Report Chemical Product Design Assignment 2

7/21/2019 Report Chemical Product Design Assignment 2

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WMAZGPRAVER AMFOMGRAE

CWLR DGEKVD GMDEMBG RVPWBVWPG EMF VGTVWPG OJ

JOOFR EMF @GZGPECGR

Pgport Essacmlgmt 0

CPOWX 55

CPOWX XGPROMMGK9

Emcgke Rusemta (508:063282)

Cemfda Ekelsyed (508:06041:)

Amfre Reputre (508:060520)

Lerae Ontevaema (508:08055:)

Pazny Emccrgama (508:021578)

Pazqa Xemfu (818:773867)

BDGLABEK GMCAMGGPAMC FGXEPVLGMV

GMCAMGGPAMC JEBWKVQ

WMAZGPRAVER AMFOMGRAE

FGXON 0857



aaWmavgrsates Amfomgsae

GTGBWVAZG RWLLEPQ

Joof effatavgs erg su`stembgs amborporetgf am gfa`kg profubts am orfgr to

pgrjorl spgbajab rokgs emf jumbtaoms, subd es prgsgrvetaom oj joofstujjs `y gatdgr

ambrgesamc sdgkj kajg or amdaàtamc tdg crowtd oj derljuk labro`gs. Rteàkasgrs,

tdabngmgrs, emf cgkkamc ecgmts erg solg oj tdg lost alportemt bkessgs oj effatavgs.

Vgxturg as em alportemt perelgtgr am tdg eppgek oj joofs, wdabd bem `g lofajagf

`y tdg usecg oj steàkasgr, tdabngmgr, or cgkkamc ecgmt. Vdg tgxturg oj joofs wakk

amjkugmbg bomsulgrs‟ pgrbgptaom oj quekaty.

E kot oj steàkasgr or tdabngmgr or cgkkamc ecgmt profubts devg `ggm eveake`kgam tdg lerngt. Wmjortumetgky, tdgrg erg solg wgenmgssgs tdet bem stakk `g

gmboumtgrgf watd tdgsg effatavgs. @esgf om tdg amtgrvagws emf survgys bomfubtgf

`gjorg, tdg rgsukts sdow tdet bomsulgrs‟ mggfs rgcerfamc tdg steàkasgrs / tdabngmgr

/ cgkkamc ecgmt‟s gjjgbtavgmgss am pgrjorlembg stakk devgm‟t `ggm jukky lgt. Lost

profubts tgmf to jorl kulp or gvgm mggf komc-starramc furamc tdg joof probgssamc.

@esgf om tdgsg jebts, e mgw joof culs tdet bem worn es steàkasgr, tdabngmgr

or cgkkamc ecgmt wakk `g fgvgkopgf. Vdg fgvgkoplgmt wakk stert `y kastamc solg

gxastamc bombgpts emf proposamc mgw bombgpts. @otd mgw emf gxastamc bombgpts

wakk `g bolàmgf am e lamf lep to `g essgssgf jurtdgr.

Vdg jurtdgr essgsslgmt wakk `g fomg `y e sgqugmbg oj stgps jor sgkgbtamc

bombgpt. Vdg stgps bomsast oj bombgpt cgmgretaom, bombgpt sbrggmamc, bombgpt

sboramc, emf bombgpt tgstamc. Am bombgpt cgmgretaom, afges or bombgpt wakk `g

cgmgretgf systgletabekky `y usamc te`kg. Am bombgpt sbrggmamc, tdg kastgf afges wakk

`g sbrggmgf `y e rgketavg sbekg, wdakg am bombgpt sboramc, tdg rgleamamc afges wakk

`g sborgf `y e jamgr sbekg. @otd stgp wakk bomtamuousky rgfubg tdg eloumt oj afge

am orfgr to cgt tdg `gst bombgpt. Vdg kest stgp am bombgpt sgkgbtaom as bombgpt

tgstamc, am wdabd bomsulgrs‟ opamaom wakk `g usgf to essgss tdg `gst bombgpt tdet

des `ggm sgkgbtgf.

Rgqugmbg oj stgps jor sgkgbtamc bombgpt wakk dgkp us to fgtgrlamg wdabd

bombgpt as tdg lost proè`kg bombpgt tdet wakk jurtdgr `g fgvgkopgf emf rgekazgf.

Ejtgr nmowamc wdabd bombgpt as tdg `gst, profubt posataomamc bem `g fomg emf e

sgt oj fgsbraptaom emf spgbajabetaom jor tdg profubt bem `g fgtgrlamgf.



aaaWmavgrsates Amfomgsae

KARV OJ BOMVGMV

BOZGP ............................................................................................................. aGTGBWVAZG RWLLEPQ .............................................................................. aa

KARV OJ BOMVGMV ....................................................................................... aaa

KARV OJ JACWPGR ......................................................................................... v

KARV OJ VE@KGR ........................................................................................... va

BDEXVGP 5 BPGEVAMC BOMBGXV .......................................................... 55.5 @ebncroumf oj Afges ................................................................................. 5

5.0 Xro`kgl Fgbolposataom ........................................................................... 0

5.2 Gxastamc Bombgpts ..................................................................................... 1

5.6 @reamstorlamc Bombgpts ........................................................................... 52

5.7 Pgleamamc Bombgpts ................................................................................. 53

BDEXVGP 0 BOMBGXV CGMGPEVAOM EMF RGKGBVAOM .................. 080.5 Bombgpt Cgmgretaom .................................................................................. 08

0.0 Bombgpt Rbrggmamc .................................................................................... 03

0.2 Bombgpt Rboramc ........................................................................................ 20

0.6 Bombgpt Vgstamc ........................................................................................ 21

BDEXVGP 2 XPOFWBV RXGRAJABEVAOM ................................................ 60

2.5 Xrofubt Xosataomamc ................................................................................... 60

2.0 Xrofubt Fgsbraptaom .................................................................................. 66

2.2 Xrofubt Rpgbajabetaom ................................................................................ 6:

BDEXVGP 6 BOMBKWRAOM ......................................................................... 63

PGJGPGMBGR ................................................................................................. 64



avWmavgrsates Amfomgsae

KARV OJ JACWPGR

Jacurg 5.5 Rpkattamc e pro`kgl `y spkattamc ats melg .......................................... 0Jacurg 5.0 Lamf lep oj gxastamc bombgpts ......................................................... 50

Jacurg 5.2 Lamf lep oj mgw bombgpts ............................................................... 57

Jacurg 5.6 Lamf lep oj bolàmgf bombgpts ...................................................... 5:

Jacurg 5.7 Lamf lep oj rgleamamc bombgpts ..................................................... 54

Jacurg 0.5 Rtgp oj bombgpt sgkgbtaom .................................................................. 08

Jacurg 0.0 @ebncroumf obbupetaom oj rgspomfgmts ............................................ 68

Jacurg 0.2 Votek potgmtaek bomsulgrs oj owm profubt ....................................... 68

Jacurg 2.5 Xgrbgptuek leppamc .......................................................................... 62



vWmavgrsates Amfomgsae

KARV OJ VE@KGR

Ve`kg 5.5 Xrodaàtgf joof effatavgs su`stembgs ................................................. 6Ve`kg 5.0 Joof culs gjjgbt om joofs emf `gvgrecgs profubts .......................... 3

Ve`kg 0.5 Bombgpt cgmgretaom ............................................................................ 05

Ve`kg 0.0 Bombgpt cgmgretaom jor bombgpt sbrggmamc ......................................... 07

Ve`kg 0.2 Rgkgbtaom bratgrae ................................................................................ 04

Ve`kg 0.6 Letrabgs oj bombgpt sbrggmamc ............................................................ 25

Ve`kg 0.7 Petamc oj rgketavg pgrjorlembg .......................................................... 20

Ve`kg 0.: Letrabgs oj bombgpt sboramc ............................................................... 23

Ve`kg 2.5 Xrofubt fgsbraptaom ............................................................................ 66

Ve`kg 2.0 Xrofubt jamek spgbajabetaom ................................................................. 6:



5 Wmavgrsates Amfomgsae

BDEXVGP 5

BPGEVAMC BOMBGXV

5.5 @ebncroumf oj Afges

Joof emf `gvgrecgs erg solg oj tdg èsab dulem rgquarglgmts oj kajg wdabd

erg sourbgf leamky jrol pkemts emf emaleks (otdgr sourbg ambkufamc jumca g.c.

lusdrool emf ekceg g.c. Rparukame). Cgmgrekky, dulem joofs emf `gvgrecgs erg

mgvgr bomsulgf rew> retdgr, tdgy umfgrco spgbaek probgssamc trgetlgmts watd or

watdout dget to leng tdgl lorg pekete`kg. Joofs emf `gvgrecgs probgssamc very

fgpgmfamc oj tdg typg oj joof or `gvgrecg `gamc prgpergf. Sdgrg mgbgssery, solgmutratavg effatavgs gssgmtaek jor dgektd erg effgf. Vdg probgss oj effamc effatavgs

am joofs amvokvgs laxamc tocgtdgr veraous amcrgfagmts `gjorg or furamc e dget-

trgetlgmt stgp to cavg tdg joof amtgmfgf jkevour, testg, tgxturg, or eppgerembg

(Lseceta, 0850).

Joof effatavgs as e su`stembg or laxturg oj su`stembgs, otdgr tdem èsab joof

stujj, wdabd as prgsgmt am joof es e rgsukt oj emy espgbt oj profubtaom, probgssamc,

storecg, or pebnecamc (Jurae, 5130). Joof effatavgs bem ekso `g fgjamgf es

su`stembgs amborporetgf am gfa`kg profubts am orfgr to pgrjorl spgbajab rokgs emf

jumbtaoms, subd es prgsgrvetaom oj joofstujjs `y gatdgr ambrgesamc sdgkj kajg or

amdaàtamc tdg crowtd oj derljuk labro`gs (Lseceta, 0850).

Elomc e mul`gr oj effatavgs emf prgsgrvetavgs bollomky usgf am joofs

emf `gvgrecgs, steàkasgrs, tdabngmgrs, emf cgkkamc ecgmts erg solg oj tdg lost

alportemt bkessgs oj effatavgs. Rteàkasgrs, tdabngmgrs, emf cgkkamc ecgmts provafg

stromc tgxturg emf slootdmgss es wgkk es ambrgesg am vasbosaty (Uuglgmgr gt ek .,

0888). Vgxturg as em alportemt perelgtgr am tdg eppgek oj joofs. Vdg tgxturg oj

joofs des e su`stemtaek amjkugmbg om bomsulgrs‟ pgrbgptaom oj ”quekaty‟ emf furamc

bdgwamc (or ”lestabetaom‟), amjorletaom om tdg bdemcgs am tgxturg oj e joof as

tremslattgf to tdg `ream jrol sgmsors am tdg loutd, jrol tdg sgmsg oj dgeramc emf

jrol lglory, to ùakf up em alecg oj tdg tgxturek propgrtags oj tdg joof (Jgkkows,

0881).

E kot oj steàkasgr or tdabngmgr or cgkkamc ecgmt profubts devg `ggm eveake`kg

am tdg lerngt am orfgr to jukjakk bomsulgrs‟ fglemfs rgcerfamc effatavgs tdet bem



0

Wmavgrsates Amfomgsae

gmdembg strubturg emf tgxturg oj joofs emf `gvgrecgs. Wmjortumetgky, tdgrg erg

solg wgenmgssgs tdet bem stakk `g gmboumtgrgf watd tdgsg effatavgs. Jor gxelpkg,

tdg usecg oj wdget jkour boukf traccgr em umdgektdy rgebtaom rgketgf to ats ckutgm

bomtgmt (Semcgm, 0881). @esgf om tdg amtgrvagws emf survgys bomfubtgf `gjorg,

tdg rgsukts sdow tdet bomsulgrs‟ mggfs rgcerfamc tdg steàkasgrs / tdabngmgr /

cgkkamc ecgmt‟s gjjgbtavgmgss am pgrjorlembg stakk devgm‟t `ggm jukky lgt. Lost

profubts tgmf to jorl kulp or gvgm mggf komc-starramc furamc tdg joof probgssamc.

@esgf om tdgsg jebts, wg try to fgvgkop mgw bombgpts jor steàkasgr,

tdabngmgr or cgkkamc ecgmt (am tdg jorl oj joof culs). Vdg fgvgkoplgmt wakk `g

rgketgf to tdg profubt jorl emf wornamc lgbdemasl to gmdembg strubturg emf

tgxturg oj joofs emf `gvgrecgs gjjgbtavgky. Ejtgr e kast oj bombgpt des `ggm

brgetgf, e sgrags oj bombgpt sgkgbtaom probgfurg> ambkufamc bombgpt cgmgretaom,

bombgpt sbrggmamc, bombgpt sboramc, emf bombgpt tgstamc> wakk `g fomg to fgtgrlamg

tdg lost suate`kg bombgpt tdet bem lggt bomsulgrs‟ fglemfs emf ovgrbolg tdg

prgvaous profubts‟ wgenmgssgs.

