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REGIONALIZATION AND PLANNING STRATEGY FOR HUMAN RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER V
CHAPTER V REGIONALIZATION AND PLANNING STRATEGY FOR HUMAN
RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT Paragraph Page No.
5.1 General 166
5.2 Strengths of the study region 167
1) Fertile soil 168
2) Modern agriculture 168
3) Literacy 168
4) Equity of women 169
5) Ability to hard work 169
6) Market linkages 169
5.3 Weaknesses of the study region 170
1) Rainfed area 170
2) Lack of technical education 170
3) High dependency ratio 170
4) Subsistence farming 171
5) Traditional culture 171
6) Lack of industries based on agricultural sector 171
5.4 Need of human resource development 171
5.5 Human resource development on the basis of regionalization 172
5.6 Methodology 172
5.7 The parameters for scoring 173
5.8 Classification on the basis of score of human resource development 183
5.9 Possibilities of development of local people 184
5.10 Impact of rehabilitation package under special economic zone 188
5.10.1 Positive impact 189
5.10.2 Negative impact 193
5.11 Planning strategy for sustainable regional development 195
5.12 Resume 202
CHAPTER V REGIONALIZATION AND PLANNING STRATEGY FOR HUMAN
RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT 5.1 General: The main purpose of the present study is to understand the role special economic
zone in regional development. Therefore, the understanding of strength and weaknesses
is essential. The problems related to physiographic profile have been discussed in the
second chapter. The study presented in this chapter is mainly based on analysis of the
data presented in the third chapter. This part of the study attempts to identify levels of
human resource development of each village and thus to identify the regions of
differential levels of human resource development. This may be useful for designing
strategy in the study region.
Regional geography is a branch of geography that studies the world's regions. A
region itself is defined as a part of the Earth's surface with one or many similar
characteristics that make it unique from other areas (Briney, 2009). The balanced regional
growth is necessary for the harmonious development of federal state as India. However in
India, it presents picture of extreme regional variations, in terms of such indicators of
economic growth as per capita income, the proportion of population living below the
poverty line, working population in agriculture, the percentage of urban population to
total population. Some states are economically developed; while, others are relatively
backward. Comparatively in each state, some regions are more developed, while others
are almost primitive. “The co-existence of relatively developed and economically
depressed states and even regions within each state is known as regional imbalance”
(Datt et.al, 2004).
The regional imbalance may be natural due to unequal natural endowments or
manmade in the sense of neglect of some regions and preference to others for investment
and development efforts. The regional imbalances may be interstate or intrastate;
therefore, they may be total or sectoral. The economically undeveloped region is
identified by symptoms like high pressure of population on land, excessive dependence
on agriculture, leading to high incidence of rural employment, absence of large scale
urbanization, low productivity in agriculture etc.
“Regional development is the provision of aid and other assistance to regions
which are less economically developed.”
- Wikipedia, free Encyclopedia
“Regional development may be domestic or international in nature. The
implications and scope of regional development may therefore vary in accordance with
the definition of a region, and how the region and its boundaries are perceived internally
and externally.”
- Encyclopedia
India is an underdeveloped though a developing economy. The Bulk of the
population lives in conditions of misery. Poverty is not only acute but also chronic. The
co-existence of the vicious circle of poverty with the vicious of affluence perpetuates
misery and foils all attempts at removal of poverty. It is in this context, an understanding
of the major issues of development should be made. There are some major development
issues in India. It includes low per capita income and low rate of economic growth, high
proportion of people below the poverty line, low level productive efficiency due to
inadequate nutrition and malnutrition, imbalance between population size, resources and
capital, problem of unemployment, instability of output of agriculture and related sectors,
imbalance between heavy industry and wage goods and imbalance in distribution and
growing inequalities.
The government of India has sought to trace the problem of regional disparities
and backwardness of India through special economic zone. The understanding of regional
development is impossible without proper understanding of any kind of strength and
weaknesses of any region. Therefore, it has been attempted in this chapter to understand
the areal strengths and weaknesses of the study region. It is helpful not only beneficially
to the stakeholders of special economic zone and affected peoples but also government
for preparing the planning strategy for regional development.
5.2 Strengths of the study region:
The details about strength of the study region have been discussed with the help
of essential physical factors and socio-economic factors as given below.
1) Fertile soil:
The field study and group discussion reveals that, the soil is fertile in the study
region. The reasons for fertile soil are classified into two groups; namely, naturally and
human preparation.
