Renewable Energy - Energy of the Future

7/30/2019 Renewable Energy - Energy of the Future

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RENEWABLE ENERGY: Energy for Future

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I. INTRODUCTIONby RAINIER P. VILLANUEVA

DEFINITIONSRENEWABLE ENERGY is an energy generated from

natural resources which are renewable or naturallyreplenished. It is referred to as “renewable” because it

doesn’t run out.

It is called the “Energy of the Future” since it is the best

answer to the fast depleting and environmentally

harmful fossil fuels.

Examples:

Solar

Wind

Hydropower

Geothermal

Biomass

NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY is the energy generated

from natural resources which cannot be produced,

grown, generated, or used on a scale which can sustain

its consumption rate, once depleted there is no more

available for future needs.

Examples:

Coal

Natural Gas

Nuclear

Whale Oil

Coal, oil and gas are called “ fossil fuels” because they

have been formed from the fossilized remains of

prehistoric plants and animals. It is called conventional

sources of energy as they provide more than 90% of theworld’s total energy. Conventional energy is drawn from

sources that will eventually run out, and once taken out

it will take millions of years to form again.

ADVANTAGES

It is indigenous. It is abundant locally, and does

not have to import from other countries.

It is relatively clean and therefore

environment-friendly. Unlike fossil fuels, it does

not emit large amount of carbon dioxide and

other greenhouse gases.

It. is potentially inexhaustible. The sun, theultimate source of most renewable energy on

Earth, will be potentially available for the next

4.3 billion years.

It is free. Once the system for capturing is set

up, no costs for raw materials are incurred.

Remote and isolated users such as those in off-

grid areas can tap R.E. sources independently

of large scale distribution of power.

REPUBLIC ACT 9513 (RENEWABLE ACT OF 2008)GOAL: Accelerate the development of the country’s

renewable energy resources by providing fiscal and

non‐fiscal incentives to private sector investors andequipment manufacturers/suppliers.

PHILIPPINE ENERGY PLAN (PEP)It envisions that the future energy supply will be

adequate, reliable, and affordable to industries to

enable to provide continuous employment and low-cost

goods and services, and to the ordinary citizens, to

enable them to achieve a decent lifestyle.

Its goal is that energy will be produced and used in a

manner that promotes sustainable development in the

utilization of the country’s natural resources but at the

same time maintain the country’s overall economic

competitiveness.

BARRIERS OF IMPLEMENTING RENEWABLE ENERGY INTHE PHILIPPINES

Lack of awareness and interest in investment

opportunities

Environmental and socio-cultural concerns

Technological Constraints and Shift in type of

development

Lack of investment in non-power applications

II. SOLAR ENERGYby CARLO DE ALDAY

DEFINITIONEnergy in the form of electromagnetic radiation emitted

from the Sun; but especially that part of this energy that

is converted into thermal or electrical energy on Earth.

Only about half of incoming solar radiation makes it to

the earth’s surface. The rest is either reflected or

absorbed in the atmosphere.

Solar energy is the source of all energy on earth,

whether stored for millions of years (fossil fuels),

causing differential heating of the earth’s crust (whichleads to tidal, wind, and geothermal energy), or creating

electricity directly through photovoltaic solar panels.

Solar Energy typically refers to the use of solar radiation

by humans, and is often used interchangeably with solar

power , although this is more specifically the production

of electricity through photovoltaics.

