req eng book.pdf

8/13/2019 req eng book.pdf

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Klaus Pohl Chris Rupp

Requirements

Engineering

Fundamentals

A Study Guide for the Certified Professional

forRequirements Engineering Exam

- Foundation Level - IREBcompliant

rocky


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xiii

Contents

The Certified Professional for Requirements Engineering (CPRE) Exam v

Foreword vii

With Contributions from ix

1 Introduction and Foundations 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.1.1 Figures and Factsfrom Ordinary Projects 1

1.1.2 RequirementsEngineering-What Is It? 3

1.1.3 Embedding Requirements Engineering

into Process Models 4

1.2 Fundamentals ofCommunication Theory 5

1.3 Characteristics of a Requirements Engineer 6

1.4 Requirement Types 7

1.5 Importance and Categorization of Quality Requirements 9

1.6 Summary 10

2 System and Context Boundaries 11

2.1 System Context 11

2.2 Defining System and Context Boundaries 12

2.2.1 Defining the System Boundary 13

2.2.2 Defining the Context Boundary 15

2.3 Documenting the System Context 17

2.4 Summary 17


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Contents

3 ElicitingRequirements 19

3.1 Requirements Sources 19

3.1.1 Stakeholders and Their Significance 19

3.1.2

Handling Stakeholders in the

Project 20

3.2 RequirementsCategorization According to the Kano Model 22

3.3 Elicitation Techniques 24

3.3.1 Types of Elicitation Techniques 24

3.3.2 Survey Techniques 25

3.3.3 CreativityTechniques 26

3.3.4 Document-centric Techniques 28

3.3.5 Observation Techniques 29

3.3.6 SupportTechniques 30

3.4 Summary 31

4 Documenting Requirements 33

4.1 Document Design 33

4.2 Types of Documentation 34

4.2.1 The Three Perspectives of Requirements 34

4.2.2 Requirements Documentationusing

Natural

Language ....

35

4.2.3 Requirements Documentation using Conceptual Models .. 35

4.2.4 Hybrid Requirements Documents 36

4.3 Document Structures 37

4.3.1 Standardized Document Structures 37

4.3.2 Customized Standard Contents 38

4.4 Using Requirements Documents 40

4.5 Quality Criteria for Requirements Documents 41

4.5.1 Unambiguity and Consistency 41

4.5.2 Clear Structure 42

4.5.3 Modifiabilityand Extendibility 42

4.5.4 Completeness 42

4.5.5 Traceability 43


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Contents x

4.6 Quality Criteria for Requirements 43

4.7 Glossary 45

4.8 Summary 47

5 Documenting Requirements in Natural Language 49

5.1 Effects of Natural Language 49

5.1.1 Nominalization 50

5.1.2 Nouns without Reference Index 51

5.1.3 Universal Quantifiers 51

5.1.4 Incompletely SpecifiedConditions 52

5.1.5 Incompletely Specified Process Verbs 53

5.2 Requirement Construction usingTemplates 53

5.3 Summary 57

6 Model-Based Requirements Documentation 59

6.1 The Term Model 59

6.1.1 Properties ofModels 60

6.1.2 Modeling Languages 60

6.1.3 RequirementsModels 61

6.1.4 Advantages of RequirementsModels 61

6.1.5 Combined Use ofModels and Natural Language 62

6.2 Goal Models 62

6.2.1 Goal Documentation Using AND/OR Trees 63

6.2.2 Example of AND /OR Trees 63

6.3 Use Cases 64

6.3.1 UML Use Case Diagrams 64

6.3.2 Use Case Specifications 67

6.4 Three Perspectives ont he Requirements 70


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Contents

6.5 Requirements Modeling in the Data Perspective 71

6.5.1 Entity-RelationshipDiagrams 71

6.5.2 UML Class Diagrams 74

6.6 Requirements Modeling inthe Functional Perspective 76

6.6.1 DataFlow Diagrams 76

6.6.2 Models of the Functional Perspective and Control Flow .... 78

6.6.3 UML Activity Diagrams 79

6.7 RequirementsModeling in the Behavioral Perspective 82

6.7.1 Statecharts 83

6.7.2 UML State Diagrams 84

6.8 Summary 87

7 Requirements Validation and Negotiation 89

7.1 Fundamentals o f RequirementsValidation 89

7.2 Fundamentals o f Requirements Negotiation 90

7.3 Quality Aspects of Requirements 91

7.3.1 QualityAspect "Content" 91

7.3.2 Quality Aspect "Documentation" 92

7.3.3 Quality Aspect"Agreement" 93

7.4 Principles ofRequirementsValidation 94

7.4.1 Principle 1: Involvement of the Correct Stakeholders 94

7.4.2 Principle 2: Separating the Identification

and the Correction of Errors 95

7.4.3 Principle 3: Validation from Different Views 95

7.4.4 Principle 4: Adequate Change of Documentation Type 96

7.4.5 Principle 5: Construction of Development Artifacts 96

7.4.6 Principle 6: Repeated Validation 96

7.5 Requirements Validation Techniques 97

7.5.1 Commenting 97

7.5.2 Inspection 98

7.5.3 Walk-Through 99


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Contents

7.5.4 Perspective-Based Reading 100

7.5.5 Validation through Prototypes 101

7.5.6 Using Checklists f or Validation 103

7.6 RequirementsNegotiation 104

7.6.1 Conflict Identification 105

7.6.2 Conflict Analysis 105

7.6.3 Conflict Resolution 106

7.6.4 Documentation ofthe Conflict Resolution 108

7.7 Summary 109

8 Requirements Management 111

8.1 Assigning Attributes to Requirements 111

8.1.1 Attributesfor Natural Language Requirements

and Models 111

8.1.2 Attribute Scheme 112

8.1.3 Attribute Types ofRequirements 113

8.2 Views on Requirements 115

8.2.1 Selective Views ont he Requirements Foundation 115

8.2.2 Condensed Views on the Requirements 117

8.3 Prioritizing Requirements 118

8.3.1 Method for Requirements Prioritization 118

8.3.2 Techniquesfor Requirements Prioritization 119

8.4 Traceabilityof Requirements 122

8.4.1 Advantages of Traceable Requirements 122

8.4.2 Purpose-Driven Definition of Traceability 123

8.4.3 Classification of Traceability Relations 124

8.4.4 Representation of Requirements Traceability 125

8.5 Versioning of Requirements 128

8.5.1 Requirements Versions 128

8.5.2 RequirementsConfigurations 129

8.5.3 Requirements Baselines 130


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xviii Contents

8.6 Management of Requirements Changes 131

8.6.1 Requirements Changes 131

8.6.2 The Change Control Board 132

8.6.3 The Change Request 133

8.6.4 Classification of Incoming Change Requests 134

8.6.5 Basic Method for Corrective and AdaptiveChanges 134

8.7 Summary 136

9 Tool Support 139

9.1 General Tool Support 139

9.2 Modeling Tools 140

9.3

Requirements ManagementTools 141

9.3.1 Specialized Tools for Requirements Management 142

9.3.2 Standard Office Applications 142

9.4 Introducing Tools 143

9.5 EvaluatingTools 144

9.5.1 Project View 145

9.5.2 User View 146

9.5.3 ProductView 146

9.5.4 Process View 146

9.5.5 ProviderView 146

9.5.6 Technical View 147

9.5.7 EconomicView 147

9.6 Summary 147

References 149

Index 157