Department Of

Pharmacognosy

Research On

Pharmacological Drugs

Containing Alkaloids and

/ or Glycosides

Under Supervision Of

Ph.D. Rabab

Mohamed

Presented By:

Abanoub Hanna 1 Abanoub Nagy 2 Ibraam Saad 6 Andrew Youssef 67 Ehab Eshak 82 Peter Eissa 86 Bishoy Salib 87 Kiroles Atef 170 Michael Nabil 177 Mena Toni 228 Mena sobhy 229 Mena Emad 230 Wagdy Abdo 253

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Lanoxin

(digoxin) Tablets, USP

125 mcg (0.125 mg) Scored I.D. Imprint Y3B (yellow)

250 mcg (0.25 mg) Scored I.D. Imprint X3A (white)

DRUG DESCRIPTION

Lanoxin (digoxin) is one of the cardiac (or digitalis) glycosides, a closely

related group of drugs having in common specific effects on myocardium.

Digoxin is extracted from the leaves of Digitalis lanata. The term “digitalis”

is used to designate the whole group of glycosides.

USES

Heart Failure:

(digoxin tablets) is indicated for the treatment of mild to moderate heart

failure. Digoxin increases left ventricular ejection fraction and improves

heart failure symptoms as evidenced by exercise capacity and heart

failure-related hospitalizations and emergency care, while having no effect

on mortality.

Where possible, digoxin should be used with a diuretic and an

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, but an optimal order for star ting

these three drugs cannot be specified.

Atrial Fibrillation:

DIGITEK (digoxin tablets) is indicated for the control of ventricular

response rate in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation.

SIDE EFFECTS

I. fast, slow, or uneven heart rate

II. bloody or black, tarry stools

III. blurred vision, yellowed vision

IV. confusion, hallucinations, unusual thoughts or behavior

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Novothyrox® (levothyroxine sodium) Tablets, USP

DRUG DESCRIPTION

NOVOTHYROX (levothyroxine sodium tablets, USP) contains synthetic

crystalline L-3, 3', 5, 5'-tetraiodothyronine sodium salt [levothyroxine (T4)

sodium].

Synthetic T4 is identical to that produced in the human thyroid gland.

Levothyroxine (T4) sodium has an empirical formula of

C15H10I4NNaO4•H2O, molecular weight of 798.86 g/mol (anhydrous),

and structural formula as shown

USES

Hypothyroidism

As replacement or supplemental therapy in congenital or acquired

hypothyroidism of any etiology, except transient hypothyroidism during the

recovery phase of subacutethyroiditis.

Pituitary TSH Suppression

In the treatment or prevention of various types of euthyroid goiters ,

including thyroid nodules thyroiditis), multinodular goiteR and, as an

adjunct to surgery andradioiodine therapy in the management of

thyrotropin-dependent well-differentiatedthyroid cancer.

SIDE EFFECTS

I. Central nervous system: headache, hyperactivity,

nervousness, anxiety, irritability, emotional lability, insomnia

II. Respiratory: dyspnea;

III. Gastrointestinal: diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and

elevations in liver function tests;

IV. Dermatologic: hair loss, flushing;

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Avinza DRUG DESCRIPTION

morphine sulfate is 7,8-didehydro-4,5 alpha-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-

3,6 alpha-diol sulfate (2:1) (salt) pentahydrate with a molecular weight of

758.

Morphine sulfate occurs as white, feathery, silky crystals; cubical masses

of crystal; or white crystalline powder.

It is soluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohol, but is practically

insoluble in chloroform or ether.

The octane water partition coefficient of morphine is 1.42 at physiologic

pH and the pKa is 7.9 for the tertiary nitrogen (the majority is ionized at

pH 7.4).

USES

I. AVINZA (morphine sulfate) uses the proprietary SODAS®

(Spheroidal Oral Drug Absorption System) technology to produce

the extended release component of AVINZA (morphine sulfate) ,

which combined with an immediate release component achieves

the desired release profile characteristics of AVINZA (morphine

sulfate) capsules.