TYPESHow It Is Converted to Useful Energy

1. Passive Solar Energy

- demand side technologies

- reduce the need for alternate resources

Basic design principles: Orientation

Shading

Insulation

Thermal Mass

Windows

Ventilation

2. Active Solar Energy

- supply side technologies

- increase supply of energy

- includes use of photovoltaic panels, pumps

and fans, and solar thermal collectors to

harness the energyActive solar energy system components:

Solar Energy Collection

Solar Energy Storage

Solar Energy Distribution




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Type of Energy It Is Converted Into

1. SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY- the energy created by converting solar energy

into heat

- PRINCIPLE: greenhouse effect

Solar Thermal System:

Collection: solar collectorsStorage: water tanks or thermal mass for

liquid-based systems; rock bins that hold the

heated air

Distribution: liquid-based systems will use

pumps, radiant slabs, central forced air, or hot-

water baseboards for distribution; air-based

systems will use fans and ducts to move the

heated air

2. PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR POWER

- the energy created by converting solar

energy into electricity using photovoltaic

solar cells

- PRINCIPLE: photovoltaic effect

PV Solar Power System:

PV Devices

Balance of System (BOS)

Load

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOLAR PANELS

Monocrystalline silicon solar panels

Polycrystalline silicon panels

Amorphous or thin film solar panels

CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER (CSP) Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) is a type of solar

thermal energy that is used to generate solar power

utility-scale electricity.

Basic idea:

1. Concentrate sunlight in order to generate

heat…

2. Which is used to drive a turbine or motor...

3. Which powers a generator that provides

electricity…

Types of Concentrated Solar Power Systems:

Power Tower Systems use a large field of Sun-

tracking mirrors known as heliostats to focussunlight onto a central receiver at the top of a

tower. The receiver contains a heat-transfer fluid

which is heated by the concentrated sunlight. The

heat-transfer fluid is used to create steam which

drives a conventional turbine generator to

produce electricity.

Dish/Engine Systems use a parabolic dish to

focus sunlight onto a receiver located at the focal

point of the dish. The dish tracks the Sun in order

to take full advantage of the available solar

energy. The receiver contains a fluid or gas which

is heated by the concentrated sunlight. The

heated fluid is used to drive a Stirling engine to

produce electricity.

Parabolic Trough Systems use parabola-shaped

reflectors to focus sunlight onto a tube that runs

along the focal-line of the reflectors. A heat-

transfer fluid inside the tube is heated and used

to generate steam to drive a conventional turbine

generator which then produces electricity.

CONCENTRATING PHOTOVOLTAIC (CSV OR CPV) These systems focus a large amount of sunlight onto a

small photovoltaic area –sort of like a mini solar panel.

However, compared to standard solar panels, CSV

systems are typically much cheaper to produce since the

use of expensive parts (solar cells) are minimized.

Applications:Architecture and Urban planning

Agriculture and Horticulture

Solar lighting

Solar thermal

Electrical generation

Solar chemical or artificial photosynthesis

Solar vehicles

Artificial satellites

Energy Storage Methods:Thermal mass systems. Thermal storage

systems generally use readily available

materials with high specific heat capacities such

as water, earth and stone. Phase change

materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's

salt are another thermal storage media. Solar

energy can be stored at high temperatures

using molten salts.

Rechargeable batteries for off-grid PV systems.

Net metering for grid-tied systems.

Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy

in the form of water pumped when energy is

available from a lower elevation reservoir to a

higher elevation one. The energy is recovered

when demand is high by releasing the water to

run through a hydroelectric power generator.

ADVANTAGESOver Wind Energy:

Wind turbines can take a lot of space and be

noisy, so they’re better suited for rural rather

than urban locations.

Wind energy works best in windy places, not

surprisingly. Solar power is versatile.

Wind turbines require maintenance, and solar is

virtually maintenance-free.

Over Hydropower:

Hydropower is typically done in large-scale damsrather than for homeowners (although someone

with a rushing stream or river on their property

might be able to use small scale “micro-hydro”);

solar can be used almost anywhere.

Flooding large areas of land destroys habitat and

can force human relocation; solar panels can be

installed on existing unused space like rooftops.

Dams can unfairly alter water supply between

communities and countries.

Over Biomass:

Crops like sugar cane and other sources for

biomass require land that could otherwise be

used for growing food. Algae help avoid thisproblem somewhat because it can grow in water.

Solar doesn’t necessarily need to use land space,

since it can go on existing roofs.