5.0 Xro`kgl Fgbolposataom

Vdg jarst stgp tdet lust `g fomg am brgetamc bombgpt as to spkat tdg pro`kgl

amto su`-pro`kgls emf to emekysg su`-jumbtaoms. Jobus om su`-pro`kgls tdet

eppger to `g bratabek to tdg profubt (Sgssgkamcd, 0883). Ektdoucd, tdas lgtdof as

quatg salpkg, at as rgekky dgkpjuk jor tdg fgvgkoplgmt tgel es tdg amataek stgp am

brgetamc e kot oj ammovetavg bombgpts tdet erg ebbgpte`kg jor tdg lerngt.

Culs Dgektd Gmdembg Rtrubturg emf Vgxturg oj Joofs emf @gvgrecgs

Jacurg 5.5 Rpkattamc e pro`kgl `y spkattamc ats melg

(Rourbg 9 Eutdor‑s pgrsomek fete)

Dgrg erg tdg jgw pro`kgls tdet eppger jrol our topab tdet wakk `g fgvgkopgf

jurtdgr.

e ` b



2


Culs

Boukf otdgr steàkasgr / tdabngmgr / cgkkamc ecgmt (protgam èsgf) `g `gttgr

tdem culs?

Rteàkasgrs, tdabngmgr, emf cgkkamc ecgmts erg croup oj bolpoumfs wdabd

pkey e vgry alportemt rokg am tdg joof amfustry to alprovg steàkaty, tgxturg,

vasbosaty emf leng joof profubts jarlgr (Jgffgrsgm emf Vdorp, 5112). Vdgy

erg e favgrsg croup oj bolpoumfs watd fajjgrgmt bdglastrags emf jumbtaomek

croups ambkufamc elamo ebafs, pokyekbodoks, beròxykab ebaf sekts,

beròdyfretgs, emf solg protgams (Pelòurc gt ek ., 5140> Pgas gt ek., 5112>

Vergkka gt ek., 5114> Lebkgem gt ek., 0880). Lost oj tdgsg bolpoumfs erg

meturek jrol gatdgr pkemt or emalek oracam (Còlgz-Fìez emf Meveze, 0886).

Vdg lokgbukgs usgf es steàkasgrs, tdabngmgr, or cgkkamc ecgmts erg

lebrolokgbukgs wdabd, wdgm fassokvgf or faspgrsgf am equgous lgfae, erg

bepe`kg oj beusamc em ambrgesg am tdg vasbosaty or cgk jorletaom. Rteàkasgrs am

joofstujjs prgvgmt joof bolpomgmts jrol sgperetamc emf tdgy ekso cavg joof

e bomsastgmt tgxturg. Cgkkamc ecgmts erg usgjuk wdgm bomsastgmby oj e

pertabuker joof des to `g ektgrgf to lggt bomsulgr fglemf. Om tdg otdgr

demf, tdabngmgrs pkey e usgjuk rokg am cavamc joof òfy.

Rteàkasgrs emf tdabngmgrs ley `g favafgf amto two leam bkessgs9

pokysebbderafgs emf protgams. Xokysebbderafgs bolprasg tdrgg leam

su`bkessgs9 mom-aomab (mgutrek), emaomab (Beo gt ek., 5118> Fabnamsom emf

Cekezne, 5115> Relemt gt ek., 5112> Serf-Rlatd gt ek., 5116> Fabnamsom,

511:), emf betaomab. Joof culs bem `g betgcorazgf es pokysebbderafgs èsgf

steàkasgrs or tdabngmgrs `gbeusg tdgy erg bolprasgf oj bolpkgx beròdyfretg

wdabd erg fgravgf praleraky jrol pkemts (Amtgrmetaomek Joof EffatavgsBoumbak, 0857).

Dgektd

Dow joof culs bem `g betgcorazgf es dgektdy profubt?

Jrol tdg qugstaom eòvg, wg bem fgsbra`g tdg joof culs profubt jrol

tdg dgektd pgrspgbtavg. Jarst tdamc jarst, tdg profubt sdoukf jokkow covgrmlgmt

rgcuketaom eòut joof effatavgs. Amfomgsaem covgrmlgmt des `ggm profubgf

rgcuketaoms eòut joof effatavgs es jokkows.



6


WW Pgpu`kan Amfomgsae Mo.3 Vedum 511:, @e` AA Ngelemem Xemcem.

Xgreturem Lgmtgra Ngsgdetem PA Mo. 300/Lgmngs/Xgr/AT/44, tgmtemc

pgrsyeretem èdem telèdem lenemem yemc faaiamnem, fosas

pgleneaem, fem ke`gk nglesem.

Xgreturem Lgmtgra Ngsgdetem PA Mo. 084/Lgmngs/Xgr/AZ/47, tgmtemc

pgmccumeem pglemas ùetem.

Xgreturem Lgmtgra Ngsgdetem PA Mo. 021/Lgmngs/Xgr/Z/47, tgmtemc

pgleneaem zet werme yemc fakeremc.

Xgreturem Lgmtgra Ngsgdetem PA Mo. 8 2 2 Vedum 0850, tgmtemc

@edem Velèdem Xemcem.

Ve`kg 5.5 sdows solg prodaàtgf su`stembgs tdet bem‟t `g usgf es joof

effatavgs or joof culs èsgf om Xgreturem Lgmtgra Ngsgdetem PA Mo. 822

Vedum 0850, Vgmtemc @edem Velèdem Xemcem.

Ve`kg 5.5 Xrodaàtgf joof effatavgs su`stembgs

Mo. Letgraek

5. @orab Ebaf

0. Rekybykab ebaf emf ats sekt

2. Fagtdykpyroberòmetg, (FGXB)

6. Fukbam

7 Jorlekfgdyfg

:. Xotessaul `roletg

3. Xotessaul bdkoretg

4. Bdkorelpdgmabok

1. @rolametgf vgcgte`kg oaks

58. Matrojurezomg

55. Fukbelere

50. Bobeamg

52. Matro`gmzgmg

56. Bammelyk emtdremaketg

57. Fydafrosejrokg



7


Ve`kg 5.5 Xrodaàtgf joof effatavgs su`stembgs (bomtamugf)

Mo. Letgraek

5:. Vomne `gem

53. Bekelus oak

54. Vemsy oak

51. Resejres oak

(Rul`gr 9 Xgreturem Lgmtgra Ngsgdetem PA Mo. 822 Vedum 0850,

Vgmtemc @edem Velèdem Xemcem)

Esafg jrol tdet, tdg joof culs lust mot beusg emy ekkgrcags wdgm usgf

om joofs emf `gvgrecgs. Ekkgrcags ley rgsukt jrol bdglabek su`stembgs tdet

erg prgsgmt am joof culs rgsourbgs. Satd e joof ekkgrcy, e joof sgts ojj em

"AcG lgfaetgf rgebtaom" am tdg òfy. Rolg gkglgmt am tdg facgstgf joof,

usuekky e protgam, sgts ojj e bdglabek rgebtaom (a.g., brgetgs em AcG emtaòfy)

watdam tdg òfy's bgkks. Vdgsg emtaòfags rgkgesg bdglabeks, subd es dastelamg,

wdabd beusg tdg ekkgrcab rgebtaom. Vdg rgebtaom bem obbur watdam lamutgs emf

rergky tengs lorg tdem e jgw dours. At as usuekky quatg sgvgrg emf, am besgs oj

emepdykebtab sdobn, bem `g jetek (Joofs Lettgr, 5114).

@esgf om tdg amtgrvagw emf survgy tdet des `ggm bomfubtgf `gjorg, wg

cgt e bgrteam spgbajabetaom jrol bomsulgrs‟ mggfs rgcerfamc joof culs.

Bomsulgrs prgjgr e joof culs tdet bomteam kow bekorags. Kow bekorags joof

culs as alportemt `gbeusg dacd bekorags profubts bem beusg dgektd pro`kgl to

pgopkg. Omg oj tdg lost èsab rasns essobaetgf watd dacd bekorags amteng as

o`gsaty, wdabd obburs wdgm ebtuek òfy wgacdt as et kgest 08 pgrbgmt crgetgr

tdem afgek òfy wgacdt. Ebborfamc to tdg Elgrabem Dgert Essobaetaom,

epproxaletgky :8 to 38 pgrbgmt oj Elgrabems wgrg bomsafgrgf ovgrwgacdt or

o`gsg am Rgptgl`gr 0850. Wmjortumetgky, tdg dgektd rasns fom‟t iust stop et tdg

fgvgkoplgmt oj o`gsaty. Am jebt, e wafg veragty oj fasgesgs emf dgektd

bomfataoms erg essobaetgf watd gxbgssavg bekorags amteng.

Es pgopkg ceam wgacdt, tdgar òfy‟s sazg `gbolgs kercgr, usuekky beusgf

`y jet ebbuluketaom. Xgopkg‟s dgert as jorbgf to worn derfgr to pulp e

sujjabagmt eloumt oj `koof to your gxpemfgf erges. Ovgr talg, tdas ambrgesgf

wornkoef om tdg dgert bem beusg dgert jeakurg. Es jet ebbuluketgs eroumf



:


pgopkg gxtrglatags emf bdokgstgrok ebbuluketgs amsafg tdg `koof vgssgks, tdg

dgert lust worn gvgm derfgr to pusd `koof tdroucd tdg mow-merrowgf papgs,

emf dacd `koof prgssurg fgvgkops es e rgsukt. Dacd `koof prgssurg jurtdgr

ambrgesgs tdg rasn oj dgert jeakurg, ekomc watd dgert ettebn emf strong.

Dacd bekorags amteng ekso bem beusg fae`gtgs. Fae`gtgs typg 0 obburs

wdgm tdg òfy profubgs too kattkg amsukam or wdgm tdg òfy‟s amsukam rgbgptors

`gbolg amsgmsatavg to tdg dorlomg. Es e rgsukt, sucer lokgbukgs bemmot gmtgr

tdg bgkks to profubg gmgrcy, emf tdgy amstgef rgleam am tdg `koofstrgel,

kgefamc to jurtdgr pdysaokocabek felecg.

Gmdembgf Rtrubturg Emf Vgxturg oj Joofs emf @gvgrecgs

Dow bem joof culs gmdembg strubturg emf tgxturg wdgm usgf om lenamc

joof emf `gvgrecgs?

Vo saluketg tdg tgxturek emf jumbtaomek bderebtgrastabs oj jets am

rgfubgf-jet jorluketaoms, bomsulgrs ojtgm turm to e bolàmetaom oj

amcrgfagmts, gebd oj wdabd bomtraùtgs solg oj tdg quekatags essobaetgf watd

tdg gfa`kg jets emf oaks tdet devg `ggm rglovgf. Elomc tdg veraous betgcorags

oj jet-rgpkebamc amcrgfagmts erg tdg dyfrobokkoafs, or joof culs. Oj tdg joof

culs, bgrteam bgkkukosg gtdgrs possgss propgrtags tdet ekkow tdgl to lalab tdg

jggk emf tdg pgrjorlembg oj gfa`kg jets wdgm amborporetgf amto joof systgls.

Our joof culs sdoukf devg tdg eàkaty to bkosgky gluketg alportemt

jumbtaomek emf tgxturek bderebtgrastabs oj jets. Jor amstembg, our joof culs

sdoukf mot omky alatetg tdg fastambtavg loutd jggk alpertgf `y jets, tdgy

sdoukf ekso pgrlat prgbasg bomtrok oj jorluketaom vasbosaty so bomsulgrs bem

saluketg jet-kang tgxturg am rgfubgf-jet joof profubts. Vdg joof culs sdoukf

`g fgravgf jrol dyfropdakab pokylgrs jelaky, so tdg joof culs bem dgkp torgteam loasturg am joof profubt.

Am effataom to saluketamc tgxturek bderebtgrastabs, joof culs profubt

sdoukf ekso gluketg sgvgrek jumbtaomek propgrtags oj jets. Kang jets, joof culs

dgkp gmtream ear am joofs to alprovg strubturg, steàkasg gmtreamgf ear or beròm

faoxafg to rgfubg vokulg koss emf leamteam umajorlaty oj tgxturg, emf

gmdembg loasturg rgtgmtaom am e veragty oj joof & `gvgrecgs profubts. Vdg



3


te`kg `gkow sdows wdet bem `g gxpgbtgf wdgm joof culs usgf om lenamc

joof & `gvgrecgs.

Ve`kg 5.0 Joof culs gjjgbt om joofs emf `gvgrecgs profubts

Joofs emf @gvgrecgs Xrofubt Gjjgbt ejtgr Wsamc Joof Culs

Bengs

Am keygr emf sdggt bengs, joof culs bem

alprovg brul` amtgcraty, rgsuktamc am kgss

brul`kamc upom skabamc. Effataomek

alprovglgmts am strubturg emf tgxturg vae

amtgrjebaek ebtavaty emf tdgrlek cgketaom

provafg alprovgf vasuek emf getamc quekaty

et rgfubgf jet kgvgks.

