REID Journal

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By submitting this work you are declaring that it is entirely your own work

(PRINT) Name. Danielle-Louise ReidMatriculation No. 1103533Course Name BSc (HONS) SurveyingFor Official Office Use OnlyProcessed By. Date Mark Allocated 1 2 3 4 5 6

coursework

CW01titleJOURNAL

FACULTY Faculty of Design & Technology

SCHOOL The Scott Sutherland School

COURSE(S) BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology

BSc (Hons) SurveyingMArch Architecture

STAGE 1

ACADEMIC YEAR 2011/2012

SEMESTER 1

MODULE AC1002 : Introduction to Building Technology

CO-ORDINATOR Bruce Newlands [email protected]

DATE OF ISSUE Tuesday 27t

September 2011

HAND IN ANYTIME BEFORE FRIDAY JANUARY 9 2012

INSTRUCTIONS Submit Digitally via MOODLE before 12:00PM on the above day

This front sheet with your details added MUST accompany your submission

All work to be submitted as digital copies, originals must be retained by the student

The University Regulations do not provide for late submissions, all work must therefore besubmitted by the set date unless due to approved Mitigating Circumstances, details ofMitigating Circumstances should be intimated by accompanying letter and medical certificatesshould be submitted to the School Secretary in Room SC02.
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal

Student Name: Danielle-Louise ReidStudent Number: 1103533

Course: BSc (HONS) Surveying

2

JOURNALAC1002 - The Art of Building

D.L. Reid - 1103533


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Contents

Page Number

Cover Sheet 1

Front Cover 2

Contents 3 - 4

Week 1Observing

- Lecture Notes 5 - 6- Tutorial 7 - 13

Week 2Nesting


Week 3Interior Environment

- Lecture Notes 27 29

Week 4Materials


Week 5Built Heritage


Week 6Structure

- Notes 61 - 64- Tutorial 65 - 67


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Page Number

Week 7

Timber Construction- Lecture Notes 68 - 77- Tutorial 78 - 80

Week 8Enveloping a Structure

- Lecture Notes 81 - 86

Week 9Timber Frame

- Lecture Notes 87 - 91

- Tutorial 92

Week 10Massive Timber


Week 11Sustainability and U-Value


Glossary 103 - 105

References 106 - 110


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Week One


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Lecture 1The Art of Building

There are five key aspects of any dwelling: location, shelter, environment, structure and

construction

Location includes weather, orientation, access, identity and resources.

Shelter includes protection, accessibility, security and aesthetics.

Environment includes comfort, light, temperature, ventilation and energy efficiency.

Structure includes foundations, strength, robustness, safety and longevity.

Construction includes durability, materials, weathering and technique and build ability.


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Tutorial 1The Art of Observing

The task was to choose ten buildings and discuss the different materials, structures,surfaces or construction techniques.

My photographs and sketches are all of buildings within the village where I live, Comrie inPerthshire.

________________________________________________________________________

1. Cultybraggan CampCultybraggan is an former Prisoner of War camp set up in 1941. The camp is around 1mile south of Comrie and has a series of huts which are now owned and used by localvillagers and business people.

The sketch here shows a front onview of a section of the hut. The

huts are semi-circle shaped andhave a corrugated iron roofwhich has been painted red. Inthe camp there are 100 of thehuts therefore the simple shapes,concrete structures andcorrugated iron roofing madethese huts easy and cheap tobuild.


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2. Comrie Medical Centre

3. Natural slate roofingRoss Cottage

The sketch shows one of thefront posts which are used in the

medical centres structure. Thebuilding uses a traditional timberpost and beam structure. Thebuilding has a pebble dash finishapplied to the exterior with a coatof white paint which contrastswith the green of the posts andbeams. Due to the buildingbeing owned and funded by theNHS, the structure and materialsused (timber frame and limemortar exterior) are commonthroughout these types ofbuildings.

The photograph shows naturalslate (see material section fornatural slate) being used asroofing on a cottage. Slate is agood material for roofing as it iswaterproof and due to the thin,sheet like design of the slate it iseasy to fit together. Slate is alsoa durable that can withstand rain,wind and frost and in the case

that it does get damaged it canbe replaced and the damagesslate can be recycled. MostScottish slate has been usedtherefore nowadays slate had toimported from Europe and othercountries across the world.


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4. Parish Church

The Parish Church is made from a dark brown-block stone namedWhinstone. The brick work is rough with a slightly sandy texture but thismay be due to the rain and wind starting to erode away at the stone. Thepicture above shows the regularity in the stone work which shows it musthave been hand-built by skilled crafts men.


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5. Rennie Mackintosh Building

This commercial property, which was formerly a wool shop and now anironmonger, was designer for residential purposes by Charles RennieMackintosh. The most prominent feature of this building is the turret stylemember shown above. The structure of this is interesting as the rest of thebuilding is designed with straight lines and flat edges. The choice of colourused on the building is very typical of Mackintosh with the simple black andwhite also used on buildings such as The Willow Tearoom in Glasgow.


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6. The Ross Bridge

The Ross Bridge which crosses the River Earn in the link between theVillage and The Ross. The bridge is made from stone and sits on a stonefoundation which rests on the river bed and the bankings.

The Ross House was built in 1914.The sketch opposite only shows asection of the house the dormerwindow. The exterior is a whitecoated pebble dash with terrecotapainted timber frames around the

dormers. The Window is where Ifocused on with this building as thetraditional single glazed panes arestill in use unlike the double or tripleglazed which are used nowadays.

7. The Ross House


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8. Monument Cottage

9. MaterialsRoyal Bank of Scotland Building

Monument Cottage is one of the traditional cottages in the village. The cottage today isslightly different to how it was in the past with the addition of velux windows, as shownin the picture, which may have been added to make room for a family to live in thebuilding. The traditional exterior structure and windows and doors remain as they were(with the addition of new coats of paint). The dwelling is stone built with a natural slate

roof.

The image opposite shows todifferent materials side by side. Theone on the left is red granite and onthe right is grey granite. The two

materials are the same in terms ofdurability, texture (smooth) etc, theonly difference is the colour. Therest of the building is made fromsandstone.


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10. Door HandleRoss Cottage

This door handle shown in thephotograph opposite is the

traditional door handle which wasinstalled when the cottage was firstbuilt. There are examples of thisdoor knob style handle around thevillage. The handle is made frommetal and coated with black paint.


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Week Two


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Lecture 2Meso-Climate and Micro-Climate

Meso-climateThe climate of a small area on the Earths surface which may differ fromthe general climate of the district Mark McCracken, 2005-2011,www.teachmefinance.com/Scientific-Terms/Mesoclimate.html, [accessed 28/11/2011]

Micro-climateThe climate of a small, specific place within an area as contrasted withthe climate of the entire area Houghton Mifflin Company, 2009,www.thefreedictionary.com/microclimate, [accessed 28/11/2011]

LocationLocation is one of the most important factors to consider when building. It is alsoimportant to look at how the site may change and check the layout of the previous

structures of buildings. When it comes to what influences the choice of any site forbuilding, culture has as much of as input as contours - which means more and morepeople are looking for attractive plots of land.

ContoursThe closer the contours are together then the steeper the slope. Although it may be easierto build on flat land, floodplains may be an issue therefore must be carefully surveyedbefore building. Hill sides, especially those which are facing the prevailing south westerlywinds, can be very blustery therefore the choice of material, the height of the building, thegeometry etc. will be influenced by this factor. At the bottom of the steep slopes are thevalley floors, which only a limited amount of the suns rays are able to access causingthem to become darker and cooler compared to those on the hillside or out of the valleyitself. One advantage of the valley floors in terms of building is that they can housetransport networks such as rail and road because the valley floor is flat therefore easy tobuild these systems.