Over Fossil Fuels:

It is available everywhere

Saves you money

Eco-friendly




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Independent/ semi-independent

Low/ no maintenance

DISADVANTAGES

The sun does not shine consistently

(intermittent).

The initial cost of installing a solar energy system. Photo voltaic conversion is not fully environment

friendly as the manufacturing of PV cells itself is

too much energy intensive.

Solar panels require quite a large area for

installation to achieve a good level of efficiency. It

sometimes had to compete with land area that

could be used for housing or agriculture.

The efficiency of the system also relies on the

location of the sun, although this problem can be

overcome with the installation of certain

components.

A Considerable amount of energy is lost when DChas to be converted to AC. The solar cells can only

produce DC, thus the conversion incurs a loss of

about 4-12%.

43% of photon energy is used to warm the

crystal.

Efficiency drops as temperature increases (from

24% at 0°C to 14% at 100°C.)

Light is reflected off the front face and internal

electrical resistance is other factors.

DEVELOPMENTS IN SOLAR ENERGYSpace-based solar power

Nano-templated molecules that store energy

Solar thermal power in a flat panel

A virus to improve nano-solar cell efficiency

Transparent solar cell could turn windows into

power plants

SOLAR ENERGY IN THE PHILIPPINESDecember 2009: The Philippine Rural ElectrificationService (PRES) Project is satisfactorily completed. The

PRES Project being implemented by PAMATEC in 17 of

20 towns in Masbate province is the largest rural

electrification project in the Philippines today. A total of

18,000 households located in 128 remote barangaysbenefits from the project.

Tûranor Planet Solar is the largest solar-powered boat

in the world. It visited Philippines on July 2011. The ship

is exclusively powered by 38,000 high-efficiency solar

cells all produced in the Philippines at the

manufacturing facilities of Sun Power Corp.

CEPALCO 1-MW Photovoltaic Power Plant, located in

Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis Oriental, is owned and

operated by the Cagayan Electric Power & Light

Company, Inc.

First Philec Solar Corp. constructed a facility in Batangas

which supplies 75 kilowatt-peak of electricity. It is

considered the country's first rooftop-installed solar

facility of utility scale.

Sinag participated in the 2007 Panasonic World Solar

Challenge in Australia in October 2007 and ranked 12th

place. Sikat II will be the Philippines’ entry to the 2011 World

Solar Challenge.

Japanese-Filipino joint venture firm Eco-MergePhilippines Inc. plans to invest about $150 million over

the next three years for the construction of 41

megawatts (MW) of solar projects all over the country.

They would be initially putting up an 11-MW solar farm

in a 22-hectare property in Pili, Camarines Sur within the

year.

FAST FACTSSunlight travels to the earth in approximately 8

minutes from 93,000,000 miles away, at

186,282 miles per second.

In one hour the Sun supplies the Earth with

enough energy for an entire year.

Solar panels are actually less efficient in really

hot weather.

We’ve been using roughly the same panel

design for 10 years.

Most often, oil or molten salt is used to store

the heat generated by the concentrated solar

energy . This is very cost effective compared to

using batteries for storing solar electricity.

Solar can save (or make) you thousands per

year, will pay itself off in a few years, will

increase the value of your home, decrease the

time to sale, and ever so slightly decrease the

nation’s consumption of coal while decreasing

your carbon footprint .

Electricity in your home comes from a

combination of coal, natural gas, nuclear, and

some renewable energy sources. Home solar

mostly decreases the use of non-renewablecoal. Solar energy does not really decrease our

reliance on fossil fuels.

Germany is the world leader in installed solar

photovoltaic panels

The world’s largest PV power plant is in

Canada, at 92 MW. The Sarnia PV power plant

World’s largest solar thermal power plant, a

1,000-megawatt complex called the Blythe

Solar Power Project to be built in the Mojave

Desert.