Lujjams

Vdg loast tgxturg oj jukky jettgf lujjams

bem `g provafgf am rgfubgf jet lujjams `y

usamc joof culs am tdg jorluke. Joof

culs bem leamteams amtgrmek brul`

amtgcraty, profubgs e pkgesamc loutd jggk,

emf dgkps to rgfubg surjebg stabnamgss.

Sejjkgs emf Xembengs

Joof culs devg komc `ggm usgf to

alprovg rgkgesg propgrtags am wejjkgs emf

pembengs bomteamamc morlek eloumts oj

oak. Am kow-jet jrozgm wejjkgs, culs bem

alprovg tgxturg, rgfubg loasturg koss

upom tdewamc, emf gmdembg surjebg

eppgerembg emf bokour. Kow-oak pembengs

sdow ambrgesgf vokulg emf alprovgf

surjebg eppgerembg, emf tdg rgkgesg

propgrtags alpertgf `y culs bolpgmsetg

jor usamc kgss oak om tdg craffkg furamc

boonamc.



4


Ve`kg 5.0 Joof culs gjjgbt om joofs emf `gvgrecgs profubts (bomt‟f-5)


Pgfubgf-Jet Reubgs emf

Leyommeasg

Joof culs erg bollomky usgf to provafg

òfy emf rabdmgss to bollgrbaek joof

profubts subd es kow-jet seubg fry laxgs

emf prgpergf seubgs usgf am jrozgm joofs.

At bem sacmajabemtky gmdembg tdg òfy oj

rgfubgf-jet seubgs. Ro, crgetgr vasbosatags

bem ebdagvgf et gkgvetgf tglpgreturgs emf

vasbosatags bem `g steàkazgf ovgr e wafg

tglpgreturg remcg. Vdg rgsukt as e seubg

watd eppgekamc eppgerembg, tgxturg,

bomsastgmby, emf testg, fgspatg e rgfubgf

oak bomtgmt

Am rgfubgf-jet alatetaom leyommeasg, joof

culs pgrlat e su`stemtaek rgfubtaom am jet

bomtgmt wdakg leamteamamc coof gluksaom

steàkaty emf tgxturg jor tdg bderebtgrastab òfy, loutd jggk, emf eppgerembg oj jukky-

jettgf leyommeasg.

Cgketamg fgssgrts, abg brgels, emf

abg lakn

Joel steàkazamc emf gluksajyamc

propgrtags oj joof culs bem alprovg

ovgrrum. Setgr àmfamc propgrtags eaf am

jorletaom oj slekkgr, lorg umajorl abg

brysteks jor e slootdgr òfy emf tgxturg.

Joof culs fo mot ejjgbt jkevour or

ambrgesg bekorags bomtgmt oj fgssgrts.



1


Ve`kg 5.0 Joof culs gjjgbt om joofs emf `gvgrecgs profubts (bomt‟f-0)


Loussgs

Gxbgkkgmt gluksaom steàkaty, gvgm ejtgr

jrggzg/tdew bybkamc. Alprovgs ear

gmtreamlgmt jor `gttgr òfy,

eppgerembg, emf loutd jggk. Joof culs

fo mot ejjgbt jkevour or ambrgesg

bekorags bomtgmt oj fgssgrts.


5.2 Gxastamc BombgptsVdgrg erg e kot oj joof effatavgs tdet boukf `g effgf furamc probgssamc am

orfgr to gmdembg tdg strubturg emf tgxturg oj joofs emf `gvgrecgs. Elomc tdgsg

effatavgs, joof culs as omg oj tdgl. Rteàkasgr, tdabngmgr, or cgkkamc ecgmt boukf

`g bkessajagf es joof culs aj tdgy erg pokysebbderafg èsgf. Wmjortumetgky, lost

oj joof culs profubts (g.c. berrecggmem, xemtdem cul, cuer cul, gtb.) erg rergky

joumf am Amfomgsae, gxbgpt ecer. Lost oj tdg joof culs erg am powfgr jorl, watd

kgss am cgk jorl.

Vdgrg erg tdrgg èsab lgbdemasl rgcerfamc dow joof culs jorl or gmdembg

strubturg emf tgxturg oj joofs emf `gvgrecgs. Vdosg erg tdabngmamc, cgkkamc, emf

gluksajyamc.

Vdabngmamc

Vdabngmamc as e probgss oj ambrgesamc vasbosaty. Vdg probgss oj tdabngmamc

amvokvgs tdg mom-spgbajab gmtemckglgmt oj bomjorletaomekky fasorfgrgf pokylgr

bdeams> at as gssgmtaekky e pokylgr-sokvgmt amtgrebtaom (Xdakaps gt ek., 514:).

Vdabngmamc obburs eòvg bratabek bombgmtretaom nmowm es ovgrkep bombgmtretaom.

@gkow tdas poamt, tdg pokylgr gxdaàt Mgwtomaem `gdevaour ùt sdow e mom-

Mgwtomaem `gdevaour eòvg tdas bombgmtretaom (Xdakaps emf Sakkkael, 0888).

Vdg vasbosaty oj pokysebbderafg (bomteamgf am joof culs) faspgrsaoms erasgs

prgfolamemtky jrol pdysabek gmtemckglgmt oj bomjroletaomekky fasorfgrgf

”remfol boaks‟. Am fakutg faspgrsaom, tdg amfavafuek lokgbukgs oj dyfrobokkoafs bem

lovg jrggky emf fo mot gxdaàt tdabngmamc. Am bombgmtretgf systgl, tdgsg

lokgbukgs `gcam to bolg amto bomtebt watd omg emotdgr> tdus, tdg lovglgmt oj tdg



58


lokgbukgs `gbolg rgstrabtgf. Vdg tremsataom jrol jrgg lovamc lokgbukgs to em

gmtemckgf mgtworn as tdg probgss oj tdabngmamc (Rworm, 0886). Vdgrg erg two èsab

lgbdemasls rgcerfamc dow tdabngmamc ecgmt worn. Vdosg erg efsorptaom oj

sokvgmt `y joof culs emf effataom oj lorg sokutgs (joof culs ebt es tdg

effataomek sokutg).

Cgkkamc

Cgk bem `g fgjamgf es e jorl oj lettgr amtgrlgfaetg `gtwggm sokaf emf kaquaf

emf sdow lgbdemabek racafaty (Ecuakgre, 5110). Cgk bomsasts oj pokylgr lokgbukgs

bross-kamngf to jorl temckgf emf amtgrbommgbtgf lokgbuker mgtworn allgrsgf am e

kaquaf lgfaul, wdabd as joof systgl am wetgr (Oengmjukk, 5143). Joof culs jorl

cgks `y pdysabek essobaetaom oj tdgar pokylgr bdeams tdroucd dyfrocgm òmfamc,

dyfropdoàb essobaetaom emf betaom lgfaetgf bross-kamnamc emf fajjgr jrol

symtdgtab pokylgr cgks, wdabd morlekky bomsast oj bovekgmtky bross-kamngf

pokylgr bdeams (Xdakaps emf Sakkaels, 0888).

Vdg jorletaom oj cgk amvokvgs tdg essobaetaom oj remfolky faspgrsgf

pokylgr sgclgmts am faspgrsaom am subd e wey so es to jorl tdrgg-falgmsaomek

mgtworn tdet bomteams sokvgmt am tdg amtgrstabgs. Vdg essobaetgf rgcaoms nmowm es

”iumbtaom zomgs‟ ley `g jorlgf `y two or lorg pokylgr bdeams. Vdg cgketaom

probgss as gssgmtaekky tdg jorletaom oj tdgsg iumbtaom zomgs (Oengmjukk, 5143). Jor

tdg cgketaom oj joof culs, tdgrg erg tdrgg leam lgbdemasls, wdabd erg aomotropab

cgketaom, bokf-sgt cgketaom, emf dget-sgt cgketaom.

Aomotropab cgketaom obburs vae bross-kamnamc oj joof culs bdeams watd aoms,

typabekky betaom lgfaetgf cgketaom probgss oj mgcetavgky bdercgf pokysebbderafgs.

Gxelpkg oj subd systgls erg ekcametg, berrecggmem, emf pgbtam (Frecgt, 0888>

Algsom, 0888> Ley, 0888). Aomotropab cgketaom as berragf out `y gatdgr fajjusaomsgttamc or amtgrmek cgketaom. Am bokf-sgt cgketaom, joof culs (usuekky am powfgr

jorl) erg fassokvgf am werl/òakamc wetgr to jorl e faspgrsaom wdabd om bookamc

rgsukts am gmtdekpabekky-steàkazgf amtgr-bdeam dgkax to jorl sgclgmts oj amfavafuek

bdeams kgefamc to tdrgg falgmsaomek mgtworn. Ecer emf cgketam jorl cgk `y tdas

lgbdemasl (Ckabnslem, 5140). Dget sgt cgks rgquarg tdg eppkabetaom oj dget to cgk

(g.c. lgtdyk bgkkukosg emf sterbd). At as usuekky omky wdgrg dget sgttamc as rgquargf



55


am joofs. Dget sgttamc lgbdemasl obburs `y umjokfamc/gxpemsaom emf su`sgqugmt

rgerremcglgmt amto e mgtworn (Masdamera emf Ydemc, 0886).

Gluksajyamc

Em gluksaom as bomvgmtaomekky fgjamgf es tdgrlofymelabekky umste`kg

faspgrsaom oj cavgm kaquaf am emotdgr omg, gebd `gamc allasba`kg watd tdg otdgr,

usuekky oak emf wetgr. Am tdg jorluketaom amfustry, òtd pdesgs erg ojtgm bolpkgx

systgls bomteamamc amcrgfagmts subd es jkevour, effatavg, sekt, emtaoxafemt, emf

wgacdamc ecgmt. Dgmbg, gluksajagrs erg cgmgrekky effgf to alprovg gluksaom

steàkaty, a.g., to leng at namgtabekky ste`kg (Fabnamsom, 0882).

Gluksajyamc `y joof culs as ebdagvgf `y steàkazamc tdg poker-mompoker

laxturg. Jor amstembg, furamc abg brgel profubtaom, joof culs erg usgf to

steàkazg tdg laxturg `gbeusg abg brgel bomteams laxturg oj lakn emf jet, wdabd

des fajjgrgmbg am pokeraty. Es gluksajagrs, joof culs bomteam dyfropdakab emf

dyfropdoàb rgcaom tdus tdgy efsor` repafky et tdg oak-wetgr amtgrjebg emf

bomsgqugmtky steàkazg tdg gluksaom tdroucd stgrab emf/or gkgbtrostetab

amtgrebtaoms. Fug to tdgar tgxturamc propgrtags, pokysebbderafgs emf tdgar laxturgs

erg wafgky glpkoygf to bomtrok tdg rdgokocabek propgrtags am oak-am-wetgr-

gluksaoms, tdus ekso bomtraùtamc to gluksaom steàkaty (Fgspkemqugs gt ek., 0850)..



50


Jacurg 5.0 Lamf lep oj gxastamc bombgpts




52


5.6 @reamstorlamc Bombgpts

Vo leng our profubt lorg epproebde`kg to bomsulgrs, tdem prgvaous

bombgpts, wg try to cgmgretg mgw bombgpts to jukjak bustolgrs mggfs emf fglemfs.

Vdg bombgpts erg òtd ketgrekky emf vgrtabekky cgmgretgf wdabd wakk `g sbrggmgf

ebborfamc to sbagmtajab possaàkatags.

Joof culs erg morlekky am powfgr or cgk jorls, wdabd erg mot vgry

jevoure`kg to bomsulgrs `gbeusg tdgy tgmf to spakk, mggf to `g lgesurgf to

fgtgrlamg tdg spgbajab eloumt (g.c. `y wgacdamc, gtb). @esgf om tdgsg jebts, wg try

to fgvgkop mgw bombgpts rgcerfamc joof culs‟ jorl, wdabd as fomg `y lofajyamc

joof culs to sdggt or te`kgt. Am tdg jorl oj te`kgt or sdggt, bomsulgrs fom‟t mggf

jurtdgr lgesurglgmt to fgtgrlamg tdg joof culs eloumt or wgacdt, `gbeusg gebd

sdggt or te`kgt devg e spgbajab wgacdt (g.c. 5 te`kgt wgacdgf 78 lc).

Ebborfamc to survgy, bomsulgrs prgjgr kaquaf èsgf profubt, so tdet wg

proposg e mgw bombgpt joof culs am kaquaf jorl ektdoucd tdgrg erg stakk lemy

frewèbns subd es gesaky spakkgf, dgevy, kow gjjabagmby am pgrjorlembg.

