Research & Innovation Jobs

RESEARCH &INNOVATION JOBSOOppppoorrttuunniittiieess aanndd cchhaalllleennggeess iinn tthhee TToorroonnttoo RReeggiioonn LLaabboouurr MMaarrkkeett

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS WAS FUNDED BY IN PARTNERSHIP WITH

This Employment Ontario project is funded in part by the Government of Canada.

The Toronto Region Research Alliance (TRRA) is a public-private partnership supported by thegovernments of Ontario and Canada, and a wide range of regional stakeholders from the privatesector, universities, colleges and research hospitals.

MISSION

TRRA is a regional economic development organization promoting increased investment in research and innovation to further economic prosperity.

GOALS

VISION

To transform the Toronto Region into a top 5 global centre for research and research-intensive industry.

TORONTO REGION

TRRA defines the Toronto Region based on the location of key innovation clusters in a broadgeographic area anchored by the City of Toronto, and includes the surrounding regions of Durham,Guelph, Halton, Hamilton, Peel, York, Waterloo and Wellington.

ABOUT US

1. Increase awareness of the Toronto Regionamong global R&D decision-makers andinfluencers

2. Retain and grow foreign investment intoregional organizations, and attract innovativeforeign companies to locate here

3. Become the pre-eminent source ofintelligence on regional research assets and associated international trends

4. Promote enhanced research intensity amongregional businesses

5. Advance initiatives to strengthen research and innovation capacity

Toronto RegionFig. 1

CONTENTS

Authors 2

Executive Summary 3

Introduction 4Toronto Region’s Labour Market 5

Occupations in Study 7

Assessing the Demand for and Supply of Research and Innovation Jobs in the Toronto Region 9

Overview of the Chapter 10

Results 12

Occupations in Business & Commerce 16

Occupations in Sciences 18

Engineering Occupations 20

Information Technology Occupations 22

Architecture & Design Occupations 24

Occupations in Health 26

Conclusions 28

Region-based International Benchmarking 29Regions in Study 30

Regional Scientific Production: Patents 32

Rationale for patents 32

A system to compare regional patent outflows 32

Results per Region 34

Regional Scientific Production: Non-Patents 35

Rationale for non-patents 35

A rating system to compare non-patent outflows 35

Results per Region 37

Regional Scientific Production and Resources Available to Universities 38

Conclusions 40

General Conclusions and Recommendations 41

Appendices 42A. List of occupations studied 42

B. Programs of study linked with each occupation, for this study 44

Occupations in Business & Commerce 44

Occupations in Sciences 48

Occupations in Engineering 50

Occupations in Information Technology 57

Occupations in Architecture & Design 61

Occupations in Health 61

End Notes 65

1

RESEARCH & INNOVATION JOBS – Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market2

AUTHORS

TRRA’s team

President & CEO – Patrick Draper

Project Manager & Lead Researcher – Leyden Martinez Fonte

Researchers – Po Ki Chau, Kelsey Norman, Namgoo Yoo

Youth Survey questionnaire designer – Jeannette Chan

Advisors – Chris Adams, Moran Friedman, Sam Lee, Ruth Lewkowicz, Juan Morales, Emina Veletanlic

Coordinator – Sandy Carvalho

Advisory Committee

Stephen Dibert – President & CEO, MEDEC

Diana Harper – Regional Program Advisor, Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities

Sean Kelly – Director, Public Affairs, Pfizer Canada

Darren Lawless – Dean, Applied Research and Innovation, Sheridan Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning

Hadi Mahabadi – Vice President and Director, Xerox Research Centre of Canada

Cheryl Regehr – Vice Provost, Academic Programs, University of Toronto

Gordon Samuels – Vice President, National Accounts, TD Bank Group

David Ticoll – Executive Director, Canadian Coalition for Tomorrow’s ICT Skills

John Vespa – Director, Human Resources, University Health Network

Outsourced team

Youth Survey fielding – studentawards inc.

Employers’ Survey design, fielding & analysis – EKOS Research Inc.

Graphic design & printing – Weave Communications Inc.

Contact at the Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities

Karima Murji, Employment and Training Consultant

3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Toronto Region Research Alliance has conducted a one-year project on Research & Innovation Jobs. We havestudied over 60 occupations in business and commerce, sciences, engineering, information technology andhealth. In 2006, these occupations employed more than 400,000 persons in the Toronto Region, accounting for12 per cent of the region’s employed population.

A supply/demand analysis has been completed on these occupations. The demand was estimated in number of new jobs to be created in 2012, from the hiring intentions surveyed from local employers. The supply wasestimated from the actual number of graduates from colleges and universities in the region in 2010, providedby the Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities.

Nowadays, both the persons trained to perform these occupations and the projects hiring them tend to behighly mobile. Therefore, an international region-based comparison was included. Nine regions were studiedin terms of their scientific production (patents and non-patents), number of post-secondary graduates andresources for universities. Both established and emerging regions were included, across four continents.

Main findings

– In the Toronto Region:

• Occupations in information technology and in engineering will be in high demand and undersupplied.

• Although with a lower demand, occupations in design are estimated to be undersupplied for this year.

• There is a high demand for technical sales skills in the region. Preparation in sales is generally absentfrom post-secondary programs in sciences, engineering, information technology and health, and iselective in most business programs. Short programs in sales are offered by local colleges and universitiesbut in 2010 they had very few graduates (41 graduates in 2010).

• Local youth interest in occupations, measured by a post-secondary students’ survey, is lowest forinformation technology and engineering, and highest in business and commerce.

– In scientific production, measured by recent U.S. patents cited at least once, the Toronto Region appears inseventh place with 153 cited patents. The top regions are Seoul (South Korea) and Bay Area (California,USA), both with 1,000 cited patents in 2010-2011.

– In scientific production, reflected by non-patent publications from the top three universities per region, theToronto Region appears in second place with 46,420 citations. The top region is Bay Area (California, USA)and the third one is Boston Region (Massachusetts, USA), with 73,319 and 45,699 citations, respectively.


INTRODUCTION

Leading economic regions worldwide are implementing fiscal, educational and economic initiatives tocapitalize on the opportunities being created by the new knowledge economy. The global demand forknowledge jobs will create significant competition for talent. Both cultivating and utilizing capabilities in research and innovation have proven to be of great advantage. Regions will vie for leadership in bothestablished and emerging industrial sectors including life sciences, information and communicationtechnology, agri-food, cleantech and alternative energy, and the environment.

This poses critical questions for the Toronto Region economy:

– Will the current educational system meet requirements for these jobs? – Is the region prepared to compete globally in the knowledge economy?

The Research & Innovation Jobs Project addressed these questions at a regional level to best reflect the local marketplace for hiring employers and job-seeking residents, and colleges and universities interested in attracting new students.

For the scope of this study, we used the following definitions:

Research involves studious inquiry or examination, especially investigation or experimentation aimed at thediscovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in light of new facts, or practicalapplication of such new or revised theories or laws. It also involves the systematic collecting of informationabout a particular subject.[1,2]

Innovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), process ormethod. It is also important to remember that invention is not necessarily innovation. While a new inventionimplies that something is different and unique, it does not necessarily imply that the invention is ‘better.’ Atrue innovation is not only new; it’s also an improvement.[3]

Research and Innovation jobs (R&I jobs) are occupations that incorporate elements of either research or innovation (as defined above) in science and technology fields, and require university or college studies. R&I jobs fall within the broader scope of ‘knowledge economy’ jobs, which can be identified as those jobsrequiring higher levels of knowledge and/or training and a broadly based skill set.

Two main pieces of research are included in this document:

– Assessment of the supply/demand in the Toronto Region for over 60 occupations requiring university or college education.

– Comparison of the scientific production (patents and non-patent publications) of nine international regions,including the Toronto Region.

The development of the investigation has resulted in a new way of looking at our regional labour market, both internally and in an international framework. The internal analysis – the focus of the supply/demandassessment – takes into account three pillars: hiring needs from employers, the production of graduates by the post-secondary system, and career interests of local youth. The external analysis – investigated by theregional benchmarking for nine international regions – looks at the scientific production of each region andthat of its top three universities.

The Toronto Region specializes in services that canyield high productivity gains (e.g. finance, health,professional services). It ranks as the Canadian city with the largest share of headquarter functions (40 per cent of the nation’s headquarters), which aregenerally associated with high value-added activities,since headquarter functions tend to be connected tohigh-level services such as advertising, accounting and head-hunting.[4] Moreover, 21 out of the 50 fastestgrowing Canadian technology companies in 2011 werebased in the Toronto Region.[5]

(The relevance of each sector is estimated from itsLocation Quotient. For detailed information on howthese quotients are calculated and their implicationsfor the region, please refer to our recent report“Strategic sectors study – Phase I: LocationQuotients”[6]).

Figure 2 shows the relevance of business sectors in theToronto Census Metropolitan Area (excluding Hamilton,Waterloo and Guelph areas) with respect to theCanadian labour market. Sectors in the top-rightquarter of the figure represent the sectors currentlystronger in the area.

TORONTO REGION’S LABOUR MARKET

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.00.0

0.5

1.0

2.0

1.5

Employment LQ

Esta

blis

hmen

t LQ

Existing strengths, LQs > 1Potential for economic development, LQs < 1

Service subsectors

Mfg. subsectors11 Argiculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting

91 Public Administration

22 Utilities

62 Health Care and

Social Assistance

23 Construction

81 Other Services

(except Public Administration)

61 Educational Services

48-49 Transportation and Warehousing

31-33 Manufacturing

53 Real Estate and

Rental and Leasing51 Information and Cultural Industries

54 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services

52 Finance and Insurance

41 Wholesale Trade

56 Administrative and Support, Waste Management and Remediations Services

44-45 Retail Trade

72 Accommodation and Food Services

71 Arts, Entertainment and Recreation

21 Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction

Toronto Census Metropolitan Area sectors’ relevance with respect to the Canadian labour market. Bubble sizeis based on total employment numbers per sector

Fig. 2

5

Source: Statistics Canada – Number of establishments 2010[7], Employment data 2011[8]


From these sectors, those considered within scope forthis study appear in Figure 3. Only establishments with20 or more employees have been represented as thiswas the requirement sample minimum for this study. It is important to note that, despite the crisis it hasexperienced in the last years, the manufacturing sector is the largest sector in the Toronto Region.

For those curious about sector 54 (Professional,Scientific and Technical Services) Figure 4 offers a glimpse into its composition in the Toronto Region.

Multiple fields of knowledge are included in this sector:accounting, law, advertising, computer systems designand others. As the figure shows, for the Toronto Regionthe largest subsectors are 5416 (Management, Scientificand Technical Consulting Services) and 5415 (ComputerSystems Design and Related Services). If only companieswith 20 or more employees are considered, subsector5415 is the largest (with 525 establishments), followed by5413 (Architectural, Engineering and Related Services)and 5416 (with 415 and 269 establishments, respectively).

31, 32, 33. Manufacturing

52. Finance & Insurance

54. Professional, Scientific and Technical Services

56. Administrative & Support, Waste Management and Remediation Services

62. Health Care and Social Assistance

81. Other services (except Public Administration)

55. Management of Companies and Enterprises

51. Information and Cultural Industries

71. Arts, Entertainment and Recreation

61. Educational Services

91. Public Administration

22. Utilities

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Number of establishments in the Toronto Region (with 20 or more employees) for the sectors within scope for this study

Fig. 3

Source: Statistics Canada 2010 [7]

7

5416 - Management, S

cientific and

Technical Consultin

g Services

5415 - Computer Systems Design

and Related Services

5413 - Archite

ctural, Engineering


5412 - Accountin

g, Tax Preparation,

Bookkeeping and Payroll Services

5411 - Legal S

ervices

5414 - Specialized Design Services

5419 - Other Professional, S

cientific

and Technical Services

5418 - Advertis

ing, Public Relatio

ns


5417 - Scientifi

c Research and

Development Services

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

Number of establishments in each subsector within sector 54. Professional, Scientific and Technical ServicesFig. 4

Over 60 occupations were included in this study (see Appendix A for the complete list of occupationsstudied). According to the 2006 Census, theseoccupations represented 12 per cent of the employedpopulation in the Toronto Region, and 10 per cent ofCanada’s employed population. In the Toronto Region, they represented over 400,000 jobs.

Three categories of occupations are distinguished:

– Influencers are those professionals defining theresearch and innovation strategy of the organization.Top managers are an example of influencers.

– Direct occupations are those involved in theconception or creation of new knowledge, products,processes, methods, and systems. An example ofthese occupations would be a software engineercreating a new mobile application.

– Support occupations are usually not directlyinvolved in the development of an innovation, but thescope of their job is vital to support the process. Anexample of supporting occupations would be aclinical laboratory technician analyzing bloodsamples from patients participating in a clinical trial for a new medicine.

The occupations in this study were grouped into fivegroups by fields of knowledge: Business & Commerce,Sciences, Engineering, Information Technology,Architecture & Design, and Health. Figure 5 shows the percentage of persons employed in the TorontoRegion for each of these occupational groups. Theabsolute number of employees per occupational groupcan be seen in Table 1.

