerks 1.98 (0.84-4.70) Counter clerks 3.19 * (1.19-8.57) Police off icers etc 3.03 * (1.06-8.61) Security staff 3.24 * (1.16-9.00) Chefs 3.45 * (1.32-8.98) W aiters 1.10 (0.32-3.77) Barstaff 2.50 (0.82-7.61) Nurse aux 6.92 ** 2.48-19.30) Care assistants & 5.00 ** 2.14-11.68) Drivers of roads goods 3.16 ** (1.32-7.57) Cleaners & dom estics 2.65 * (1.12-6.24) Other occupations 2.44 * (1.15-5.17)
1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 -1.95 (0.82-4.67) 1.90 (0.78-4.59) 1.77 (0.73-4.31) 1.89 (0.68-5.24) 1.84 (0.65-5.18) 1.58 (0.56-4.51) 2.59 (1.00-6.76) 2.32 (0.88-6.14) 2.10 (0.79-5.62) 2.66 * (1.03-6.90) 2.40 (0.91-6.31) 2.29 (0.86-6.07) 3.21 * (1.03-10.02) 3.20 * 1.00-10.23) 2.90 (0.90-9.37) 3.84 ** (1.61-9.15) 4.07 ** (1.69-9.80) 3.91 ** (1.62-9.48) 2.13 (0.74-6.11) 2.15 (0.74-6.25) 1.98 (0.68-5.82) 3.36 * (1.22-9.30) 2.98 * (1.06-8.41) 3.00 * (1.06-8.46) 1.83 (0.77-4.35) 1.75 (0.73-4.21) 1.62 (0.67-3.91) 2.85 * (1.06-7.67) 2.98 * (1.09-8.14) 2.86 * (1.04-7.87) 3.10 * (1.09-8.84) 3.54 * 1.23-10.19) 3.51 * 1.21-10.20) 3.36 * (1.21-9.34) 3.00 * (1.06-8.49) 2.42 (0.85-6.90) 3.31 * (1.27-8.64) 3.12 * (1.18-8.28) 2.97 * (1.11-7.94) 1.12 (0.32-3.84) 0.95 (0.27-3.31) 0.90 (0.26-3.18) 2.40 (0.79-7.31) 1.78 (0.57-5.57) 1.61 (0.51-5.05) 5.85 ** (2.09-16.39) 5.61 ** 1.96-16.04) 5.44 ** 1.88-15.70) 4.48 ** (1.91-10.52) 4.21 ** 1.77-10.00) 4.25 ** 1.78-10.15) 3.38 ** (1.41-8.11) 3.42 ** (1.41-8.30) 3.12 * (1.28-7.60) 2.37 * (1.00-5.61) 2.26 (0.94-5.41) 2.11 (0.88-5.07) 2.41 * (1.13-5.11) 2.31 * (1.08-4.95) 2.20 * (1.02-4.72)
Variables entered into Age by sex CIS-R score 12+ Has a physical com plaint the model which were
Other variables entered Sex in the model which Age * p<0.05, ** p<0.01
jTable b8 Time off work as a result of health/feelings over the past year by sub-ma or SOC group and CIS-R score
Managers & Science & Proprietors in Science & Other Engineering Health Other Associate
Managers & Agriculture & Engineering Health Teaching Professional Associate Associate Professional Clerical Administrators Serv ices Professionals Professionals Professionals Occupations Professionals Professionals Occupations Occupations
Percentage reporting time off
CIS-R score <12
Any time off 6 or more days off
27 12
(2) (2)
18 9
(3) (3)
30 18
(4) (4)
[5] -
29 13
(3) (2)
24 11
(4) (2)
37 17
(5) (4)
31 19
(4) (4)
20 7
(3) (2)
31 16
(2) (2)
Mean no. of days off 3 4 4 [0] 5 3 5 8 3 6
Base 572 211 138 27 221 158 121 145 245 532
Managers & Science & Proprietors in Science & Other Engineering Health Other Associate
Managers & Agriculture & Engineering Health Teaching Professional Associate Associate Professional Clerical Administrators Serv ices Professionals Professionals Professionals Occupations Professionals Professionals Occupations Occupations
Percentage reporting time off
CIS-R score 12+
Any time off 6 or more days off
50 38
(5) (5)
36 21
(8) (7)
[7] [4]
--
49 34
(9) (9)
[8] [2]
[8] [5]
[12] [9]
44 33
(8) (7)
55 43
(5) (6)
Mean no. of days off 16 17 [9] - 33 [2] [7] [17] 13 15
Base 102 36 12 0 40 19 16 19 54 109
Managers & Science & Proprietors in Science & Other Engineering Health Other Associate
Managers & Agriculture & Engineering Health Teaching Professional Associate Associate Professional Clerical All adults Administrators Serv ices Professionals Professionals Professionals Occupations Professionals Professionals Occupations Occupations
Percentage reporting time off