Rgla sokaf joof culs erg ekso proposgf, subd es brgel or peste. @otd bem

`g gesaky usgf `y iust pouramc (mo gquaplgmt mggfgf to teng out tdg joof culs).

Egrosok joof culs erg ekso `gamc proposgf. Vdas jorl bem gmdembg joof culs

joelamc propgrty, so tdet at bem cavg lorg sakny emf brgely tgxturg to joofs emf

`gvgrecgs.

Am lgbdemasl espgbt, wg proposgf to bdglabekky lofajy tdg joof cul. Vo

gmdembg tdabngmamc propgrtags oj joof cul, tdgrg erg two lofajabetaoms tdet boukf

`g fomg. Jarst as `y effamc lorg dyfropdakab croups am joof culs. Vdas

proposataom as èsgf om joof culs‟ tdabngmamc lgbdemasl, wdabd as `y rgfubamc

tdg sokvgmt. Lost oj tdg sokvgmts usgf am joofs emf `gvgrecgs erg wetgr èsgf.Setgr rgfubtaom boukf `g fomg `y efsorptaom probgss usamc dyfropdakab croup,

wdabd boukf rgsukt am vasbosaty ambrgesg. @esgf om tdgsg dypotdgsgs, wg bem

bombkufg tdet tdg effataom oj lorg dyfropdakab croups wakk kgef to tdg

strgmctdgmgf efsorptaom powgr oj joof culs, tdus ambrgesg tdabngmamc propgrty.

Rgbomf proposataom as to jorl joof culs sekt wdabd as lorg soku`kg am wetgr

èsgf laxturg. Ambrgesamc sokuàkaty wakk kgef to lorg soku`kg sokutg am tdg

laxturg, tdus ambrgesamc vasbosaty oj laxturg emf tdabngmamc. Emotdgr lgbdemasl



56


bombgpt tdet wg proposgf as `y fargbtky usamc labro`g tdet bem àmf tdg

bolpomgmt oj tdg laxturg, tdus worn es gluksajagr.



57


Jacurg 5.2 Lamf lep oj mgw bombgpts




5:


Jacurg 5.6 Lamf lep oj bolàmgf bombgpts




53


5.7 Pgleamamc Bombgpts

Vdg rgsukt oj `reamstorlamc stgps (tdg lamf lep oj bolàmgf bombgpts) erg

too faspgrsgf. @gbeusg oj tdet, wg‟vg fomg solg rgerremcglgmt emf rgcroupamc to

Jacurg 5.6. Gebd bombgpts tdet devg `ggm o`teamgf prgvaousky erg emekyzgf emf

vekugf watd tdrgg ke`gks ambkufamc 9 P (Pgfumfemt), Z (Zasa`kg), emf J (Jooks).

Vdg rgsukt oj tdas emekysas (rgerremcglgmt emf rgcroupamc) bem `g sdowm am Jacurg

5.7.



54


Jacurg 5.7 Lamf lep oj rgleamamc bombgpts




51


@esgf om Jacurg 5.7, tdgrg erg tdrgg leam `rembdgs wdabd erg usgf es tdg

leam ke`gks tdet betgcorazgf ekk oj tdg slekk `rembdgs. Vdgy erg lgbdemasl, jorl,

emf ebtavg amcrgfagmts. Vdg bomtgmt oj tdgsg `rembdgs bem `g bolàmgf to brgetg

bombgpts tdet erg vasa`kg to `g rgekazgf. Jor tdg ebtavg amcrgfagmts, wg bem usg

meturek amcrgfagmts or tdg bolàmetaom oj meturek emf bdglabek amcrgfagmts.

@esabekky, joof culs erg meturek èsgf profubts. @ut, to gmdembg ats propgrtags, wg

bem bolàmg tdg joof culs watd solg sgkgbtgf bdglabek amcrgfagmts wdabd ergm‟t

derljuk aj tdgy‟rg bomsulgf.

Rgbomf espgbt wdabd as sdowm am Jacurg 5.7 as jorl. Jorl as alportemt

`gbeusg at bem amjkugmbg joof culs‟ pgrjorlembg emf wornamc lgbdemasl to

gmdembg strubturg emf tgxturg. Vdgrg erg jour leam jorls wdabd erg o`teamgf jrol

tdg bolàmgf bombgpts, ambkufamc sokaf, sgla sokaf, kaquaf, emf ces. Xeste, brgel,

sprey, emf egrosok erg gkalametgf am tdas stecg `gbeusg tdg kebn oj gjjabagmby am

pgrjorlembg.

Vdarf espgbt as wornamc lgbdemasl. Xrgvaousky, wg stetgf tdet tdgrg erg

tdrgg typg oj joof culs‟ wornamc lgbdemasl (tdabngmamc, cgkkamc, emf

gluksajyamc). Gluksajyamc propgrty usuekky bolgs up watd tdg otdgr propgrtags

(tdabngmamc emf cgkkamc). Gluksajyamc as rgketgf to òtd wornamc lgbdemasl, so

tdet wg fgbafg to bolàmg at watd cgkkamc lgbdemasl emf tdabngmamc lgbdemasl

es sdowm am Jacurg 5.7.




BDEXVGP 0

BOMBGXV CGMGPEVAOM EMF RGKGBVAOM

@esgf om tdg gkalametaom stgp `gjorg, tdg rgleamamc bombgpts devg `ggm

sgkgbtgf es tdg `gst. Rgkgbtamc bombgpt as èsgf om afge fgvgkoplgmt wdabd èsgf

om kast oj bomsulgr mggfs tdet devg `ggm fasbussgf am prgvaous bdeptgr. Vryamc to

sgkgbt jrol e mul`gr oj bombgpts mgerky ekweys cavgs rasg to mgw afges ‒ emf

ojtgm mot tdg worst omgs.

Jacurg 0.5 Rtgp oj bombgpt sgkgbtaom

(Rourbg9 Wkrabd, 0888)

Vdg jacurg eòvg sdow tdg sgkgbtaom probgss wdabd as favafgf amto jour leam

stgps. Vdg leam stgps erg bombgpt cgmgretaom, bombgpt sbrggmamc, bombgpt sboramc,

emf bombgpt tgstamc. Vdg purposg oj tdas sgkgbtaom as to pabn tdg `gst bombgpt

(elomc tdg rgleamamc bombgpts) oj joof culs tdet boukf `g gxpgralgmtgf so at

boukf `g ebbgptgf am tdg lerngt emf profubgf am amfustraek sbekg.

0.5 Bombgpt Cgmgretaom

Om bombgpt cgmgretaom stecg, wg mggf to fgvgkop gvgry afge `y usamc e

te`kg. Vdg afges wgrg fgvgkopgf ketgrekky watdout bomsafgramc tdgar jgesaàkatags.

Vdg afges wgrg betgcorazgf am tdg te`kg. Vdg betgcorags am tdg te`kg `gkow devg



05


`ggm gxpkeamgf `gjorg om tdg rgleamamc bombgpt. Vdgsg bombgpts erg lefg èsgf

om tdg bolàmetaoms oj tdg tdrgg espgbts am Jacurg 5.7. Bolperetavg betgcory as

èsgf om salpkajagf mggfs amtgrprgtetaom. Jor cgmgretamc tdg bombgpts, solg stgps

tdet wg sdoukf fo erg (Wkrabd, 0888) 9

5. Bkerajy tdg pro`kgl

Bkerajyamc tdg pro`kgl bomsasts oj fgvgkopamc e cgmgrek umfgrstemfamc emf

tdgm `rgenamc tdg pro`kgl fowm amto su`pro`kgls aj mgbgssery. Vdg lassaom

stetglgmt jor tdg proigbt, tdg bustolgr mggfs kast, emf tdg prgkalamery profubt

spgbajabetaom erg tdg afgek amputs to tdg bombgpt cgmgretaom probgss, ektdoucd

ojtgm tdgsg pagbgs oj amjorletaom erg stakk `gamc rgjamgf es tdg bombgpt

cgmgretaom pdesg `gcams.

0. Rgerbd gxtgrmekky

Gxtgrmek sgerbd as ealgf et jamfamc gxastamc sokutaoms to òtd tdg ovgrekk

pro`kgl emf to tdg su`pro k̀gls afgmtajagf furamc tdg pro`kgl bkerajabetaom.

2.

Rgerbd amtgrmekky

Amtgrmek sgerbd as tdg usg oj pgrsomek emf tgel nmowkgfcg emf brgetavaty to

cgmgretg sokutaom bombgpts.

6.

Gxpkorg systgletabekky

Es e rgsukt oj tdg gxtgrmek emf amtgrmek sgerbd ebtavatags, tdg tgel wakk devg

bokkgbtgf tgms or dumfrgfs oj bombgpt jreclgmts --- sokutaoms to tdg

su`pro`kgls

7. Pgjkgbt om tdg rgsukts emf probgss

Vdas as tdg te`kg jor betgcorazg tdg bratgrae tdet des `ggm tekngf `gjorg.

Ve`kg 0.5 fgsbra`gs tdg bombgpt cgmgretaom oj joof culs.

Ve`kg 0.5 Bombgpt cgmgretaom

Mo. Ebtavg Amcrgfagmts Jorl Lgbdemasl

5 Meturek RokutaomAomotropab Cgketaom emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

0 Meturek RokutaomBokf-Rgt Cgketaom emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom



00


Ve`kg 0.5 Bombgpt cgmgretaom (bomt‟f-5)


2 Meturek RokutaomDget-Rgt Cgketaom emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

6 Meturek RokutaomEffamc Rokutg emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

7 Meturek RokutaomPgfubamc Rokvgmt emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

: Meturek CgkAomotropab Cgketaom emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

3 Meturek Cgk Bokf-Rgt Cgketaom emf PgfubamcAmtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

4 Meturek CgkDget-Rgt Cgketaom emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

1 Meturek CgkEffamc Rokutg emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

58 Meturek CgkPgfubamc Rokvgmt emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

55 Meturek RdggtAomotropab Cgketaom emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

50 Meturek RdggtBokf-Rgt Cgketaom emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

52 Meturek RdggtDget-Rgt Cgketaom emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

56 Meturek RdggtEffamc Rokutg emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

57 Meturek RdggtPgfubamc Rokvgmt emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

5: Meturek Ve`kgtAomotropab Cgketaom emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

53 Meturek Ve`kgtBokf-Rgt Cgketaom emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom



02




54 Meturek Ve`kgtDget-Rgt Cgketaom emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

51 Meturek Ve`kgtEffamc Rokutg emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

08 Meturek Ve`kgtPgfubamc Rokvgmt emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

05 Meturek XowfgrAomotropab Cgketaom emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

00 Meturek Xowfgr Bokf-Rgt Cgketaom emf PgfubamcAmtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

02 Meturek XowfgrDget-Rgt Cgketaom emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

06 Meturek XowfgrEffamc Rokutg emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

07 Meturek XowfgrPgfubamc Rokvgmt emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

0: Meturek emf

BdglabekRokutaom

Aomotropab Cgketaom emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

03 Meturek emf

BdglabekRokutaom

Bokf-Rgt Cgketaom emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

04 Meturek emf

BdglabekRokutaom

Dget-Rgt Cgketaom emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

01 Meturek emf

BdglabekRokutaom

Effamc Rokutg emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

28 Meturek emf

BdglabekRokutaom

Pgfubamc Rokvgmt emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

25 Meturek emf

BdglabekCgk


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

20 Meturek emf

BdglabekCgk


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom



06




22 Meturek emf

Bdglabek

CgkDget-Rgt Cgketaom emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

26 Meturek emf

BdglabekCgk


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

27 Meturek emf

BdglabekCgk


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

2: Meturek emf

BdglabekRdggt


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

23 Meturek emfBdglabek

Rdggt Bokf-Rgt Cgketaom emf PgfubamcAmtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

24 Meturek emf

BdglabekRdggt


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

21 Meturek emf

BdglabekRdggt


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

68 Meturek emf

BdglabekRdggt


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

65 Meturek emf

BdglabekVe`kgt


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

60 Meturek emf

BdglabekVe`kgt


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

62 Meturek emf

BdglabekVe`kgt


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

66 Meturek emf

BdglabekVe`kgt


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

67 Meturek emf

BdglabekVe`kgt


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

6: Meturek emf

BdglabekXowfgr


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

63 Meturek emf

BdglabekXowfgr


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom



07




64 Meturek emf

Bdglabek

XowfgrDget-Rgt Cgketaom emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

61 Meturek emf

BdglabekXowfgr


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

78 Meturek emf

BdglabekXowfgr


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

(Rourg 9 Eutdor‑s pgrsomek fete)

Ejtgr tdet, wg bdoosg solg oj tdg bombgpt cgmgretaom tdet wg praoratazgf to

`g sbrggmgf. Sg sgkgbt tdg bombgpt èsgf om bollom sgmsg, gjjgbtavgmgss, emf tdg

vasaàkaty oj tdg bombgpts to `g rgekazgf.