II. Within the gastrointestinal tract, due to the permeability of the

ammoni-omethacrylate copolymers of the beads, fluid enters the

beads and solubilizes the drug. This is mediated by fumaric acid,

which acts as an osmotic agent and a local pH modifier. The

resultant solution then diffuses out in a predetermined manner

which prolongs the in vivo dissolution and absorption phases

SIDE EFFECTS

Call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects:

I. shallow breathing, slow heartbeat II. seizure (convulsions)

III. cold, clammy skin IV. confusion V. severe weakness or dizziness VI. feeling light-headed, fainting

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Donnatal Extentabs® (belladonna alkaoids, phenobarbital)

DRUG DESCRIPTION

Each Donnatal Extentabs® (belladonna alkaloids, phenobarbital) tablet

contains:

Phenobarbital, USP (3/4 gr.) ....................................48.6 mg

Hyoscyamine Sulfate, USP .................................... 0.3111 mg

Atropine Sulfate, USP ............................................ 0.0582 mg

Scopolamine Hydrobromide, USP ......................... 0.0195 mg

Each Donnatal Extentabs® (belladonna alkaloids, phenobarbital) tablet

contains the equivalent of three Donnatal® tablets. Extentabs® are

designed to release the ingredients gradually to provide effects for up to

twelve (12) hours.

SIDE EFFECTS

Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic

reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or

throat.

Stop using this medication and call your doctor at once if you have any of

these serious side effects:

I. diarrhea II. painful or difficult urination

III. fast or pounding heartbeats IV. blurred vision with eye pain, or seeing halos around lights V. feeling like you might pass out

PRECATUIONS

Before taking this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are

allergic to hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine, or phenobarbital; or if you

have any other allergies.

This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic

reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.

Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical

history, especially of: glaucoma, enlarged prostate, problems with

urination due to a blocked urinary tract, other stomach/intestinal problems.

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Navelbine DRUG DESCRIPTION

NAVELBINE (vinorelbine tartrate) Injection is for intravenous

administration. Each vial contains vinorelbine tartrate equivalent to 10 mg

(1-mL vial) or 50 mg (5-mL vial) vinorelbine in Water for Injection.

No preservatives or other additives are present. The aqueous solution is

sterile and nonpyrogenic. Vinorelbine tartrate is a semi-syntheticvinca

alkaloid with antitumor activity.

The chemical name is 3',4'-didehydro-4'-deoxy-C'-norvincaleukoblastine

[R-(R*,R*)-2, 3-dihydroxybutanedioate (1:2)(salt)]. Vinorelbine tartrate has

the following structure

SIDE EFFECTS

Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic

reaction: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or

throat.

Call your doctor at once if you have a serious side effect such as:

I. signs of infection such as fever, chills, flu symptoms, mouth and throat ulcers, rapid heart rate, rapid and shallow breathing, fainting

II. cough, bronchospasm (wheezing, chest tightness, trouble breathing)

III. severe constipation, stomach pain, bloody or black stools

PRECATUIONS

Before using vinorelbine, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic

to it; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive

ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to

your pharmacist for more details.

This medication should not be used if you have certain medical

conditions. Before using this medicine, consult your doctor or pharmacist

if you have: decreased bone marrow function/blood cell disorders (e.g.,

anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia).

Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical

history, especially of: liver disease, numbness/tingling of the hands or

feet, blockage of the stomach/intestines

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Sansert® DRUG DESCRIPTION

Sansert® (methysergide maleate) is a partially synthetic compound

structurally related to lysergic acid butanolamide,

well-known as methylergonovine in obstetrical practice as an oxytocic

agent. Chemically, methysergide maleate is designated as ergoline-8-

carboxamidedidehydro-N-[1-(hydroxymethyl)propyl]-1,6-dimethyl-, (8ß)-,

(Z)-2-butenedioate (1:1) (salt).

Methylation in the number 1 position of the ring structure enormously

enhances the antagonism to serotonin which is present to a much lesser

degree in the partially methylated compound (methylergonovine maleate)

as well as profoundly altering other pharmacologic properties.

Active Ingredient: methysergide maleate, USP.