When choosing to develop a new building, not only the physical site is important.

Services and safetySites must have services to make them worth building on for example, transport links, gasand water supply, electricity, drainage (preferably to the mains system), rubbish collection

etc. It is also important to make sure that the services are of quality, and reliable in termsof rubbish collection. Sites must also have good fire safety points and exit routes if theyare needed in an emergency. This covers not only any buildings on the site but thephysical site itself e.g. the site must have good exit points via roads or paths which leadaway from site. Most dwellings nowadays that are built for human habitation must beuniversally accessible which means that there must be suitable disabled access aroundthe interior and exterior of the building.

There are many factors to consider when choosing a location to build therefore we areable to come to the conclusion that there is in fact no perfect site. For this reason, domefactors may have to be made higher priority than others e.g. a site may have good road


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access and suitable fire safety point but be on a slope which means the land will have tobe leveled before building starts.

It is up to us as part of the construction team to decide which factors are of a higher prioritythan others and they will not always be the same therefore we must be careful and

thoughtful when choosing them.

Some factors, such as weather, are more influential than others and can limit the choiceon the choice of material, the style of building etc.

Protection and shelterSome housing patterns e.g. Cul-de-Sacs, are very safe and offer a high level of protectionand shelter. Reasons for this are that in cul-de-sacs almost all the houses face oneanother which creates a central are where problems and crimes may occur but the risk ofthis is lowered by this pattern offering constant surveillance. The pattern of the housesand roads make it difficult for cars to speed around therefore the traffic is calmed by this.

Ground conditionsRock -> soil -> vegetationRock is a strong high, durable material with a good bearing capacity therefore acts as agood base to build upon, but it is very expensive to excavate and move especially when itis needed to be excavated for the installation of water and gas pipes, telephone cablesetc. The soil may be of a good quality and be relatively clean but in many circumstances(especially in areas which are rich in nutrients and resources) the soil can be contaminatedby different mental ores which is an expensive process to extract, cleaning the soil.

WoodlandThe UK has only a small percentage of trees which grow naturally e.g. Scots Pine asothers have been grown for fast growing timber e.g. Hybrid Larch. Some woodland e.g.Sitka Spruce may be classed as a crop due to the growing technique which is similar tothat of barley. The UK's timber has a high value to the environment and the economy.

Moving landscapeThe landscape can modified to accommodate what is wanted or required on a specific sitee.g. Railways need flat ground therefore the process of "moving the landscape" can beused to flatten the land. There are many reasons why moving the landscape may beneeded, one of which is gravitational pull.

DensityThe density of the surrounding area e.g. woodland, trees and shrubs, buildings etc. willaffect the solar access - how much of the suns rays make it to a specific area. Shadowingon a site will occur where there are tall objects surrounding. Density is also classed ashow close the surrounding buildings and trees are to the site.

ClimateMacro climate is the climate of the chosen site (plot of land). The macro climate iscommonly determined by the surroundings and nature of the site e.g. the distance fromthe equator. The macro climate can also be influenced by vegetation e.g. the amount of


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solar access. The macro climate will not only be influenced but also influence the waywhich buildings on the site are designed e.g. in coastal towns, such as Stonehaven,buildings which are next to the sea front have been designed to not have over-hanginggutters and drains as the strong upward wind may rip them off or damage them. Climatein general can cause a lot of problems when trying to construct a building, so you need to

think carefully and logically.

TemperatureWhen choosing a site it is best to try and find one which has a close average temperature.(a temperature of around 15.5 degree's Celsius would be ideal. Reasons for this are thatthe chosen materials etc. will withstand all seasons suitably.

Solar gainThe latitude influences the amount of solar gain which is released onto an area. Thehigher the latitude is i.e. further away from the equator, the more widespread the sunsrays will be but they will be less intense than at the equator. The sun provides energy in

the form of both heat and light. When designing a building, using geometry can make themost use of the sun throughout the entire year.

AZIMUTH- this is the angle which the sun hits a certain location.

In terms of buildings, solar (light and heat) will determine many factors e.g. the windows interm of location, size and strength - double or triple glazed.

Trees and ShrubsIn the summer, trees can be used to help shade homes, lessening the chance of themsuffering the greenhouse effect. There are two types of trees - evergreen (coniferous) anddeciduous. Deciduous trees would be useful as there leaves would provide shade in thesummer when sun is strong and in the winter when the leaves are sparse, they wouldallow the low sun through to allow the limited light and heat to reach the building.Evergreen trees such as Scots Pine would not be very useful as the thick leaves wouldstop any of the suns rays from coming through, leaving the property in darkness. The useof deciduous trees as shade works very well especially for South facing windows as inBritain that is where the sun would sit for the most part of the day.

HumidityHumidity is the amount of water vapour which is present in the air. It can be very

destructive to buildings if the materials chosen have a low tolerance to water vapour e.g.some woods. It may also affect the internal temperature of the building as wind will flowthrough any small holes or cracks in the buildings entire structure therefore the buildingmust be fully air tight. An example of where building must be designed to deal with highlevels of humidity is the Amazon. Materials must be carefully chosen in terms of theirtolerance with water vapour. Humidity is almost impossible to change therefore needs tobe considered throughout the building process.

WindWind as a force can be extremely destructive to buildings therefore needs to be taken intoconsideration when designing a building. It may also affect the internal temperature of the


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building as wind will flow through any small cracks of holes in the building structuretherefore the entire building must be air tight. An example of where buildings must bedesigned to be tolerant against wind is Stonehaven. Being a coastal town the wind comesoff the sea strong and upwards therefore houses must be designed without any overhange.g. gutters, eves etc. which may get destroyed by wind.

Fresh AirThis is very important to consider when building, especially in cities where smog is likely tooccur.


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Tutorial 2Nesting Student Services Building

There were two main tasks set for this tutorial. The first was to conduct a site analysis ona chosen building on the Garthdee Campus. I chose the Student Services Building next toScott Sutherland School as my building.

The second was to identify a site where a bird hide could be placed along the river atGarthdee. Our chosen site lies just behind the student accommodation at Garthdee.

________________________________________________________________________

Site analysis

Buildings NearbyTo the right of the student services building is The Scott Sutherland School. To the South,there is the Round Tower (student accommodation on Garthdee Campus). The closestbuilding to East is Aberdeen Business School. None of these buildings intrude on the siteof Student Services in any way.


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ServicesAs a relatively new building, when planning, service provision is very important. Thebuilding has a fresh water supply, electric, telephone and internet access. This wouldhave been reasonably easy as the Campus already has building fully equipped with theseservices and all are networked together.

Noise PollutionAlthough traffic is constant on Garthdee Road, the site is far enough away from the roadthat the noise does not directly affect it. The only noise within the boundary of the sitewould be from students passing by which is mainly between 8am and 6pm.

Local AmenitiesOn mampus there are various places to get food and drink but at the bottom of GarthdeeRoad there is an Asda and a Sainsburys (both with large parking facilities). Other than

that, amenities are limited but it is only a short journey, around 2 and a half miles[calculated on Google maps using the get directions function].

tudentervicesuilding

ASDA

Sainsburys


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AccessThere is good access to the Student Services building by foot, car and bus. There are busstops on either side of the road at no more than 500m that directly come from/go to UnionStreet. The building itself is only 100 yards (approx.) off of Garthdee Road. There are carparks situated above the building which can be accessed via the entrance by Grays Art

School as the road works on a one way system. On a wider scale, Garthdee Road leadsonto the A90 (southbound) which allows easy commuting for students or staff who livesouth of Aberdeen. In terms of universal access the building has a ramp which leadsdirectly off the main pavement that allows people in wheelchairs, or who find it difficult touse stairs, to reach the building easily and safely.