TERMSGreenhouse effect – effect produced inside a

greenhouse: solar radiation (infrared, visible, and some

ultraviolet) is admitted to the greenhouse through its

glass roof & is absorbed by the contents. The longer

wavelength infrared radiation emitted by the contents

cannot escape through the glass & the temperature of

the interior rises.

Photovoltaic effect - a photoelectric effect in which light

falling on a specially prepared boundary between

certain pairs of any substances (e.g. copper & copper(I)

oxide) produces a potential difference across the

boundary.

Thermal mass - a property that enables building

materials to absorb, store, and later release significantamounts of heat.

Grid - An interconnected system for the distribution of

electricity or electromagnetic signals over a wide area,

especially a network of high-tension cables and power

stations.

Net metering - With grid-tied systems, excess electricity

can be sent to the transmission grid, while standard grid




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electricity can be used to meet shortfalls. Net metering

programs give household systems a credit for any

electricity they deliver to the grid. This is often legally

handled by 'rolling back' the meter whenever the home

produces more electricity than it consumes. If the net

electricity use is below zero, the utility is required to pay

for the extra at the same rate as they charge consumers.

III. WIND ENERGYby DOMINIC BOLIMA

DEFINITIONSWindThe flow of gases on a large scale Horizontal movement of air relative to earth’s surface

Air that moves over the earth’s surface

Moving air

Wind EnergyKinetic energy of the wind in motion

Wind PowerConversion of mechanical energy into a useful form of

energy

Wind TurbineA device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into

mechanical energy

CLASSIFICATIONS

Wind Mill - mechanical energy is used to drive

machinery such as grinding grains or pumping

water Wind Generator - device that generates

electrical power from mechanical energy

TYPES OF WIND GENERATOR1. Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)

The main rotor shaft is set vertically and the main

components are located at the base of the turbine.

PRO: the main components can be repair easily

CONS: sophisticated design, prone to damage at high

altitude

2. Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT)The main rotor shaft and electrical generator are set at

the top of the tower. PROS: produced more power, simpler design

CONS: must be pointed to the wind, must be tall, the

main components are harder to repair

COMPONENTS OF HAWTAnemometer: Measures the wind speed and transmits

wind speed data to the controller.

Blades: Most turbines have either two or three blades.

Wind blowing over the blades causes the blades to "lift"

and rotate.

Brake: A disc brake, which can be applied mechanically,

electrically, or hydraulically to stop the rotor inemergencies.

Controller: The controller starts up the machine at wind

speeds of about 8 to 16 miles per hour (mph) and shuts

off the machine at about 55 mph. Turbines do not

operate at wind speeds above about 55 mph because

they might be damaged by the high winds.

Gear box: Gears connect the low-speed shaft to the

high-speed shaft and increase the rotational speeds

from about 30 to 60 rotations per minute (rpm) to about

1000 to 1800 rpm, the rotational speed required by

most generators to produce electricity. The gear box is a

costly (and heavy) part of the wind turbine and

engineers are exploring "direct-drive" generators that

operate at lower rotational speeds and don't need gear

boxes.Generator: Usually an off-the-shelf induction generator

that produces 60-cycle AC electricity.

High-speed shaft: Drives the generator.

Low-speed shaft: The rotor turns the low-speed shaft at

about 30 to 60 rotations per minute.

Nacelle: The nacelle sits atop the tower and contains

the gear box, low- and high-speed shafts, generator,

controller, and brake. Some nacelles are large enough

for a helicopter to land on.

Pitch: Blades are turned, or pitched, out of the wind to

control the rotor speed and keep the rotor from turning

in winds that are too high or too low to produce

electricity.

Rotor: The blades and the hub together are called the

rotor.

Tower: Towers are made from tubular steel (shown

here), concrete, or steel lattice. Because wind speed

increases with height, taller towers enable turbines to

capture more energy and generate more electricity.

Wind vane: Measures wind direction and communicates

with the yaw drive to orient the turbine properly with

respect to the wind.

