Research and HE systems in Europe

Economia della conoscenza, Lezione 2.3

Content

An introduction to the UK and F. The Bologna declarartion. Public research in Europe

ERAWATCH

http://erawatch.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ Le informazioni sul sito vi permettono un

“qualche comparabilita’” dei 4 sistemi considerati in termini di staff e budget totale per IES/HEI e centri di ricerca pubblici.

UK: the system

~131 HEI of which 89 universities and 42 Higher Education colleges and polytechnics. Autonomous institutions with NPO status (private but publicly funded);

Further Education Colleges; Government labs (health, environment, etc.) Research Council Centres (medical,

biomedical, physics).

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UK: funding streams

Government Office for Science (≈ 40%):– HEFCs:

TeachingResearch (RAE-REF) Capability research Fund Higher Education Innovation FundOther research and teaching special needs

– Research Councils Other ministries (≈ 10%) Student Loan Company and other fees (≈ 10%)

About 60% Public

funding

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UK: funding streams

PRIVATE FUNDING (40% funding):– Residence an catering– Overseas students– UK charities– Other research income– Other service income– Endowment

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Funding of HE-funded institutions

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UK Dep for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) HE funding through HEFCs

Government Office for Science (≈ 40%):– HEFCs:

TeachingResearch (RAE-REF) Capability research Fund Higher Education Innovation FundOther research and teaching special needs

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HEFC Research Funding

Research funding is allocated via the quasi-market mechanism of expost assessment of research performance, the Research Assessment Exercise:– Edition 1986,’89,’92,’96,’01,’08,‘14:

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Research Councils Funding: Contractual funding

Arts & Humanities Research Council Biotechnology & Biological Sciences Research

Council Council for the Central Laboratory of the Research

Councils Engineering & Physical Sciences Research Council Economic & Social Research Council Medical Research Council Natural Environment Research Council Particle Physics & Astronomy Research Council

Research Funding

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UK HE funding and the crisis

Science and innovation investment framework 2004-2014; Real increase year on year ~7%.

BUT current crisis has provoked first a stop and than major cuts that will be introduce in 2012-13 of the order of 20% to 40% for teaching grant funding and constant or reducing budget for science.

Grant budget for HE from £7.1bn to £4.2bn by 2014-15 (5,3bn in 2012-13). HEFCE Teaching budget 4,675 in 2010-11 will be significantly reduced and student loan company contribution increased with a graduate contribution system.

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Teaching cuts: Introduction of tuition fees

Tuition fees: £1000, ‘98; £3000, ‘04; £9000, ’12; Not for Scotland, partially paid back for welsh and norther ireland students.

Graduate contribution with an income contingent (>£21,000) loan scheme.

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Tuition fees – the role of overseas

Tuition fees account for about 32% of current budget. About 1/3 is due to overseas students.17

UK HE science funding and the crisis

Science budget will be frozen at an annual £4.6bn till 2014-15, equivalent to about 10% real decrease. See also the capital expenditure budget cuts and other departments cuts.

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UK – info web

Department of Business Innovation and Skills (http://www.bis.gov.uk/)

– http://www.bis.gov.uk/policies/higher-education– http://www.bis.gov.uk/policies/innovation– http://www.bis.gov.uk/policies/science

Higher Education Funding Council of England: http://www.hefce.ac.uk/

Universities UK: http://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk Economic papers on innovation at BIS

http://www.bis.gov.uk/policies/science/science-innovation-analysis/economics-papers

UK – info web

Higher Education Policy Institute: http://www.hepi.ac.uk/

France

France 1

85 universities nel 2006 80 (200-2000) Grandes Ecoles e Grands

Etablissements:– Ecole central– Ecole normal– Ecoles de commerce– Ecole nationales supérieures d’ingénieurs

Reform of the university system - Law on the autonomy and responsibility of universities in 2007:

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France 2: The reform of the university system

Ministere l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche:

– 1999 – Law for innovation and research– 2005 – Pact for research– 2006 – Law for research:

Pôle de recherche et enseignement supérieur – PRES Réseaux Thématiques de Recherche Avancée, RTRA)

– 2007 – Law on the autonomy of universities– 2008 – Strategic plan for CNRS– 2005-2008 – major increase (7.5% 2008) in the budget (T

and R)23

France 3: HE funding and the crisis

In 2009 research and teaching are the only budgets that did not get cut, increased of 6.5%. Also the 2010 budget law has had an increase in the research and teaching budget;

Increased budget associated to new allocation procedures - competition, evaluation and selection to allocate added resources to the best performing institutions in the country.

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France 4: The reform of the university funding system

Slow but continuous move of budget from grant allocation to competitive systems :

– In 2005 creation of the Agence Nationale de la Recherche ANR, budget increase (2005: 4%, 2007: 7%, 2009: ≈ 9% €820M).