Any time off 30 (2) 20 (3) 33 (4) [5] 32 (3) 25 (3) 39 (5) 34 (4) 25 (3) 35 (2) 6 or more days off 15 (2) 11 (2) 20 (4) - 16 (2) 11 (2) 18 (4) 23 (4) 11 (2) 20 (2)
Mean no. of days off 5 5 4 [0] 9 3 6 9 5 7
Base 674 247 150 27 261 177 137 164 299 641
Odds ratio Any time off 2.70 2.59 0.17 2.32 0.28 0.15 0.31 3.12 2.70 6 or more days off 4.61 2.62 0.19 3.49 0.16 0.26 0.42 6.81 3.97
Difference Average excess days 13 13 5 28 -1 2 9 10 9
Table b8 Continued Skilled Protective Personal Buyers, & Machine Drivers & Occupations in Other
Engineering Other Skilled Service service Brokers & Other Sales Operators, Mobile Machine Agriculture, Elementary Trades Trades Occupations Occupations Sales Reps Occupations Assemblers Operators Forestry & Occuaptions
Percentage reporting time off CIS-R score Any time off 19 (3) 25 (3) 17 (4) 27 (2) 22 (5) 25 (3) 33 (3) 22 (3) [6] 31 (3) <12 6 or more days off 10 (3) 12 (2) 12 (4) 15 (2) 12 (4) 12 (2) 17 (2) 15 (3) [3] 16 (2)
Mean no. of days off 2 4 2 6 6 4 6 7 [2] 8
Base 149 247 79 423 87 302 262 166 26 323
Skilled Protective Personal Buyers, Industrial Plant Drivers & Other Other Engineering Other Skilled Service service Brokers & Other Sales & Machine Mobile Machine Occupations in Elementary
Trades Trades Occupations Occupations Sales Reps Occupations Operators, Operators Agriculture, Occuaptions
Percentage reporting time off CIS-R score 12+
Any time off 6 or more days off
[9] [8]
[14] [12]
[9] [6]
49 42
(6) (6)
[8] [4]
44 20
(7) (5)
[14] [14]
[11] [8]
[1] [1]
37 21
(8) (6)
Mean no. of days off [58] [42] [42] 21 [11] 4 [11] [23] [21] 17
Base 18 29 9 88 13 61 26 16 1 51
Skilled Protective Personal Buyers, & Machine Drivers & Occupations in Other Engineering Other Skilled Service service Brokers & Other Sales Operators, Mobile Machine Agriculture, Elementary
All adults Trades Trades Occupations Occupations Sales Reps Occupations Assemblers Operators Forestry & Occuaptions
Percentage reporting time off
Any time off 23 (3) 27 (3) 25 (5) 30 (2) 27 (5) 28 (3) 35 (3) 26 (4) [7] 32 (3) 6 or more days off 14 (3) 15 (2) 19 (4) 19 (2) 13 (3) 13 (2) 21 (2) 18 (3) [4] 17 (2)
Mean no. of days off 8 8 6 8 7 4 7 8 [2] 9
Base 167 276 88 511 100 363 288 182 27 374
Any time off 0.41 0.48 0.49 2.67 0.30 2.42 0.33 0.45 0.16 1.31 6 or more days off 0.78 1.01 0.47 4.10 0.32 1.90 0.78 0.50 0.33 1.38
Average excess days 55 38 40 16 5 0 5 16 19 9
CIS-R score (grouped) by Major SOC group 1993-2000
Associate Professionals & Clerical & Personal &
Managers & Professional Technical Secretarial Craft & Related Protective Service Plant & Machine Administrators Occupations Occupations Occupations Occupations Occupations Sales Occupations Operatives
Women CIS-R Score % % % % % % % %
0 to 5 61 63 60 64 64 61 61 68 6 to 11 22 22 24 20 25 22 20 20 Under 12 82 (2) 85 (2) 84 (1) 84 (1) 89 (3) 83 (2) 81 (2) 88 (2)
12 to 17 10 9 9 9 5 10 11 6 18+ 8 6 7 7 7 8 8 6 12 or above 18 (2) 15 (2) 16 (1) 16 (1) 11 (3) 17 (2) 19 (2) 12 (2)
Base 721 597 666 1475 148 925 657 269
Men 0 to 5 74 79 68 74 78 74 69 77 6 to 11 15 14 20 16 13 14 16 14 Under 12 89 (1) 93 (1) 88 (1) 90 (2) 91 (1) 88 (2) 86 (3) 91 (1)
12 to 17 7 5 7 5 5 5 9 5 18+ 4 2 5 5 4 6 5 4 12 or above 11 (1) 7 (1) 12 (1) 10 (2) 9 (1) 12 (2) 14 (3) 9 (1)
Base 1131 739 589 424 1248 361 326 797
All Adults 0 to 5 69 72 64 66 77 65 64 75 6 to 11 17 17 22 19 14 20 19 16 Under 12 86 (1) 90 (1) 86 (1) 86 (1) 91 (1) 85 (1) 83 (2) 90 (1)
12 to 17 8 7 8 8 5 8 10 5 18+ 6 3 6 6 4 7 7 5 12 or above 14 (1) 10 (1) 14 (1) 14 (1) 9 (1) 15 (1) 17 (2) 10 (1)