Yaw drive: Upwind turbines face into the wind; the yaw

drive is used to keep the rotor facing into the wind as

the wind direction changes. Downwind turbines don'trequire a yaw drive; the wind blows the rotor

downwind.

Yaw motor: Powers the yaw drive.

ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES

Availability - free and renewable resource

Generates no pollution - emit no air pollutants

and greenhouse gases

Cheap - minimal operating expenses and there is

no fuel to be purchase

Challenges - higher initial investment than fossil

fuel generator installation (machinery is costly) Noise - rotor blades produce loud noise

Aesthetic impact - sudden death of animals

Unreliable - wind is a variable

Locations - location dependent

Efficiency factors - tower height (wind turbine

must e high enough to operate properly)

Blades swept area - the larger the diameter of the

blades the more power it is capable of extracting

from the wind

Wind speed - the faster the wind the more power

generate

Air density - the denser the air the more power

generated

Altitude - the higher the altitude the faster the

wind

Temperature - the lower the temperature the

denser the air




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WIND ENERGY IN THE PHILIPPINESBangui Wind FarmLocated at Bangui, Ilocos Norte Consists of 30 windmills, 70 m. tall and rated at 1.65MW

each

Each blade measures 41 m.

Contributes 0.21% of total electricity in the countrySupports 40% of power needed by Ilocos North

IV. HYDROPOWERby AJ DAÑEZ

HYDROPOWER, HYDRAULIC POWER OR WATER POWER

(from hydro meaning water ) is energy that comes from

the force of moving water. It is the power that is derived

from the force or energy of moving water, which may be

harnessed for useful purposes.

Prior to the development of electric power, hydropowerwas used for irrigation, and operation of various

machines, such as watermills, textiles

machines, sawmills, dock cranes, and domestic lifts.

WHY IS HYDROPOWER RENEWABLE?

Hydropower is called a renewable energy source

because the water on Earth is continuously replenished

by precipitation. As long as the water cycle continues,

we won’t run out of this energy source.

HISTORYHydropower has been used for centuries. Early uses of

waterpower date back to Mesopotamia and ancient

Egypt, where irrigation has been used since the 6th

millennium BC and water clocks had been used since the

early 2nd millennium BC.

The Greeks used water wheels to grind wheat into flour

more than 2,000 years ago. In the early 1800s, American

and European factories used the water wheel to power

machines.

Other early examples of water power include the

Qanat system in ancient Persia and the Turpan water

system in ancient China.

HEAD AND FLOW The amount of electricity that can be generated at a

hydro plant is determined by two factors: HEAD and

FLOW.

HEAD is how far the water drops. It is the distance from

the highest level of the dammed water to the point

where it goes through the power-producing turbine.

FLOW is how much water moves through the system—

the more water that moves through a system, the

higher the flow. Generally, a high-head plant needs less

water flow than a low-head plant to produce the same

amount of electricity.

MODERN USAGEThere are several forms of water power currently in use

or development. Some are purely mechanical but many

primarily generate electricity. Broad categories include:

HYDROELECTRICITY

Conventional Hydroelectric - referring to

hydroelectric dams (the most common type of

hydroelectric power generation)

Run-of-the-River Hydroelectricity - which

captures the kinetic energy in rivers or streams,

without the use of dams

Pumped-Storage Hydroelectricity - to pump up

water and use its head to generate in times of

demand

Tidal Power - which captures energy from thetides in horizontal direction

Tidal Stream Power - usage of stream

generators, somewhat similar to that of a wind

turbine

Tidal Barrage Power - usage of a tidal dam

Dynamic Tidal Power - utilizing large areas to

generate head

MARINE ENERGY

Marine Current Power - which captures the

kinetic energy from marine currents

Osmotic Power - which channels river water into

a container separated from sea water by a semi-permeable membrane

Ocean Thermal Energy - which exploits the

temperature difference between deep and

shallow waters

Tidal Power - which captures energy from the

tides in horizontal direction (also a popular form

of hydroelectric power generation)

Wave Power - the use ocean surface waves to

generate power

V. GEOTHERMAL ENERGYby RAINIER P. VILLANUEVA

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY is a clean, renewable resource

that provides energy that is usually found in volcanic

regions and mainly used to generate electricity in the

country and in the rest of the world.