Main Pavementleading to andfrom Garthdeeroad.

Ramp withbanisters to allow

safe and easyaccess.


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VegetationThe front of the building (the main door) is north facing therefore is not affected by thesunlight. At the back of the building there is a great deal of trees, both coniferous anddeciduous (as shown in the picture below). This is beneficial as the back of the building isin the sun path right throughout the day but the trees provide shade.

Around the building itself, there is a road which passes round the front and side. The backand east side of the building is green cover with a large grass area out the back and moredeciduous trees out the front and shrubbery.

Deciduous trees toshade at mid-day

when sun it high andalmost directly

behind the building.

Evergreen trees(coniferous) which

will shade sun frommorning to mid-day

as they are facingeast. These will

shade all year roundas they do not shed

leaves.


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ContoursThe campus site lies on a slope but this has been rectified laying a level foundation.

The sketch above shows the level foundation of the building which is stone built.

The foundation has been made from concrete bricks which are light in colour andharmonise with the exterior decoration of the building. The slope increases souththerefore the back of the building, unlike the front which is only on one level, is on two(shown in the photograph below).

FOUNDATION


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Tutorial 2Nesting Bird Hide

Site analysisAfter choosing a site for the bird hide, we then conducted a short site analysis to ensurethat the site was infact suitable. We looked at 7 factors as outlined below and these areindicated by the numbers on the site plan on page 26. The final site can be seen as ablack shaded box on the plan on the banks of the River Dee.

Access and transportThe access to the site is relatively easy but it is not universally acceptable due to the lackof suitable paths along the riverside. Access via road can be obtained by Garthdee Roadand onto the through road where parking is available (as indicated on the site plan). Pathsare indicated by the (- - -) dashed line. These lead all over the campus and down to thesite of the bird hide.

Solar pathThe site analysis provides information on the amount of solar energy which the site will beexposed to. The site is out of the shade on the south facing side where the solar pathfollows which means that throughout the day the bird hide will gain heat and light from thesun. It will continue to do this throughout the entire year as the low sun rays will still beable to reach the site because of the lack of vegetation.

Noise pollutionThe site is relatively quiet as it is away from any major building (the closest is the roundtower approx. 20m north) which means that it is the perfect spot for viewing birds becausethey will not be distracted by noise.

ViewsThe views are spectacular with full views of the river. This will be beneficial as the wholeidea of the bird hide is to get outdoors and watch the birds. This is also a good site as thewater and the woodland area across the water are great feeding and living grounds for thebirds therefore will serve the purpose.

Analysis Points Buildings1. Access and transport2. Solar path

3. Noise pollution4. Views5. Shelter6. Services7. Wind

Grays (Grays art school)SSS (Scott Sutherland School)

RT (Round Tower)SS (Student Services)ABS (Aberdeen Business School)RGU:Sport


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Shelter and vegetationShelter is limited on the south face of the bird hide but on the north, east and west sides,vegetation such as shrubbery and tress provide good shelter from the elements. The trees

around are deciduous therefore do not spoil the view and even when in full bloom, only asmall part of the river is blocked from view.

Local services and service provisionsThe main services are sited around a mile away at the East end of Garthdee road. Atthat point there are supermarkets therefore for anything else, a 3 mile trip into Aberdeencity centre will be needed. In terms of service provisions there will be no mains water orelectricity supply.

WindThe arrows at the bottom of the plan show the wind coming in from a south westerly

direction. This will not directly affect the bird hide as there will be shelter provided by thesurrounding vegetation.


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Week Three


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Lecture 3Interior Environment

Environmental science relates to the comfort of humans within buildings dependant on theperformance.

Human comfort covers thermal, air quality, humidity, low allergy and energy.

Thermal comfortThermal comfort can be achieved by proper ventilation which will remove any of the extraheat created by the human metabolism to keep a close average temperature with theenvironment.

Heat conduction, convection and radiation and evaporative heat loss all affect the level of

thermal comfort as they are examples of how heat is either created or dissipated.

InsulationRegulations say that a minimum of 300mm of insulation must be installed in homes in theUK. Timbers must be a minimum thickness of 240mm. Levels are said to reach 500mmof insulation and 300mm of timber as minimums in the next 4-5 years. This will bebeneficial as there will be a lesser chance of heat loss and energy wastage but theconsumer will be paying more for the increase in materials. Insulation is also preferablymade from non-toxic materials such as wood chip, whey and soda which will create naturaltoxin free insulation. In previous years insulation has been made from glass fiber whichcan be an irritant therefore gloves and masks must be worn when installing.

Indoor air qualityNowadays, the air inside our homes has a high risk of being more dangerous than thatoutdoors. Reasons for this may be an increase in products made from toxins or just a lackof ventilation. Ventilation is the best way to make sure that the air indoors does notbecome stale. Air infiltration rates are at their best so far at 0.6. This means that in 1 hour0.6 of the air in the room will be moved out. Experts say that the more air tight the buildingthe less chance there is of unwanted toxins entering.

VentilationThere are two types of ventilation; natural or uncontrolled ventilation and mechanical

ventilation.

Natural ventilationChimneys, open windows, window vents. Forms of natural ventilation are wind drivenventilation, pressure driven flows and stack ventilation. All forms happen in a chimney.

Mechanical ventilationFans (including extractor fans) in bathrooms and kitchens. In future years, houses may beinstalled with fans which will measure the same size as 415 shoe boxes and pipes will beinstalled into each room to help ventilate the home.


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ToxinsMicrobial contaminants (mold and bacteria)Gases (Carbon Monoxide, Radon and Volatile compounds)- Both of these toxins pose a risk to the quality of air in the home. An example of this is

glass fiber as insulation in the loft. This requires a mask and gloves when installing as thehigh level of toxins can cause irritation. The materials that we specify affect the toxinlevels therefore must take careful consideration when deciding what to use.

Chimneys Factfile

Effectively a hole in the building which increases heat and air loss.

Beneficial to asthma sufferers as they natural ventilate the indoor air, refraining itfrom going stale.

Not all bad as the "hole" effect helps to ventilate reducing the amount of bad toxins.

Chimneys will ventilate but not lose a massive amount of heat. Hybrid chimneys willachieve a high level of ventilation and a low level of heat loss making them 92% effectivebut at the moment they are still in production.


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Week Four


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Lecture 4Materials

Material SelectionMaterial selection is important because the materials must be able to withstand theoutdoor environment e.g. climate, humidity, wind etc. Materials must be suitable forhuman habitation whilst also being suitable for the purpose. The choice of materials isalso important to the sustainability and the source - and its effect on the environment. Youmust also ensure proper specification as it is illegal to specify any non-FSC accreditedtimber.

* Not from a country where human rights are abused or child labour in the productslocation.

Useful FormulasThermal Conductivity (a)Also known as "K"Measured by - watts/meter x degrees kelvin

Water Vapour Resistance (b)Also known as "G"Measured by - resistivity 'r' x thickness 'm'

Embodied Energy (c)Measured in joules 'J' x weight 'kg'

Carbon Footprint (d)Measured in carbon "kg" / weight "kg"

TraditionalMaterials

New materials

These are also known as composites

(mixing two materials together tocreate a stronger more capablematerial).