OCCUPATIONS IN STUDY

Architecture & Design 6%

Health 19%

Information Technology 27%

Business & Commerce 28%

Sciences 6%

Engineering 14%

Percentage of persons employed in eachoccupational group, for occupations in study in the Toronto Region

Fig. 5




Business & Commerce

Sciences Engineering Information Technology

Architecture & Design

Health0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Female

Male

Gender balance in the Toronto Region for the occupations in studyFig. 6


Table 1: Number of persons employed in the occupations in this study, in the Toronto Region

Occupational group Number of persons employed in the Toronto Region

Business & Commerce 112,070

Sciences 22,450

Engineering 57,315

Information Technology 109,015

Health 78,210

Architecture & Design 23,540


9

This chapter analyses the match between thenumber of graduates and the hiring needs for 2012 in a set of occupations within Business & Commerce,Sciences, Engineering, Information Technology,Architecture & Design, and Health.

Several goals are pursued by doing this:

– Inform the Toronto Region businesses on theregional hiring trends and the levels of supplyavailable to satisfy that demand.

– Inform the Toronto Region youth in high schooland post-secondary education on occupationswhere more graduates are needed, or which skillscould increase their hiring potential.

– Inform the Toronto Region universities andcolleges about local hiring needs, youth interests,and which areas need more (or less) graduates.

It is important to note that this study does not refer toindividual post-secondary institutions or programs ofstudy. Every parameter studied here is approachedfrom a regional perspective.

Highlights

• Which occupations are in high demand in our region?

• Which occupations might be facing an under-supply in the number of available local graduates?

• In which areas of knowledge is our region rich in new graduates? Can the overflow of newgraduates in certain occupations open upopportunities to create startups and attract foreign investments?

ASSESSING THE DEMAND FORAND SUPPLY OF RESEARCHAND INNOVATION JOBS IN THE TORONTO REGION


Occupations

This study focuses on over 60 occupations in five areas of knowledge: Business &Commerce, Engineering, Sciences, InformationTechnology, Architecture & Design, and Health.All these occupations require university orcollege education.

Occupations in this study are identified by theirNational Occupation Classification (NOC) 2006code.[10]

Statistics provided for each occupation

For each occupation in study, we provide thefollowing information:

- Number of persons employed in the TorontoRegion

- Estimated number of new jobs in the TorontoRegion in 2012

- Estimated number of graduates- Average monetary compensation in the

Toronto Region- Supply/demand analysis with respect to the

number of new graduates from the region- Youth interest in working in the occupation

Let’s look at some of the previously mentionedstatistics in more detail.

Number of persons employed in the TorontoRegion, per occupation of interest

This information was reported by the latestCanadian Census available, corresponding to a 20 per cent sample of the Canadianpopulation in 2006.[9]

The number of persons employed in theoccupations of interest for this study wascalculated by aggregating the values for thefollowing Census Metropolitan Areas: TorontoCMA, Hamilton CMA and Kitchener CMA.

Estimated number of new jobs in the TorontoRegion in 2012

From the hiring intentions per occupationrecorded by our employers’ survey in September2011, we estimated the number of new jobs to becreated in 2012 in local organizations with 20 ormore employees.

The employers’ survey collected responses from374 employers in the Toronto Region.

Estimated number of graduates per occupation

We developed a methodology to link programs ofstudy with the occupations in scope, allowing usto estimate the number of graduates trained foreach occupation. (See Appendix B for a detaileddescription of the programs of study associatedwith each occupation in study). The programsselected are those whose training was closer to the skills required by the occupation.

Once programs of study were linked to occupations,graduates were assigned to occupations by using aweight index. The weight index chosen was thenumber of persons actually employed in theToronto Region in 2006 (date of the last publishedCensus). The rationale behind this was thatoccupations that employ more persons are more likely to open new jobs.

From the over 145,000 graduates from localuniversities and community colleges, over 44,000were linked to the occupations in this study.

OVERVIEW OF THE CHAPTER

Special thanks

The numbers of graduates published byuniversities and colleges in the Toronto Regionare usually aggregated in groups of programsof study. For instance: one university publishesits yearly number of graduates in engineering.That number includes the graduates fromevery engineering program offered at theuniversity.

For this study, the Ministry of Training,Colleges and Universities kindly provided uswith graduation numbers aggregated for allthe universities[11] and for all the colleges[12]

in the Toronto Region but separated for eachdetailed program of study. For instance, howmany mechanical engineers graduated in theregion in 2010.

Having these numbers made it possible toestimate the number of graduates trained perindividual occupation, which we could not haveobtained from the data usually provided byindividual post-secondary centres in the region.

11

Average monetary compensation in the Toronto Region

The Economic Research Institute publishessalary data for a variety of occupations in severalcities including Toronto.[13] Average salaries areavailable for basic wages only, that is excludingbonuses, benefits and other ways of compensatingemployees. As the values are not classified byNOC occupations, we selected a set of jobs whichcould be classified under our occupations, andwe provided their average basic values for theToronto Region in 2011.

Supply/Demand analysis with respect to thenumber of new graduates from the region

The Supply/Demand analysis is provided as aratio between the number of graduates and thenumber of new jobs, per occupation, as follows:

Supply < Demand: Ratio is lower than 0.75 (the number of graduates can only cover lessthan 75 per cent of the new jobs)

Adequate Supply: Ratio between 0.75 and 1.25(the number of graduates is about the same asthe number of new jobs)

Supply > Demand: Ratio higher than 1.25 (the number of graduates is 1.25 times or higher than the number of new jobs)

Youth interest in the occupations

The Supply/Demand analysis will becomplemented with a look at local youth interestin the occupations in study and in broader fieldsof knowledge. Youth interest was measured bythe results of asking 260 university/collegestudents which of the occupations they wereinterested in pursuing. On a more general note,213 high school students were asked about theirinterest and intentions to pursue studies inbroader fields of knowledge.

How to read the Supply/Demand graphs

Each circle corresponds to one item.Depending on the graph, an item correspondsto one occupational group or to one occupation.

The vertical axis provides an indication of howin demand each occupation is, as it shows thenumber of new jobs estimated to be created in the Toronto Region in 2012. The higher anoccupation is located the more in demand it is in the region.

The horizontal axis indicates the ratio betweengraduates and new jobs. The area on the left side(in purple) shows undersupplied occupations.That is, where the number of graduates is lowerthan the number of new jobs to be created in2012. The right side area (in yellow) indicatesoccupations where the number of graduates ishigher than the number of new jobs. The centralarea (vertical, in green) indicates occupationswhere the number of graduates is about thesame as the number of new jobs.

The area of the circles is directly proportionalto the number of graduates being associatedwith the occupation. The bigger the circle, the more graduates are associated with it.

How to read the post-secondary studentinterest graphs

Students enrolled in post-secondaryeducation were asked to “indicate the specificoccupations you are interested in pursuing.”The percentages shown correspond to thepercentage of post-secondary students whoselected each occupation among his/herpreferences. There was no limit set for thenumber of occupations a student could select.

Post-secondary institutions included

The programs of study and number ofgraduates in this study correspond to the following post-secondary institutions:Centennial College, Conestoga College,Durham College, George Brown College,Humber College, McMaster University,Michener College, Mohawk College, OCADUniversity, Queen’s University, RyersonUniversity, Seneca College, Sheridan College,The University of Western Ontario, Universityof Guelph, University of Ontario Institute ofTechnology, University of Toronto, University of Waterloo, Wilfrid Laurier University, andYork University.


RESULTS

Table 2: Summary of statistics for occupational groups in study

Toronto Region

Estimated Estimated Percentage of post-Number of number of number of secondary students

Occupational group employees (2006) new jobs (2012) graduates (2010) interested (2011)

Business & Commerce 112,070 6,531 15,869 51%

Sciences 18,805 3,959 8,326 43%

Engineering 58,085 8,773 6,108 26%

Information Technology (IT) 109,015 9,499 3,740 26%

Architecture & Design 23,540 1,038 573 32%

Health 77,765 3,074 10,881 43%

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.000

2,000

4,000

6,000

10,000

8,000

Health


Sciences

Business & Commerce

Engineering

IT

Supply/Demand

Dem

and

Supply < Demand

Supply = Demand

Supply > Demand

Number of graduates 2010 (distributed by rate of employees per occupation in 2006)

Estimated number of new jobs for 2012

Esti

mat

ed n

umbe

r of

new

jobs

for

2012

(e

stim

ated

from

em

ploy

ers’

sur

vey)

Supply/Demand for occupational groups in studyFig. 7

13

Figure 7 shows the estimated supply/demand situationfor the occupational groups in study. At a glance, we cansee that IT and Engineering are the most demandedoccupations in the Toronto Region. Both seem to beundersupplied, particularly IT, where the number ofgraduates is only 40 per cent of the positions needed to be filled this year. Health and Sciences seem to be in less demand and counting on a generous supply ofgraduates. Finally, Architecture & Design seems to beundersupplied, despite being the least demanded group.

Post-secondary student interest per occupational group

Figure 8 shows the percentage of students interested in each occupational group. The most popular group is Business & Commerce, followed by Sciences andHealth. In Figure 7, we can see these are also thegroups with more graduates. IT and Engineering were less popular among surveyed students.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Business & Commerce

Sciences EngineeringArchitecture & Design

Information Technology

Health

51%

43%

26%

32%

26%

43%

Post-secondary student interest per occupational groupFig. 8

Source: TRRA 2011 Youth Survey


When analysing individual responses we saw that 57 per cent of the students selected occupations inthree or more occupational groups. Given that thesestudents are already enrolled in a specific program ofstudy, this could be an indication that students have abroad vision of their professional future.

Some gender differences appear in the youth interestfor occupational groups. Those who selectedoccupations in sciences, engineering and IT are mostlymales. Those who selected health occupations aremostly females.

Table 3 adds information to this analysis. Fiveoccupational groups are represented in the top 11selected occupations; only Engineering is excluded.Business is still the group with more occupationsmentioned, but the second most popular groups areArchitecture & Design, IT and Health – with twooccupations each. This contrasts somehow with theapparently lower interest in IT.

High school student interest per occupational group

In high school, students looking to continue to post-secondary education are trying to define which areas ofknowledge to pursue. Considering that, we decided notto ask them which specific occupations they wanted towork in, but which areas of knowledge they wanted topursue. Therefore, high school student interest willonly be included for the analysis of occupationalgroups.

The preferred fields of knowledge for high schoolstudents were Sciences, Health and Business (48 per cent, 39 per cent and 32 per cent, respectively).The least preferred fields were Engineering (24 per cent)and IT (13 per cent).

The following gender differences were found:

- Those interested in and intending to apply forprograms in Engineering, Sciences & Mathematicsand IT were mostly male.

- Those who intend to apply for Nursing, Public Healthand Social Work were mainly female.

15

Table 3: Top 11 occupations by post-secondary student interest

Percentage of surveyed post-

secondary students Occupations interested

Sales, marketing and advertising managers

Senior managers – financial, communications and other business services

Senior government managers and officials

Senior managers – health, education, social and community services andmembership organizations

Graphic designers and illustrating artists

Biologists and related scientists (e.g. food scientist)

Architects

Web designers and developers

Dieticians and nutritionists

Computer programmers and interactive media developers

Pharmacists

28%

24%

21%

21%

21%

19%

17%

16%

15%

13%

13%


Occupations in Business & Commerce

Table 4: Statistics for Occupations in Business & Commerce

Toronto Region

Estimated Estimated Percentage of post-NOC Number of number of number of secondary studentscode NOC title employees (2006) new jobs (2012) graduates (2010) interested (2011)

Business & Commerce 112,070 6,531 15,869 51%

6221 Technical sales specialists 14,575 1,387 1,947 8%

0911 Manufacturing managers 20,915 450 2,551 6%

0611 Sales, marketing and advertising managers 52,320 2,007 7,570 28%

0012 Senior government managers and officials 2,090 194 312 21%

0013 Senior managers – financial, communications and other business services 18,085 1,918 2,848 24%

0014 Senior managers – health, education, social and community services and membership organizations 4,085 571 641 21%

Supply/Demand

Dem

and

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.000

500

1000

2,000

1,500

0013 Sr. managers finance, comm

0611 Sales, Marketing, advertising managers

6221 Technical Sales

0014 Sr. managers health, ed., social & community

0012 Sr. gov. managers & officials0911 Manufacturing managers



Supply < Demand

Supply = Demand

Supply > Demand

Esti

mat

ed n

umbe

r of

new

jobs

for

2012

(e

stim

ated

from

em

ploy

ers’

sur

vey)

Supply/Demand for selected occupations in Business & CommerceFig. 9

17

Table 5: Average basic compensation for some jobs in Business & Commerce in the Toronto Region [13,14]

Source: ERI 2011 “The Salary Assessor® & Survey Software and Databases”

Several occupations in this group are among the mostdemanded in the Toronto Region, and in general theycan count on a good supply of graduates. However, thenumber of graduates matched to ‘Technical salesspecialists’ should be looked at with caution for thefollowing reasons:

– Ideal candidates for technical sales have training insome technical field and in sales techniques. Thissituation is particularly important in B2B sales. Inconversation with some executives in the region [15,16,17],persons with this background seem to be difficult to find. Although our study could not find out howmany business graduates have a previous degree inengineering, sciences or health, there exist businessprograms combining business and technology.Therefore, we matched this occupation with graduatesfrom Business & Commerce programs.