Ve`kg 0.0 Bombgpt cgmgretaom jor bombgpt sbrggmamc

Amfgx Ebtavg Amcrgfagmts Jorl Lgbdemasl

E Meturek CgkAomotropab Cgketaom emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

@ Meturek CgkEffamc Rokutg emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

B Meturek CgkPgfubamc Rokvgmt emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

F Meturek RdggtAomotropab Cgketaom emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

G Meturek Rdggt


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

J Meturek RdggtPgfubamc Rokvgmt emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

C Meturek Ve`kgtAomotropab Cgketaom emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

D Meturek Ve`kgtEffamc Rokutg emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom



0:


Ve`kg 0.0 Bombgpt cgmgretaom jor bombgpt sbrggmamc (bomt‟f-5)


A Meturek Ve`kgtPgfubamc Rokvgmt emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

I Meturek XowfgrAomotropab Cgketaom emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

N Meturek XowfgrEffamc Rokutg emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

K Meturek XowfgrPgfubamc Rokvgmt emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

L Meturek emfBdglabek

Cgk Aomotropab Cgketaom emf PgfubamcAmtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

M Meturek emf

BdglabekCgk


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

O Meturek emf

BdglabekCgk


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

X Meturek emf

BdglabekRdggt


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

U Meturek emf

BdglabekRdggt


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

P Meturek emf

BdglabekRdggt


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

R Meturek emf

BdglabekVe`kgt


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

V Meturek emf

BdglabekVe`kgt


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

W Meturek emf

BdglabekVe`kgt


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

Z Meturek emf

BdglabekXowfgr


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom

S Meturek emf

BdglabekXowfgr


Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom



03


Ve`kg 0.0 Bombgpt cgmgretaom jor bombgpt sbrggmamc (bom‟f-0)


T Meturek emf

Bdglabek

XowfgrPgfubamc Rokvgmt emf Pgfubamc

Amtgrpdesg Vgmsaom(Rourbg 9 Eutdor‑s pgrsomek fete)

@esgf om Ve`kg 0.0, tdgrg erg solg bombgpts gkalametaom tdet wg‟vg fomg.

Vdg gkalametgf bombgpts erg tdosg watd bokf-sgt cgketaom emf dget-sgt cgketaom

lgbdemalsl. Sg gkalametg tdosg bombgpts `gbeusg tdg kebn oj gjjgbtavaty am

pgrjorlembg. Xrofubt watd tdet namf oj bombgpt usuekky mggf ebtavetaom probgss `y

usamc dget. Sg ekso gkalametg tdosg bombgpts watd sokutaom jorl. @esgf om gxpgrt

iufcglgmt, sokutaom jorl asm‟t gjjgbtavg `gbeusg at as usuekky dgevagr tdem emy

otdgr jorls emf tdg bomtgmt as stabny.

0.0 Bombgpt Rbrggmamc

Bombgpt sbrggmamc as èsgf om e lgtdof fgvgkopgf `y Rtuert Xucd am 5148s,

wdabd as ojtgm bekkgf es Xucd bombgpt sgkgbtaom (Xucd, 5118). Vdg eal oj bombgpt

sbrggmamc as to merrow tdg mul`gr oj bombgpts quabnky emf to alprovg tdg

bombgpts. Furamc tdas stecg, tdgrg erg solg stgps tdet lust `g fomg (Wkrabd, 0855).

5. Xrgperg tdg Rgkgbtaom Letrax

Vo prgperg e letrax, tgel lust bdoosg e pdysabek lgfaul eppropraetg

to tdg pro`kgl et demf. Amfavafueks emf slekk croups ley usg letrabgs om

pepgr wdakg kercgr croups ley usg bdeknòerf or jkap bdert.

Amputs (ambkufamc bombgpts emf bratgrae) erg gmtgrgf om tdg letrax.

Bombgpts sdoukf `g prgsgmtgf et tdg selg kgvgk oj fgteak jor lgemamcjuk

bolperasom emf umàesgf sgkgbtaom. Vdg bombgpts erg `gst portreygf `y òtd

e wrattgm fgsbraptaom emf e crepdabek rgprgsgmtetaom. E salpkg omg-pecg

sngtbd oj gebd bombgpt wakk crgetky jebakatetg bollumabetaom oj tdg ngy

jgeturgs oj tdg bombgpt. Bombgpts wakk `g gmtgrgf ekomc tdg top oj tdg letrax,

usamc gatdgr crepdabek or tgxtuek ke`gks oj solg namf.

Vdg sgkgbtaom bratgrae erg kastgf ekomc tdg kgjt-demf safg oj tdg

sbrggmamc letrax. Vdgsg bratgrae erg bdosgm èsgf om bustolgrs‟ mggfs tdet

devg `ggm afgmtajagf prgvaousky. Vdg bratgrae et tdas stecg usuekky gxprgssgf



04


et jearky dacd kgvgk oj e`strebtaom emf typabekky ambkufg jrol 7 to 58

falgmsaoms. Vdg sgkgbtaom bratgrae sdoukf `g bdosgm to dgkp us fajjgrgmtaetg

tdg bombgpts. Ve`kg 0.2 sdows tdg kast oj sgkgbtaom bratgrae tdet wg usg furamc

sbrggmamc stecg.

Ve`kg 0.2 Rgkgbtaom bratgrae

Mo. Rgkgbtaom Bratgrae

5. Gjjgbtavgmgss

0. Lukta Xurposg

2. Bost

6. Dgektd

7. Gesg to Wsg

:. Fureàkaty

3. Gesg oj Lemujebturg


Gjjgbtavgmgss as e bratgrae tdet sylòkazgs e profubt pgrjorlembg.

Gjjgbtavgmgss oj joof culs bem `g lgesurgf jrol tdg eloumt oj

bombgmtretaom mggfgf to tdabngm> tdg talg mggfgf `gjorg e tdabngmgf or

cgketgf laxturg rgebd steàkaty> emf tdg tgmfgmby to jorl kulp furamc usecg.

Jorl oj joof culs as em alportemt espgbt tdet bem amjkugmbg tdg

gjjgbtavgmgss oj tdg profubt. Bomsulgrs ekso prgjgr e profubt wdabd as

eppkabe`kg jor e wafg veragty oj joofs emf `gvgrecgs. @esgf om tdet, wg usgs

lukta-purposg es omg oj tdg sgkgbtaom bratgrae.

Vdg tdarf sgkgbtaom bratgrae tdet wg usg as bost. Bost pkeys e vgrysacmajabemt rokg `gbeusg lost bomsulgrs usg bost es e bomsafgretaom

perelgtgr wdgm tdgy wemt to ùy e profubt. Bomsulgrs gxpgbt tdet tdgy

boukf cgt e profubt watd e coof pgrjorlembg ùt stakk am e ejjorfe`kg remcg

oj bost or prabg.

Vdg jourtd sgkgbtaom bratgrae as dgektd. Dgektd as e vgry alportemt

sgkgbtaom bratgrae `gbeusg joof culs as e profubt tdet wakk `g effgf to joofs

or `gvgrecgs wdabd wakk `g bomsulgf ketgr. At as alportemt to gmsurg tdet tdg



01


joof culs fom‟t devg emy derljuk safg gjjgbt ejtgr `gamc bomsulgf, subd es

beusamc ekkgrcags, emf gtb. Esafg jrol tdet, at wakk ekso `g `gttgr aj tdg joof

culs bomteam solg mutragmts (g.c. vatelam, ja`gr, emf so om) tdet erg coof

jor tdg dgektd oj bomsulgrs.

Gesg to usg bratgrae as fgtgrlamgf `y tdg mul`gr oj stgps tdet mggf to

`g fomg to prgperg tdg profubt umtak at bem `g usgf optalekky. Fureàkaty as

alportemt bratgrae tdet bem `g fgtgrlamgf èsgf om tdg sdgkj-kajg oj tdg

profubt. Bomsulgrs prgjgr e joof culs watd dacd fureàkaty tdet bem `g

usgf jor e komc talg watdout gxpgragmbamc fgcrefetaom (bdemcg am joof culs

strubturg tdet bem amjukgmbg ats pgrjorlembg). Gesg to lemujebturg as e

sgkgbtaom bratgrae tdet wakk fgtgrlamg wdgtdgr e bombgpt as vasa`kg to `g

rgekazgf emf profubgf. E bombgpt wdabd as gesy to `g lemujebturgf usuekky

fogsm‟t mggf e kot oj fgvgkoplgmt probgss `gjorg at bem `g rgkgesgf to tdg

lerngt.

Ejtgr bergjuk bomsafgretaom, tdg tgel wakk bdoosg e bombgpt tdet wakk `g

usgf es tdg `gmbdlern or rgjgrgmbg bombgpt . Vdg rgjgrgmbg as gatdgr em

amfustry stemferf or streacdtjorwerf bombgpt watd wdabd tdg tgel lgl`grs

erg vgry jelakaer.

0. Petg tdg Bombgpts

Pgketavg sborg wakk `g pkebgf am gebd bgkk oj tdg letrax. Vdg rgketavg

sborgs bomsast oj 9

(+) sylòkasgs ‛`gttgr tdem“

(8) sylòkasgs ‛selg es“

(-) sylòkasgs ‛worsg tdem“

Vdg rgketavg sborgs wakk rgprgsgmt dow gebd bombgpt retgs am bolperasom totdg rgjgrgmbg bombgpt rgketavg to e pertabuker bratgraom. At as cgmgrekky

efvase`kg to retg gvgry bombgpt om omg bratgraom `gjorg lovamc om to tdg

mgxt bratgraom.

2.

Pemn tdg Bombgpts

Ejtgr retamc ekk oj tdg bombgpts, tdg tgel lust suls tdg mul`gr oj

‛`gttgr tdem“, ‛selg es“, emf ‛worsg tdem“ sborgs emf gmtgrs tdg sul jor

gebd betgcory am tdg kowgr rows oj tdg letrax. Ombg tdg sulletaom probgss



28


as bolpkgtgf, tdg tgel remn-orfgrs tdg bombgpts. Am cgmgrek, tdosg bombgpts

tdet devg lorg pkusgs emf jgwgr lamusgs erg remngf dacdgr.

6.

Bolàmg emf Alprovg tdg Bombgpts

Ejtgr tdg bombgpts devg `ggm retgf emf remngf, tdg tgel sdoukf vgrajy

tdet tdg rgsukts leng sgmsg emf tdgm bomsafgr aj tdgrg erg weys to bolàmg

emf alprovg bgrteam bombgpts. Vdgrg erg two assugs tdet lust `g bomsafgr et

tdas stecg, wdabd erg 9

As tdgrg cgmgrekky coof bombgpt wdabd as fgcrefgf `y omg èf jgeturg?

Bem e lamor lofajabetaom alprovg tdg ovgrekk bombgpt emf ygt prgsgrvg

e fastambtaom jrol tdg otdgr bombgpts?

Erg tdgrg two bombgpts wdabd bem `g bolàmgf to prgsgrvg tdg ‛`gttgr

tdem“ quekatags wdakg emmukkamc tdg ‛worsg tdem“ quekatags?

Bolàmgf emf alprovgf bombgpts wakk tdgm `g effgf to tdg letrax, retgf,

emf remngf `y tdg tgel ekomc watd tdg oracamek bombgpts.

7. Rgkgbt Omg or Lorg Bombgpts

Ombg tdg tgel lgl`grs erg setasjagf watd tdgar umfgrstemfamc oj gebd

bombgpt emf ats rgketavg quekaty, tdg tgel wakk fgbafg wdabd bombgpts erg to

`g sgkgbtgf jor jurtdgr rgjamglgmt emf emekysas. Vdg mul`gr oj bombgpts

sgkgbtgf jor jurtdgr rgvagw wakk `g kalatgf `y tgel rgsourbgs (pgrsommgk,

lomgy, emf talg). Devamc fgtgrlamgf tdg bombgpts jor jurtdgr emekysas, tdg

tgel lust bkerajy wdabd assugs mggf to `g amvgstacetgf jurtdgr `gjorg e jamek

sgkgbtaom bem `g lefg. Vdg tgel lust ekso fgtgrlamg wdgtdgr emotdgr roumf

oj bombgpt sbrggmamc wakk `g pgrjorlgf or tdg tgel wakk lovg to tdg mgxt

stecg, wdabd as bombgpt sboramc. Aj tdg sbrggmamc letrax as mot sggm to

provafg sujjabagmt rgsokutaom jor tdg mgxt stecg oj gvekuetaom emf sgkgbtaom,tdgm tdg bombgpt-sboramc stecg wdabd ats wgacdtgf sgkgbtaom bratgrae emf

lorg fgteakgf retamc sbdglg woukf `g usgf.

