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TEACHING/LEARNING MATERIALS FOR GRADUATION RESEARCH CLASS TWO

STEP 3 OF RESEARCH: COMPILING A WORKING BIBLIOGRAPHY

The word biblio in Greek means book and graphy means writing. Bibliography refers to a list of books that are related to a particular subject or topic.

A working bibliography is necessary while conducting research. A working bibliography refers to the list of books or internet sources that the researcher uses or will use in the process of research. So, a working bibliography contains:

A list of books or internet sources that the researcher has already used (AND/OR)

A list of books or internet sources that the researcher intends to use

Generally, when a researcher reads a particular book, then he/should record the following information about it:

Name of the author

Title of the Book with edition (if it is the second or third or fifth edition)

Place of Publication

Name of the publisher

Year of publication

Whether it a printed book or an internet source

NAME OF THE AUTHOR:

Usually, while mentioning the name of the author, one must mention the second name first. After the second name a comma is added, and then the first name is written.

For example William Shakespeare is written like this:

Shakespeare, William

Look at the following names of authors. How will you write them in your working bibliography?

David CrystalAnne BodineJulie R. McMillan

Nancy C. DorianJenny ThomasLeila Fawaz

William BrightJoan RubinH.W. Longfellow

Alexander PopeAmin MaloufSeamus Heaney

Nawal SadawiRita DoveStanley Fish

BOOKS BY TWO OR THREE AUTHORS:

Some books are written by two or three authors. In such cases, one must write the name of the first author with the second name first and the first name after the comma. But for the second and the third authors, the names should be written as they are.

For example:

Casey Miller and Kate Swift

Here the first author is Casey Miller. So the name should be written like this:

Miller, Casey.

But the second name should be written as it is. So while writing the names of the author, this is how the names should appear:

Miller, Casey and Kate Swift

Now look at these names.

Margaret C. Sharpe and John Sandefur

These names will be written like this:

Sharpe, Margaret C. and John Sandefur

Now look at these names.

Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, and Elizabeth Angeli

Here there are three authors.

As usual, the name of the first author is reversed. But the other two remain the same.

So, the researcher will write the names like this:

Russell, Tony, Allen Brizee, and Elizabeth Angeli

Look at the following names of authors. How will you write them in your working bibliography?

1. James Milroy and Leslie Milroy

2. Elizabeth Gordon and Tony Deverson

3. Janet Holmes, Allan Bell, and Mary Boyce

4. Andrew Wright, David Betteridge and Michael Buckby

5. Howard Giles and Philip Smith

6. Laurie Bauer and Peter Trudgill

7. Herbert W. Seliger and Elena Goldberg Shohamy

8. Barry Thorne, Cheris Kramarae, and Nancy Henley

9. Susan Philips and Anne Reynolds

10. Julie R. McMillan, Kay Clifton and Diane McGrath

BOOKS BY MORE THAN THREE AUTHORS

When there are books written by more than three authors, then only the first author's name is written with the second name first and the first name second. Instead of the others, the researcher can write et al meaning "and others."

For example:

Pablo Fontela, Antonio Sorio, Javier Mielgo, and Juan de Blas can be written like this:

Fontela, Pablo, et al

TITLE OF THE BOOK:

While writing the title of the book, one has to follow certain rules of punctuations.

CAPITALISE THE FIRST WORD.

CAPITALISE ALL NOUNS, VERBS, ADJECTIVES, AND ADVERBS, CONJUNCTIONS (BECAUSE, AS, THAT), AND PRONOUNS (I, YOU, HE, SHE, IT, YOUR, MINE, MY)

DO NOT CAPITALISE CONJUNCTIONS (AND, BUT, OR, FOR), ARTICLES, AND PREPOSITIONS WHEN THEY COME IN THE MIDDLE OF A TITLE. IF THEY COME AT THE END, THEY SHOULD BE CAPITALISED.

AFTER A COLON OR A QUESTION MARK, CAPITALISE THE FIRST WORD.

Look at the following list of titles. How will you write them in your working bibliography?

tell me your dreams

will in the world: how shakespeare became shakespeare

the moral symbols of william golding

language: the loaded weapon

the merry wives of Windsor

myths to live by

Suja Menon