– Business & Commerce programs include courseson sales. In general, however, these are electives.This means the number of graduates with saleseducation could not be directly estimated.

Another element of interest for ‘Technical salesspecialists’ is that existing short programs specializedin sales have a very low number of graduates (41graduates in 2010). Bigger companies have their owntraining programs for sales staff, but startups mighthighly benefit from being able to hire technicalprofessionals already trained in sales. Technical salescould be a good career opportunity for studentsgraduating from engineering, IT, etc.

No gender differences were observed in the number ofgraduates or in the youth interest (Figure 10), except for“Manufacturing managers” where most of the studentsor graduates were male. In addition, in the labour force,several business occupations employ significantlyfewer females than males. ‘Sales managers’, ‘Technicalsales specialists’, ‘Senior managers – financial’, and‘Manufacturing managers’ employ 38 per cent, 29 per cent, 24 per cent and 18 per cent of females,respectively.

0611 Sales, marketin

g and

advertising m

anagers

6221 Technical sales specialists

0012 Senior government

managers and offic

ials

0911 Manufacturing m

anagers

0013 Senior managers - f

inancial,

communications and

other business servi

ces

0014 Senior managers - h

ealth, educatio

n,

social and community

services

and membership organizatio

ns

0%

10%

20%

30% 28%

8%

21%

6%

24%21%

Post-secondary student interest in selected Business occupationsFig. 10


Job title Toronto Region - Average basic compensation

Marketing manager $ 102,015

Sales manager - Brand or product $ 101,203

Manufacturing manager $ 99,954

Education manager $ 86,907

Director of social services $ 81,166

Sales representative – Aircraft $ 61,251


Table 6: Statistics for Occupations in Sciences

Toronto Region


Sciences 18,805 3,959 8,326 43%

2161 Mathematicians, statisticians and actuaries 2,310 711 1,506 8%

2111 Physicists and astronomers 350 224 230 11%

2112 Chemists 5,660 802 2,233 7%

2211 Chemical technologists and technicians 5,425 330 290 3%

2113 Geologists, geochemists and geophysicists 870 170 565 9%

2114 Meteorologists 185 23 12 7%

2213 Meteorological technicians 50 9 2 1%

2115 Other professional occupations in physical sciences 305 395 457 7%

2121 Biologists and related scientists 2,450 761 2,833 19%

2221 Biological technologists and technicians 950 416 154 6%

2122 Forestry professionals 160 12 34 4%

2223 Forestry technologists and technicians 90 12 10 3%

Occupations in Sciences

Supply/Demand

Dem

and

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.000

500

1000

2,000

1,500

2112 Chemists

2213 Meteorological technicians

2223 Forestry technicians

2221 Biological technicians

2211Chemistry technicians

2113Geologists, geochemists and geophysicists

2114 Meteorologists

2115 Other professional occupations

in physical sciences

2122 Forestry professionals

2161 Mathematicians

2121 Biologists

2111Physicists and astronomers



Supply < Demand

Supply = Demand

Supply > Demand

Esti

mat

ed n

umbe

r of

new

jobs

for

2012

(e

stim

ated

from

em

ploy

ers’

sur

vey)

Supply/Demand for selected occupations in Sciences Fig. 11

19

Local demand for occupations in sciences seems to count on a good supply of graduates, except for“Biological technicians” (Figure 11). Also among youth,biological occupations are the most popular in thisgroup (Figure 12).

Perhaps the oversupply of graduates in sciences likebiology and chemistry in our region could be thestarting point for business opportunities. Both startupsand established global firms could benefit from thisabundant pool of professionals in biology, chemistryand other sciences.

Interestingly, the majority of employers hiring in Science (75 per cent) occupations strongly believe thattheir organization needs to look beyond the GTA to hirequalified people. Further study is needed on this issue to determine its specific causes.

Finally, this group is generally well balanced in termsof gender. The labour force in the region, the graduatesand the youth interest all have a good presence of bothmales and females.

Table 7: Average basic compensation for jobs in Sciences in the Toronto Region [13,14]


Astronomer $ 123,904

Mathematician statistician $ 92,035

Meteorologist $ 90,522

Mathematician $ 85,465

Geologist $ 80,122

Materials scientist $ 79,316

Chemist $ 74,127

Cartographer $ 70,695

Forest ecologist $ 68,525

Biologist $ 66,221

Forester $ 63,534

Technologist science $ 63,192

Research associate $ 58,948

Chemical technician $ 56,247

Chemical laboratory technician $ 56,247


2121 Biologists and related

scientists (e

.g. food scientis

t)

2221 Biological technologists

and technicians

2161 Mathematicians, statis

ticians

and actuaries

2122 Forestry professionals

2112 Chemists

2113 Geologists, geochemists

and geophysicists

2115 Other professional o

ccupations in physical

sciences (e.g. m

aterials scientis

ts)

2114 Meteorologists

2111 Physicists and astronomers

2211 Chemical technologists

and technicians

2223 Forestry te

chnologists

and technicians

0%

10%

20%

30%

19%

6%8%4%

7%9% 7% 7%11%

3% 3%

Top 11 Sciences occupations of interest for surveyed post-secondary studentsFig. 12



Table 8: Statistics for Occupations in Engineering

Toronto Region


Engineering 58,085 8,773 6,108 26%

2131 Civil engineers 9,030 697 742 5%

2231 Civil engineering technologists and technicians 1,570 512 616 3%

2132 Mechanical engineers 10,600 981 457 7%

2232 Mechanical engineering technologists and technicians 2,675 787 965 0%

2133 Electrical and electronics engineers 8,735 1,488 327 6%

2241 Electrical and electronics engineering technologists and technicians 6,560 1,099 853 5%

2134 Chemical engineers 2,255 459 636 3%

2141 Industrial and manufacturing engineers 5,405 457 145 4%

2233 Industrial engineering and manufacturing technologists and technicians 4,920 355 284 4%

2243 Industrial instrument technicians and mechanics 1,545 229 89 0%

2142 Metallurgical and materials engineers 485 331 242 0%

2143 Mining engineers 260 147 11 1%

2144 Geological engineers 245 237 149 3%

2255 Mapping and related technologists and technicians 770 279 41 1%

2145 Petroleum engineers 205 70 34 1%

2146 Aerospace engineers 1,355 150 140 9%

2244 Aircraft instrument, electrical and avionics mechanics, technicians and inspectors 995 150 223 4%

2148 Other professional engineers, n.e.c. 380 279 142 3%

2274 Engineer officers, water transport 95 67 12 2%

Engineering Occupations

0

500

1000

2,000

1,500

Supply/Demand

Dem

and

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

2133 Electrical and electronics engineers

2132 Mechanical engineers

2231 Civil engineering

technologists and technicians

2241 Electrical and electronics engineering technologists and technicians

2232 Mechanical engineering technologists and technicians

2134 Chemical engineers

2255 Mapping and related


2243 Industrial instrument

technicians

2244 Aircraft instrument technicians

2146 Aerospace engineers

2145 Petroleum engineers

2142 Metallurgical and materials engineers

2233 Industrial engineering and manufacturing


2131 Civil engineers

2141 Industrial and manufacturing engineers

2148 Other professional

engineers, n.e.c.

2143 Mining engineers

2274 Engineer officers,

water transport

2144 Geological engineers



Supply < Demand

Supply = Demand

Supply > Demand

Esti

mat

ed n

umbe

r of

new

jobs

for

2012

(e

stim

ated

from

em

ploy

ers’

sur

vey)

Supply/Demand for selected occupations in Engineering Fig. 13

21

Table 9: Average basic compensation for jobs in Engineering in the Toronto Region [13,14]

Toronto Region - Average basic

Job title compensation

Petroleum engineer $ 123,964

Aeronautical engineer $ 99,684

Aerodynamics engineer $ 95,867

Materials engineer $ 95,697

Mining engineer $ 91,639

Electrical engineer $ 91,145

Chemical engineer $ 88,701

Manufacturing engineer $ 87,813

Marine engineer $ 87,791

Agricultural engineer $ 86,111

Industrial engineer $ 84,945

Mechanical engineer $ 83,779

Civil engineer $ 79,409

Chemical engineering technician $ 71,573

Industrial safety technician $ 69,127

Industrial engineering technician $ 67,659

Electrical engineering technician $ 63,295

Biomedical engineering technician $ 60,170

Avionics technician $ 57,796

Civil engineering technologist and technician $ 57,525

Mechanical engineering technologist $ 56,290


2146

Aerosp

ace engineers

2141

Industr

ial and m

anufacturin

g engineers

2131

Civi

l engineers

2132

Mech

anical e

ngineers

2241

Electrica

l and electr

onics engineerin

g

technologist

s and te

chnici

ans

2233

Industr

ial engineerin

g and manufactu

ring

technologist

s and te

chnici

ans

2244

Aircra

ft instr

ument, e

lectrica

l and avio

nics

mech

anics, te

chnici

ans and in

specto

rs

2133

Electrica

l and electr

onics engineers

2144

Geologica

l engineers

2231

Civi

l engineerin

g tech

nologists

and tech

nicians

2134

Chem

ical e

ngineers

2148

Oth

er pro

fessional e

ngineers

(e.g. biom

edical e

ngineer)

0%

10%

20%

30%

9%4%5%7% 5% 4% 4%6%

3% 3% 3% 3%

Top 12 Engineering occupations of interest for surveyed post-secondary studentsFig. 14

Most of the persons employed in this groupwork for the manufacturing sector, whichdespite its downturn in the last years is still one of the biggest sectors in the TorontoRegion. Occupations in engineering tend to beundersupplied or just supplied (see Figure 13)and, in general, youth interest is low (seeFigure 14).

The majority of employers hiring for Engineeringpositions (71 per cent) strongly believe that theirorganization needs to look beyond the GTA tohire qualified people. Further study is needed on this issue to determine its specific causes.

With respect to all the occupations in this study,this group is the one employing the lowestpercentage of females in the Toronto Region (13 per cent). The presence of women among thegraduates is also scarce (consisting of programswith five to 30 per cent of female graduates),with the exception of “Chemical engineers” and “Metallurgical and materials engineers”,where both genders are balanced in numbers.



Table 10: Statistics for Occupations in IT

Toronto Region


IT 109,015 9,499 3,740 26%

2147 Computer engineers (except software engineers and designers) 8,145 397 261 7%

2171 Information systems analysts and consultants 48,680 1,866 857 9%

2172 Database analysts and data administrators 4,545 1,867 185 7%

2173 Software engineers and designers 9,950 1,902 439 9%

2174 Computer programmers and interactive media developers 31,635 1,884 1,883 13%

2175 Web designers and developers 6,060 1,583 115 16%

Information Technology Occupations

Supply/Demand

Dem

and

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.000

500

1000

2,000

1,500

2147 Computer engineers

2172 Database analysts and data administrators

2173 Software engineers and designers

2174 Computer programmers and interactive media developers

2171 Information systems analysts and consultants

2175 Web designers and developers



Supply < Demand

Supply = Demand

Supply > Demand

Esti

mat

ed n

umbe

r of

new

jobs

for

2012

(e

stim

ated

from

em

ploy

ers’

sur

vey)

Supply/Demand for selected occupations in Information Technology Fig. 15

23

Table 11: Average basic compensation for jobs in IT in the Toronto Region [13,14]


2171 Inform

ation systems

analysts and co

nsultants

2175 Web designers and deve

lopers

2174 Computer programmers and

interactive m

edia developers

2173 Software engineers and designers

2147 Computer engineers (e

xcept

software engineers and designers)

2172 Database analysts and

data administrators

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

9%

16%13%

9%7% 7%

Post-secondary student interest on selected IT occupationsFig. 16

In the Toronto Region, together with businessoccupations, information technology positions are the most in demand. But while there seems to be agood supply of graduates in business, IT occupationsare significantly undersupplied. For example, “Web designers” and “Database analysts” haveapproximately 10 times less than the number of graduates they need. (See Figure 15.)

The IT sector employs few females. In 2006, only onequarter of the labour force in IT for the Toronto Regionwas female. The recent 17 per cent of female ITgraduates indicates that this situation might notimprove in the near future.

Also in the youth survey (Figure 16), interest in IT was mostly from males, with the curious exception of ‘Web designers and developers’ where interest wasevenly divided between the genders. This may hint toopportunities to attract more young women to theprofession by better ‘advertising’ IT occupations to them.