:. Pgjkgbt om tdg Pgsukts emf tdg Xrobgss

Gebd oj tdg tgel lgl`grs lust jggk boljorte`kg watd tdg outbolg oj

tdas stecg. Aj em amfavafuek asm‟t am ecrgglgmt watd tdg fgbasaom oj tdg tgel,

tdgm pgrdeps omg or lorg alportemt bratgrae erg lassamc jrol tdg sbrggmamc

letrax, or pgrdeps pertabuker retamc as am grror, or et kgest as mot bkger.



25


Ve`kg 0.6 Letrabgs oj bombgpt sbrggmamc


Bratgrae Pgjgrgmbg E @ B F G J C D A I N K L M O X U P R V W Z S T

Gjjgbtavgmgss 8 - - - - - - - - - 8 8 8 - - - - - - - - - 8 8 8

Lukta

Xurposg8 - 8 + - 8 + - 8 + - 8 + - 8 + - 8 + - 8 + - 8 +

Bost 8 + + + - - - 8 8 8 8 8 8 + + + - - - 8 8 8 8 8 8

Dgektd 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 - - - - - - - - - - - -

Gesg to Wsg 8 - - - + + + + + + 8 8 8 - - - + + + + + + 8 8 8

Fureàkaty 8 - - - + + + 8 8 8 8 8 8 - - - + + + 8 8 8 8 8 8

Gesg to

Lemujebturg8 - - - - - - 8 8 8 + + + - - - - - - 8 8 8 + + +

Votek + 8 5 5 0 0 0 2 5 5 0 5 5 0 5 5 0 0 0 2 5 5 0 5 5 0

Votek - 8 7 6 6 6 2 2 0 5 5 5 8 8 : 7 7 7 6 6 2 0 0 0 5 5

Votek 8 : 5 0 5 5 0 5 6 7 6 7 : 7 8 5 8 8 5 8 2 6 2 6 7 6

Mgt Rborg -6 -2 -0 -0 -5 8 -5 8 5 8 5 0 -7 -6 -2 -2 -0 -5 -0 -5 8 -5 8 5

Pemn 00 51 57 57 58 7 58 7 0 7 0 5 06 00 51 51 57 58 57 58 7 58 7 0

Bomtamug? Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Qgs Mo Qgs Qgs Qgs Qgs Qgs Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Qgs Mo Qgs Qgs



20


0.2 Bombgpt Rboramc

Ejtgr wg pess bombgpt sbrggmamc, wg devg to fo solg stgp jor fgbafamc tdg

`gst bombgpt wdabd wakk `g lemujebturgf, bekkgf bombgpt sboramc. Am fgsbraàmc

tdg bombgpt sboramc probgss, wg jobus om tdg fajjgrgmbgs rgketavg to bombgpt

sbrggmamc (Wkrabd, 0888).

5.

Xrgperg tdg sgkgbtaom letrax

Es am tdg sbrggmamc stecg, tdg tgel prgpergs e letrax emf afgmtajags e

rgjgrgmbg bombgpt. Vdg bombgpts wdabd devg `ggm afgmtajagf jor emekysas erg

gmtgrgf om tdg top oj letrax. Vdg bombgpts devg typabekky `ggm rgjamgf to

solg gxtgmt sambg bombgpt sbrggmamc emf ley `g gxprgssgf am lorg fgteak.

Am bomiumbtaom watd lorg fgteakgf bombgpts, tdg tgel ley wasd to eff lorg

fgteak to tdg sgkgbtaom bratgrae. Vdg usg oj dagrerbdaek rgketaoms as e usgjuk

wey to akkulametg tdg bratgrae.

0. Petg tdg bombgpts

Es am tdg sbrggmamc stecg, at as cgmgrekky gesagst to jobus ats fasbussaom

`y retamc ekk oj tdg bombgpts watd rgspgbt omg bratgraom et e talg. @gbeusg oj

tdg mggf jor effataomek rgsokutaom to fastamcuasd elomc bolpgtamc bombgpts,

e jamgr sbekg as mow usgf. Vdg sbekg as jrol 5 to 7.

Ve`gk 0.7 Petamc oj rgketavg pgrjorlembg

Pgketavg Xgrjorlembg Petamc

Lubd worsg tdem rgjgrgmbg 5

Sorsg tdem rgjgrgmbg 0

Relg es rgjgrgmbg 2

@gttgr tdem rgjgrgmbg 6

Lubd `gttgr tdem rgjgrgmbg 7


2. Pemn tdg bombgpts

Ombg tdg retamcs erg gmtgrgf jor gebd bombgpt, wgacdtgf sborgs erg

bekbuketgf `y luktapkyamc tdg rew sborgs `y tdg bratgrae wgacdts. Vdg totek

sborg jor gebd bombgpts as tdg sul oj tdg wgacdtgf sborgs.



22


6. Bolàmg emf alprovg tdg bombgpts

Es am tdg sbrggmamc stecg, tdg tgel koons jor bdemcgs or bolàmetaoms

tdet alprovg bombgpts. Ektdoucd tdg jorlek bombgpt cgmgretaom probgss as

typabekky bolpkgtgf `gjorg bombgpt sgkgbtaom `gcams, solg oj tdg lost

brgetavg rgjamglgmts emf alprovglgmts obbur furamc tdg bombgpt sgkgbtaom

probgss es tdg tgel rgekazgs tdg amdgrgmt strgmctds emf wgenmgssgs oj bgrteam

jgeturgs oj tdg profubt bombgpts.

7.

Rgkgbt omg or lorg bombgpts

Vdg jamek sgkgbtaom as mot salpky e qugstaom oj bdoosamc tdg bombgpt

tdet ebdagvgs tdg dacdgst remnamc ejtgr tdg jarst pess tdroucd tdg probgss.

Petdgr, tdas amataek gvekuetaom sdoukf `g gxpkorgf `y bomfubtamc e sgmsatavaty

emekysas. Ejtgr gebd stecg oj bombgpt sgkgbtaom, at as e usgjuk rgekaty bdgbn to

rgvagw gebd oj tdg bombgpts tdet erg to `g gkalametgf jrol jartdgr

bomsafgretaom. Vdg bombgpts tdet wgrg bdosgm devg solg bratgraoms 9

Gesg to usg, 57%

-

Xebnecamc bem protgbt tdg bomtgmt emf suate`kg, 4%

Vdg sbekg jor tdas bratgrae9

5.

Vdg pebnecamc des mo sgek, tremsperemt, emf mot suate`kg

0. Vdg pebnecamc des mo sgek emf momtremsperemt, emf mot suate`kg

2. Vdg pebnecamc des sgek emf momtremsperemt, emf mot suate`kg

6. Vdg pebnecamc des sgek, momtremsperemt, emf suate`kg

7. Vdg pebnecamc des gjjgbtavg sgek, momtremsperemt, emf suate`kg

- Wsgr-jragmfky, 3%

5. Mggf jurtdgr lgesurglgmt `gjorg usecg (rg-wgacdamc emf gtb.) emf

komc starramc0. Fogsm‟t mggf jurtdgr lgesurglgmt `gjorg usecg (rg-wgacdamc emf gtb.)

emf komc starramc

2.

Fogsm‟t mggf jurtdgr lgesurglgmt `gjorg usecg (rg-wgacdamc emf gtb.)

emf lofgretg starramc

6. Mggf jurtdgr lgesurglgmt `gjorg usecg (rg-wgacdamc emf gtb.) emf

jest starramc



26


7. Fogsm‟t mggf jurtdgr lgesurglgmt `gjorg usecg (rg-wgacdamc emf gtb.)

emf jest starramc

Dulem dgektd gjjgbts, 08%

Vdg profubt lust o`gy tdg rgcuketaom emf devg e posatavg alpebt jor dulem

dgektd. Vdg sbekg jor tdas bratgrae9

5. Cavg mo posatavg alpebt jor facgstavg systgl, beusg ekkgrcags, vgry

dacd bekorags

0. Cevg kow posatavg alpebt jor facgstavg systgl, possa`kg to beusg

ekkgrcags, dacd bekorags

2.

Cavg tdg posatavg alpebt selg es rgjgrgmbg bombgpt, possa`kg to beusg

ekkgrcags, lofgretg bekorags

6. Cavg dacdgr posatavg alpebt `gttgr tdem rgjgrgmbg bombgpt, fogsm‟t

beusg ekkgrcags, kow bekorags

7. Cavg vgry coof posatavg alpebt tdem rgjgrgmbg bombgpt, fogsm‟t beusg

ekkgrcags, vgry kow bekorags, emf fogsm‟t beusg swekkow fasorfgr

Fureàkaty, 57%

Vdas bratgrae as ekso mggfgf `gbeusg profubt sdoukf devg e komc sdgkj kajg

tdet bem `g usgf up `gjorg at gxpargs. Vdas bratgrae as favafgf amto two

jumbtaom, subd es 9

5. Xrofubt des jest gxpargf talg emf mot komc-kestamc am rool bomfataom

(kgss tdem 58 lomtds)

0. Xrofubt as komc-kestamc gmoucd, ùt stakk des jest gxpargf talg (58- 50

lomtds)

2.

Xrofubt as komc-kestamc emf devg komc gxpargf talg (50-54 lomtds)

6.

Xrofubt as komc-kestamc am gvgry bomfataom emf des komc gxpargf talg(:8 lomtds)

7.

Xrofubt as komc-kestamc am gvgry bomfataom emf des mo gxpargf talg

(lorg tdem :8 lomtds)

Leamteams joofs emf ̀ gvgrecgs bomfataom, 58%

- Xkeam erole, 7%

5. Vdg profubt des vgry stromc erole

0. Vdg profubt des stromc erole



27


2. Vdg profubt des lofgretg erole

6. Vdg profubt des jeamt erole

7.

Vdg profubt des pkeam erole

-

Nggp tdg oracamek testg oj joofs emf `gvgrecgs, 7%

5. Vdg profubts ejjgbts testg oj joofs or `gvgrecgs vgry stromc

0.

Vdg profubts ejjgbts testg oj joofs or `gvgrecgs

2. Vdg profubts ejjgbts testg oj joofs or `gvgrecgs lofgretgky

6.

Vdg profubts des kow ejjgbts to testg oj joofs or `gvgrecgs

7. Vdg profubts nggp tdg oracamek testg oj joofs or `gvgrecgs

Ejjorfe`kg prabg, 58%

Vdas bratgrae as ekso omg oj tdg lost mggfgf bratgrae jrol tdg bomsulgr. Lost

bomsulgr wakk `g amtgrgstgf aj tdg tgxturazgr bem cavg e coof pgrjorlembg

ùt am tdg kowgr prabg. Vdg sbekg jor tdas bratgrae9

5. Zgry gxpgmsavg prabg (= Pp588.888,88)

0. Gxpgmsavg prabg (Pp37.888,88-588.888,88)

2.

Morlek prabg (Pp78.888.88-37.888,88)

6. Morlek prabg (Pp07.888,88-78.888,88)

7.

Bdgep prabg (;Pp07.888,88)

Gjjgbtavgmgss, 28%

@esgf om tdg mggfs jrol tdg bomsulgrs, tdg gjjgbtavaty as tdg lost mggfgf

bratgrae. Vdas as tdg bratgrae watd àccgst wgacdt. Vdas bratgrae as favafgf to9

- Gmdembg pgrjorlembg, 58%


5.

Vdg profubts bem tdabngm joofs or `gvgrecgs am lorg tdem 07%

0.

Vdg profubts bem tdabngm joofs or `gvgrecgs am 57%-07%2. Vdg profubts bem tdabngm joofs or `gvgrecgs am 1%-57%

6.

Vdg profubts bem tdabngm joofs or `gvgrecgs am 5%-4%

7. Vdg profubts bem tdabngm joofs or `gvgrecgs am kgss tdem 8.7%-5%

- Vdabngms quabnky, 58%


5. Vdabngms joofs or `gvgrecgs am lorg tdem twgkvg lamutgs

0. Vdabngms joofs or `gvgrecgs am tgm umtak twgkvg lamutgs



2:


2. Vdabngms joofs or `gvgrecgs am javg umtak tgm lamutgs

6. Vdabngms joofs or `gvgrecgs am tdrgg umtak javg lamutgs

7.

Vdabngms joofs or `gvgrecgs umfgr tdrgg lamutgs

-

Xrgvgmt kulp jorletaom, 58%

5. Vdgrg erg kulps jorletaom am ekk tdg laxturg‟s surjebg oj joofs or

`gvgrecgs

0. Vdg surjebg oj laxturg eklost devg eklost kulps jorletaom

2.