“GEO” – earth

“THERMAL” – heat

It uses the natural heat from the earth.

ADVANTAGES

It is renewable until center of the earth cools.

There will always be plenty of heat for

geothermal energy.

The footprint of this energy source is very

small.

DISADVANTAGES

Geothermal plants are very inexpensive to run

and maintain.

Few locations on the planet are suitable for a

good geothermal power plant.

The initial cost of design and installation can be

costly. Traces of hazardous gases and mineral

MYTHS ABOUT GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Geothermal resources are nonrenewable.

Geothermal power plants emit smoke.

Extraction and injection of geothermal brines

contaminates drinking water.




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HOW IS GEOTHERMAL ENERGY EXTRACTED

Heat emanating from the Earth’s interior and crust

generates magma (molten rock). Because magma is less

dense than surrounding rock, it rises but generally does

not reach the surface, heating the water contained in

rock pores and fractures. Wells are drilled into this

natural collection of hot water or steam, called ageothermal reservoir, in order to bring it to the surface

and use it for electricity production. The three basic

types of geothermal electrical generation facilities are

binary, dry steam and flash steam. Electricity production

from each type depends on reservoir temperatures and

pressures, and each type produces somewhat different

environmental impacts. In addition, the choice of using

water or air cooling technology in the power plants has

economic and environmental trade-offs.

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

1960’s - The Philippine Commission on Volcanology

(COMVOL) did an inventory of hot springs in the country

and investigated Tiwi, Albay to determine the country’s

capability to produce geothermal energy.

1967 - The Philippine Government installed a 2.5kW

pilot plant in Barangay Cale, Tiwi, Albay. The following

years, development of Geothermal Power Plant in Leyte,

Negros Occidental took place.

1980’s - Power plants producing hundred-MW were put

into operation.

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1442 (GEOTHERMAL LAW) June 11, 1978

An act to promote the exploration and development of geothermal resources.

CONCEPT: “The State owns the resource but may enter

into contracts for the provision of financial and technical

services for the development of the resource -

Geothermal Service Contract.”

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

Geothermal energy is reliable.

Geothermal energy is renewable.

Geothermal energy produces minimal air

emissions and offsets the high air emissions of

fossil fuel-fired power plants. Geothermal energy can offset other

environmental impacts.

Geothermal energy is combustion free.

Geothermal energy minimally impacts land.

Geothermal energy is competitive with other

energy technologies when environmental costs

are considered.

VI. BIOMASS ENERGYby GERRICK A. VILLAFLOR

DEFINITIONSAs a renewable energy source, BIOMASS is biological

material from living or recently living organisms that can

be used to produce energy. It is any organic material

which has stored sunlight in the form of chemical

energy.

BIOENERGY is renewable energy made available from

materials derived from biological sources (biomass). It

can be in the form of electricity , heat , steam or fuels.

BIOENERGY SOURCES

There are 5 basic categories of biomass material:

1. Virgin wood: from forestry, arboriculturalactivities or from wood processing

2. Energy crops: high yield crops grown specifically

for energy applications

3. Agricultural residues: residues from agriculture

harvesting or processing

4. Food waste: from food and drink manufacture,

preparation and processing, and post-consumer

waste

5. Industrial waste & co-products: from

manufacturing and industrial processes

The 3 main sources of biomass are:

WOOD is the largest energy source of biomass:

contributors include the timber industry,

agricultural crops and raw materials from the

forest.

WASTE is the 2nd largest source of biomass

energy. The main contributors are: municipal

solid waste and manufacturing waste.

ALCOHOL FUELS are the 3rd largest contributor

and are derived mainly from corn, sugarcane

and wheat.