Information systems manager $ 108,398

Software engineer $ 95,465

Software developer $ 93,846

Eng. computer hardware $ 93,359

Database analyst $ 92,334

Eng. telecommunications $ 89,466

Web designer and developer $ 86,479

Software programmer $ 76,407

Information systems representative $ 58,191


Table 12: Statistics for Occupations in Architecture & Design

Toronto Region


Architecture & Design 23,540 1,038 573 32%

2151 Architects 3,985 308 506 17%

5241 Graphic designers and illustrating artists 16,385 431 63 21%

5245 Patternmakers – textile, leather and fur products 180 0 0 5%

2252 Industrial designers 2,990 298 4 7%

Architecture & Design Occupations

Supply/Demand

Dem

and

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.000

500

1000

2,000

1,500

2151 Architects

5241 Graphic designers and illustrating artists2252

Industrial designers



Supply < Demand

Supply = Demand

Supply > Demand

Esti

mat

ed n

umbe

r of

new

jobs

for

2012

(e

stim

ated

from

em

ploy

ers’

sur

vey)

Supply/Demand for selected occupations in Architecture & DesignFig. 17

25

Table 13: Average basic compensation for jobs in IT in the Toronto Region [13,14]


Architect $ 80,020

Industrial designer $ 65,392

Graphic designer $ 61,700

Graphic design supervisor $ 59,889

Patternmaker $ 58,241

5241 Graphic designers and

illustra

ting artists

2151 Architect

2252 Industrial designers

5245 Patternmakers – textile, le

ather

and fur products

21%

17%

7%5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

Post-secondary student interest in selected Architecture & Design occupationsFig. 18

Two occupations of this group are quite undersupplied:“Graphic designers” and “Industrial designers” (seeFigure 17). The relatively higher demand for graphicdesigners could be explained by the presence of astrong sector in information technology and softwaredevelopment, as well as professional services in general.

Youth interest was relatively high for “Graphicdesigner” and “Architect”, but not so much for“Industrial designer” (see Figure 18).

In terms of gender, 37 per cent of persons employed inthis group in the Toronto Region are female. The levelof female graduates is lower: 33 per cent. In youth,however, both genders are interested in theseoccupations.



0

500

1000

2,000

1,500

Supply/Demand

Dem

and

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

3211 Medical laboratory

technologists and pathologists' assistants

3152 Registered nurses

3142 Physiotherapists

3122 Chiropractors

3131 Pharmacists

3213Veterinary and animal

health technologists and technicians

3214Respiratory therapists, clinical perfusionists and cardiopulmonary technologist

3121Optometrists3114

Veterinarians

3111 Specialist physicians

3216 Medical sonographers

3141 Audiologists and

speech-language pathologists

3218 Electroencephalographic and other diagnostic technologists, n.e.c.

3123 Other professional occupations

in health diagnosing and treating3215

Medical radiation technologists

3132 Dieticians and nutritionists

3219 Other medical technologists and

technicians (except dental health)



Supply < Demand

Supply = Demand

Supply > Demand

Esti

mat

ed n

umbe

r of

new

jobs

for

2012

(e

stim

ated

from

em

ploy

ers’

sur

vey)


Table 14: Statistics for Occupations in Health

Toronto Region


Health 77,765 3,074 10,881 43%

3111 Specialist physicians 7,505 113 215 10%

3211 Medical laboratory technologists and pathologists' assistants 3,945 608 1,213 4%

3121 Optometrists 675 16 101 10%

3122 Chiropractors 1,670 152 826 7%

3219 Other medical technologists and technicians (except dental health) 570 228 296 4%

3131 Pharmacists 5,120 145 343 13%

3132 Dieticians and nutritionists 1,845 320 66 15%

3141 Audiologists and speech-language pathologists 1,355 112 71 5%

3142 Physiotherapists 3,245 348 1,603 12%

3152 Registered nurses 43,000 540 4,293 8%

3214 Respiratory therapists, clinical perfusionists and cardiopulmonary technologists 945 20 127 3%

3215 Medical radiation technologists 2,670 193 10 4%

3216 Medical sonographers 995 26 35 2%

3218 Electroencephalographic and other diagnostic technologists, n.e.c. 95 50 0 1%

3123 Other professional occupations in health diagnosing and treating 1,040 156 95 5%

3114 Veterinarians 1,150 0 1,325 8%

3213 Veterinary and animal health technologists and technicians 1,940 47 262 4%

Occupations in Health

Supply/Demand for selected occupations in HealthFig. 19

27

Table 15: Average basic compensation for jobs in Health in the Toronto Region [13,14]

Toronto Region - Average

Job title basic compensation

Physician anesthesiologist $ 285,426

Optometrist $ 115,636

Chiropractor $ 109,881

Veterinarian $ 96,094

Orthoptist $ 76,860

Audiologist $ 76,414

Medical sonographer $ 72,030

Medical technologist $ 63,627

Medical radiation technologist $ 61,006

Respiratory therapist $ 60,508

Cardiopulmonary technologist $ 60,400

Cardiovascular technologist $ 60,400

Dietician $ 60,241

Electroencephalographic technologist $ 54,619

Medical laboratory technician $ 46,987

Veterinary technician $ 38,424

Our employers’ survey included 32 health institutionsfrom which 18 institutions employed 250 or more persons.

The estimated hiring demand for health occupations in general is low, and for most of the occupations the number of graduates seems adequate or over-supplied. The occupations falling in the undersuppliedarea have very low hiring demand levels and numbers of graduates. Therefore, we prefer not to draw anygeneral conclusions.

In terms of youth interest, the most popularoccupations are Dieticians, Pharmacists andPhysiotherapists (see Figure 20).

No gender differences were observed in youthresponses. However, most of the graduates in healthin 2010 were female, ranging from 64 per cent(Veterinarians) to 93 per cent (Veterinary technicians).In the labour force, most of the employees in healthoccupations are female, with the exception ofveterinarians, optometrists and pharmacists (whichhave an even number of females and males) and ofspecialized physicians and chiropractors (only onethird are female).


3141 Audiologists and

speech-language pathologists

3122 Chiropractors

3111 Specialist p

hysicians

3142 Physiotherapists

3152 Registered nurses

3132 Dieticians and nutri

tionists

3121 Optometrists

3131 Pharmacists

3114 Veterinaria

ns

3123 Other profess

ional occ

upations

in health

diagnosing and treatin

g

0%

10%

20%

5%7%

10%12%

8%

15%

10%

13%

8%

5%

Top 10 Health occupations of interest for surveyed post-secondary studentsFig. 20


This chapter presented a series of labour marketstatistics focused on a set of 60 occupations in Business& Commerce, Sciences, Engineering, InformationTechnology, Architecture & Design and Health.

The Supply/Demand analysis carried out showed that:

- Information technology occupations are in very highdemand but are significantly undersupplied.

- Business occupations are in high demand and count on a good supply of local graduates (exceptperhaps on technical sales, but further study isneeded to confirm this).

- Several engineering occupations are in highdemand, but the number of graduates tends to be lower than needed.

- Health and Architecture & Design occupations don’thave a high demand, and in general count on a goodsupply of graduates. An exception to this is found ingraphic designers, where demand is almost tentimes higher than the number of graduates.

CONCLUSIONS

29

Nowadays, both the professionals working in theknowledge economy and the projects hiring themtend to be highly mobile. Industry professionalsbecome adjunct professors or full professors inuniversities, while professors in universities becomeresearch and development leaders in industry. Undersuch mobility conditions, research and innovationhubs are best reviewed not by sectors as industry andhigher education, but on a regional basis. Therefore,an international region-based comparison wasincluded in this project.

Two criteria were followed for the selection of theregions: having a strong post-secondary educationalsystem and being economically successful. Bothestablished and emerging regions were included,from four continents.

As a result, nine regions were studied in terms oftheir scientific production (patents and non-patents).

Their scientific production was also analysed withrespect to the resources available to universities(budget, number of professors, enrolment).

Regions in study:

• Bay Area, California (USA)

• Boston Region, Massachusetts (USA)

• Helsinki Region, Finland

• Israel

• Seoul Region, Korea

• Singapore

• Sydney Region , Australia

• Toronto Region, Ontario (Canada)

• Zurich Region, Switzerland

REGION-BASEDINTERNATIONALBENCHMARKING


Bay Area: Also known as the San Francisco BayArea, located in California, United States of

America. The region encompasses the metropolitanareas of San Francisco, Oakland and San Jose.[18]

Population: 7.15 millionArea: 18,088 km²Density: 395.29/km²

Boston Region: Located in Massachusetts,United States of America, the most restrictive

definition of the Greater Boston area is the regionadministered by the Metropolitan Area PlanningCouncil (MAPC). The MAPC is a regional planningorganization created by the Massachusetts legislatureto oversee transportation infrastructure and economicdevelopment concerns in the Boston area. The MAPCincludes 101 cities and towns. Main cities: Boston,Cambridge and Quincy.[19]

Population: 3.1 millionArea: 3,680 km² Density: 366/km² [20]

Helsinki Region: Corresponds to the HelsinkiMetropolitan Area, including the cities of Helsinki,

Vantaa, Espoo and Kauniainen.[21] Helsinki is the capitalof Finland.

Population: 1.05 millionArea: 770 km²Density: 1,358/km²

Israel Region: The whole State of Israel is included.[22]

Population: 7.825 millionArea: 22,072 km²Density: 365.3/km²

REGIONS IN STUDY

12

8 9

3

4

6

5

7

Regions in studyFig. 21

1

2

3

4

31

Seoul Region coincides with Seoul, the capitaland largest metropolis of the Republic of Korea -

officially the Seoul Special City.[23]

Population: 10.464 millionArea: 605.2 km²Density: 17,288/km²

Singapore Region includes the whole country ofSingapore.[24]

Population: 5.183 millionArea: 710 km²Density: 7,315/km²

Sydney Region includes all the districts within Sydney, Australia.[25]

Population: 4.6 millionArea: 12,144 km²Density: 2,058/km²

Toronto Region: The Toronto Region includes the Greater Toronto Area, plus surrounding

municipalities of Waterloo, Wellington and Hamilton. Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario, Canada. [26,27,28,29]

Population: 6.6 millionArea: 12,213 km²Density: 541/km²

Zurich Region: Located in Switzerland, it corresponds to the Greater Zurich Area.

Its main cities are Zurich, Winterthur and Uster.[30]

Population: 3.8 millionArea: 2,103 km²Density: 1,806/km²

5

6

7

8

9

– Helsinki Region

• Aalto University

• Arcada University of Applied Sciences

• Uusimaa Regional Council/Helsinki-Uusimaa Region

– Israel

• The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

• The Open University of Israel

– Seoul Region

• Sungkyunkwan University

Special thanks

Initially, our study included a broader spectrum of universities per region. Despite a number of efforts along months,this approach had to be abandoned due to the lack of data available to us. Nevertheless, we wish to thank thefollowing institutions for providing information to this study:


REGIONAL SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTION: PATENTS

Rationale for patents

Among all the types of scientific production, patentsare the most strongly application-oriented kind. Thereare four primary incentives embodied in the patentsystem: to invent in the first place; to disclose theinvention once made; to invest the sums necessary to experiment, produce and market the invention; andto design around and improve upon earlier patents.[31]

According to supporters, patents provide incentives for efficient research and development (R&D). A studyconducted by the European Community shows that thelargest global companies invested more than €430billion in 2008[32] in their R&D departments. Theseinvestments are among the inputs of R&D, and patentsmay be included in its outcomes. Supporters of patentsargue that without patent protection, R&D spendingwould be significantly less, limiting possibletechnological advances. Enterprises would restrictR&D investments, as third parties would be free toexploit any developments.[33] In agreement with theoriginal definition of the term "patent," patentspromote public disclosure of innovations for thecommon good. If inventors do not have the legalprotection of patents, they would prefer to keep theirinventions as trade secrets. Patents make the details of new technology publicly available, leading to furtherimprovement by other inventors, and for exploitation by anyone after the patent expires.

Nevertheless, patents have been the object of criticism. As state-granted monopolies, patents have beencriticized as inconsistent with free trade. Patent Officeshave also been criticized for granting patents to knowninventions, thus allowing controversial patents to slipthrough the system.[34] Pharmaceutical patents preventgeneric alternatives to enter the market until thepatents expire, and thus maintain high prices formedication.[35] This can have significant effects in thedeveloping world, as those who are most in need ofbasic essential medicines are unable to afford suchhigh priced pharmaceuticals.[36] Other articles focus onthe problems of today’s medical research, posing thatwrong priorities in research and pricing may push thestate-run healthcare systems of even rich nations totheir limits.[37] Addressing these criticisms, one reviewconcluded that less than five per cent of medicines onthe World Health Organization's list of essential drugsare under patent. Also, the pharmaceutical industryhas contributed US$2 billion for healthcare in

developing countries, providing HIV/AIDS drugs atlower cost or even free of charge in certain countries,and has used differential pricing and parallel importsto provide medication to the poor.[38]

Some public campaigns have expressed a concern for"preventing the over-reach" of Intellectual Propertyprotection including patent protection, and "to retain a public balance in property rights" of this kind.Alternatives have been discussed on the issue offinancial incentives to replace patents. Mostly, they arerelated to some form of direct or indirect governmentfunding. Other groups are investigating how socialinclusion and equitable distribution of research anddevelopment findings can be obtained within theexisting intellectual property framework, althoughthese efforts have received less exposure.

A system to compare regional patent outflows

Being a key outcome of scientific research andtechnological innovation, every region in this reportcontinually produces a vast patent outflow. A ratingsystem intended to objectively compare these patentoutflows quantitatively and qualitatively was developedas part of the author’s supporting research and isproposed here.