Base 1852 1336 1255 1899 1396 1286 983 1066
C IS - R s c o r e ( g r o u p e d ) b y S u b -m a jo r S O C g ro u p 1 9 9 3 -2 0 0 0
M a n a g e r s & S c ie n c e & P ro p r ie to rs in S c ie n c e & O th e r E n g in e e r in g O th e r A s s o c ia te
M a n a g e rs & A g r ic u l tu r e & E n g in e e r in g H e a l th T e a c h in g P ro f e s s io n a l A s s o c ia te H e a l th A s s o c ia te P r o f e s s io n a l C le r ic a l A d m in is t ra to r s S e r v ic e s P r o f e s s io n a ls P ro f e s s io n a ls P r o f e s s io n a ls O c c u p a t io n s P ro f e s s io n a ls P r o f e s s io n a ls O c c u p a t io n s O c c u p a t io n s
W o m e n C IS -R S c o re % % % % % % % % % %
0 to 5 5 8 6 5 7 5 [2 4 ] 6 1 6 0 5 8 6 2 5 8 6 3 6 to 1 1 2 4 1 9 1 7 [2 ] 2 3 2 5 2 7 2 7 2 0 2 0 U n d e r 1 2 8 2 (2 ) 8 4 ( 3 ) 9 2 (4 ) [2 6 ] 8 4 (2 ) 8 4 (3 ) 8 5 (5 ) 8 9 ( 2 ) 7 8 (2 ) 8 3 (1 )
1 2 to 1 7 9 1 1 4 [1 ] 1 0 1 0 7 8 1 2 1 0 1 8 + 9 6 4 [1 ] 7 5 8 3 1 0 7 1 2 o r a b o v e 1 8 (2 ) 1 6 ( 3 ) 8 (4 ) [2 ] 1 6 (2 ) 1 6 (3 ) 1 5 (5 ) 1 1 ( 2 ) 2 2 (2 ) 1 7 (1 )
B a s e 4 5 2 2 6 9 4 4 2 8 3 6 8 1 5 7 5 8 3 1 1 2 9 7 9 7 5
I n d u s t r ia l P la n t S k i l le d P r o te c t iv e P e rs o n a l B u y e r s , & M a c h in e D r iv e rs & M o b i le O th e r O c c u p a t io n s O th e r
E n g in e e r in g O th e r S k i l le d S e rv ic e s e rv ic e B ro k e rs & O th e r S a le s O p e ra to r s , M a c h in e in A g r ic u l tu re , E le m e n ta ry T ra d e s T r a d e s O c c u p a t io n s O c c u p a t io n s S a le s R e p s O c c u p a t io n s A s s e m b le rs O p e ra to r s F o r e s tr y & F is h in g O c c u a p t io n s
C IS -R S c o re % % % % % % % % % %
0 to 5 [7 ] 6 3 6 8 6 0 4 9 6 2 7 0 [1 5 ] [1 8 ] 6 1 6 to 1 1 [2 ] 2 6 2 0 2 2 2 7 1 9 2 0 [3 ] [5 ] 2 0 U n d e r 1 2 [ 9 ] 8 9 ( 3 ) 8 9 (4 ) 8 3 ( 2 ) 7 6 (6 ) 8 2 (2 ) 9 0 (2 ) [ 1 8 ] [ 2 3 ] 8 1 (2 )
1 2 to 1 7 [1 ] 5 9 1 0 1 4 1 0 4 [6 ] - 1 0 1 8 + - 6 3 8 1 0 8 5 [2 ] - 9 1 2 o r a b o v e [ 1 ] 1 1 ( 3 ) 1 1 (4 ) 1 7 ( 2 ) 2 4 (6 ) 1 8 (2 ) 1 0 (2 ) [8 ] - 1 9 (2 )
B a s e 1 0 1 3 6 4 6 8 7 9 6 8 5 8 9 2 4 3 2 6 2 3 5 3 5
M a n a g e r s & S c ie n c e & P ro p r ie to rs in S c ie n c e & O th e r E n g in e e r in g O th e r A s s o c ia te
M a n a g e rs & A g r ic u l tu r e & E n g in e e r in g H e a l th T e a c h in g P ro f e s s io n a l A s s o c ia te H e a l th A s s o c ia te P r o f e s s io n a l C le r ic a l A d m in is t ra to r s S e r v ic e s P r o f e s s io n a ls P ro f e s s io n a ls P r o f e s s io n a ls O c c u p a t io n s P ro f e s s io n a ls P r o f e s s io n a ls O c c u p a t io n s O c c u p a t io n s
M e n C IS -R S c o re % % % % % % % % % %
0 to 5 7 4 7 3 8 2 9 3 7 4 7 5 7 4 6 2 6 4 7 4 6 to 1 1 1 4 1 6 1 1 7 1 5 1 9 1 7 2 7 2 2 1 6 U n d e r 1 2 8 8 (1 ) 8 9 ( 1 ) 9 3 (2 ) 1 0 0 8 9 (2 ) 9 4 (1 ) 9 1 (2 ) 8 8 ( 5 ) 8 6 (2 ) 9 1 (1 )
1 2 to 1 7 7 7 6 - 8 5 5 8 9 4 1 8 + 5 4 1 - 4 1 4 4 5 5 1 2 o r a b o v e 1 2 (1 ) 1 1 ( 1 ) 7 (2 ) - 1 1 (2 ) 6 (1 ) 9 (2 ) 1 2 ( 5 ) 1 4 (2 ) 9 (1 )
B a s e 8 0 1 3 3 0 2 7 8 4 3 1 8 6 2 3 2 2 2 6 5 3 3 1 0 4 0 5
I n d u s t r ia l P la n t S k i l le d P r o te c t iv e P e rs o n a l B u y e r s , & M a c h in e D r iv e rs & M o b i le O th e r O c c u p a t io n s O th e r