WHY IS BIOMASS ENERGY RENEWABLE?Biomass is considered renewable energy source because

it can be renewed in a shorter amount of time and itdoesn't get used up faster than it can be renewed. We

can always grow more trees and crops, and waste will

always exist. As long as biomass is produced sustainably,

with only as much used as is grown, biomass energy will

last indefinitely.

IS “FOSSIL FUEL” A BIOMASS?

Technically, fossil fuel is NOT a biomass. Biomass

excludes organic material which has been transformed

by geological processes into substances such as coal or

petroleum. The combustion of fossil fuel releases carbon

that has not been present in the atmosphere for millions

of years. This therefore disturbs the carbon dioxide

levels in the atmosphere.

BIOMASS APPLICATIONS1. BIOFUELS — Converting biomass into liquid

fuels for transportation

2. BIOPOWER — Burning biomass directly or

converting it into gaseous or liquid fuels that

burn more efficiently, to generate electricity

3. BIOPRODUCTS — Converting biomass into

chemicals for making plastics and other

products that typically are made from

petroleum

BIOFUELSBIOFUEL is short for "biomass fuel," a term used for

liquid fuels produced from biomass (generally

transportation fuels). They all produce some sort of

energy that is needed to operate the various




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machineries of today's society specifically in

transportation.

FORMS OF BIOFUEL

1. Solid biomass

2. Liquid fuels

3. Biogases

Biofuels provided 2.7% of the world's transport fuel in2010.

Biofuels provided about 4% of the energy used in the

United States in 2010.

Two most common types of biofuels in use today:

BIOETHANOL is an alcohol made by

fermenting the sugar components of plant

materials (energy crops). Ethanol can be used

as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is

usually used as a gasoline additive to increase

octane and improve vehicle emissions.

BIODIESEL is a substitute for diesel fuel madewholly or partly from organic materials,

especially processed vegetable oil (such as

soybean oil and peanut oil), animal fat, or

recycled cooking grease combined with alcohol

(usually methanol). It can be used as an

additive (typically 20%) to reduce vehicle

emissions or in its pure form as a renewable

alternative fuel for diesel engines.

Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the

biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence

of oxygen. Organic waste such as dead plant and animal

material, animal dung, and kitchen waste can be

converted into a gaseous fuel called biogas.It comprises primarily of methane and carbon

dioxide and may have small amounts of hydrogen

sulfide, moisture and siloxanes.

BIOPOWER

BIOPOWER or biomass power is the use of biomass to

generate electricity.

Six major types of biopower system:

DIRECT-FIRING - In this process, biomass is

burned in a boiler to make steam. The steam

then turns a turbine, which is connected to a

generator that produces electricity. CO-FIRING - It involves substituting (or

combining) biomass for a portion of coal in an

existing power plant furnace. Compared to the

coal it replaces, biomass reduces SO2, NOx and

other air emissions. The efficiency of this

system ranges from 33-37%.

GASIFICATION - The process of converting

solid biomass materials into a flammable gas,

known as syngas (synthesis gas or synthetic

gas). The efficiency of this system can reach up

to 60%.

PYROLYSIS - It is a thermochemical

decomposition of organic material at elevatedtemperatures in the absence of oxygen. PYR =

"fire“ LYSIS = "separating"

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION - The process in

which microorganisms break down biomass

material in the absence of oxygen where the

methane released by process are contained

and used to create energy.

BIOPRODUCTS

BIOPRODUCTS or bio-based products are materials,

chemicals and energy derived from renewable biological

resources.

BIOMASS IN THE PHILIPPINES

Global Green Power PLC Corporation INC. (GGPC) is aPhilippine company that develops BIOMASS, grid

connected, decentralized, renewable energy power

plants utilizing sustainable biomass resources such as

agricultural crop and food processing wastes.

They are currently deploying the first (140 MW) of three

phases (420 MW) of multi-fuelled, renewable, clean,

decentralized base-load biomass power plants.

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Renewable Energy - Energy of the Future