The proposed system is based on the United Statespatents granted to authors residing in the regionscovered by this report during a given period. It is wellknown that most important inventions patented aroundthe globe are also patented in the United States, by far the wealthiest market in the world, and still thelargest economy.

To process the huge amount of website informationavailable on patents, the author chose world renownedPublish or Perish citation analysis software[39] ofscientific production, developed by Dr. Anne-WilHarzing, Professor and Associate Dean Research at theUniversity of Melbourne, Australia. The current version(3.5) of the software, applied in making this report, wasissued in January 2012.

The Publish or Perish software works downstream ofGoogle Scholar, a freely accessible web search enginethat indexes the full text of scholarly literature acrossan array of publishing formats and disciplines.Released in beta version in November 2004, the Google

33

Scholar index includes most peer-reviewed onlinejournals of Europe and America's largest scholarlypublishers, plus scholarly books, book chapters,conference proceedings, reports and patents. GoogleScholar is similar in function to the freely availableScirus from Elsevier, CiteSeerX, and getCITED, butwider in its field scope. Google Scholar is also similarto the subscription-based tools, Elsevier's Scopus andThomson Reuters’ Web of Science, but with widercoverage of journals, books, reports, patents andconference proceedings, which are important to fieldslike Business, Administration, Finance and Economics,Engineering, Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities.

For a long time, it has been known that both quantityand quality are important in the analysis of scientificproduction. In our proposed system—for this case—wetake as basic input the biggest possible sample of sizeSP ≤ 1,000 of the best US Patents granted to authorsresident in each region, during the last two years(2010-2011). For the most powerful regions, it is notdifficult to compile a sample of size 1,000. In contrast,less powerful regions may only afford samples of lesssize. Therefore, it is defined the size index SP of thepatent outflow, calculated and given by the Publish orPerish software in its Results pane, as the Papers value.

By the way, 1,000 is the limit imposed nowadays byGoogle Scholar for a single query. Set limit makespossible to retrieve and analyse a full region in onesingle Publish or Perish operation. These 1,000 or less patents are a best-selected sample of the patentoutflow of the given region in these two years, becauseeach patent is ranked according to the values ofinternationally-recognized citation metrics included in Publish or Perish, whose calculations are doneautomatically by the software with every query.Sometimes, a region comprises several cities. In thesecases, the sample may be composed of patents whoseinventors live in two or more cities of the region, if this makes the best sample for the region. On thecontrary, the sample is composed only of patentswhose inventors reside in the region’s city, whichallows the best sample.

Then, from the original sample—the first group ofpatents—a second, usually smaller group, is retained,containing only those patents that have received anycitation from January 2010 to January 2012. This maybe done in a simple and fast step, pressing the button“Uncheck 0 cites” on the user interface of the Publishor Perish software. The number of cited patents in theoriginal sample is an objective measure of the quantityof patents registered by the region that have proven

useful in the last two years, to scientists, engineers or other inventors in their research and innovationprojects. This number will be called worth index, WP ofthe patent outflow. This second index is automaticallycalculated and given by the Publish or Perish softwarein its Results pane, as the Papers value, after pressingthe button “Uncheck 0 cites”.

Of course, the worth index WP may reach a maximumvalue equal to the corresponding SP, meaning that inthe original sample, all patents have already proven tobe useful. For a deeper evaluation of the utility of thepatents in the second group of the outflow sample, athird index is devised: the mean number of citations inthe group. This number will be called quality index, QPof the patent outflow. The value of this index has noceiling, and is an indirect measure of the practicalapplication of the patents of the region outflow. When apatent is registered, there is no data in it that may beused to measure its future practical application; eventhe existence of an Assignee does not guarantee thatthe patent is going to be applied in a real-life product.On the contrary, a patent usually receives manycitations when it has been widely applied. This thirdindex is automatically calculated and given by thePublish or Perish software in its Results pane, as theCites/paper value, after the user presses the button“Uncheck 0 cites”.

The product of the worth index and the quality indexmay be termed the integral index IP of the patentoutflow of the given region, as given in (1).

(1)

The value of the integral index is equal to the totalnumber of citations received since the beginning of thechosen period of publication until the present, by thepatents contained in the second group. Thus, IP is anobjective measure of the absolute usefulness of thepatents of the second group, in the patent outflow of a given region. This fourth index is automaticallycalculated and given by the Publish or Perish softwarein its Results pane, as the Citations value afterpressing the button “Uncheck 0 cites”.

The above mentioned four indexes are calculated forevery possible set of cities of the given region. The setof cities of the region that gives the maximum value ofIP is taken as the set of cities that represent the patentoutflow of the given region. The indexes of such set ofcities become the indexes of the patent outflow of thegiven region.


In order to guarantee that the Publish or Perishsoftware only captures US Patents in its processing,the fields of the “General citation search” input pageshould be filled as follows:

Author: <void>

Publication: <void>

All of the words: “Patent No.:”, “Date ofPatent:”

Any of the words: <city1> (<country>),<city2> (<country>), …

None of the words:

The phrase:

Year of publication between <year1> and<year2>

Where <city1>, <city2>, … are important cities in theregion. The <country> is given by the two-letter codesused nowadays on the Internet. In regions within the

US it is necessary to include the <state> between eachcity and the country. The <state> in the US is coded bythe customary two-letter code used by the U.S. PostalService.

This way, for any US Patent, the residence of at leastsome of the Inventors in the key cities of a given regionwill be clearly marked, for an effective automatedsearch and processing.

Results per Region

For each of the Regions covered by this report, the setof cities that gives the maximum value of the integralindex, as well as the corresponding indexes, are given inTable 16. The definitions of the indexes are rememberedagain in the textbox immediately following the Table.

Table 16: Cities and indexes of regional patent outflow during 2010-2011

Region Contributing cities SP WP QP IP

Bay Area San Francisco, San Jose 1,000 1,000 2.42 2,420

Boston Boston, Cambridge 1,000 221 2.38 526

Helsinki Helsinki, Espoo 1,000 251 3.70 928

Israel Jerusalem, Tel Aviv 750 135 2.07 279

Seoul Seoul 1,000 1,000 3.84 3,840

Singapore Singapore 1,000 204 2.04 416

Sydney Sydney 114 12 2.58 31

Toronto Toronto, Waterloo 873 153 1.72 263

Zurich Zurich 721 100 1.59 159

SP – Size index: Number of best US Patents registered by the region in 2010-2011, up to 1,000.

WP – Worth index: From the set of cardinality SP, patents cited until January 2012. (WP ≤ SP).

QP – Quality index: In the set of cardinality WP, average number of citations received per patent.

IP – Integral index: In the set of cardinality WP, total number of citations received until January 2012.

As shown in the first column of Table 16, several regions were not able to complete the full sample of1,000 patents in the years 2010-2011. This is a measureof their lesser power as makers of US Patents, valuablemeans to transfer science and technology knowledgeachievements into the practical world. The secondcolumn of the table shows other levels of differencesbetween the regions: some regions display the fullsample as useful patents, while others only exhibit afraction of the original sample. The quality index, whosevalues are given in the third column of the table,reinforce in the most powerful regions the good results

in the first two columns, and don’t always bring enoughcompensation for the regions with low values of theworth index. Integrating worth and quality, the lastcolumn of the table shows in one number how far themost powerful regions set themselves apart from theothers. The ratio of the extreme values of the integralindex for the regions covered by this study goes as high as 124:1. The Toronto region does not show impressiveresults as a US Patent maker, with a rather low qualityindex of 1.72 (8th place of 9) and a modest integral indexof 263 (7th place of 9).

35

Rationale for non-patents

According to the objectives of this study, the scientificproduction of the analysed regions has been divided in two parts: patents and non-patents. It may seem a gross decision to include in a single part the vastvariety of non-patent publications, for example:articles in magazines, papers in journals, monographbooks, book chapters, conference proceedings, andacademic or industrial reports. The rationale behindthis classification is that the weight of the patents is so great, due to their strongly application-orientedcharacter, that they may counterbalance all the otherforms of scientific production. At the end, the numberof citations, the contemporary objective measure ofthe utility of a publication given by its qualified users,is the key assessment criterion, over other evaluationnorms, such as the peer review typical of editorials ora number of prizes.

In this study, as in many others, we are talking aboutscientific production documents in English. Althoughthe publications in Chinese or Korean have beenincreasing lately in quantity and quality, it is also true that the number of publications in English hasbeen increasing at a higher rate, and that the mostimportant scientific production in other languages isalso published in English, to assure a higher visibility.

A rating system to compare non-patent outflows

Being a key outcome of scientific research andtechnological innovation, every region covered by thisreport continually produces a vast non-patent outflow.A rating system intended to objectively compare thesenon-patent outflows quantitatively and qualitatively wasdeveloped as part of the author’s supporting researchand is proposed here.

The proposed system is based on the non-patentpublications of authors working in the key universitiesof the regions covered by this report, during a givenperiod. It is well known that citation by peers is themain contemporary measure of the quality of thepublications derived from the scientific andtechnological research and innovation.

To process the huge amount of website informationavailable on non-patent publications, the author choseworld renowned Publish or Perish citation analysis

software of scientific production, developed by Dr. Anne-Wil Harzing, Professor and Associate DeanResearch at the University of Melbourne, Australia,previously mentioned in this report.

For a long time, it has been known that both quantityand quality are important in the analysis of scientificproduction. In our proposed system—for this case—wetake as basic input the biggest possible sample of sizesN ≤ 1,000 of the best non-patent publications of theauthors of every major university in each region, duringthe last two years (2010-2011). Therefore, it is definedthe specific size index sN of the non-patent outflow, forevery university in a region, calculated and given by thePublish or Perish software in its Results pane, as thePapers value.

By the way, 1,000 is the limit imposed nowadays byGoogle Scholar for a single query. Set limit makespossible to retrieve and analyse a full university in onesingle Publish or Perish operation. These 1,000 or lessnon-patent publications are a best-selected sample ofthe non-patent outflow of the given university in thesetwo years, because each non-patent publication isranked according to the values of internationally-recognized citation metrics included in Publish orPerish, whose calculations are done automatically by the software with every query.

Then, from the original sample of a given university—the first group—a second, usually smaller group, isretained, containing only those non-patents that havereceived any citation from January 2010 to January2012. This may be done in a simple and fast step,pressing the button “Uncheck 0 cites” on the userinterface of the Publish or Perish software. Thenumber of cited non-patents in the original sample of size sN is an objective measure of the quantity ofuseful non-patents published by the university in thelast two years. This number is the specific worth index,wN of the non-patent outflow of the university. Thissecond index is automatically calculated and given bythe Publish or Perish software in its Results pane, asthe Papers value. Of course, the specific worth indexwN may reach a maximum value of sN, meaning that inthe original sample, all non-patents are useful. Weconsider them useful because they were found useful—and therefore cited—at least once by otherprofessionals in their research or developmentprojects.

REGIONAL SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTION: NON-PATENTS


For a deeper evaluation of the utility of the non-patentsin the second group of the university outflow sample, athird index is devised: the mean number of citations inthe group. This number will be called specific qualityindex, qN of the non-patent outflow of the university.The value of this index has no ceiling, and is a measureof the degree of usefulness of the non-patents of theuseful group, in the non-patent outflow of a givenuniversity. This third index is automatically calculatedand given by the Publish or Perish software in itsResults pane, as the Cites/paper value.

A specific integral index iN for the non-patent outflow of a university may be obtained as the product of thespecific worth index and the specific quality index of the same university, as given in (2).

(2)

This fourth index is automatically calculated and givenby the Publish or Perish software in its Results pane,as the Citations value.

In order to guarantee that the Publish or Perishsoftware only captures non-patents in its processing,the fields of the “General citation search” input pageshould be filled as follows:

Author: <void>

Publication: <void>

All of the words:

Any of the words: <university, city>

None of the words: “Patent No.:”, “Date ofPatent:”

The phrase:

Year of publication between <year1> and<year2>

This way, non-patent publications from authorsworking in every major university of the region areclearly identified, to be processed automatically usingthe Publish or Perish software.

Following the aforementioned procedure, the specificintegral index iN is computed for every major universityof the given region, and the three universities with thehighest values of such index become the elements ofthe set of universities that is going to represent thenon-patent outflow of the given region.

The properties of the non-patent publications fromauthors of this set of universities are going to berepresented by four general indexes, calculated fromthe corresponding specific indexes of the individualuniversities members of the representative set.

The sample of non-patent publications of the region,with a size index sN is to be composed from the sum ofthe sizes of the samples of the three universities thatrepresent the region, as given in (3).

(3)

Obviously, the maximum possible value of this generalindex is given by (4).

(4)

The second group of non-patent publications of theregion, with a worth indexWN, is to be composed fromthe sum of the specific worth indexes of the threeuniversities that represent the region, as given in (5).

(5)

For this general index, the top possible value is alsoWN max = 3,000.

For a deeper evaluation of the utility of the secondgroup of non-patent publications of the region, it isintroduced a quality indexQN given by the weightedmean of the specific quality indexes of the threeuniversities that represent the region, as given in (6).

(6)

Clearly, the weight of each value of qN is thecorresponding value of wN. This general index has notop value but, obviously, its value will fall within theextreme values of the specific worth indexes qNconcerned, as given in (7).