E n g in e e r in g O th e r S k i l le d S e rv ic e s e rv ic e B ro k e rs & O th e r S a le s O p e ra to r s , M a c h in e in A g r ic u l tu re , E le m e n ta ry T ra d e s T r a d e s O c c u p a t io n s O c c u p a t io n s S a le s R e p s O c c u p a t io n s A s s e m b le rs O p e ra to r s F o r e s tr y & F is h in g O c c u a p t io n s
C IS -R S c o re % % % % % % % % % %
0 to 5 8 1 7 7 7 7 7 2 7 3 6 6 7 7 7 6 7 9 7 7 6 to 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 4 1 5 1 8 1 4 U n d e r 1 2 9 3 (1 ) 9 0 ( 1 ) 9 0 (3 ) 8 7 ( 2 ) 8 9 (3 ) 8 3 (3 ) 9 1 (1 ) 9 2 ( 2 ) 9 6 (3 ) 9 1 (2 )
1 2 to 1 7 3 6 3 7 6 1 1 6 4 1 6 1 8 + 4 4 7 6 5 6 4 5 2 3 1 2 o r a b o v e 7 (1 ) 1 0 ( 1 ) 1 0 (3 ) 1 3 ( 2 ) 1 1 (3 ) 1 7 (3 ) 9 (1 ) 8 ( 2 ) 4 (3 ) 9 (2 )
B a s e 4 1 0 5 9 3 1 7 5 1 8 6 1 5 8 1 6 8 4 4 4 3 5 3 5 3 3 6 3
M a n a g e r s & S c ie n c e & P r o p r ie t o r s i n S c ie n c e & O t h e r E n g i n e e r in g O t h e r A s s o c ia t e
M a n a g e r s & A g r i c u l t u r e & E n g i n e e r in g H e a l t h T e a c h in g P r o f e s s io n a l A s s o c ia t e H e a l t h A s s o c ia t e P r o f e s s io n a l C le r i c a l A d m in i s t r a t o r s S e r v i c e s P r o f e s s io n a ls P r o f e s s io n a ls P r o f e s s io n a ls O c c u p a t io n s P r o f e s s io n a ls P r o f e s s io n a ls O c c u p a t io n s O c c u p a t i o n s
A l l a d u l t s C I S - R S c o r e % % % % % % % % % %
0 t o 5 6 9 7 0 8 1 9 2 6 6 7 0 7 1 6 2 6 1 6 7 6 t o 1 1 1 7 1 7 1 2 6 2 0 2 1 1 9 2 7 2 1 1 9 U n d e r 1 2 8 6 ( 1 ) 8 7 ( 1 ) 9 3 ( 2 ) 9 8 ( 1 ) 8 5 ( 2 ) 9 1 ( 2 ) 9 0 ( 2 ) 8 9 ( 2 ) 8 2 ( 1 ) 8 6 ( 1 )
1 2 t o 1 7 8 8 5 0 9 7 5 8 1 0 8 1 8 + 6 5 1 1 6 3 5 4 8 6 1 2 o r a b o v e 1 4 ( 1 ) 1 3 ( 1 ) 7 ( 2 ) 2 ( 1 ) 1 5 ( 2 ) 9 ( 2 ) 1 0 ( 2 ) 1 1 ( 2 ) 1 8 ( 1 ) 1 4 ( 1 )
B a s e 1 2 5 3 5 9 9 3 2 2 7 1 5 5 4 3 8 9 2 8 4 3 6 4 6 0 7 1 3 8 0
I n d u s t r i a l P la n t S k i l l e d P r o t e c t i v e P e r s o n a l B u y e r s , & M a c h in e D r i v e r s & M o b i l e O t h e r O c c u p a t i o n s O t h e r
E n g in e e r in g O t h e r S k i l l e d S e r v i c e s e r v i c e B r o k e r s & O t h e r S a le s O p e r a t o r s , M a c h in e in A g r i c u l t u r e , E le m e n t a r y T r a d e s T r a d e s O c c u p a t i o n s O c c u p a t io n s S a le s R e p s O c c u p a t io n s A s s e m b le r s O p e r a t o r s F o r e s t r y & F is h i n g O c c u a p t i o n s
C I S - R S c o r e % % % % % % % % % %
0 t o 5 8 1 7 4 7 5 6 3 6 7 6 3 7 5 7 5 7 9 6 8 6 t o 1 1 1 3 1 6 1 4 2 1 1 9 1 8 1 6 1 5 1 9 1 8 U n d e r 1 2 9 3 ( 1 ) 9 0 ( 1 ) 8 9 ( 2 ) 8 3 ( 1 ) 8 6 ( 3 ) 8 2 ( 1 ) 9 1 ( 1 ) 9 0 ( 2 ) 9 8 ( 2 ) 8 6 ( 2 )
1 2 t o 1 7 3 6 4 9 8 1 1 5 5 1 8 1 8 + 4 4 6 7 6 7 4 5 1 6 1 2 o r a b o v e 7 ( 1 ) 1 0 ( 1 ) 1 1 ( 2 ) 1 7 ( 1 ) 1 4 ( 3 ) 1 8 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 1 0 ( 2 ) 2 ( 2 ) 1 4 ( 2 )
B a s e 4 2 0 7 2 9 2 2 1 1 0 6 5 2 2 6 7 5 7 6 8 7 3 7 9 7 6 8 9 8
C IS - R s c o r e ( g r o u p e d ) b y M in o r S O C g r o u p 1 9 9 3 - 2 0 0 0
G e n . m a n a g e r s - P r o d . m a n a g e r s - F i n a n c ia l & o f f i c e M a n a g e r s i n t r a n s p o r t P r o te c t i v e s e r v i c e M a n a g e r s i n f a r m i n g , M a n a g e r s e t c g o v t , l a r g e o r g s m a n u f a c tu r in g e t c S p e c ia l i s t m a n a g e r s m a n a g e r s e t c & s to r i n g o f f i c e r s h o r t i c u l t u r e e t c s e r v ic e i n d u s t r y
C I S - R S c o r e % % % % % % % %
0 t o 5 6 3 7 5 7 0 6 7 6 6 [ 2 0 ] 6 6 7 0 6 t o 1 1 U n d e r 1 2
