INTRODUCTION TO REMOTE SENSING

Research MethodologySHAHID KARIM20-01-2015Research Methodology BY: SHAHID KARIM, M S Geography. GCU Lahore, Fall 2014Scientific Inquiry11CONTENTSScientific Inquiry

Research Methodology BY: SHAHID KARIM, M S Geography. GCU Lahore, Fall 201422Scientific InquiryResearch Methodology BY: SHAHID KARIM, M S Geography. GCU Lahore, Fall 2014Scientific inquiry has two functionsFirst, to provide a descriptive account of things happen scientifically (big bang, Tsunami, climate change, cancer, HIV/AIDs etc.) Second to provide an explanatory account of why things work out (causal explanations).3Types of Scientific Inquiry4Deductive ReasoningInductive Reasoning

Research Methodology BY: SHAHID KARIM, M S Geography. GCU Lahore, Fall 2014Deductive reasoning is the process by which a person makes conclusions based on laws, rules, theories or previously known factsA type of logic in which one goes from a general statement to a specific instance (from general to specific).Example 1: All human beings are mortal. (major premise) Somchai is a human being. (minor premise) Therefore, Somchai is mortal. (conclusion)Research Methodology BY: SHAHID KARIM, M S Geography. GCU Lahore, Fall 2014Deductive Reasoning5Research Methodology BY: SHAHID KARIM, M S Geography. GCU Lahore, Fall 20146Deductive Reasoning The above is an example of a syllogism.Syllogism: An argument composed of two statements or premises (the major and minor premises), followed by a conclusion.For any given set of premises are correct, the conclusion should be also valid. The major premise must be known in advance.Example 2:If all balls are thrown into the air, they will falldown to a ground. (Gravity Theory of Newton)A tennis ball is one of those balls.Therefore, the tennis ball will fall down to the ground.Example 3:The poor farmers have low income.I am the poor.Therefore, I have low income

Research Methodology BY: SHAHID KARIM, M S Geography. GCU Lahore, Fall 20147Deductive ReasoningIt is empirical.Based on our experiences and observations in a real world.Make uses of experiences and observations to make conclusions.From specific cases and make generalizations (specific to general)Research Methodology BY: SHAHID KARIM, M S Geography. GCU Lahore, Fall 20148Inductive ReasoningIt involves going from a series of specific cases to a general statement. The conclusion in an inductive argument is never guaranteed.Just because a researcher observes a number of situations in which a pattern exists does not mean that that pattern is true for all situations.The researcher could then conduct a more formal study based on the findings and then set a hypothesis and conclude that her/his hypothesis is either right, wrong, or only partially wrong. Research Methodology BY: SHAHID KARIM, M S Geography. GCU Lahore, Fall 20149Inductive ReasoningExampleCarrot is good for health.carrot is a vegetable.Therefore, consumption of vegetables are good for health.Research Methodology BY: SHAHID KARIM, M S Geography. GCU Lahore, Fall 201410Inductive ReasoningSome Advantages/DisadvantagesDeductive:Advantage: The premises must be true or valid.Disadvantage: The premises must be known in advance.Inductive:Advantage: Can start with minimum or nothing through observations and make conclusionsDisadvantage: Conclusions are tentative.

Research Methodology BY: SHAHID KARIM, M S Geography. GCU Lahore, Fall 201411Deductive and Inductive ReasoningThe scientific method is a process for experimentation that is used to explore observations and answer questions.Scientists use the scientific method to search for cause and effect relationships in nature.In other words, they design an experiment so that changes to one item causing something else to vary in a predictable way.Research Methodology BY: SHAHID KARIM, M S Geography. GCU Lahore, Fall 201412Scientific MethodSteps of Scientific MethodAsk a Question: The scientific method starts when you ask a question about something that you observe: How, What, When, Who, Which, Why, or Where?Do Background Research: Rather than starting from scratch in putting together a plan for answering your question, you want to find out. A scientist uses library and internet research (for literatures) to help you find the bestway to do things and insure that you do not repeat mistakes from the past.Construct a Hypothesis: A hypothesis is an intellectual guess about how things work. The hypothesis should be constructed in a way to help you answer your original question.Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment: Your experiment tests whether your hypothesis is true or false. It is important for your experiment to be a fair test.Research Methodology BY: SHAHID KARIM, M S Geography. GCU Lahore, Fall 201413Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion: Once your experiment is complete, you collect your measurements and analyze them to see if your hypothesis is true or false. Sometimes, scientists often find that their hypothesis was false, and in such cases they will construct a new hypothesis starting the entire process of the scientific method over again. Even if they find that their hypothesis was true, they may want to test it again in a new way. Communicate Your Results: To complete the task, you will communicate your results to others in a final report and/or a display board. Professional scientists do almost exactly the same thing by publishing their final report in a scientific journal or by presenting their results to public.Research Methodology BY: SHAHID KARIM, M S Geography. GCU Lahore, Fall 201414Steps of Scientific MethodResearch Methodology BY: SHAHID KARIM, M S Geography. GCU Lahore, Fall 201415

Steps of Scientific Method Q/AResearch Methodology BY: SHAHID KARIM, M S Geography. GCU Lahore, Fall 201416