(7)

For a fourth level of evaluation of non-patent regionalpublications, it is introduced the integral index IN givenby the product of the worth index and the quality indexof the same region, as given in (8).

(8)

This general index will represent the combined effect of general worth and general quality of the non-patentpublications from the three selected major universitiesthat represent the corresponding outflow of the region.

37

Results per Region

For each of the Regions covered by this report, thecities with at least one representative university, as well as the corresponding general indexes are given inTable 17. The definitions of the indexes are listed in thetextbox immediately following the Table.

As shown in the first column of Table 17, some regionswere not able to complete the full sample of 3,000 non-patents in the years 2010-2011. This is a measure oftheir lesser power as makers of these publications,valuable in the development of Science and Technology.The second column of the table shows no bigdifferences: most Regions display a number of non-

patents close to the size of the sample, and noneexhibit a small fraction of the same. On the contrary,the values of the quality index, in the third column of the table, show sensible differences between theregions. Integrating worth and quality, the last columnof the table shows in one number how far the mostpowerful regions set themselves apart from the others.The ratio of the extreme values of the integral index forthe Regions covered by this study goes as high as 8:1.The Toronto region shows pleasant results as a non-patent scientific production maker, with a high qualityindex of 18.28 (second place out of nine) and anelevated integral index of 46,420 (second place out of nine).

Table 17: Cities and indexes of regional non-patent outflow during 2010-2011

SN – Size index: Number of best non-patent publications by the region in 2010-2011, up to 3,000.

WN – Worth index: From the set of cardinality SN, non-patents cited until January 2012. (WN ≤ SN).

QN – Quality index: In the set of cardinality WP, average number of citations received per publication.

IN – Integral index: In the set of cardinality WP, total number of citations received until January 2012.

Region Contributing cities SN WN QN IN

Bay Area San Francisco, Berkeley, Stanford 3,000 2,116 34.65 73,320

Boston Cambridge, Boston 3,000 2,999 15.23 45,699

Helsinki Helsinki, Espoo 1,463 1,164 8.709 10,137

Israel Tel Aviv, Rehovot, Haifa 2,955 2,097 8.884 18,630

Seoul Seoul 3,000 2,439 6.677 16,286

Singapore Singapore 1,510 1,167 9.726 11,350

Sydney Sydney 3,000 2,752 8.023 22,079

Toronto Toronto, Hamilton 3,000 2,539 18.28 46,420

Zurich Zurich 2,049 1,336 6.854 9,157


REGIONAL SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTION AND RESOURCES AVAILABLE TO UNIVERSITIES

For each of the top three universities defined by thenon-patent publication analysis, data was collectedregarding budget, number of professors, enrolmentand number of graduates [Table 18]. The intention wasto find out if some of these factors, or combinationsthereof, influence the scientific production of thecorresponding region.

Yellow cells in Table 18 indicate the availableinformation is partial: data for one or two universitiesare missing. When no data at all could be gathered, thecell contains the word “Missing”. Several combinationsof the values in the same Table were visually plottedagainst the indexes qualifying the scientific productionof the regions (Table 16 and Table 17). Only two of thetried combinations provided some apparent relation,and they are briefly discussed as follows.

• Figure 22 shows an apparent relation between thefinancial resources available to universities andtheir non-patent scientific production. That is,universities with a better production are also thosecounting on a larger budget. Regions with a dottedborder in Figure 22 indicate that financial informationis missing for one of the top three universities. Thismeans their position in the graph is somewherefurther to the right, as indicated by the arrows.

• The number of patents assigned to universities isusually low, since most assignees are industries orbusinesses. Therefore, any link between universitiesand the production of patents within a region isindirect, as opposed to the direct link existent with non-patents. This study has not found clearrelation between the number of graduates and theproduction of patents. Also, no relation was found by using the number of post-graduate degreesawarded, or the per centage they represent from the total of graduates.

• Figure 23 shows one apparent relation that wasfound between students per professor and theproduction of patents. The number of students per professor may be linked to the quality of the graduates.

This study has only briefly analysed the relationbetween scientific productions of given regions—measured by patents and non-patents—and regionaluniversity resources. No final conclusions should bedrawn upon the apparent relations shown in Figure 22and Figure 23, but they pose open questions that otherstudies could further investigate. Also, the presentstudy does not rule out the presence of otherinteresting relations in this data.

Table 18: Annual resources available to a region’s top three universities, per non-patent publication

Region Financial resources (US$ millions) Number of professors Enrolment Number of graduates

Bay Area [40,41,42] 6,909 5,452 54,610 15,832

Boston [43,44,45] 9,513 6,396 57,245 19,203

Helsinki [46,47,48,49,50] 2,251 5,303 57,090 8,734

Israel [51,52,53] Missing Missing 43,565 Missing

Seoul [54,55,56] 3,935 10,387 90,174 7,158

Singapore [57,58,59] 2,518 4,369 77,977 20,084

Sydney [60,61,62] 2,816 8,361 135,726 52,516

Toronto [63,64,65,66] 4,400 4,810 138,980 33,633

Zurich [67,68,69] 2,278 1,565 51,269 7,758

39

Financial resources (in millions of dollars)

Non

-pat

ent s

cien

tific

pro

duct

ion

2010

-201

1 (I

nteg

ral i

ndex

, Ip)

4,000 10,0002,000 6,000 8,0005,000

50,000

Bay Area

Boston

Sydney

Toronto

Zurich

Seoul

Singapore

Regional non-patent scientific production versus financial resources available to top three universitiesFig. 22

Number of students per professor

Pat

ent s

cien

tific

pro

duct

ion

2010

-201

1 (I

nteg

ral i

ndex

, Ip)

5 200 10 15 25 4030 3510

1,000

100

Bay Area

Seoul

Toronto

Zurich

Sydney

SingaporeBoston

Helsinki

Regional patent scientific production versus number of students per professor at the top three universities Fig. 23


The classification of the scientific production of anumber of key regions into patents and non-patents isan unconventional move, which well serves thepurposes of the present study. The patents are anexpression of the research and innovation power of thecreative scientific workforce of every given region,especially of their members aimed at the solution ofimportant practical problems. Following the ideas ofDonald E. Stokes[2], it is rational to say that the patentsare an expression of the Pasteur and Edison quadrants.Pasteur’s quadrant houses researchers seeking thesolution of practical problems while questing for anunderstanding of the underlying basic laws. Edison’squadrant houses researchers and innovators focusedexclusively on the solution of practical problems,

without any interest in understanding the basic lawsunderlying the solutions. On the other hand, non-patent publications are an expression of both thePasteur and Bohr quadrants, where the latter housesthose researchers focused only in deepening theknowledge about the phenomena under study and notpaying any attention to their possible practicalapplications. It is interesting to note that both classesof scientific production include the Pasteur’s quadrant,where the most versatile professionals develop theiractivities. The results obtained are certainly interesting,and may be useful in the hands of the persons incharge of the management of the Research andInnovation potential of the Toronto Region.

CONCLUSIONS

41

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This study has developed a methodology to estimate and analyse the supply/demand of the workforce inspecific occupations in the Toronto Region. Deliberately, this methodology has been designed so it can beapplied to other regions in Canada. We believe it could also be applied, with some variations, to regions in the United States and possibly in other OECD countries.

It would be interesting to repeat this analysis in a year or two in the Toronto Region, comparing the resultsagainst the latest 2011 census, analysing how the different variables evolved over time, verifying how manygraduates found employment in the analysed occupations, and going further into questions that could not beanswered at this time (e.g. Why most employers hiring engineering and science positions need to hire outsidethe Greater Toronto Area).

Another interesting extension of this study would be to include immigration in the analysis. It would beinteresting to see in which occupations newcomers contribute the most, and whether there are still cases of undersupplied skilled forces when we add those with international post-secondary education.


APPENDICES

A. List of occupations studied

Business & Commerce

6221. Technical sales specialists

0911. Manufacturing managers

0611. Sales, marketing and advertising managers

0012. Senior government managers and officials

0013. Senior managers - financial, communications and other business services

0014. Senior managers - health, education, social and community services and membership organizations

Sciences

2161. Mathematicians, statisticians and actuaries

2111. Physicists and astronomers

2112. Chemists

2211. Chemical technologists and technicians

2113. Geologists, geochemists and geophysicists

2114. Meteorologists

2213. Meteorological technicians

2115. Other professional occupations in physical sciences (e.g. materials scientists)

2121. Biologists and related scientists (e.g. food scientist)

2221. Biological technologists and technicians

2122. Forestry professionals

2223. Forestry technologists and technicians

Engineering

2131. Civil engineers

2231. Civil engineering technologists and technicians

2132. Mechanical engineers

2232. Mechanical engineering technologists and technicians

2133. Electrical and electronics engineers

2241. Electrical and electronics engineering technologists and technicians

2134. Chemical engineers

2141. Industrial and manufacturing engineers

2233. Industrial engineering and manufacturing technologists and technicians

2243. Industrial instrument technicians and mechanics

2142. Metallurgical and materials engineers

2143. Mining engineers

2144. Geological engineers

43

2255. Mapping and related technologists and technicians

2145. Petroleum engineers

2146. Aerospace engineers

2244. Aircraft instrument, electrical and avionics mechanics, technicians and inspectors

2148. Other professional engineers (e.g. biomedical engineer)

2274. Engineer officers, water transport

Information Technology

2147. Computer engineers (except software engineers and designers)

2171. Information systems analysts and consultants

2172. Database analysts and data administrators

2173. Software engineers and designers

2174. Computer programmers and interactive media developers

2175. Web designers and developers


2151. Architects

5241. Graphic designers and illustrating artists

5245. Patternmakers – textile, leather and fur products

2252. Industrial designers

Health

3111. Specialist physicians

3211. Medical laboratory technologists and pathologists' assistants

3121. Optometrists

3122. Chiropractors

3123. Other professional occupations in health diagnosing and treating

3131. Pharmacists

3132. Dieticians and nutritionists

3141. Audiologists and speech-language pathologists

3142. Physiotherapists

3152. Registered nurses

3214. Respiratory therapists, clinical perfusionists and cardiopulmonary technologists

3215. Medical radiation technologists

3216. Medical sonographers

3218. Electroencephalographic and other diagnostic technologists (e.g. electroencephalograph (EEG) technologist)

3219. Other medical technologists and technicians (except dental health) (e.g. dietary technician)

3114. Veterinarians

3213. Veterinary and animal health technologists and technicians


B. Programs of study linked with each occupation, for this study

Occupations in Business & Commerce

Program Degree(s)

0012. Senior government managers and officials

Accounting and Information Technology Graduate Certificate

Accounting in Canada for Internationally Trained Accountants Graduate Certificate

Bachelor of Applied Business (E-business Supply Chain Management) Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (Financial Services Management) Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (Financial Services) Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (Hospitality Operations Management) Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (Human Resources Strategy and Technology) Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (International Accounting and Finance) Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Business (International Commerce and Global Development) Bachelor

Business Degree Bridge Graduate Certificate

Business Management Graduate Certificate

Business Process Management Graduate Certificate

Commerce/Business/Administration Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Financial Services Compliance Administration Graduate Certificate

Forensic Accounting Graduate Certificate

Green Business Management Graduate Certificate

International Business Management Graduate Certificate

International Project Management Graduate Certificate

Logistics and Supply Chain Management Graduate Certificate

Marketing Management Graduate Certificate

Other Specialized Admin Studies Bachelor, Master

Professional Accounting Practice Graduate Certificate

Project Management Graduate Certificate

Quality Assurance - Manufacturing and Management Graduate Certificate

Research Commercialization and Innovation Graduate Certificate

Resource Management Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Sport Business Management Graduate Certificate

Sports Management Graduate Certificate

6221. Technical sales specialists

Advertising - Media Marketing and Sales Graduate Certificate

Business - Sales Diploma

Commerce/Business/Administration Bachelor, Diploma, Master, Ph.D.


0013. Senior managers – financial, communications and other business services










45

Program Degree(s)





Enterprise Database Management Graduate Certificate




Information Systems Security Graduate Certificate






Payroll Management Graduate Certificate

Personal Financial Services Graduate Certificate





Small Business Administration Graduate Certificate



Wine Business Management Graduate Certificate

0014. Senior managers – health, education, social and community services and membership organizations






















Program Degree(s)


Payroll Management Graduate Certificate

Personal Financial Services Graduate Certificate









0611. Sales, marketing and advertising managers



Advertising - Account Management Graduate Certificate

Advertising - Media Copywriting Graduate Certificate

Advertising - Media Marketing and Sales Graduate Certificate








Brand Management Graduate Certificate








Hotel and Food Administration Bachelor, Master











Sports Marketing Graduate Certificate

Strategic Relationship Marketing Graduate Certificate


47

Program Degree(s)

0911. Manufacturing managers

Bachelor of Applied Business (Automotive Management) Bachelor


Bachelor of Applied Business (Electronic Business) Bachelor




Bachelor of Applied Technology (Industrial Design) Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Industrial Management) Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Integrated Advanced Manufacturing) Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Integrated Environmental Site Remediation) Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Process Automation) Bachelor




Electrical Engineering Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Electro Mechanical Design Graduate Certificate

Engineering Science Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Environmental Control Graduate Certificate


Industrial Design Bachelor

Industrial Engineering Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.