1 5 7 8 ( 5 )
1 3 8 8 ( 2 )
1 8 8 8 ( 1 )
1 9 8 6 ( 3 )
1 5 8 0 ( 5 )
[ 3 ] [ 2 3 ]
2 0 8 6 ( 6 )
1 7 8 7 ( 2 )
1 2 t o 1 7 1 2 6 7 9 9 - 1 3 8 1 8 + 1 0 6 5 5 1 0 - 1 5 1 2 o r a b o v e 2 2 ( 5 ) 1 2 ( 2 ) 1 2 ( 1 ) 1 4 ( 3 ) 2 0 ( 5 ) - 1 4 ( 6 ) 1 3 ( 2 )
B a s e 9 6 2 2 4 4 5 3 2 3 4 7 8 2 3 5 9 5 4 0
E n g i n e e r s & B u s i n e s s & f in a n c i a l A r c h i t e c t s , t o w n P r o f e s s i o n a l t e c h n o lo g i s t s H e a l t h p r o f . T e a c h i n g p r o f . L e g a l p r o f . p r o f . p l a n n e r s , s u r v e y o r s L i b r a r i a n s e t c p r o f . o c c u p a t i o n s n e s
C I S - R S c o r e % % % % % % % %
0 t o 5 8 1 9 2 6 6 6 8 7 7 6 3 [ 9 ] 6 6 6 t o 1 1 U n d e r 1 2
1 1 9 2 ( 2 )
6 9 8 ( 1 )
2 0 8 5 ( 2 )
1 8 8 6 ( 6 )
1 7 9 4 ( 2 )
2 4 8 7 ( 4 )
[ 7 ] [ 1 6 ]
2 6 9 1 ( 2 )
1 2 t o 1 7 6 0 9 1 1 5 1 1 [ 1 ] 5 1 8 + 1 2 o r a b o v e
1 8 ( 2 )
1 2 ( 1 )
6 1 5 ( 2 )
3 1 4 ( 6 )
1 6 ( 2 )
2 1 3 ( 4 )
[ 1 ] [ 2 ]
4 9 ( 2 )
B a s e 2 4 0 7 1 5 5 4 5 0 1 6 5 5 1 1 8 1 0 5
C o m p u t e r a n a l y s t s , S h i p , a i r c r a f t o f f i c e r s H e a l t h a s s o c i a t e B u s in e s s , f in a n c e W e l f a r e e t c A r t i s t i c , s p o r t s e t c P r o f , t e c h n i c a l o c c s p r o g r a m m e r s & c o n t r o l le r s p r o f . L e g a l a s s o c i a t e p r o f . a s s o c i a te p r o f . a s s o c i a te p r o f . p r o f . n e s
C I S - R S c o r e % % % % % % % %
0 t o 5 6 8 [ 8 ] 6 2 [ 1 0 ] 6 5 5 9 6 1 5 8 6 t o 1 1 U n d e r 1 2
2 1 8 9 ( 3 )
[ 4 ] [ 1 2 ]
2 7 8 9 ( 2 )
[ 2 ] [ 1 2 ]
2 3 8 8 ( 3 )
1 9 7 8 ( 4 )
2 0 8 1 ( 3 )
2 1 7 9 ( 4 )
1 2 t o 1 7 4 - 8 1 6 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 8 + 7 [ 1 ] 4 1 6 1 0 6 1 0 1 2 o r a b o v e 1 1 ( 3 ) [ 1 ] 1 1 ( 2 ) [ 2 ] 1 2 ( 3 ) 2 2 ( 4 ) 1 9 ( 3 ) 2 1 ( 4 )
B a s e 1 0 6 1 3 3 6 4 1 4 1 2 5 1 2 3 2 1 8 1 1 4
F i l in g & r e c o r d S to r e s , d e s p a t c h S e c r e ta r i a l e t c R e c e p t i o n is t , t e le p h o n i s t C le r ic a l , s e c r e t a r i a l M e t a l m a c h i n i n g , c le r k s C l e r k s n e s c l e r k s & k e e p e r s p e r s o n n e l s e t c o c c s n e s C o n s t r u c t i o n t r a d e s f i t t i n g e t c t r a d e s
C I S - R S c o r e % % % % % % % %
0 t o 5 6 7 6 1 7 2 6 6 6 3 7 3 7 7 8 0 6 t o 1 1 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 0 2 1 1 4 1 3 1 2 U n d e r 1 2 8 3 ( 3 ) 7 9 ( 2 ) 9 1 ( 2 ) 8 6 ( 2 ) 8 4 ( 3 ) 8 7 ( 4 ) 9 0 ( 2 ) 9 3 ( 2 )
1 2 t o 1 7 1 0 1 2 6 7 1 0 8 5 4 1 8 + 7 9 3 6 6 5 5 4 1 2 o r a b o v e 1 7 ( 3 ) 2 1 ( 2 ) 9 ( 2 ) 1 4 ( 2 ) 1 6 ( 3 ) 1 3 ( 4 ) 1 0 ( 2 ) 7 ( 2 )
B a s e 1 6 4 3 1 0 1 7 9 3 7 1 1 4 8 7 4 2 4 7 2 1 0
T e x t i l e s , g a r m e n t s e t c P r i n t in g & r e l a te d F o o d p r e p a r a t i o n O t h e r c r a f t , r e l a te d N C O s e t c , a r m e d S e c u r i t y e t c s e r v i c e V e h i c l e t r a d e s t r a d e s t r a d e s W o o d w o r k i n g t r a d e s t r a d e s t r a d e s n e s f o r c e s o c c s
C I S - R S c o r e % % % % % % % %
0 t o 5 7 5 6 9 7 1 7 6 7 3 7 5 7 9 7 4 6 t o 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 1 5 1 3 1 4 1 2 1 5 U n d e r 1 2 8 8 ( 3 ) 9 1 ( 2 ) 9 3 ( 4 ) 9 1 ( 2 ) 8 6 ( 4 ) 9 0 ( 3 ) 9 1 ( 4 ) 8 9 ( 2 )
1 2 t o 1 7 1 1 2 6 4 2 7 2 5 1 8 + 1 7 1 5 1 1 4 8 6 1 2 o r a b o v e 1 2 ( 3 ) 9 ( 2 ) 7 ( 4 ) 9 ( 2 ) 1 4 ( 4 ) 1 0 ( 3 ) 9 ( 4 ) 1 1 ( 2 )
B a s e 1 1 0 1 1 4 6 6 1 2 9 4 0 1 1 7 4 3 1 7 8