Material Descriptors New MaterialCharacteristics

Wood Lime Cement Strength/Durability ThermalConductivity (a)

AnimalProducts

Concrete Processing Method Water Vapourresistance (b)

Plants Hydraulic Cement Appearance (colour,texture etc.)

Embodied energy (c)

Clay Wrought Iron Weight Lifecycle impact ofthe material

Stone Steel Source(renewable/availability)

Carbon Footprint (d)

Aluminum Density (weight anddimensions combined)

Chain of custodyFSC etc.

Plywood Malleable Ethical Purchasing*

Mineral Fiber Insulation

Plastic Weather Proofing

Elasticity


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Tutorial 4Materials

The aim of this task was to collect information on as many materials as possible andcreate fact sheets on each of them.

________________________________________________________________________

Name Douglas Fir

Appearance Light in colour with a darker, orangey grain.

Uses

Joinery- exterior- interior, cladding, structural work, flooring

Dimensions(mm)

25x150mm and varies inlength

ThermalConductivity

(W/mK)0.1100

Weight(kg / unit)

530Embodied

Energy (MJ/kg)7.4

Density

(kg/m3) 530

Embodied

Carbon (Co2 kg /Material kg) 0.46

Durability Moderately durable

Typical WaterVapour

Permeability(MNs/g)

Notes


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Name Sitka Spruce

Appearance A medium-dark shiny finish with a smooth close grain.

Uses Boat and ship construction, pallets, packing boxes, board manufacture andpaper making

Dimensions(mm)

VariesThermal

Conductivity(W/mK)

Weight(kg / unit)

525Embodied

Energy (MJ/kg)7.4

Density(kg/m3)

525 EmbodiedCarbon (Co2 kg /Material kg)

0.87

Durability Moderatley

Typical WaterVapour

Permeability(MNs/g)

Notes Uses -http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/INFD-5NLEJ6
http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/INFD-5NLEJ6http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/INFD-5NLEJ6http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/INFD-5NLEJ6http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/INFD-5NLEJ6


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Name Oak (European)

Appearance Light and shiny with a dark grain and often has knots and grooves.

Uses Heavy structural use, cladding, exterior and interior joinery, furniture, flooring,sleepers, decking

Dimensions(mm)

ThermalConductivity

(W/mK)0.23

Weight(kg / unit)

672 - 720Embodied

Energy (MJ/kg)10.21

Density

(kg/m3) 720

+/- 20%

Embodied

Carbon (Co2 kg /Material kg)

0.59

Durability Strong

Typical WaterVapour

Permeability(MNs/g)

Notes


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Name Scots Pine

Appearance A variation between light and dark within the wood. Almost parallel grainwhich is darker than the rest of the wood.

Uses Interior and exterior joinery, structural use, decking, cladding, mouldings

Dimensions(mm)

ThermalConductivity

(W/mK)0.1100

Weight(kg / unit)

510Embodied

Energy (MJ/kg)7.4

Density(kg/m3) 510

Embodied


0.87

Durability Meduim

Typical WaterVapour

Permeability(MNs/g)

Notes


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Name Larch

Appearance A medium wood with dark straight grain.

Uses Cladding, flooring, exterior joinery, structural uses

Dimensions(mm)

ThermalConductivity

(W/mK)

Weight(kg / unit)

590Embodied

Energy (MJ/kg)7.4

Density(kg/m3)

550Embodied


0.87

DurabilitySlightly to moderatelydurable

Typical WaterVapour

Permeability(MNs/g)

Notes


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Name Plywood

Appearance A smooth finish with a similar grain throughout which forms a sort of Vshape. Light in colour with a darker grain.

Uses Can be used for interior wall lining.

Dimensions(mm)

1200x2400Thermal

Conductivity(W/mK)

0.1

Weight(kg / unit)

EmbodiedEnergy (MJ/kg)

15.00

Density(kg/m3)

540 - 700Embodied

Carbon (Co2 kg /

Material kg)

1.07

Durability Meduim

Typical WaterVapour

Permeability(MNs/g)

2.7

Noteshttp://www.hobartlaserables.com/images/categories/Birch%20plywood%20-%20laser%20grade.jpg
http://www.hobartlaserables.com/images/categories/Birch%20plywood%20-%20laser%20grade.jpghttp://www.hobartlaserables.com/images/categories/Birch%20plywood%20-%20laser%20grade.jpghttp://www.hobartlaserables.com/images/categories/Birch%20plywood%20-%20laser%20grade.jpghttp://www.hobartlaserables.com/images/categories/Birch%20plywood%20-%20laser%20grade.jpghttp://www.hobartlaserables.com/images/categories/Birch%20plywood%20-%20laser%20grade.jpg


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Name MDF (Medium Density Fiberboard)

Appearance Light in colour with almost no grain. Very smooth and sleek finish.

Uses Can be used for interior wall lining.

Dimensions(mm)

1200x2400Thermal

Conductivity(W/mK)

0.05

Weight(kg / unit)


11.00

Density(kg/m3)

680 760Embodied


0.72

Durability MeduimTypical WaterVapour

Permeability(MNs/g)

4.5

Noteshttp://www.skirtingboards.org/wp-content/themes/skirtingboards/img/mdf_image.jpg
http://www.skirtingboards.org/wp-content/themes/skirtingboards/img/mdf_image.jpghttp://www.skirtingboards.org/wp-content/themes/skirtingboards/img/mdf_image.jpghttp://www.skirtingboards.org/wp-content/themes/skirtingboards/img/mdf_image.jpghttp://www.skirtingboards.org/wp-content/themes/skirtingboards/img/mdf_image.jpghttp://www.skirtingboards.org/wp-content/themes/skirtingboards/img/mdf_image.jpg


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Name Plasterboard

Appearance Paper-like outer coat with a chalky middle. Outside is usually grey whileinners are white.

Uses

It is used for wall and ceiling panelling

Dimensions(mm)

1200x2400Thermal

Conductivity(W/mK)

0.21

Weight(kg / unit)

LightweightEmbodied

Energy (MJ/kg)6.75

Density

(kg/m3) 800

Embodied


Durability Meduim

Typical WaterVapour

Permeability(MNs/g)

Notes https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0407/5ac80cf5d903b/5ac80d0fab070.jpg
http://www.soundproofyourhome.com/assets/dave-shot-4d4bdfee75783.jpghttp://www.soundproofyourhome.com/assets/dave-shot-4d4bdfee75783.jpghttp://www.soundproofyourhome.com/assets/dave-shot-4d4bdfee75783.jpg


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Name Iron

Appearance Dull silver tone. No shine or reflection and bulky.

Uses Can be used for roofing.

Dimensions(mm)

ThermalConductivity

(W/mK)83.50

Weight(kg / unit)


25

Density

(kg/m3) 7870

Embodied


Durability Strong

Typical WaterVapour

Permeability(MNs/g)

Noteshttp://image.made-in-china.com/4f1j00fMZEQultBGUi/Corrugated-Iron-Sheet.jpg
http://image.made-in-china.com/4f1j00fMZEQultBGUi/Corrugated-Iron-Sheet.jpghttp://image.made-in-china.com/4f1j00fMZEQultBGUi/Corrugated-Iron-Sheet.jpghttp://image.made-in-china.com/4f1j00fMZEQultBGUi/Corrugated-Iron-Sheet.jpghttp://image.made-in-china.com/4f1j00fMZEQultBGUi/Corrugated-Iron-Sheet.jpghttp://image.made-in-china.com/4f1j00fMZEQultBGUi/Corrugated-Iron-Sheet.jpg


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Name Stainless Steel

Appearance A smooth finish with a shine but not reflective. Light silvery colour.