Manufacturing Management Graduate Certificate

Mechanical Engineering Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Other engineering (biomedical, computer, environmental, geological, ocean, petroleum, agricultural, surveying) Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.


Quality Assurance - Manufacturing and Management Graduate Certificate







Occupations in Sciences

Program Degree(s)

2111. Physicists and astronomers

Astronomy Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Biophysics Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

General Science Bachelor

Other physics (atomic, chemical, electricity, magnetism, mathematical, mechanics, molecular, nuclear, optics, physical acoustics, physics of fluids, quantitative, quantum mechanics, solid state, theoretical, thermal, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics) Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

2112. Chemists

Biochemistry Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Chemical Engineering Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Chemistry Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Environmental Studies Graduate Certificate


Other basic sciences (medical toxicology) Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

2113. Geologists, geochemists and geophysicists

Geographic Information Systems - Cartographic Specialist Graduate Certificate

Geography Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Geology and Related Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Mining Engineering Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.


Soil Science Master, Ph.D.

2114. Meteorologists

Other Meteorology Diploma, Bachelor

2115. Other professional occupations in physical sciences







Geographic Information Systems Graduate Certificate




Metallurgical Engineering Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Metallurgy/Materials Science Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.



Other Meteorology Bachelor


Research Analyst Graduate Certificate


49

Program Degree(s)

2121. Biologists and related scientists

Anatomy Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Bachelor of Applied Technology (biotechnology) Bachelor


Bioinformatics Graduate Certificate


Botany Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.


Microbiology Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.


Other biology (programmes, majors or specializations in botany, zoology, biochemistry, biophysics, veterinary sciences) Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Physiology Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Plant Science Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

2122. Forestry professionals

Forestry Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.


2161. Mathematicians, statisticians and actuaries

Mathematics Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Mathematics/Physical Sciences Bachelor

2211. Chemical technologists and technicians

Chemical Engineering Technology Diploma

Chemical Laboratory Technician Diploma

Chemical Laboratory Technology Diploma

Chemical Production Engineering Technology Diploma

Environmental Technician Diploma

Environmental Techniques Certificate

Environmental Technology Diploma

Laboratory Assistant Certificate

2213. Meteorological technicians

Other Meteorology Diploma

2221. Biological technologists and technicians

Activation Co-ordinator/Gerontology Diploma

Bachelor of Applied Health Sciences (Athletic Therapy) Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Health Sciences (Health Informatics Management) Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Biotechnology) Bachelor

Bio-food Technician Diploma

Bio-food Technology Diploma

Biomedical Engineering Technology Diploma

Biotechnology Technician Diploma

Biotechnology Technologist Diploma

Environmental Biology Technology Diploma


Other biology (programmes, majors or specializations in botany, zoology, biochemistry, biophysics, veterinary sciences) Diploma

Plant Science Diploma

Preparatory Health Sciences Certificate


Program Degree(s)

2223. Forestry technologists and technicians

Forest Management Technology Diploma

Forest Recreation Technician Diploma

Forestry Technician Diploma

Forestry Technology Diploma

Urban Arboriculture Certificate

Program Degree(s)

2131. Civil engineers

Civil Engineering Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

2132. Mechanical engineers



Engineering Science Master, Ph.D.

Mechanical Engineering Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

2133. Electrical and electronics engineers

Advanced Lasers Graduate Certificate

Electrical Engineering Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.


Engineering Science Master, Ph.D.

2134. Chemical engineers





Other basic sciences (medical toxicology) Bachelor, Master

2141. Industrial and manufacturing engineers






Environmental Control Graduate Certificate

Industrial Design Bachelor

Industrial Engineering Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Manufacturing Management Graduate Certificate


2142. Metallurgical and materials engineers


Geography Bachelor

Metallurgical Engineering Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Metallurgy/Materials Science Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Occupations in Engineering

51

Program Degree(s)

2143. Mining engineers




2144. Geological engineers







2145. Petroleum engineers

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Construction and Environment - Regulations and Compliance) Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Construction Science and Management) Bachelor







2146. Aerospace engineers

Aeronautical/Aerospace Engineering Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Aerospace Sciences Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Flight Program) Bachelor

2148. Other professional engineers, n.e.c.






2231. Civil engineering technologists and technicians

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Construction and Environment - Regulations and Compliance) Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Construction Science and Management) Bachelor

Civil Engineering Technician Diploma

Civil Engineering Technology Diploma

Construction Engineering Technician Diploma

Construction Engineering Technology Diploma

Construction Techniques Certificate


Program Degree(s)

Engineering General Diploma

Engineering Science Diploma

Technology Foundations Certificate

2232. Mechanical engineering technologists and technicians

Alternative (Sustainable) Energy Engineering Technology Diploma

Auto Body Repair Techniques Certificate

Automation Engineering Technician Diploma

Automation Engineering Technology Diploma

Automation Technician Diploma


Chemical Production and Power Engineering Technician Diploma

Electromechanical Engineering Technician Diploma

Electromechanical Engineering Technology Diploma

Energy Audit Techniques Certificate

Energy Systems Engineering Technician Diploma

Energy Systems Engineering Technology Diploma



Geomatics Technician Diploma

Heating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Techniques Certificate

Heating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Diploma

Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Techniques Certificate

Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technician Diploma

Instrumentation Engineering Technician Diploma

Instrumentation Engineering Technology Diploma

Marine Engineering Technology Diploma

Marine Technology - Navigation Diploma

Mechanical Engineering Diploma

Mechanical Engineering Technician Diploma

Mechanical Engineering Technology Diploma

Mechanical Engineering Technology - Tool and Machine Design Diploma

Mechanical Technician Diploma

Mechanical Techniques Certificate

Motive Power Fundamentals Certificate

Motive Power Technician Diploma

Motive Power Techniques - Heavy Equipment Certificate

Motive Power Techniques - Small Powered Equipment Certificate

Stationary Engineering Certificate

Stationary Engineering Technology Diploma

Welding Engineering Technician Diploma

Welding Engineering Technology Diploma

53

Program Degree(s)

2233. Industrial engineering and manufacturing technologists and technicians






Blasting Techniques Certificate







Gas and Oil Burner Technician 2 Certificate

Gas Technician Certificate

Gas Technician 2 Certificate

Geological Engineering Technician Diploma

Geological Engineering Technology Diploma


Heavy Equipment Operator Certificate

Heavy Equipment Technician Diploma

Industrial Design Diploma

Industrial Engineering Technician Diploma

Industrial Engineering Technology - Management Diploma

Industrial Management Diploma



Machine Shop Certificate

Manufacturing Engineering Technician Diploma

Manufacturing Engineering Technology Diploma





Plastics Engineering Technology Diploma



2241. Electrical and electronics engineering technologists and technicians



Electrical Engineering Diploma

Electrical Engineering Technician Diploma

Electrical Engineering Technology Diploma

Electrical Techniques Certificate



Electronics Engineering Technician Diploma


Program Degree(s)

Electronics Engineering Technology Diploma

Electronics Engineering Technology - Communications Diploma










Photonics Engineering Technician Diploma

Photonics Engineering Technology Diploma

Powerline Technician Diploma




2243. Industrial instrument technicians and mechanics






Blasting Techniques Certificate







Gas and Oil Burner Technician 2 Certificate

Gas Technician Certificate

Gas Technician 2 Certificate




Heavy Equipment Operator Certificate


Industrial Design Diploma



Industrial Management Diploma



Machine Shop Certificate

Manufacturing Engineering Technician Diploma

Manufacturing Engineering Technology Diploma

55

Program Degree(s)





Plastics Engineering Technology Diploma



2244. Aircraft instrument, electrical and avionics mechanics, technicians and inspectors

Air Carrier/Airport Management Technology Diploma

Aircraft Structural Repair Technician Certificate


Aviation Engineering Technician Diploma

Aviation Engineering Technology Diploma

Aviation Flight Technology Diploma

Aviation Technician - Aircraft Maintenance Diploma

Aviation Technician - Avionics Maintenance Diploma

Aviation Techniques - Aircraft Maintenance Certificate

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Flight Program) Bachelor


Electrical Engineering Diploma

Electrical Engineering Technician Diploma

Electrical Engineering Technology Diploma

Electrical Techniques Certificate



Electronics Engineering Technician Diploma

Electronics Engineering Technology Diploma

Electronics Engineering Technology - Communications Diploma










2255. Mapping and related technologists and technicians

Geographic Information Systems Technician Diploma

Geographic Information Systems Technology Diploma

Geography Diploma



Geology and Related Diploma



Program Degree(s)

2274. Engineer officers, water transport

Automation Engineering Technician Diploma

Automation Engineering Technology Diploma

Automation Technician Diploma















Marine Engineering Technology Diploma

Marine Technology - Navigation Diploma

Mechanical Engineering Diploma

Mechanical Technician Diploma


Product Innovation Technician Diploma


Welding Engineering Technician Diploma

Welding Engineering Technology Diploma

57

Program Degree(s)

2147. Computer engineers (except software engineers and designers)

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Integrated Telecommunication and Computer Technology) Bachelor

Computer Science Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Design/Systems Engineering Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.




2171. Information systems analysts and consultants

Bachelor of Applied Information Sciences (Computer and Communication Networking) Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Information Sciences (Information Systems Security) Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Information Sciences (Software Systems - Design, Development and Management) Bachelor

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Informatics and Security) Bachelor


Bachelor of Applied Technology (Software Development) Bachelor

Computer Applications Development Graduate Certificate

Computer Programmer Analyst Diploma

Computer Science Diploma, Bachelor

Computer Systems Technology Diploma


Engineering Science Bachelor, Diploma, Master



Information Security Technology Diploma

Information Systems Business Analyst Graduate Certificate


Internet Management Graduate Certificate

Local Area Network Design and Administration Graduate Certificate

Software Engineering Technician Diploma

Software Engineering Technology Diploma

Telecommunications Technology Diploma

2172. Database analysts and data administrators







Occupations in Information Technology


Program Degree(s)

Computer Engineering Technician Diploma

Computer Engineering Technology Diploma

Computer Networking and Technical Support Diploma

Computer Programmer Diploma



Computer Systems Technician Diploma















Technology of Website Development Diploma

Website Management Graduate Certificate

2173. Software engineers and designers













Game Design and Development Diploma

Game Development Diploma

Game Programming Diploma


Geographic Information Systems Technician Diploma

59

Program Degree(s)











Wireless Telecommunications Graduate Certificate

Wireless/Mobility Telecommunications Engineering Technician Diploma

2174. Computer programmers and interactive media developers







Computer Animation Graduate Certificate


Computer Applications Support Certificate



Computer Foundations Certificate

Computer Graphics Graduate Certificate

Computer Network Security Certificate


Computer Operator Certificate



Computer Repair and Maintenance Certificate




Computer Technical Support Certificate







Program Degree(s)



Industrial Design Bachelor, Diploma





Internet Website Development Certificate


Microcomputer Support Services Certificate







Wireless Telecommunications Graduate Certificate


2175. Web designers and developers





Building Systems Engineering Technician Diploma

Computer Applications Support Certificate



Computer Foundations Certificate

Computer Network Security Certificate


Computer Operator Certificate



Computer Repair and Maintenance Certificate

Computer Science Diploma



Computer Technical Support Certificate



Internet Website Development Certificate




61

Program Degree(s)

2151. Architects

Architecture Bachelor, Master

Bachelor of Applied Technology (Architecture - Project and Facility Management) Bachelor

Green Architecture Graduate Certificate

Landscape Architecture Bachelor, Master

2252. Industrial designers



5241. Graphic designers and illustrating artists

Computer Animation Graduate Certificate

Design/Systems Engineering Bachelor





5245. Patternmakers – textile, leather and fur products


Occupations in Architecture & Design

Program Degree(s)

3111. Specialist physicians

Medical Specialties Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

3114. Veterinarians

Animal Science Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Other biology (programmes, majors or specializations in botany, zoology, biochemistry, biophysics, veterinary sciences) Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Veterinary Medicine Bachelor

Veterinary Sciences Master, Ph.D.

Veterinary Specialties Master

3121. Optometrists

Opticianry Diploma

Optometry Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

3122. Chiropractors


Health Professions/Occupations Bachelor

Kinesiology Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Massage Therapy Diploma

Occupational Therapist Assistant Diploma

Occupational Therapist Assistant/Physiotherapist Assistant (OTA/PTA) Diploma

Other Rehabilitation Master, Ph.D.

Physical Therapy Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Recreation - Therapeutic Assistant Certificate

Recreation Therapy Diploma

Respiratory Therapy Diploma

Occupations in Health


Program Degree(s)

3123. Other professional occupations in health diagnosing and treating

Clinical Methods in Orthotics/Prosthetics Graduate Certificate


Immunology Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.


Other health professions and occupations (art as applied to medicine, dental hygiene) Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Pathology Master, Ph.D.

Physiology Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Toxicology Bachelor

3131. Pharmacists

Pharmacology Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Pharmacy Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

3132. Dietitians and nutritionists

Diabetes Education Graduate Certificate

Exercise Science and Lifestyle Management Graduate Certificate

Wellness and Lifestyle Management Graduate Certificate

3141. Audiologists and speech-language pathologists

Aural/Oral Rehabilitation Master, Ph.D.