H e a l th & r e l a te d C h i ld c a r e & r e la t e d H a i r d r e s s e r s , P e r s o n a l s e r v i c e o c c s B u y e r s , b r o k e r s S a l e s , c h e c k - o u t o c c s o c c s b e a u t i c i a n s e t c D o m e s t i c s t a f f e t c n e s a g e n ts e t c S a le s r e p s a s s is t a n t s
C I S - R S c o r e % % % % % % % %
0 t o 5 6 5 6 2 6 4 7 6 6 6 8 7 6 3 6 4 6 t o 1 1 1 7 2 5 2 5 1 4 1 4 7 2 2 1 9 U n d e r 1 2 8 2 ( 2 ) 8 7 ( 2 ) 8 9 ( 5 ) 9 1 ( 3 ) 8 0 ( 9 ) 9 4 ( 4 ) 8 4 ( 3 ) 8 3 ( 2 )
1 2 t o 1 7 1 0 5 7 6 1 0 2 9 1 0 1 8 + 8 8 4 4 1 0 5 7 7 1 2 o r a b o v e 1 8 ( 2 ) 1 3 ( 2 ) 1 1 ( 5 ) 9 ( 3 ) 2 0 ( 9 ) 6 ( 4 ) 1 6 ( 3 ) 1 7 ( 2 )
B a s e 3 5 5 2 3 2 5 2 8 3 3 3 3 7 1 8 9 6 3 8
F o o d , d r i n k , t o b a c c o T e x t i l e s , t a n n e r y C h e m i c a ls , p a p e r M e t a l m a k i n g , t r e a t in g M e t a l w o r k i n g A s s e m b l e r s , O th e r r o u t in e R o a d t r a n s p o r t o p e r a t i v e s o p e r a t i v e s e t c o p e r a t i v e s o p e r a t i v e s o p e r a t iv e s l in e w o r k e r s o p e r a t i v e s o p e r a t i v e s
C I S - R S c o r e % % % % % % % %
0 t o 5 7 4 [ 1 0 ] 8 0 8 4 7 7 7 5 7 5 7 5 6 t o 1 1 U n d e r 1 2
1 7 9 1 ( 3 )
[ 2 ] [ 1 2 ]
1 2 9 1 ( 3 )
6 9 0 ( 5 )
2 0 9 6 ( 2 )
1 7 9 3 ( 3 )
1 5 9 0 ( 2 )
1 5 9 0 ( 2 )
1 2 t o 1 7 9 2 5 4 - 3 6 5 1 8 + - 2 4 6 4 4 4 5 1 2 o r a b o v e 9 ( 3 ) [ 4 ] 9 ( 3 ) 1 0 ( 5 ) 4 ( 2 ) 7 ( 3 ) 1 0 ( 2 ) 1 0 ( 2 )
B a s e 7 3 1 6 8 1 3 0 6 4 9 5 1 9 9 2 9 2
O t h e r f a r m in g O th e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g O t h e r c o n s t r u c t i o n O t h e r c o m m u n ic a t io n O t h e r s a l e s , s e r v i c e r e l a t e d o c c s e t c o c c s o c c s O t h e r t r a n s p o r t o c c s o c c s o c c s O t h e r o c c s n e s T o ta l
C I S - R S c o r e % % % % % % % %
0 t o 5 7 9 7 8 7 5 8 1 7 5 6 3 8 8 6 9 6 t o 1 1 1 9 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 9 2 0 8 1 8 U n d e r 1 2 9 8 ( 2 ) 8 8 ( 6 ) 8 6 ( 6 ) 9 1 ( 5 ) 9 4 ( 2 ) 8 3 ( 2 ) 9 6 ( 4 ) 8 7 ( 0 )
1 2 t o 1 7 1 1 2 7 7 3 9 4 7 1 8 + 1 - 7 2 3 8 - 6 1 2 o r a b o v e 2 ( 2 ) 1 2 ( 6 ) 1 4 ( 6 ) 9 ( 5 ) 6 ( 2 ) 1 7 ( 2 ) 4 ( 4 ) 1 3 ( 0 )
B a s e 7 6 3 9 6 9 4 0 9 8 6 1 7 3 5 1 2 0 4 7
CIS-R score (grouped) by specific additional unit groupings 1993-2000
Sales managers Others in
category 12 Higher
education Secondary education
Primary education Social workers
Nurses & midwives
Other health assoc prof
Welfare, community,
youth workers Accounts,
clerks
Cou nter
clerk s
CIS-R Score % % % % % % % % % % %
0 to 5 6 to 11 Under 12
12 to 17 18+ 12 or above
71 19 90
6 4
10
(2)
(2)
70 17 87
7 6
13
(2)
(2)
69 19 87
7 6
13
(3)
(3)
66 18 85
9 7
15
(2)
(2)
62 22 83
11 6
17
(4)
(4)
61 27 88
7 5
12
(3)
(3)
62 28 90
6 4
10
(2)
(2)
60 25 85
12 3
15
(3)
(3)
61 15 77
15 8
23
(5)
(5)
68 20 88
7 6
12
(2)
(2)
70 17 88
7 5
12
Base 198 255 141 168 174 81 263 101 83 340 143
Police officers etc Security staff Chefs Waiters Barstaff Nurse aux
Care assistants & attendants
Drivers of roads goods vehicles
Cleaners & domestics
Other occupations All
CIS-R Score % % % % % % % % % % %
0 to 5 6 to 11 Under 12
12 to 17 18+ 12 or above
Base
82 10 93
6 2 7
111
(3)
(3)
64 21 85
4 11 15
67
(5)
(5)
66 18 84
14 2
16
119
(3)
(3)
50 29 80
12 8
20
76
(5)
(5)
47 26 73
12 15 27
85
(5)
(5)
57 26 83
5 12 17
94
(4)
(4)
66 15 81
12 8
19
217
(3)
(3)
75 17 92
5 3 8
189
(2)
(2)
63 18 82
11 8
18
372
(2)
(2)
70 17 88