Uses

Dimensions(mm)

VariesThermal

Conductivity(W/mK)

16.27

Weight

(kg / unit)

Embodied

Energy (MJ/kg)

56.70

Density(kg/m3)

7850Embodied


6.15

Durability Strong

Typical WaterVapour

Permeability(MNs/g)

16

Notes http://www.boiler-tubes.com/pic/Seamless-Stainless-Steel-tubing.jpg
http://www.boiler-tubes.com/pic/Seamless-Stainless-Steel-tubing.jpghttp://www.boiler-tubes.com/pic/Seamless-Stainless-Steel-tubing.jpghttp://www.boiler-tubes.com/pic/Seamless-Stainless-Steel-tubing.jpg


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42

Name Copper

Appearance Almost orange in colour. Shiny with a slight reflection which polished (asabove) but dull when not (coins).

Uses Piping in homes for plumbing systems.

Dimensions(mm)

ThermalConductivity

(W/mK)384

Weight

(kg / unit)

Embodied

Energy (MJ/kg)

42

Density(kg/m3)

8600Embodied


2.60

Durability Meduim

Typical WaterVapour

Permeability(MNs/g)

Notes https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0407/5ac80cf5d903b/5ac80d129f2e1.jpg
http://www.hailiang.us/upfiles/1235734352water-tube.jpghttp://www.hailiang.us/upfiles/1235734352water-tube.jpghttp://www.hailiang.us/upfiles/1235734352water-tube.jpg


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43

Name Sheep Wool

Appearance Soft but thick texture. An off grey with a hint of brown though it.

Uses It is used for insulating roofs walls and ceilings and also as a impact soundinsulation

Dimensions(mm)

Comes in large rolls ofusually 1000mm

ThermalConductivity

(W/mK)0.40

Weight(kg / unit)

LightweightEmbodied

Energy (MJ/kg)20

Density

(kg/m3)

20- 80Embodied

Carbon (Co2 kg /

Material kg)

0.98

Durability N/A

Typical WaterVapour

Permeability(MNs/g)

90%

Notes http://uk.sheepwoolinsulation.com/images/products_comfort.jpg
http://uk.sheepwoolinsulation.com/images/products_comfort.jpghttp://uk.sheepwoolinsulation.com/images/products_comfort.jpghttp://uk.sheepwoolinsulation.com/images/products_comfort.jpg


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Name Glass Wool

Appearance Cotton wool like texture. Light yellow in colour but can be darker.

Uses Insulation a mineral insulation commonly used in UK homes

Dimensions(mm)

Various sizes in large rollsThermal

Conductivity(W/mK)

0.040 - 0.031

Weight(kg / unit)

LightweightEmbodied

Energy (MJ/kg)2.800

Density(kg/m3)

60Embodied


1.35

Durability N/A

Typical WaterVapour

Permeability(MNs/g)

Notes http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Glass_wool_insulation.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Glass_wool_insulation.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Glass_wool_insulation.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Glass_wool_insulation.jpg


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Name Wood Fibre

Appearance Somewhat soft texture for wood. Can be a variety of colours depending ontype of wood but most commonly a light brown-yellow.

Uses It is used for floors, walls, ceilings and roofs and for impact sound insulation.

Dimensions(mm)

Thickness- 6-80Width 400-1220Length 1200-2500

ThermalConductivity

(W/mK)0.045 - 0.060

Weight(kg / unit)


17

Density(kg/m3) 130 450

Embodied


Durability Good

Typical WaterVapour

Permeability(MNs/g)

Noteshttp://www.proctorgroup.com/Portals/0/graphics/thermal-insulation/sylvactis/sylvactis-profile.jpg


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Name Clay Brick

Appearance Orange in colour and looks rough but can be smooth if finished well.

Uses Used for general brickwork

Dimensions(mm)

215 102.5 65Thermal

Conductivity(W/mK)

0.52

Weight(kg / unit)

2.7Embodied

Energy (MJ/kg)2.0

Density(kg/m3)

1700Embodied


0.22

Durability Durable

Typical WaterVapour

Permeability(MNs/g)

Noteshttp://www.cambridgemosqueismoving.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/bricks_pile.jpg
http://www.cambridgemosqueismoving.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/bricks_pile.jpghttp://www.cambridgemosqueismoving.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/bricks_pile.jpghttp://www.cambridgemosqueismoving.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/bricks_pile.jpghttp://www.cambridgemosqueismoving.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/bricks_pile.jpghttp://www.cambridgemosqueismoving.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/bricks_pile.jpg


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Name Limestone

Appearance Looks rough but smooth and mainly bumpy texture. Light grey in colour witha hint of green in some parts.

Uses Flooring for bathrooms and kitchens usually.

Dimensions(mm)

Tile - 305x305x10 mmThermal

Conductivity(W/mK)

0.5000

Weight(kg / unit)

7.5Embodied

Energy (MJ/kg)0.85

Density

(kg/m3) 2180

Embodied


Durability High

Typical WaterVapour

Permeability(MNs/g)

1.2

Notes http://www.clipshamstone.co.uk/images/cilp_block.jpg
http://www.clipshamstone.co.uk/images/cilp_block.jpghttp://www.clipshamstone.co.uk/images/cilp_block.jpghttp://www.clipshamstone.co.uk/images/cilp_block.jpg


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48

Name Natural Slate

Appearance Dark grey but weathering can cause them to discolour orange or green. Rainwill cause some slates to also lighten. Smooth in texture with graduatededges.

Uses Roof sarking and flooring in homes

Dimensions(mm)

Depends but generallyaround 200x300mm(individual slate)

ThermalConductivity

(W/mK)2.5

Weight(kg / unit)

1.4Embodied

Energy (MJ/kg)0.1 1.0

Density

(kg/m3) 1680

Embodied

Carbon (Co2 kg /Material kg) 0.006 0.058

Durability Meduim

Typical WaterVapour

Permeability(MNs/g)

Noteshttp://img.ehowcdn.co.uk/article-page-main/ehow/images/a08/5s/cp/reroof-slate-800x800.jpg


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Name Concrete Block

Appearance Bumpy texture. Light grey in colour but can be darker.

Uses Can be used for foundations or cheap wall material i.e. in large projects suchas student accommodation.

Dimensions(mm)

440mm x 100mm x 215mmThermal

Conductivity(W/mK)

1.8000

Weight(kg / unit)

18-19Embodied

Energy (MJ/kg)0.67

Density(kg/m3)

1450Embodied


0.073

Durability Meduim

Typical WaterVapour

Permeability(MNs/g)

Noteshttp://www.greengates.co.uk/images/pictures/blocks/hollow-block-(page-picture-large).jpg
http://www.greengates.co.uk/images/pictures/blocks/hollow-block-(page-picture-large).jpghttp://www.greengates.co.uk/images/pictures/blocks/hollow-block-(page-picture-large).jpghttp://www.greengates.co.uk/images/pictures/blocks/hollow-block-(page-picture-large).jpghttp://www.greengates.co.uk/images/pictures/blocks/hollow-block-(page-picture-large).jpghttp://www.greengates.co.uk/images/pictures/blocks/hollow-block-(page-picture-large).jpg


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Name Clay Tiles

Appearance Can be smooth or have an almost sand like texture. Orangey-brown in colourwith smooth edges and curves on the surface.