3142. Physiotherapists



Kinesiology Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

Occupational Therapy Master


Other Rehabilitation Master, Ph.D.

Physical Therapy Bachelor, Master, Ph.D.

3152. Registered nurses

Advanced Care Paramedic Graduate Certificate

Anesthesia Assistant Graduate Certificate

Clinical Research Graduate Certificate

Complementary Care Graduate Certificate

Indigenous Community Health Approaches (Enionkwatakariteke) Graduate Certificate

Nursing Bachelor, Diploma, Master, Ph.D.

Orientation to Nursing in Ontario for Nurses Graduate Certificate

Practical Nursing Diploma

Registered Nurse - Critical Care Nursing Graduate Certificate

Registered Nurse - Emergency Nursing Graduate Certificate

Registered Nurse - Occupational Health Nursing Graduate Certificate

Registered Nurse - Oncology Nursing Graduate Certificate

Registered Nurse - Operating Room Graduate Certificate

Registered Nurse - Perinatal Nursing Graduate Certificate

Registered Nurse - Refresher Graduate Certificate

Registered Practical Nurse - Administration of Medications Graduate Certificate

63

Program Degree(s)

Registered Practical Nurse - Operating Room Graduate Certificate

Registered Practical Nurse - Psychiatric Nursing Graduate Certificate

3211. Medical laboratory technologists and pathologists' assistants













Nursing Diploma

Orientation to Nursing in Ontario for Practical Nurses Certificate


Other health professions and occupations (art as applied to medicine, dental hygiene) Diploma

Other Paraclinical Sciences Diploma

Personal Support Worker Certificate




3213. Veterinary and animal health technologists and technicians

Animal Care Certificate


Veterinary Medicine Diploma

Veterinary Technician Diploma

Veterinary Technology Diploma

3214. Respiratory therapists, clinical perfusionists and cardiopulmonary technologists

Nursing Diploma

Orientation to Nursing in Ontario for Practical Nurses Certificate

Personal Support Worker Certificate


3215. Medical radiation technologists


Radiation Safety Certificate

3216. Medical sonographers

Diagnostic Cardiac Sonography Graduate Certificate

Medical Diagnostic - Ultrasonography Graduate Certificate



Program Degree(s)

3218. Electroencephalographic and other diagnostic technologists, n.e.c.


3219. Other medical technologists and technicians (except dental health)














Other Paraclinical Sciences Diploma



65

END NOTES1 “Research”. 2011. In Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved July 8, 2011, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/research.

2 Stokes, Donald, Pasteur's Quadrant - Basic Science and Technological Innovation, Brookings Institution Press, 1997.

3 Jindrick, Jim, “10 Thoughts About Innovation“. In On Innovation: The Best of IEEE-USA Today’s Engineer IEEE-USA, 2007:pg. 37-38.

4 OECD Territorial Reviews – Toronto, Canada 2009.

5 2011 Deloitte Technology Fast 50. The Globe and Mail, October 19, 2011. From: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/small-business/sb-money/valuation/canadas-50-fastest-growing-technology-companies/article2194884/(Accessed on October 19, 2011).

6 Toronto Region Research Alliance 2011. “Strategic sectors study – Phase I: Location quotients”.http://www.trra.ca/en/reports/resources/Phase1-StrategicSectors-Nov2011.pdf (Accessed on January 10, 2012).

7 Statistics Canada. Business Register, June 2010.

8 Statistics Canada, Labour Market Survey, Custom Tabulation 2011.

9 Statistics Canada - 2006 Census. Catalogue Number 97-559-XCB2006011. Accessed on November 17, 2011. (Occupation -National Occupational Classification for Statistics 2006) Note: The numbers shown in this study are the result ofaggregating the values for the following Census Metropolitan Areas: Toronto CMA, Hamilton CMA and Kitchener CMA.

10 The National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2006 was developed by Human Resources and Skills DevelopmentCanada in collaboration with Statistics Canada. From http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/noc/index.shtml[Accessed on January 4, 2012].

11 Postsecondary Finance & Information Management Branch, University Finance Unit. Ministry of Training, Colleges andUniversities.

12 Graduation data from the Toronto Region colleges was provided by Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities –Graduate Outcomes Surveys.

13 ERI Economic Research Institute, “The Salary Assessor® & Survey Software and Databases”, 2011, fromhttp://www.erieri.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=Home.Methodologies&M=SA.

14 Toronto Region Research Alliance 2011. Research & Innovation Jobs project: Definitions and occupations of interest.http://www.trra.ca/en/about/resources/TRRAResearchandInnovationJobsProject-DefinitionsandOccupationsJuly2011.pdf(Accessed on August 10, 2011).

15 Personal communication with Niall Wallace – CEO, Infonaut. August 10, 2011.

16 Personal communication with Dave Dobbin – CEO, Mobility. October 27, 2011.

17 Personal communication with David Findlay – Director of Sales, Toronto Region Research Alliance. December 12, 2011.

18 Bay Area. In Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area (Accessed in August 2011).

19 Website of the Metropolitan Area Planning Council. http://www.mapc.org/ (Accessed in July 2011).

20 Population density in Greater Boston. In Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Boston (Accessed in July 2011).

21 Greater Helsinki. In Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Helsinki (Accessed in July 2011).

22 Israel. In Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel (Accessed in July 2011).

23 Seoul. In Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul (Accessed in February 2012).

24 Singapore. In Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore (Accessed in July 2011).

25 Sydney. In Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney (Accessed in July 2011).

26 Greater Toronto Area. In Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area (Accessed in January 2012).

27 Municipality of Waterloo. In Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Waterloo (Accessed inJanuary 2012).

28 Wellington County. In Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_County,_Ontario (Accessed in January 2012).


29 Hamilton, Ontario. In Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario (Accessed in January 2012).

30 Zurich Metropolitan Area. In Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurich_metropolitan_area (Accessed in July 2011).

31 Markey HT (1975), “Special Problems in Patent Cases”. Foundation for Research Development 66, 529.

32 Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (2009), The 2009 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard.http://iri.jrc.es/research/scoreboard_2009.htm.

33 Corporate Invention Board (2010) Corporate Rankings. Available fromhttp://www.corporateinventionboard.eu/en/corporate-rankings.

34 Lemley MA (2001), “Rational Ignorance at the Patent Office”. Northwestern University Law Review, Vol. 95, No. 4.Available at doi:10.2139/ssrn.261400 SSRN.com.

35 Banta DH (2001), “Worldwide Interest in Global Access to Drugs”. Journal of the American Medical Association 285 (22):2844–46. doi:10.1001/jama.285.22.2844. PMID 11401589.

36 Ferreira L (2002), “Access to Affordable HIV/AIDS Drugs: The Human Rights Obligations of Multinational PharmaceuticalCorporations”. Fordham Law Review 71 (3): 1133–79. PMID 12523370.

37 Schaaber J (2010), “Misguided Research”. http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/182681/index.en.shtml.

38 Ghafele R (2008), “Perceptions of Intellectual property: A Review”. London: Intellectual Property Institute. http://www.ip-institute.org.uk/pdfs/Perceptions%20of%20IP.pdf.

39 Harzing AW (2007), Publish or Perish. Available from http://www.harzing.com/pop.htm.

40 Website of Stanford University. http://www.stanford.edu/ (Accessed on January 9, 2012).

41 Website of University of California, Berkeley. http://berkeley.edu/ (Accessed on January 9, 2012).

42 Website of University of California, San Francisco. http://www.ucsf.edu/about/about-ucsf (Accessed on January 9, 2012).

43 Website of Harvard University. http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/harvard_fact_book_2010-11_web.pdf (Accessed on January 9, 2012).

44 Website of Massachusetts Institute of Technology. http://web.mit.edu/facts/faculty.html (Accessed on January 9, 2012).

45 Website of Boston University. http://www.bu.edu/oir/files/2011/05/G3b-Fact-Sheet-FY2011.pdf (Accessed on January 9, 2012).

46 Website of University of Helsinki. http://www.helsinki.fi/inbrief/2009/basic_facts.html (Accessed on January 10, 2012).

47 Website of Aalto University. https://into.aalto.fi/display/enaalto/Key+Facts (Accessed on January 10, 2012).

48 Website of Aalto University - Key facts 2011. http://www.aalto.fi/en/about/Aalto_slides_EN_20110929.pdf (Accessed onJanuary 10, 2012).

49 Electronic message from Rita Rekonen - “Policy and Foresight”, Aalto University. Received on November 9, 2012.

50 Website of Hanken School of Economics. http://issuu.com/hanken/docs/hanken_annual_report2010 (Accessed onJanuary 10, 2012).

51 Website of Weizmann Institute of Science. http://www.weizmann.ac.il/pages/facts-and-figures (Accessed on January 10,2012).

52 Website of Tel Aviv University. http://www.tau.ac.il/about-eng.html (Accessed on January 10, 2012).

53 Website of University of Haifa. http://www.haifa.ac.il/ (Accessed on January 10, 2012).

54 Website of Seoul National University. http://www.useoul.edu/about/ab0103.jsp (Accessed on January 11, 2012).

55 Website of Yonsei University. http://www.yonsei.ac.kr/eng/about/stats/vital/ (Accessed on January 11, 2012).

56 Website of Hanyang University. http://www.hanyang.ac.kr/english/ (Accessed on January 11, 2012).

57 Website of National University of Singapore. http://www.nus.edu.sg/aboutus/factsfigures.php (Accessed on January 11, 2012).

58 Website of Nanyang Technological University. http://www.ntu.edu.sg/AboutNTU/NTUataglance/Pages/Ourhistory.aspx(Accessed on January 11, 2012).

59 Website of Singapore Management University. http://www.smu.edu.sg/ (Accessed on January 11, 2012).

67

60 Website of University of Sydney, Australia. http://sydney.edu.au/about/profile/facts_figures.shtml (Accessed on January 11, 2012).

61 Website of University of Technology, Sydney, Australia. http://www.uts.edu.au/ (Accessed on January 11, 2012).

62 Website of University of New South Wales, Australia. http://www.unsw.edu.au/about/pad/aboutfacts.html (Accessed onJanuary 12, 2012).

63 Website of University of Toronto. http://www.utoronto.ca/about-uoft/quickfacts.htm (Accessed on January 12, 2012).

64 Website of University of Toronto - Facts Report.http://www.utoronto.ca/__shared/assets/UofT_2010_FactsFiguresReport_D4320.pdf (Accessed on January 12, 2012).

65 Website of York University. http://www.yorku.ca/factbook/factbook.asp?Year=2010+-+2011 (Accessed on January 12, 2012).

66 Website of McMaster University. http://mcmaster.ca/avpira/documents/factbook/FactBook20102011.pdf (Accessed onJanuary 12, 2012).

67 Website of Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich.http://www.ethz.ch/about/publications/annualreports/eth_jahresbericht_2010_en.pdf (Accessed on January 12, 2012).

68 Website of University of Zurich. http://www.uzh.ch/about/portrait/figures_en.html (Accessed on January 12, 2012).

69 Website of Zurich University of Applied Sciences. http://www.zhaw.ch/en/zurich-university-of-applied-sciences/about-the-zhaw/facts-and-figures.html (Accessed on January 12, 2012).


Copyright

All information in this publication is protected by copyright, pursuant to Canadian copyright laws, internationalconventions, and other copyright laws. All rights reserved. Any reproduction, modification, publication,transmission, transfer, sale, distribution, display or exploitation of the information, in any form or by anymeans, or its storage in a retrieval system, whether in whole or in part, without the express written permissionof the Toronto Region Research Alliance is prohibited.

Disclaimer

While efforts have been made to verify the accuracy of the information contained in this publication, neither theauthors nor TRRA make any representations or warranty, express or implied, including without limitations, asto the quality and merchantability and fitness for use of any material contained in this document. Theinformation is provided “As Is” and TRRA cannot warrant that any of the materials posted will be accurate andup to date at any particular point in time.

Proprietary information of others is used by permission and may have further use restricted as noted.References to any items supplied or manufactured by a third party does not constitute endorsement by TRRA ofthose items. References or links to websites belonging to entities other than TRRA are provided forinformational purposes and do not constitute either implied or expressed endorsement by TRRA of thematerials posted on those websites.

How to cite this report

Martinez Fonte, L., Draper P., Chau, P.K., Norman, K., Yoo, N., Chan, J. Research & Innovation Jobs -Opportunities and challenges in the Toronto Region Labour Market. Report sponsored by Employment Ontario,the Government of Canada, University of Toronto and TD Bank Group. Toronto Region Research Alliance.February 2012, 72 pages. (http://www.trra.ca/RIjobs)

TRRA is committed to reducing its environmentalimpact through the increased use of certifiedenvironmental processes and products.

This paper contains FSC certified fibre and 10% post-consumer recycled fibre. The pulp bleaching processis ECF (elemental chlorine free). The report is 100%recyclable.

FSCLogo

Toronto Region Research Alliance

20 Bay Street, Suite 1100Toronto, ON M5J 2N8

Tel 416 673 6670Fax 416 673 6671Email [email protected]

Visit us at www.trra.caFollow us @torontoresearch

© 2012 Toronto Region Research Alliance

Documents

Research & Innovation Jobs