7 5
12
8775
69 18
(0) 87
7 6
(0) 13 12052
Appendix C Weighting the data and statistical terms used and their interpretation
C1 Weighting the data
This study involved the use of two datasets. The bulk of the analysis is based on the ONS survey of psychiatric morbidity among adults living in private household, 2000 (PMA 2000). However, in order to increase the sample sizes in the different occupational groups, for some analyses this data was combined with the data from a similar survey also carried out by ONS (then OPCS) in 1993 (PMA 1993). Both these surveys had complex stratified, clustered designs and in order for the results of the analyses reported here to be representative of the household population as a whole it was necessary to apply weights which took account of the complex survey design and non-response for both surveys.
1. Weighting the 2000 survey.
Weighting for the 2000 survey occurred in three steps. First the data were weighted to take account of different sampling rates for postal sectors in Scotland. Secondly, sample weights were applied to take account of the different probabilities of selecting respondents in different sized households. Finally, weights were applied using post-stratification based on age, sex and region to weight the data up to represent the structure of the national population, to take account of differential non-response among regions and age groups.
(a) Weighting for differential sampling rates
The PMA 2000 sample for Scotland was disproportionately large, so the first weighting step was to weight for sample inclusion probabilities. The numbers of PAF delivery points in the different countries are used to calculate the proportion of sectors which would be sampled if the same sampling rates had been used throughout Great Britain. The weighting factor to compensate for over-sampling was calculated by dividing this proportionate number of sectors by the actual number of sectors sampled.
(b) Weighting for different selection probabilities in households of varying size
Only one adult was sampled per household, so a second factor (the number of eligible adults in the household) was used to compensate for the different probability of selection for individuals in different sized households. The two sampling weights were then multiplied together.
(c) Post-stratification of the sample
Household population estimates for age in ten-year bands, sex and region (taken from the Labour Force Survey) were used to post-stratify the data to population controls. Groups based on Government Office Region were used, together with age in ten year bands and sex, for poststratification. A grossing factor was calculated by dividing the known population estimate by the weighted survey estimate. A new compound weight was calculated by multiplying the weight obtained at the end of stage (b) by the grossing factor. More details of the weighting for the baseline survey can be found in the technical report of the survey, Psychiatric morbidity among adults living in private households, 2000: Technical Report by Singleton et al, which is available on the National Statistics website (www.statistics.gov.uk).
2. Weighting the 1993 survey.
(a) Weighting for different selection probabilities in households of varying size
Unlike the 2000 survey, the 1993 survey was not oversampled by region. Therefore the first weighting stage was to correct for sampling one adults per household as was done for the 2000 survey.