Inactive Ingredients: acacia, carnauba wax, colloidal silicon dioxide,

FD&C Blue #1, FD&C Yellow #5, gelatin, lactose, malic acid,

povidone, sodium benzoate, starch (corn), stearic acid, sucrose, synthetic

black iron oxide, talc, and titanium dioxide.

SIDE EFFECTS

Stop taking methysergide and seek emergency medical attention if you

experience an allergic reaction (difficulty breathing; closing of your throat;

swelling of your lips, tongue, or face; or hives).

Notify your doctor immediately if you experience leg cramps when

walking; hip, side, or chest pain; painful urination; shortness of breath; or

coldness, numbness, or pain in your hands, feet, arms, or legs.

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Entex Pse DRUG DESCRIPTION

Each Entex PSE (pseudoephedrine and guaifenesin) yellow coated,

scored, long-acting tablet for oral administration contains

This product contains ingredients of the following therapeutic

classes: decongestantand expectorant.

Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride is a decongestant having the chemical

name, benzenemethanol,(alpha)-[1-(methylamino)ethyl]-[ S -( R*, R* ) ]-,

hydrochloride.

Guaifenesin is an expectorant having the chemical name, 1,2-

propanediol, 3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)

SIDE EFFECTS

Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic

reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or

throat.

Stop taking this medication and call your doctor at once if you have any of

these serious side effects:

I. fast, pounding, or uneven heartbeat II. severe dizziness, anxiety, restless feeling, or nervousness

III. easy bruising or bleeding, unusual weakness, fever, chills, body aches, flu symptoms

IV. increased blood pressure

PRECATUIONS

Before taking this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are

allergic to pseudoephedrine or guaifenesin; or if you have any other

allergies. Also tell your doctor if you have had a bad reaction to similar

drugs (sympathomimetics such as ephedrine, phenylephrine).

This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic

reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.

Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical

history, especially of: breathing problems (such as emphysema, chronic

bronchitis, asthma, smoker's cough), cough with blood or large amounts of mucus, high blood pressure, heart disease

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Vfend DRUG DESCRIPTION

VFEND® (voriconazole), a triazole antifungal agent is available as a

lyophilized powder for solution for intravenous infusion, film-coated tablets

for oral administration, and as a powder for oral suspension.

Voriconazole is designated chemically as (2R,3S)-2-(2, 4-difluorophenyl)-

3-(5-fluoro-4-pyrimidinyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4triazol-1-yl)-2-butanol with an

empirical formula of C16H14F3N5O and a molecular weight of 349.3.

Voriconazole drug substance is a white to light-colored powder.

VFEND I.V. is intended for administration by intravenous infusion. It is a

single-dose, unpreserved product. Vials containing 200 mg lyophilized

voriconazole are intended for reconstitution with Water for Injection to

produce a solution containing 10 mg/mL VFEND and 160 mg/mL of

sulfobutyl ether beta-cyclodextrin sodium. The resultant solution is further

diluted prior to administration as an intravenous infusion

SIDE EFFECTS

Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic

reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or

throat.

Call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects:

I. sudden behavior changes, problems with thinking or speech II. stomach pain, loss of appetite, dark urine, jaundice (yellowing of

the skin or eyes) III. urinating less than usual or not at all IV. fever, sore throat, and headache with a severe blistering, peeling

PRECATUIONS

Before taking voriconazole, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are

allergic to it; or to other azole antifungals (e.g., itraconazole,

ketoconazole); or if you have any other allergies.

This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic

reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.

Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical

history, especially of: liver disease, recent chemotherapy, certain

hereditary problems with digesting/absorbing the sugar galactose.

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CORZIDE (nadolol and bendroflumethiazide) Tablet

DRUG DESCRIPTION

Nadolol is a white crystalline powder. It is freely soluble in ethanol, soluble

in hydrochloric acid, slightly soluble in water and in chloroform, and very

slightly soluble in sodium hydroxide.

Nadolol is designated chemically as 1-(tert-butylamino)-3-{ (5,6,7,8-

tetrahydro-cis-6,7-dihydroxy-1-naphthyl)oxy} -2-propanol.