Uses Roof sarking

Dimensions(mm)

Depends but generally170x270mm (individual tiles)

ThermalConductivity

(W/mK)0.85

Weight

(kg / unit)

1.1Embodied

Energy (MJ/kg)

6.50

Density(kg/m3)

1900Embodied


0.45

Durability High

Typical WaterVapour

Permeability(MNs/g)

Noteshttp://roofing-services-supermarket.com/image-library/assets/images/roofing-services-supermarket.com-til6.jpg


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Name Glass

Appearance Transparent with a smooth finish. When layered can appear green in colour.

Uses Windows and any spaces where transparency is needed.

Dimensions(mm)

VariesThermal

Conductivity(W/mK)

1.1300

Weight(kg / unit)

VariesEmbodied

Energy (MJ/kg)15.00

Density(kg/m3)

2500Embodied


0.85

Durability Meduim

Typical WaterVapour

Permeability(MNs/g)

N/A

Noteshttp://images.glassinchina.com/TradeImage/20113%5Cp2011-3-2-10-38-35.JPG
http://images.glassinchina.com/TradeImage/20113%5Cp2011-3-2-10-38-35.JPGhttp://images.glassinchina.com/TradeImage/20113%5Cp2011-3-2-10-38-35.JPGhttp://images.glassinchina.com/TradeImage/20113%5Cp2011-3-2-10-38-35.JPGhttp://images.glassinchina.com/TradeImage/20113%5Cp2011-3-2-10-38-35.JPGhttp://images.glassinchina.com/TradeImage/20113%5Cp2011-3-2-10-38-35.JPG


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52

Name PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)

Appearance Usually white in colour and can have a glossy or matte finish to it.

Uses Window finishes

Dimensions(mm)

VariesThermal

Conductivity(W/mK)

Weight(kg / unit)

VariesEmbodied

Energy (MJ/kg)77.20

Density(kg/m3)

1380Embodied


28.1

Durability Strong

Typical WaterVapour

Permeability(MNs/g)

Notes http://www.upvcwindowsuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/PVC-Windows-UPVC-Windows-ZH-EW-005--300x300.jpg
http://www.upvcwindowsuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/PVC-Windows-UPVC-Windows-ZH-EW-005--300x300.jpghttp://www.upvcwindowsuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/PVC-Windows-UPVC-Windows-ZH-EW-005--300x300.jpghttp://www.upvcwindowsuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/PVC-Windows-UPVC-Windows-ZH-EW-005--300x300.jpghttp://www.upvcwindowsuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/PVC-Windows-UPVC-Windows-ZH-EW-005--300x300.jpghttp://www.upvcwindowsuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/PVC-Windows-UPVC-Windows-ZH-EW-005--300x300.jpg


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53

Name OSB (orientated strand board)

Appearance Rough in texture as lots of different pieces of wood is glued together. Usuallylight brown with other shades scattered through from the difference pieces.

Uses It is used for panelling, weather proofing, exterior of load bearing/ reinforcingwalls.

Dimensions(mm)

1200x2400Thermal

Conductivity(W/mK)

Weight(kg / unit)

5-7.5 kn/m3Embodied

Energy (MJ/kg)15.00

Density

(kg/m3)

640Embodied

Carbon (Co2 kg /

Material kg)

0.96

Durability Meduim

Typical WaterVapour

Permeability(MNs/g)

Notes http://www.one-stop-diy.co.uk/Scripts/OSB-Sterling-board-northampton.jpg


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Week Five


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55

Lecture 5Built Heritage

Built heritage is any building which as a society, we place value on. It can be prehistoric or20th century (or anywhere in-between). Built heritage is not just building but archeologicalsites, whole settlements, monument and landscapes.

Built heritage can be classes under one of four statuses:Scheduled ancient monument (SAM)World heritage site (WHS)Listed building (LB)Conservation area (CA)

SAM - A building or part of a building e.g. ruin, which has been classed as nationally

important. No changes can be made unless authorised by quango body, HistoricScotland.

WHS - A site of world importance which is maintained by the International World HeritageProgramme. In Scotland, Edinburgh's old town (Princess Street) is a world heritage site.

LB - The most common of built heritage statuses. A building can be listed as differentgrades, dependent on the level of significance. In Scotland buildings are listed as A, Band C - A being of the highest significance and generally applied to churches, castles, andtown halls etc.

CA - Applies mainly to settlements within a town or city which will be preserved as it hashistorical value or architectural importance. In Scotland, Footdee fishing village inAberdeen is an example of a conservation area.

Why built heritage is importantBuilt heritage is important because it helps to protect the remaining visual examples ofhow Scotland used to be, not only hundreds but thousands of years ago. It also allows usto see how constructive and building techniques have changed over time.

Learning from built heritageThe environment around us is dynamic, it is constantly changing and it is important to

understand how the changes are made and consider the techniques used to buildthroughout the years.


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Tutorial 5Built Heritage Footdee visit

The task set was to visit the historic fishing town of Footdee, Aberdeen (locally knows asFitee) and study the different features of the settlement. his area, situated at the southernend of Aberdeens main beach is a conservation area which protects the particularheritage and architecture of the area.

It was recommended to record details about the windows, chimneys, surfaces (e.g. stoneand brick work), guttering patterns etc.

________________________________________________________________________

Footdee Village

Sea

To the Beach

North

Aerial plan of Footdee village


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The high wall and the low buldings actas protection from the wind coming offthe sea. The wall has a concave shapewhich also helps to prevent flooding fromthe high tide. As you can see there arealso no windows on the wall of thisbuilding as this to prevent drafts comingin where the stone has been cut to fitthem in.

These vents are used to take the staleair from the bathroom and kitchen wherethe spaces may become humid. Thefurthest away vent is bending towardsthe building. The reason for this is draftprevention. This allows the stale air toescape whilst stopping the cold sea airbeing able to come in.


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The roofing material on this building isnatural slate. This photograph showsthe difference between the two ages ofslate. The darker slate is newer. Wecan tell this from the damage and wearon the other slates from the salt sprayfrom the sea and the chips from corners

etc where the win has been forceful.

This is an example of winddestruction. This photos wastaken of an easterly face. Thewind comes in strong off the sea

and the damaging effects can beseen here where the overhanghas been destroyed.


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To the right is this picture the cobbledsloping area has a drainage purposes.

This takes away any rainwater which hasgathered and drains it away into the sea.

The front of this building is easterlyfacing but this is one of the centralbuildings therefore the windows will notcreate a massive draft as shelter is

provided by the surrounding buildings.One thing to point out about this buildingis how the roof is completely flushagainst the wall. Reasons for this is thatthis is a wind tunnel therefore anoverhang at the side would potentially bedangerous and destroying.


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The East facing side has minimum windows and doors as it isexposed to the elements e.g. wind and rain as another method ofdraft prevention. The roof and wall of the annex is also flush toprevent the uplift of the wind destroying the guttering and roof.

The west side is a little less, yet still exposed and this is shown bythe small windows. The door is situated at the north face of thebuilding where it is guarded from the elements.

East Facing Side

West Facing Side


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61

Week Six


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62

Loads create

forces

Forces create

stresses

Stresses create

deformation

Lecture 6Structure

Structure is very important and depending on which structure is chosen, different forcescan happen. There is a process that can happen within structures;

Due to this, we must consider structure and material together to ensure that the materialwill be able to deal with the loads and forces exerted on them to lessen the chance ofstress (thus deformation) on the structure.