Vdg surjebg oj laxturg devg lofgretg kulps jorletaom

6. Vdg surjebg oj laxturg devg kattkg kulps jorletaom

7. Vdg surjebg oj laxturg devg mo kulps jorletaom

:. Pgjkgbt om tdg Pgsukts emf tdg Xrobgss

Es e jamek stgp tdg tgel rgjkgbt om tdg sgkgbtgf bombgpt(s) emf om tdg

bombgpt sgkgbtaom probgss. Am solg weys, tdas as tdg ‛poamt oj mo rgturm“ jor

tdg bombgpt fgvgkoplgmt probgss, so ggvryomg om tdg tgel sdoukf jggk

boljorte`kg tdet ekk oj tdg rgkgvemt assugs devg `ggm fasbussgf emf tdet tdg

sgkgbtgf bombgpt(s) devg tdg crgetgst potgmtaek to setasjy bustolgrs emf `g

gbomolabekky subbgssjuk.



23


Ve`kg 0.: Letrabgs oj bombgpt sboramc

Rgkgbtaom

BratgraeSgacdt

Pgjgrgmbg J D A I N K W S T

P SR P SR P SR P SR P SR P SR P SR P SR P SR P SR

Gesy to usg 57%

Xebnecamc bem protgbt tdg

bomtgmt emf

suate`kg

4% 0 8,5: 0 8,5: 2 8,06 2 8,06 0 8,5: 0 8,5: 0 8,5: 2 8,06 0 8,5: 0 8,5:

Wsgr-jragmfky 3% 6 8,04 2 8,05 2 8,05 2 8,05 6 8,04 6 8,04 6 8,04 2 8,05 6 8,04 6 8,04

Dulem dgektdgjjgbts 08% 7 5 6 8,4 6 8,4 6 8,4 7 5 7 5 7 5 2 8,: 2 8,: 2 8,:

Fureàkaty 57% 2 8,67 0 8,2 2 8,67 2 8,67 2 8,67 2 8,67 2 8,67 6 8,: 6 8,: 6 8,:

Leamteams

joofs emf

`gvgrecgs

bomfataom

58%

Xkeam erole 7% 7 8,07 7 8,07 7 8,07 7 8,07 7 8,07 7 8,07 7 8,07 7 8,07 7 8,07 7 8,07

Nggp tdg

oracamek testg oj

joofs emf `gvgrecgs

7% 7 8,07 7 8,07 7 8,07 7 8,07 7 8,07 7 8,07 7 8,07 7 8,07 7 8,07 7 8,07

Ejjorfe`kg

prabg58% 2 8,2 0 8,0 2 8,2 2 8,2 2 8,2 2 8,2 2 8,2 2 8,2 2 8,2 2 8,2

Gjjgbtavgmgss 28%

Gmdembg pgrjorlembg

58% 2 8,2 0 8,0 2 8,2 2 8,2 2 8,2 6 8,6 6 8,6 2 8,2 6 8,6 6 8,6

Vdabngmsquabnky

58% 6 8,6 0 8,0 0 8,0 6 8,6 2 8,2 2 8,2 6 8,6 6 8,6 2 8,2 6 8,6

Xrgvgmt kulps

jorletaom58% 2 8,2 2 8,2 2 8,2 2 8,2 2 8,2 2 8,2 2 8,2 2 8,2 2 8,2 2 8,2

VOVEK 588% 2,:1 0,43 2,2 2,7 2,71 2,:1 2,31 2,67 2,66 2,76

(*P < Petamc> SR < Sgacdtgf Rborg)




24


Om Ve`kg 0.:, sborgs wgrg cavgm to gebd bombgpt èsgf om tdg perelgtgr tdet

wg fgbafgf `gjorg. Vdg perelgtgr as èsgf om solg bomsafgretaoms emf rgjgrgmbgs

oj gxastamc profubts, es rgjgrgmbg, wdabd efeptgf salaker bombgpts. Sg ekso usg

solg rgjgrgmbgs subd es òon jor joof gmcamggramc to cavg sborg solg bombgpts

tdet gxast am solg gxastamc profubt.

Jor gesg to usg perelgtgr, wg bem sgg tdet tdg bombgpt oj profubt fgsacm

pebnecamc stakk èf am solg gxastamc profubts. Vdg bomsulgrs mggf tdg profubt

watd suate`kg pebnecamc, devg gjjgbtavg sgek, emf momtremsperemt to nggp tdg

bomtgmt oj profubt. @gsafg tdet, tdg profubt sdoukf usgr-jragmfky, wdabd lgems at

fogsm‟t mggf jor lgesurglgmt `gjorg usecg emf jest starramc. Vdg bdosgm profubt

stakk fogsm‟t devg e suate`kg pebnecamc.

Jor dulem dgektd gjjgbts perelgtgr, wg nmow tdet tdg bustolgrs mggf

profubt wdabd bem cavg mgcetavg alpebt jor facgstavg systgl, des kow bekorags,

emf ekkgrcags-rgsastembg. Rolg gxastamc profubts devg `ggm jukjakkgf tdas bratgrae

emf so fo tdg bdosgm bombgpts.

Jor fureàkaty perelgtgr, tdg bdosgm profubts devg gmoucd kestamc usecg,

50-54 lomtds, ektdoucd am tdg gxastamc profubts, tdgrg erg solg profubts wdabd

des fureàkaty umtak lorg tdem 54 lomtds.

Jor leamteam joof emf `gvgrecgs bomfataom perelgtgr, tdg bustolgrs mggf

tdg profubt watd pkeam erole emf bem nggp tdg oracamek testg oj joofs emf

`gvgrecgs. Ekk oj tdg profubts am tdg Ve`kg 0.: des jukjakkgf tdas perelgtgr

pgrjgbtky.

Jor ejjorfe`kg prabg perelgtgr, tdg sborgs cavgm erg rgjgrramc to solg

bollgrbaek gxastamc profabts tdet efept solg bombgpt. Vdg bdosgm profubts stakk

devg e morlek prabg.Vdg kest, gjjgbtavgmgss perelgtgr, wg bem sgg tdet tdg bombgpt wdabd bem

gmdembg pgrjorlembg, tdabngms quanky, emf prgvgmt kulps jorletaom as mggfgf,

ùt tdg gxastamc bombgpts fo mot devg tdas bratgrae bolpgkgtgky. Vdgrg erg solg

bombgpts wdabd bem tdabngms quabnky, ùt bem mot prgvgmt kulps jorletaom, emf

vabg vgrse.



21


0.6 Bombgpt Vgstamc

Ejtgr jamasadamc tdg bombgpt sboramc stgp, tdg sgkgbtgf bombgpt wakk `g tgstgf

to tdg bomsulgrs jarst to nmow wdet tdg bomsulgrs rgspomsgs erg towerfs our mgw

bombgpt. @gsafgs tdet, tdg bomsulgrs‟ succgstaom wakk leng us nmow wdet tdgy

wemt emf dgkp us gvekuetg our bombgpt to profubg e `gttgr rgsukt. Vdg tgst as fomg

to potgmtaek bomsulgrs oj our profubt. Vdgrg erg solg stecgs am bombgpt tgstamc

tdet as rgketgf to omg emotdgr. Vdg stecgs oj bombgpt tgstamc erg es kastgf `gkow9

e.

Fgtgrlamg tdg purposg oj bombgpt tgstamc

Vdg purposg oj bombgpt tgstamc as to nmow tdg mggfs oj bomsulgrs `y

nmowamc tdg rgspomsgs jrol tdgl towerf tdg afges oj bombgpt. Am orfgr to

cgt `gttgr amtgrprgtetaom oj bomsulgr rgspomsg, tdas bombgpt tgstamc

sdoukf bomteamgf sgvgrek qugstaoms.

`. Fgtgrlamg tdg survgy popuketaom

Vdg bomsulgr tdet usuekky usg joof culs es em effatavg jor joof erg

joof-lengr amfustry (èngry, rgsteuremt, emf so om), projgssaomek bdgjs, emf

dolg-boons. Vdg joof culs erg usgf jor e veragty oj profubt subd es soup,

seubg, abg brgel, vke, emf gtb.

b.

Fgtgrlamg tdg survgy jorlet

Rurvgy as fomg `y usamc qugstaommearg emf vgrèk amtgrvagw. Vdg

qugstaommearg as sprgefgf omkamg (usamc Coockg Fobs jebakaty). Sg bdoosg

omkamg survgy `gbeusg at as gjjabagmt emf at asm‟t òumfgf `y talg emf pkebg.

f. Bollumabetg tdg bombgpt

Vdg profubt bombgpt as fgkavgrgf `y e vgrèk fgsbraptaom. Vdg bomtgmt

oj vgrèk fgsbraptaom as tdg sullery oj our profubt bombgpt. @y usamc

vgrèk fgsbraptaom, wg dopg tdet tdg bomsulgrs or rgspomfgmts boukf jukkycresp tdg borg oj our bombgpt emf wdy wg brgetg at.

g. Lgesuramc tdg bomsulgr rgspomsgs

77 rgspomfgmts devg jakkgf our survgy. Vdg fastraùtaom oj tdg potgmtaek

bomsulgrs‟ obbupetaom as sdowm am Jacurg 0.5.



68


Jacurg 0.0 @ebncroumf obbupetaom oj rgspomfgmts

(Rourbg 9 Pgprofubgf jrol qugstaommeargs emf amtgrvagws)

Vdg sullery oj bomsulgrs rgspomsgs rgcerfamc tdgar amtgrgst oj our profubt

erg sdowm am Jacurg 0.0

Jacurg 0.2 Votek potgmtaek bomsulgrs oj owm profubt

(Rourbg 9 Pgprofubgf jrol qugstaommeargs emf amtgrvagws)

j. Amtgrprgt tdg rgsukt

Amtgrprgtetamc as tdg kest stgp oj bombgpt tgstamc. Vdg rgsukts sdows tdet

rgspomfgmts erg amtgrgstgf am our profubt. At as provgm am Jacurg 0.0 am wdabd

35% oj tdg rgspomfgmts seaf tdet tdgy wakk fgjamatgky ùy at. Elomc tdg

32%

55%

5:%

@ebncroumf Obbupetaom

Dolg-Boonamc Bdgjs Jooflengr Amfustry

35%

54%

3% 6%

Xurbdesg Amtgmt

Fgjamatgky woukf ̀ uy Xroè k̀y woukf ̀ uy

Dgsatetg to ̀ uy Fgjamatgky woukf mot ̀ uy



65


rgspomfgmts, tdgrg erg two rgspomfgmts tdet cevg ‛umfgsare`kg“ emswgr,

`gbeusg jor tdgl tdg joof culs profubts devg ekrgefy `ggm coof watdout

emy effataomek spgbajabetaom tdet wg sgrvgf. Es e bombkusaom, wg bomsafgr

tdet tdas bombgpt as crget to `g fgvgkopgf emf des potgmtaek bomsulgrs am

Amfomgsaem lerngt.




BDEXVGP 2

XPOFWBV RXGBAJABEVAOM

2.5 Xrofubt Xosataomamc

Ejtgr jamasdamc e sgqugmbg oj bombgpt sgkgbtaom stgps, tdg `gst bombgpt wakk

`g o`teamgf emf jurtdgr `g fgvgkopgf. Vdg bdosgm bombgpt as joof culs am powfgr

jorl tdet wakk worn es tdabngmgr `y rgfubamc sokvgmt (efsorptaom) emf worn es

gluksajagr `y rgfubamc tdg amtgrpdesg tgmsaom `gtwggm two pdesgs. @esabekky, tdas

bombgpt des `ggm nmowm `y tdg lerngt. @ut wg wakk jurtdgr fgvgkopgf at,

gspgbaekky `y lofajyamc tdg ebtavg amcrgfagmts to jukjak bomsulgrs‟ mggfs tdet devg

`ggm stetgf furamc tdg survgy.

Vdg bombgpt oj our profubt as salaker watd xemtdem cul. Wmjortumetgky,

xemtdem cul stakk des solg wgenmgssgs rgcerfamc ebbgssaàkaty emf bost or prabg

espgbt. Temtdem cul as bostky emf rergky joumf am Amfomgsaem lerngt. Sg wakk try

to alprovg tdet espgbt `y usamc besseve furamc xemtdem cul profubtaom. Wsuekky

borm, wdget, or soy erg usgf am xemtdem cul profubtaom. Besseve des `ggm usgf es

tdabngmgr am tdg jorl oj jkour. Sg try to jurtdgr fgvgkopgf at amto xemtdem cul

`gbeusg xemtdem cul as e lorg rgkae`kg tdabngmgr tdem tepaobe (besseve) jkour. At

wakk devg e `gttgr tdabngmamc propgrtags so tdet at bem `g usgf am e wafg veragty oj

profubt.

Vo camf out eòut our mgw profubt‟s posataom emf bdembg am tdg lerngt, e

pgrbgptuek leppamc as cgmgretgf to fgpabt our profubt‟s gxastgmbg rgketavg to tdg

eveake`kg salaker profubts. Vdg perelgtgrs usgf to bolperg tdgsg profubts erg

gjjgbtavgmgss, prabg, ebbgsaàkaty, remcg oj pgrjorlembg (lukta-purposg), emf

dgektd. Gjjgbtavgmgss as usgf es e perelgtgr tdet rgprgsgmts tdg profubt‟s

pgrjorlembg. Jor tdas perelgtgr, %bombgmtretaom bem `g usgf es tdg lgtrab to

lgesurg tdg gjjgbtavgmgss oj tdg profubt. Vdg lorg gjjabagmt (slekkgr eloumt

oj usecg jor e salaker gjjgbt) tdg profubt as, tdg dacdgr retamc vekug wakk `g

cavgm.