Bendroflumethiazide is a white crystalline powder. It is soluble in alcohol

and in sodium hydroxide, and insoluble in hydrochloric acid, water, and

chloroform.

Bendroflumethiazide is designated chemically as 3-benzyl-3,4-dihydro-6-

(trifluoromethyl)-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide.

PRECATUIONS

Before taking this product, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic

to nadolol or bendroflumethiazide; or to other thiazides (such as

hydrochlorothiazide); or if you have any other allergies.

This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic

reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.

This medication should not be used if you have certain medical

conditions.

Before using this medicine, consult your doctor or pharmacist if you have:

certain types of heart rhythm problems (such as a slow heartbeat, second-

or third-degree atrioventricular block, sick sinus syndrome), an inability to

make urine (anuria), breathing problems (such as asthma, chronic

bronchitis, emphysema).

Nadolol

Bendroflumethiazide

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PRIMACOR®

(milrinone lactate) Injection

200 MCG/ML IN 5% Dextrose Injection

DRUG DESCRIPTION

PRIMACOR, brand of milrinone lactate injection, is a member of a class of

bipyridine inotropic/vasodilator agents with phosphodiesterase inhibitor

activity, distinct from digitalis glycosides or catecholamines. PRIMACOR

(milrinone lactate) is designated chemically as 1,6-dihydro-2-methyl-6-

oxo-[3,4'-bipyridine]-5-carbonitrile lactate

Milrinone is an off-white to tan crystalline compound with a molecular

weight of 211.2 and an empirical formula of C12 H9 N3 O. It is slightly

soluble in methanol, and very slightly soluble in chloroform and in water.

As the lactate salt, it is stable and colorless to pale yellow in solution.

PRIMACOR is available as sterile aqueous solutions of the lactate salt of

milrinone for infusion intravenously.

Pre-Mix Flexible Containers: The Flexible Containers provide two ready-

to-use dilutions of milrinone in volumes of 100 mL and 200 mL of 5%

Dextrose Injection. Each mL contains milrinone lactate equivalent to 200

mcg milrinone. The nominal concentration of lactic acid is 0.282 mg/mL.

Each mL also contains 49.4 mg dextrose, anhydrous, USP. The pH is

adjusted to between 3.2 and 4.0 with lactic acid orsodium hydroxide.

The flexible plastic container is comprised of polyvinyl chloride with a foil

overwrap. Water can permeate the plastic into the overwrap, but the

amount is insufficient to significantly affect the pre-mix solution.

SIDE EFFECTS

Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic

reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or

throat.

Tell your caregivers at once if you have a serious side effect such as:

I. chest pain II. feeling like you might pass out

III. bronchospasm (wheezing, chest tightness, trouble breathing) IV. low potassium (confusion, uneven heart rate, extreme thirst,

increased urination, leg discomfort, muscle weakness or limp feeling).

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ALPHAGAN® P (brimonidine tartrate) Ophthalmic Solution 0.1% and 0.15%

DRUG DESCRIPTION

ALPHAGAN® P (brimonidine tartrate ophthalmic solution) 0.1% or 0.15%, sterile,

is a relatively selective alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist (topical intraocular

pressure lowering agent).

SIDE EFFECTS

Stop using brimonidine and get emergency medical help if you have any

of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of

your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

Call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects:

I. slow or uneven heart rate; II. pounding heartbeats or fluttering in your chest

III. shallow breathing, feeling like you might pass out IV. severe swelling, redness, or discomfort in or around your eye V. eye pain

PRECATUIONS

Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it;

or to apraclonidine; or if you have any other allergies.

This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions

or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.

Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history,

especially of: blood vessel diseases (thromboangiitis obliterans), blood circulation

disorders (cerebral or coronary insufficiency), depression, severe heart disease,

kidney disease, liver disease, Raynaud's disease, low blood pressure upon

standing (orthostatic hypotension).

This drug may make you dizzy or drowsy or cause blurred vision. Do not drive,

use machinery, or do any activity that requires alertness.

Reference:

www.rxlist.com