There are four main types of internal forces; compression which is to do with atoms,tension which is routed but uplifted, shear which is what occurs when somethingdramatically fails (similar to breaking a bar of chocolate) and bending which is tension andcompression combined.

We need to bear in mind that all materials have a bending point where it will be able tobend so far without breaking. We also need to remember that this bending point differentbetween materials and some have a higher bending capacity than others e.g. wood andrubber.

When compression is the main force being exerted, stress comes from the centre line

also known as axial forces. We always build with the central line of force in mind.

Tension is the level of the pulling force. This type of force is very commonly found instructures such as suspension bridges, where fibrous materials such as rope of steel cableare used. Tension is the opposite of compression.

Bending stress is where stress is applied constantly yet equally and perpendicularlyalong a beam. A floor is a good example of bending stress, where most stress in themiddle creating a parabola/curve effect.

Engineers design structures with a higher bearing capacity than is generally needed,

usually 1.5 above the required. Any more than 2 above would be unnecessary and wouldincrease the buildings overall cost due to the amount of material being used.


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A cantilever is a bream which is tied down at one end and is built to resist bending andsheer stress e.g. diving board. A cantilever allows buildings to have dramatic overhanging features. The Forth Rail Bridge is a good example of where a cantilever is used.

When constructing a structure, there are rules that apply.

Cantilever The greater the span, the greater the bending.Tower The greater the height, the greater the bending (Diagonal braces may be used tostiffen the structure. Tapering off the top of the structure will also stiffen.)

A few points to remember when constructing a structure;

Beams are designed to bend slightly; about 20mm of movement is built into the

structure. Walls generally drop by 5mm and timber drops by 40mm when weight is applied

and forces are exerted.

Heat causes concrete bricks to expand.

No material has a static form; they all change depending on conditions.

Sky scrapers can cause dents in the earths crust due to the amount ofcompression.


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64

COM

PRRESSION

SHEARTENSION

BENDING \BENDING COMPRESSION

TENSION

CANTILEVER CANTILEVER

Cantilever

Tower


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65

Tutorial 6Straw Tower

The task was to work in groups (of around 10-15) and build a tower out of paper straws.The aim was to build the tallest free standing tower. This would be achieved by usingstructural techniques (such as those on the previous sheet).

________________________________________________________________________

For this task we were given a limited amount of equipment 140 StrawsSellotapePaper or card

Part 1 of the task was to plan the tower by drawing out ideas and discussing them as a

group. Our final tower used all the straws given and reached a height of around 2.7metres but did not withstand rigorous shaking from the lecturers which was used todemonstrate how wind would affect our tower. After the first test, we were told to try andreinforce out towers by adding paper or card to add support to the sides. We went for theapproach of adding whole sheets of paper to the sections of our tower but failed to addenough support to keep the tower standing freely. This task taught us how simple cross-bracing (if added correctly and distributed equally) can help to stabilise the tower a greatdeal.

By referring to page 37, we can see that the tower suffered from compression which madethe tower fall in on itself due to lack of side support. The test to see how it would cope in

the wind was an example of lateral force which towers often have to deal. Ways to dealwith this lateral force are shown below:

Diagonal braces may be used tostiffen the structure.

Tapering off the top of thestructure will also help stiffen.


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The annotations and sketches below show the planning process of tutorial 6. Theplanning was done as a group but notes and sketches were done separately. Thetower was planned in three parts as shown:


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67

Final Tower Design

This image board shows the final tower as a scetch and the separate components of thetower and joining methods as photographs.

This photograph shows thetechnique of using thesmaller hexagon andtriangles to create thetapered top which will help

stabilise the tower. Thewidth of the tower changedhugely at this stage, maybeto suddenly for this type ofbuilding.

This photograph reveals theidea of the larger hexagons atthe bottom of the tower to addstability. This was not fullyachieved and maybe by

making the bottom hexagonwider than the next, so on,then it would help to balance itout.

The use of Sellotape may not have been the idealchoice as you can see from the photo it is rather bulkyand adds weight. The Sellotape was also not ideal asit didnt hold the uprights in place meaning they wouldlose strength and bend causing the tower to bend.


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68

Week Seven


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69

Lecture 7Timber Construction

In the UK, timber was the first building material for tradition housing. Nowadays the onlydifferent in timber construction is the manufacture method. The timber is notmanufactured manually but mechanically as the high demand cannot be met by handmanufactured timber. Timber is more regularised in terms of size, length and availability.

Today, we use timber frame construction. This is where frames are factory manufactured.Larch, Oak and Douglas Fir are the most common timbers used for this type ofconstruction.

Forces of framesLateral force is the most destructive force to a crux frame.

The joints pull all other members and cause them to buckle which eventually causescollapse. (Tension and Compression) These braces placed in the top corners arebeneficial to the structure as they allow space for a window to be installed. Braces to notnecessarily need to stretch across the entire structure but they do need to be made from adurable and strong material. A rule of thumb concerning bracing in timber frames is theshorter the length of material, the stronger it will be.

An alternative to corner bracing could be tension rod bracing. This mirrors the design ofcross bracing with the difference that steel can be used, generally aesthetic purposes buttimber can also be used for tension rod bracing. A solid partition wall may also be used to

stabilise the structure this was shown in the tower tutorial (week 6) where sheets ofpaper were added to the structure and jointed to the posts and beams (straws).As an aesthetic factor, timber frame may be external;


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J ointsThe sketches on this page and the following show different example of joints which can beused when constructing a timber frame. These methods of joings still require nailing orglueing but just offer neat finishes to the timber frame once completed.


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Lecture 7bPost and Beam

Post and beam construction is beneficial in the fact that it can deal well with hilly land as

the length of the posts can be made to fit around contours on the land. Balconies andother viewing platforms can be easily constructed with posts and beams.

There are problems surrounding the construction of post and beam buildings;- The size and availability of timber- The module (sizing) of sheets e.g. plywood or plasterboard- Quality of available timber (the strength, knots and grain)

Post and Beam is all about grids. All the individual posts and beams are planned our on agrid before any formal construction begins. After the initial structure has been plannedand drawn on the grid all other details e.g. purlins, are added. This grid is also known as

the Tartan Grid as it ends up resembling the criss-cross pattern of Tartan.


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The way to start a post and beam design is to;

1. Plan the grid layout

2. Design in the primary structure

3. Design the secondary structure

There are three parts of a post and beam structure;

1. Primary structure the grid inc. the posts, beams and roof

2. Secondary structure joists, purlins and bracing

3. Tertiary structure floor (sheathing), roof (sarking) and walls (framing and lining)*

*this includes packer, cripple, double header, cripple stud, dwang support and sole plate.


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This sketch below shows the structure of internal frame within the wall. The packers are used tocover up any fitting e.g. nails. The cripple or jack stud is a vertical member that supports the headerin an opening of a bearing or supporting wall. The header or double header is a horizontal structural

member that supports the load over a window or door opening this is also known as a lintol.The sole plate, also sometimes referred to as the sill plate, the mud sill, or the base plate, is the mainsupporting beam of a wall.


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77

Lecture 7bTimber Frame Cladding

Lightweight timber cladding is the best way to protect timber structure from the outdoorelements such as wind and rain. Timber for cladding purposes can come from all over theworld therefore there is a lot to choose from and choosing the right one can prove difficult.

For cladding, durability is the most important factor. Colour, texture, moisture content andworking qualities are also important in their own rights but not the most important.

For cladding in Scotland we are most interested in Opepele, Iroko, European oak andWestern red cedar. Others include Larch and Douglas fir but these are not so common forfull cladding purposes. Scots pine and Spruce are not suitable due to them not beingdurable enough to resist the elements, especially in Scotland. All cladding must be treated

e.g. thermabond, painting etc.