Development of an ex-post evaluation system:– Agence d'évaluation de la recherche et de l'enseignement

supérieur-AERES 2006-2007. Selection of university clusters of excellence (pole

d’excellence universitaire ) with added public funding (Plan Campus).

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France PROs

Large number of public research organizations:– Large science and technology organisations:

Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Institut national de la recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale

(INSERM) etc..

– Other smaller centres for industrial and innovation research:

National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks – INERIS, .

France PROs 2

Reduction of importance: 80% of CNRS labs are unite mixte

Major restructuring of CNRS and INSERM

Francia PROs 3

HEIs CNRS PROs

Budget 4310 2030 5900

Staff 49400 11600 15000

Staff FTE 24700 11600 15000

Fonte: ERAWATCH. Spese in 2000, M€

France info web

Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR): http://www.agence-nationale-recherche.fr/

Ministere l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (MESR): http://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/

Nouvelle universite: http://www.nouvelleuniversite.gouv.fr/

The Bologna Declaration

1999 la dichiarazione di Bologna

La European Higher Education Area;

1998 - SORBONNE DECLARATIONFRANCE, ITALY, THE UNITED KINGDOM AND GERMANY SIGN A DECLARATION ON THE ”HARMONISATION OF THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE EUROPEAN HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM” 1999 - BOLOGNA DECLARATIONTWENTY EUROPEAN MINISTERS IN CHARGE OF HIGHER EDUCATION LAY THE BASIS FOR ESTABLISHING A EUROPEAN HIGHER EDUCATION AREA BY 2010: IT BECOMES KNOWN AS THE BOLOGNA PROCESS.2001-PRAGUE COMMUNIQUÉFOUR ADDITIONAL COUNTRIES JOIN THE PROCESS. 2003 - BERLIN COMMUNIQUÉFORTY COUNTRIES ARE NOW INVOLVED, INCLUDING RUSSIA AND SOUTHEAST EUROPE. 2005 – Bergen COMMUNIQUÉ5 MORE COUNTRIES ACCEPTED; GUIDELINES FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE

2006 – 46 CONTRIES INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS ABOUT 5600 INSTITUTIONS

1999 la dichiarazione di Bologna

La European Higher Education Area; Undergraduate (Bachelor degree = Laurea

triennale) and graduate (Master = Laurea Magistrale and PhD = Dottorato);

ECTS (European Credit Transfer and accumulation System) = Crediti formativi universitari 60 per anno (lauree di 3 o 4 anni)

=> MOBILITA’

Public research in Europe

Rapid expansion during the 1960s of– universities– government research institutions– research funding

By 1980s expansion ends (not in all countries)– research funds remain static till late 1990s

Development of public sector research (PSR)

Changing organisation of PSR

Sectors Functions Government arrangements

Sectors of PSR

Three main sectors– universities

– non-university research organisations (CNR) – Basic and applied research.

– government laboratories (Istituto Superiore di Sanita’)

Additional sectors in some countries– technical institutes to support industry

– charitable foundations carrying out research

Functions of PSR

Advancement of knowledge (not always the first function)

Economic development (can come first)

Support government policy formation and implementation

Public welfare and safety

Prestige activities and/ or “mission-national champions”

Traditional structure of PSRTypes Functions*

Universities

Non-university research

organisations (research institutes

and agencies)

Government laboratories

Advancement of knowledge

special interest (support agriculture, health, energy, environment)applied industrially relevant research (support economic development)

Support policy formation and implementation

Prestige activities in

"frontier science"

*Main pillars of S&T policy

Management of PSR systems

Government arrangements– ministerial responsibility for S&T:

a) should science be considered together with education?

b) should science and technology be the responsibility of the same ministry?

c) should science be part of the Ministry of Industry’s responsibility?

– coordination among ministries (S&T financed by more ministries in a significant way)

Management of PSR systems

Funding arrangements Changing location of research

Funding arrangements

Diversity of arrangements. Two main models Research Council funding model

– core funds for infrastructure + grants for research projects

Block grant system– may be provided by both state and the regions

Other sources of funds– regions, charitable foundations, contracts from

government, industry, the EC

Funding arrangements (2)

Emerging Trends: Research Council re-organisation (single, multiple RC) Lack of accountability for time academics spend on

research erosion of block grant system and growth of competitive grant application

Growing role for regions to fund research in larger countries

Increasing pressure for PSR to raise funds from external agencies

Funding arrangements (3)

Re-allocation of funds between research areas Less funds for

– basic or "blue sky" research– traditional energy research v energy and the environment

More funds for– applications-oriented research (health, environment)– research relevant to users– programmes of strategic research– priorities decided by government

Changing location of research

Increasing role for universities Decreasing role for research institutes Both trends lead to

– less research staff with permanent positions– more research staff on short-term contracts