(c) Post-stratification of the sample
In the 1993 survey, some information was collected about non-responders so the weighting used in the analysis conducted at that time made use of these data. However, as the two datasets were to be combined for the analysis in this report, it was necessary to weight the data in a manner consistent with that for PMA 2000. Therefore the sample was post-stratified using counts by age group, sex and region from the June-August 1993 Labour Force Survey. The age groups, in tenyear bands (except the lowest), and regional classifications, based on the GOR, were the same as for the 2000 survey, except that the highest 65-74 groups was not covered in the 1993 survey. For both the 1993 and 2000 survey the grossed weights were scaled back to the original sample size for use in the multiple logistic regression analyses and other analyses involving testing for statistical significance.
C2 Confidence intervals
The percentages and means quoted in the text of this report represent summary information about a variable (e.g. CIS-R score) based on the sample of people interviewed in this study. However, extrapolation from these sample statistics is required in order to make inferences about distribution of that particular variable in the population. This is done by calculating confidence intervals around the statistic in question. These confidence intervals indicate the range within which the ‘true’ (or population) percentage is likely to lie. Where 95% confidence intervals are calculated, this simply indicates that one is ‘95% confident’ that the population percentage lies within this range. (More accurately, it indicates that, if repeated samples were drawn from the population, the percentage would lie within this range in 95% of the samples.) Confidence intervals are calculated on the basis of the sampling error (see below). The upper 95% confidence intervals are calculated by adding the sampling error (SE) multiplied by 1.96 to the sample percentage or mean. The lower confidence interval is derived by subtracting the same value. 99% confidence intervals can also be calculated, by replacing the value 1.96 by the value 2.58.
C3 Sampling errors
The sampling error is a measure of the degree to which a percentage (or other summary statistic) would vary if repeatedly calculated in a series of samples. It is used in the calculation of confidence intervals and statistical significance tests. In this survey simple random sampling did not take place, a multi-stage stratified sampling design was used. In addition, the data was weighted firstly to take account of differing selection probabilities and, secondly, to compensate for non-response using post-stratification. To take account of the complex sample design and weighting procedures used in this survey, sampling errors were calculated using STATA and the sampling errors associated with some key survey estimates are shown in parentheses in the tables in Appendix B. However, this does not affect the interpretation of the sampling errors or their use in the calculation of confidence intervals. The formula to measure whether the differences between the percentages is likely to be due entirely to sampling error for a complex design is: se(p1-p2) = √(se(p1) + se(p2))
where p1 and p2 are observed percentages for the two sub-samples. The 95% confidence interval for the difference between two percentages is then given by; (p1-p2) +/- 1.96 x se(p1-p2) If this confidence interval includes zero then the observed difference is considered to be a result of chance variation in the sample. If the interval does not include zero then it is unlikely (less than 5% probability) that the observed differences could have occurred by chance. Because of the small sizes of many of the sub-groups covered in this report, some of the sampling errors are very large so that many of the apparent differences between groups are not statistically significant and extreme care should be taken in interpreting the findings. In general where differences do reach statistical significance (see below) this is remarked upon in the text.
C4 Significance
It is stated in the text of the report that some differences are ‘significant’. This indicates that it is unlikely that a difference of this magnitude would be found due to chance alone. Specifically, the likelihood that the difference would occur simply by chance is less than 5%. This is conventionally assumed to be in frequent enough to discount chance as an explanation for the finding. However, it should be borne in mind that where a large number of comparisons are made it is possible that such chance findings may occur.
C5 Multiple Logistic Regression (MLR) and Odds Ratios (OR)
Logistic regression analysis has been used in the analysis of the survey data to provide a measure
of the effect of, for example, being in a particular occupational group on the likelihood of having
a common mental disorder. However, unlike the cross tabulations presented elsewhere in the
report, MLR estimates the effect of any one variable, while controlling for the confounding effect
of other variables in the analysis.
Logistic regression produces an estimate of the probability of an event occurring when an individual is in a particular category compared to a reference category. This effect is measured in terms of odds. For example, Table 20 shows that being in the minor SOC group General managers in government & large organisations increased the odds of a person having psychological disorder compared to the reference category of Specialist managers. The amount by which the odds are actually increased is shown by the Adjusted Odds Ratio (OR). In this case the OR is 2.29 indicating that, compared to Specialist managers, if a person is in an occupation in the General managers in government & large organisations group the odds that they will have psychological disorder are doubled, controlling for the possible confounding effects of the sociodemographic, financial and ill health variables included in the model. To determine whether this increase is due to chance rather than to the effect of the variable one must consult the associated 95% confidence interval. In some tables showing adjusted odds ratios, ORs which are statistically significant at the 95% level are indicated by a single asterisk * and ORs which are statistically significant at the 99% level are indicated by double asterisks **.
Confidence intervals around an Odds Ratio
The confidence intervals around odds ratios can be interpreted in the manner described in this
section. For example, Table 20 shows an odds ratio of 2.29 for the association between being in
the General managers in government & large organisations group and having psychological
disorder, with a confidence interval from 1.30 to 4.03, indicating that the ‘true’ (i.e. population)
OR is likely to lie between these two values. If the confidence interval does not include 1.00 then
the OR is likely to be significant – that is, the association between the variable and the odds of
psychological disorder is unlikely to be due to chance. If the interval includes 1.00, then it is
possible that the ‘true’ OR is actually 1.00, that is no increase in odds can be attributed to the
variable.
Printed and published by the Health and Safety ExecutiveC30 1/98
Printed and published by the Health and Safety ExecutiveC1.10 12/03
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