Xrabg or bost am tdas pgrbgptuek leppamc rgprgsgmt dow gxpgmsavg tdg profubt

(tdabngmgr) as. Xrofubt watd tdg bdgepgst prabg wakk `g cavgm tdg dacdgst retamc.



62


Ebbgssaàkaty as tdg pereglgtgr to fgtgrlamg wdgtdgr e profubt as gesy to `g

joumf emf òucdt. Wsuekky profubt watd dacd ebbgssaàkaty bem gesaky `g joumf

am trefataomek or lofgrm lerngt, wdakg profubt watd kow ebbgssaàkaty bem omky

`g òucdt fargbtky jrol joof letgraek suppkagr. Vdg dacdgr tdg ebbgssaàkaty as,

tdg dacdgr retamc vekug wakk `g cavgm.

Lukta-purposg as e perelgtgr to fgtgrlamg wdgtdgr tdg profubt as eppkabe`kg

to e wafg veragty oj joof remcg (bem `g usgf jor bokf or dot joofs emf

`gvgrecgs). Aj tdg tdabngmgr or steàkasgr profubt bem `g usgf jor veraous

profubt, e dacd retamc vekug wakk `g cavgm.

Dgektd as e perelgtgr to fgtgrlamgr wdgtdgr tdg profubt as derljuk or bem

beusg solg safg-gjjgbt (g.c. ekkgrcags) wdgm `gamc bomsulgf. Vdg dgektd

perelgtgr bem `g lgesurgf `y bekorags bomtgmt, ja`gr bomtgmt, emf ckutgm

bomtgmt. Vdg kgss tdg rasn tdet wakk obbur, tdg dacdgr retamc vekug wakk `g cavgm.

Jacurg 2.5 Xgrbgptuek leppamc

(Rourbg 9 Eutdor‑s pravetg fete)

@esgf om tdg pgrbgptuek leppamc eòvg, wg bem sgg our profubt posataom

bolpergf to tdg otdgr salaker profubt. Our owm profubt gxbgks am gjjgbtavgmgss

emf remcg oj pgrjorlembg. Our profubt wakk ekso devg e bdgepgr prabg tdem cuer

cul or xemtdem cul ektdoucd at bem‟t `g bdgepgr tdem tepaobe jkour bomsafgramc

tdg bolpkgxaty oj tdg probgssgs amvokvgf. Our profubt wakk `g dgektdy `gbeusg at as



66


fgravgf jrol meturek letgraeks tdet bomteam kow bekorags emf mo ckutgm wdabd bem

amfubgf ekkgrcab rgspomsg. Sg wakk ekso try to ambrgesg tdg ebbgssaàkaty oj our

profubt bolpergf to xemtdem cul or cuer cul. Am tdas espgbt, at‟s quatg derf to

bolpgtg watd tepaobe jkour ebbgssaàkaty bomsafgramc tdet at‟s e wgkk-nmowm

tdabngmamgr or steàkasgr am tdg bollumaty.

2.0 Xrofubt Fgsbraptaom

Ve`kg 2.0 sdows tdg fgsbraptaom oj our profubt.

Ve`kg 2.5 Xrofubt fgsbraptaom

Xrofubt

FgsbraptaomBderebtgrastab @ragj Fgsbraptaom

Xdesg Rokaf (Xowfgr)

Rokaf as pdesg wdgrg lokgbukgs fom‟t devg

jkow propgrtags. Xowfgr as e fry, ùkn sokaf

bolposgf oj e kercg mul`gr oj vgry jamg

pertabkgs tdet ley jkow jrggky wdgm sdengm

or taktgf. Rokaf pdesg as prgjgre`kg `gbeusg

oj tdgar bolpebtmgss (prebtabek) emf lorg

soku`kg (fgpgmfs om tdg pertabkg sazg)

Bokour Sdatg-Qgkkowasd

Vdg bokor oj our profubts erg wdatg-

ygkkowasd (tdg bokour oj xemtdem cul as

wdatg-ygkkowasd). Sg fom‟t eff bokoramc

ecgmt, bomsafgramc tdg dgektd espgbt emf so

tdet umfgsare`kg bokour fogsm‟t ejjgbt

joofs/`gvgrecgs bokour.

Lgbdemasl

Pgfubamc Rokvgmt

(Vdabngmamc)

Pgfubamc Amtgrpdesg

Vgmsaom

(Gluksajyamc)

Vo gmdembg tgxturg emf strubturg oj joof

emf `gvgrecgs, wg usg tdabngmamc-

gluksajyamc propgrtags oj joof culs wdabd

efsor` sokvgmt tdus ambrgesamc vasbosaty emf

rgfubamc amtgrpdesg tgmsaom to steàkazg tdg

laxturg



67


Ve`kg 2.5 Xrofubt fgsbraptaom (bomtamugf)

Xrofubt

FgsbraptaomBderebtgrastab @ragj Fgsbraptaom

Xebnecg

Letgraek DFXG

DFXG as usgf `gbeusg oj ats steàkaty emfrgsastemt to loasturg emf sumkacdt wdabd bem

nggp our profubt prgsgrvgf furamc ats sdgkj-

kajg

Less 078 c

JorlBykamfgr

@ottkg

Vdg pebnecamc tdet as usgf as pkestab òttkg

wdabd bomsasts oj òttkg beps watd twark

sgek. @ottkg as bdosgm `gbeusg tdg bomtgmt

wom‟t `g spakkgf gesaky

Rtorecg Amstrubtaom

Nggp tdg sgek oj òttkg rgleam bkosg wdgm

mot usgf. Fom‟t storg tdg profubt am loast

emf dacd tglpgreturg erge.

Amcrgfagmt

Ebtavg Ecgmt

Temtdem Cul

(Besseve èsgf)

Temtdem Cul as tdabngmamc, cgkkamc emf

steàkazamc ecgmt tdet as profubgf `y

jgrlgmtetaom oj Temtdolomes sp. èbtgrae..

At des `roef pD emf tglpgreturg remcg. Jor

our profubts, culs as symtdgsazgf jrol

besseve.

Emtaoxafemt

Vobopdgrok

Vobopdgrok as emtaoxafemt to prgvgmt jet

bomteamamc joof to `g rembaf. At bem `g

gxtrebtgf jrol `gems emf sggfs subd es

`gem sprouts or lumc `gem




6:


2.2 Xrofubt Rpgbajabetaom

Vdg bombgpt oj our profubt des `ggm fgtgrlamgf. Vdg mgw profubt mggfs to

`g lgesurgf to gmsurg tdet tdg profubt spgbajabetaom as jukjakkgf, es wdet wg devg

proposgf. Vdg mgw profubt as lgesurgf am solg quemtajabetaom perelgtgrs. Rolg

spgbajabetaoms erg lgmtaomgf jrol prgvaous essacmlgmt. Sg devg lefg solg

fgvgkoplgmt emf jamek efiustlgmt to suat to our mgw profubt

Ve`kg 2.0 Xrofubt jamek spgbajabetaom

Mo. Rpgbajabetaom Wmat

5 Eloumt oj Temtdem Cul % wgacdt

0 Eloumt oj Vobopdgrok % wgacdt

2 pD Pemcg pD

6 Vglpgreturg Pemcg Bgkbaus

7 Rdgkj Kajg Lomtds

: Valg to Vdabngm Lamutg

3 Bekorags Bomtgmt Bekorags/sgrvamc

4 Rtorecg Vglpgreturg Bgkbaus

1 Ja`gr Bomtgmt %Ja`gr

58 Ckutgm Bomtgmt % Ckutgm

55 Xrabg Pupaed





BDEXVGP 6

BOMBKWRAOM

@esgf om tdg tgxt `gjorg, wg bem bombkufg tdet

5.

Vdg pro`kgl fgbolposataom oj our profubt as favafgf to culs, dgektd, emf

gmdembg strubturg emf tgxturg oj joofs emf `gvgrecgs jrol tdg topab culs

dgektd gmdembg strubturg emf tgxturg oj joofs emf `gvgrecgs.

0. Vdg gxastamc bombgpt oj culs worn es tdabngmamc, cgkkamc, emf gluksajyamc

ecgmt.

2.

Vdg `reamstorlamc bombgpt oj culs erg fgvafgf amto two su`croup9 èsgf om

jorl emf lgbdemasl.

6. Vdg rgleamamc bombgpt oj joof culs erg fgvafgf amto tdrgg su`croups, subd

es lgbdemasl, jorl, emf ebtavg ecgmt.

7.

Vdg sgkgbtaom bratgraes oj our profubt erg gjjgbtavgmgss, luktapurposg, bost,

dgektd, gesg to usg, fureàkaty, emf gesg oj lemujebturg

:. Jrol tdg sbrggmamc bombgpt, wg cgt mamg oj tdg `gst profubt èsgf om our

rgjgrgmbg> xemtdem cul.

3. Jrol tdg bombgpt sboramc, tdgrg erg two bdosgm profubts watd tdg dacdgst

sborg> tdg jarst as lefg jrol meturek ebtavg amcrgfagmts, powfgr, emf effamc

sokutg lgbdemasl jor rgfubamc amtgrpdesg tgmsaom> tdg sgbomf as lefg jrol

meturek ebtavg amcrgfagmts, powfgr jorl, emf rgfubamc sokvgmt lgbdemasl jor

rgfubamc amtgrpdesg tgmsaom.

4. Vdg bombgpt tgstamc as èsgf om èbncroumf obbupetaom (dolg-boonamc,

bdgjs, emf jooflengr amfustry) watd fgsarg to ùy1.

Jrol tdg joof spgbajabetaom, tdg bolperasom profubts erg xemtdem cul, cuer

cul, emf tepaobe jkour.

58. Our mgw profubt des bdgepgr prabg, wgkk pgrjorlembg, bomteam kow bekorags,

mo ckutgm, emf ebbgssa`kg.



PGJGPGMBGR

Busskgr, G.K. emf Loccrafcg, C.F. 0855. Bdglabek Xrofubt Fgsacm 0mf Gfataom.

Bel`rafcg 9 Bel`rafcg Wmavgrsaty Xrgss.

Fgspkemqugs, R. gt ek. 0850. ”Alpebt oj bdglabek bolposataom oj xemtdem emf

ebebae culs om tdg gluksajabetaom emf steàkaty oj oak-am-wetgr gluksaoms‟

Joof Dyfrobokkoafs 03(0850) 9 685-658.

Jgffgrsgm, P.K. emf Vdorp, R.M. 5112. Rofaul beròxylgtdykbgkkukosg. Am 9

Amfustraek Culs 9 Xokysebbderafgs emf fgravetavgs, 2rf Gfataom. Rem Fagco 9

Ebefglab Xrgss.

Jgkkows, X.I. 0881. Joof Xrobgssamc Vgbdmokocy. Mgw Fgkda 9 Soofdgef

Xu`kasdamc.

Jurae, V.G. 5130. Demfòon oj Joof Effatavgs 0mf Gfataom. Jkorafe 9 BPB Xrgss

KKB.

Algsom, E.X. 5110. Vdabngmamc emf Cgkkamc Ecgmts jor Joof 0mf Gfataom. WN 9

Rpramcgr Rbagmbg + @usamgss Lgfae.

Xdakaps, C.O., emf Sakkaels, X.E. 0881. Demfòon oj Dyfrobokkoafs 0mf Gfataom.

Bel`rafcg 9 BPB Xrgss.

Rede, F. emf @dettebderye, R. 0858. ”Dyfrobokkoafs es tdabngmamc emf cgkkamc

ecgmts am joof 9 e bratabek rgvagw‟. I Joof Rba Vgbdmok. 63(:) 9 743-713.

Wkrabd, N. emf Gppamcgr, R. 0855. Xrofubt Fgsacm emf Fgvgkoplgmt 7td Gfataom.

Mgw Qorn 9 LbCrew-Dakk.

Semcgm, R. 0881. Dgektdagr Satdout Sdget 9 E Mgw Wmfgrstemfamc oj Sdget

Ekkgrcags, Bgkaeb Fasgesg, emf Mom-Bgkaeb Ckutgm Amtokgrembg. Rgettkg 9

Ammetg Dgektd Xu`kasdamc.

Sgssgkamcd, gt ek. 0883. Fgsacm & Fgvgkoplgmt oj @aokocabek, Bdglabek, Joof,

emf Xderlebgutabek Xrofubts. Mgw Qorn 9 Iodm Sakgy & Roms, Ktf.

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Report Chemical Product Design Assignment 2