There are changes happening especially to do with cladding for large scale social housingprojects.

1. Western red cedar lignum (not glue) and tanning will be used but this can causerusting to the nail and may corrode lead roofs.

2. Green oak (undried) this has a high moisture content therefore when it dries it maymove and change shape this would be very apparent on a faade with extensive boardstherefore must be avoided. A loose fixing (washer and bolt) will need to be made to allow

tolerance to move.

3. Shingle cladding this is easy to replace if one bit gets damaged as all in single tilesand also cheap to replace. It is also very aesthetically pleasing.

4. Shingle wall both the wall itself and fixings are aesthetically pleasing. Horizontalbatons also ensure ventilation.

Two examples of styles of cladding are Tongue and Groove and Shiplapped claddling.

Tongue and GrooveInterlacing pattern

ShiplappedOverlapping


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Tutorial 7Post and Beam

The main aim of this tutorial was to design and build a simple post and beam model of thebird hide (developed from week 2). To start with we designed a post and beam grid

specifying where the posts and beams would go.

Beam Length 3.6 meters

Beam Length 2.4meters

Beam Length 2.4 meters


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We started to design the rooftrusses at this point as we hasthe rafters on. We decided on atraditional pitched roof noparticular reason.

The trusses are now starting toget joined onto the mainstructure. These have also beenplaced at 60mm centres. Thepurlins were added shortly afterthis stage to complete thesecondry structure.

This image shows the initialstages of the model where itbegan to first take shape. Themodel was scale 1:10 and theposts were situated at 60mmcentres. This is the primarystructure of the building.


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This photograph shows out final model. The entireprimary structure is complete but as you can seeonly partial the secondry structure (bracing, raftersetc) and tertiary structure (flooring, bracing andsheathing) This was done to show all parts of thestructure on the one single model to take away theneed for an extensive amount of models.


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Week Eight


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Lecture 8Enveloping a Structure

The envelope of a building is everything that separates the indoors from the outdoors.

This includes the exterior walls, insulation, roofing, foundation and flooring, windows anddoors. [www.blueegg.com/Green-Glossary/Building-evelope.html, accessed 16/11/2011]

The envelope can be used for drainage, as an air barrier, water vapor management andthermal resistance. The key idea and purpose of the envelope is to keep water anddraughts out via flooring and walls.

Air BarriersGenerally, they are membranes and most commonly plasterboard.

Water Vapor Controllers

These are VCLs (Vapor Control Layers) which may be a DPM (damp proof membrane) orDPL (damp proof layer).

InsulationThis is the thermal resistance layer. This can be natural insulation e.g. sheep wool, straw,wood chip or man-made e.g. mineral fibre (glass wool).

All of factors outlined above, have to meet high standards standards which increasearound 30% each 10 years.

The problem with water vapor in particular is that when the vapor will eventually turn towater droplets which will percolate the timber causing it to rot or when the temperaturedrops below 0 degrees celsius, the droplets will begin to freeze and the expansion of thefrozen water will cause the wood to split. This can be stopped by installing a VCL;therefore increasing the indoor air quality.

In Scotland, it is common to use a brick skin to protect the envelope. The bricks willprotect the timber frames and insulation which goes between the timber posts. Atechnology which has been newly introduced to the building industry is Gore-Tex. TheGore-Tex acts like a jacket and goes over the timber frame. The purpose off the materialis to allow water vapour to travel out without harming the timber. This will effectible be the

vapour control layer. Foil membrane is commonly installed between the roof purlins andthe external roof finish to keep heat within the building, This works by the foil creating aninfrared effect and therefore bouncing the heat between the foil, trapping the heat. Thishas a thermal advantage, insulation can also be used for thermal purposes.

There are different forms of insulation; therma-fleece (sheep wool), which is a natural fibre,glass wool which is a mineral fibre, hemp, wood fibre, old newspapers, jeans/denim (mostcommonly used in the United States) and straw bales but these can prove to be veryexpensive.

Insulation can also be added to the outer structure to keep the structure warm. This is


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done to stop thermal bridging.

Thermal BridgingThermal bridging, or cold bridging, is where heat is transferred through one material toanother causing heat loss e.g. from the inside of a building to the outside. Thermal

bridging occurs when poor insulators e.g. glass and metal. One way to help stop athermal bridge it so insulate around the poor insulators but this will not completelyeliminate the bridge. The only way to do this is to either create a smaller cross section orto build the wall with materials which are better insulators. Another method would be to rwith installed a section of material with low thermal conductivity between metalcomponents to retard the passage of heat through a wall or window assembly, calleda thermal break. A thermal break is beneficial to the building. A complete coat ofinsulation the whole way through the building will help to stop the process of thermalbridging.

Sheathing boards are the outer skin of the building.. In Scotland, the sheathing is

commonly brick but in Europe they have discovered a material which can act as sheathingand insulation; wood fibre. An advantage I this is that it can be rendered directly onto theplywood surface (or any other material) which reduces the need for an extra layer.

Indoor membraneThe problem with indoor membrane is sockets (plugs). When the membrane is applieddirectly to the timber frame on top of the insulation then there is no area where electricalwires, pipes etc can run therefore to fix this problem , an extra batten or beam can beadded. The batten or beam will allow the membrane to be attached, with the advantage ifbeing able to leave a gap behind, wide enough for sockets and all the wires associated tofir behind. This area between the membrane and insulation is called the service space.

External claddingExternal cladding such as bricks are applied to the outer of the building and act as the skin(the main method of shelter). The rule of thumb is that there must be at least a 50mmcavity between the sheathing and cladding itself. The reason for this is to prevent moisturepenetrating to the internal face of the wall therefore causing dampness on the inside of thebuilding. Another name for the common cavity wall is the inner leaf and outer leaf wall.

Quick Material Fact file6.4mm panel line board acts as sheathing and a VCL. This type of board has vapourresistance, and even though it is low it allows the vapour to move safely and naturallythrough it.

50mm Cavity

Inner Leaf Outer leaf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_breakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_breakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivity


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The law dictates all thermal standards and they increase around 30% every 5 years, Thismeans an increase in the amount of materials which must be used, therefore an increasein the price.

Year Wall Section Changes

1995

2005 1. No VCL as a6.4mm panel-line hasbeen installed instead.

2. In the previoussection OSB and abreather membranewere shown but in2005 it was replacedwith panelvent boardwhich had the same

effect.

3. Insulation has beenincreased from 95mmto 145mm. This is thebeginning of thegovernment havingtougher regulations.


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2015 1. As it had changedbefore from OSB andbreather membrane topanelvent, thebreather membrane

has been re-introduced but thistime alongsidewoodfibre.

2.The amount ofinsulation has alsoincreased from145mm to 195mm.

2016 1. Another increase inthe insulation from195 to cellulose fill.

2. Instead of singlestud, a beam with

bearers has beenadded to try andlessen the thermalbridge.

3. Panevent boardhas been re-introduced and thebreather membranehas been removed.

*The new stud and sheet system is produced in Forres and Inverness. This means we aretying to get the most out of local materials meaning even as the thickness of the overallwall increases, therefore the material quantity, the material price should not riseexcessively.

In the future, all that will change with this wall will be the increasing thickness of the woodfibre layer, which will increase to meet the energy conservation regulations.


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Week Nine


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Lecture 9Timber Frame

Timber frame construction makes up 80% of the hou

Documents

REID Journal