There are few elements like parent rock, climate, vegetation cover, etc. are
responsible for naturally fertile soil. On the other hand human preparation includes,
a) The land is ploughed after double crops; therefore it helps the land to be heated.
b) The mixed farming is taken on large scale (potato- kidney bean; jowar- pigeon pea,
etc).
c) The farmers take crops on rotating manner.
d) The percentage of farmyard manures is high.
2) Modern agriculture:
The major economic activity of study region is agriculture. The field study reveals
that, the farmers are utilizing modern agricultural implements in agriculture. In 2001, 34
tractors are observed per 1000 hectares of net sown area in the study region.
On the other hand, farmers are moving towards the cash crops (cauliflower,
cabbage, potato, onion, vegetables, etc). The high yield variety (HYV) types of seeds are
used in all type of crops e.g. Sonalika, Kalyansona, Ajinkya, Ajinkyatara, etc are used in
wheat cultivation. The used of pesticides, insecticides and chemical fertilizer are
increased day by day. Therefore, the standard of living of the farmers has increased with
explosion of population.
3) Literacy:
Literacy is an expression of the quality of human resources. In 2001, the overall
percentage of literacy is 59.43% in the study region. The percentage of literate male and
female is 59.47% and 40.53% respectively. The maximum percentage of literacy is
observed in Pabal (66.78%), while minimum in Jaulke Kh. (51.82%). It is shown in the
table no.3.37.
The role of educational institutes is significant in literacy. All 17 villages are
having primary educational facility with the help of Zillah Parishad (ZP). Out of these,
Gulani, Wafgaon, Jaulke Kh, Nimgaon, Varude, Gosasi, Kendur and Kanhersar are
having educational facility upto secondary school and Pabal has college education
(section 3.14.2).
4) Equity of women:
The study region indicates the equity of women’s in various fields. The field
investigation has noted that, the women have independent personality and equal status in
the family set up. The women are playing important role in the field of economic,
political, social etc.
The percentage of female cultivators is slightly greater (50.32%) than the male
cultivators (49.68). About 90% of women from the surveyed families have active
association in the scheme of “Bhachat Gat or Self Help Group” such groups carry out
economically visible activities like earthworm culture, preparation of spices, purchasing
of domestic animals, etc. such activities have good impact for women empowerment. In
the field of politics, many women have playing the role as a member and chairman of
Grampanchayat, Panchayat Sammitee and Zillah Parishad.
5) Ability to hard work:
The hard work ability of the peoples has its roots in the geographical
environment; because, the main occupation of the study region is agriculture. The size of
farms is small; therefore, they work hard on the farm using traditional and modern
implements. The potato, groundnut, flowers, cabbage, jowar and bajara have required
hard work. Due to the local conditions they live on their physical strengths and celebrate
even the smallest in their life. Peoples may not be prosperous by wealth but by nature
they are generous.
When any guest comes, they happily extend hospitality. They don’t expect any
return from the persons they have helped. It indicates the nature and richness of mind of
the people.
6) Market linkages:
The availability of market and market linkages is significant in the development
of rural areas; because, markets are centers of communication of various thoughts and
trade and commerce. There are 5 market places are observed in the study region; it
includes Pabal, Wafgaon, Davadi, Kanhersar and Kendur; in which Pabal market is the
famous for pulses. All villages are well connected to these market places (section 3.14.5).
On the other hand, the study region is linked to the nearest big market places i.e.
Chakan (15 km), Pune (50 km) and Mumbai (140 km) by road transport. The daily
transport services are available from these villages to Chakan, Pune and Mumbai. The
percentage of milk and vegetables is high in this daily transportation.
5.3 Weaknesses of the study region:
The details about weaknesses of the study region are given below and discussed.
1. Rainfed area:
The study area is situated in the ranges of western ghat. The rainfall is decreased
west to east direction. The study region is under rainfed area (Figure No.2.4). The
percentage of area under irrigation is low (44.90%) It means that, the agriculture is
mainly depends on rainfall (Table No. 3.6). Therefore, the percentage of double cropped
area is very less (29.04% NSA) of total geographical area. It indicates the subsistence
farming is taken in the region.
2. Lack of technical education:
The role of technical education and technical institutes is significant in regional
development. Except Pabal, study region shows the absence of technical education. The
minimum competency vocational courses (M.C.V.C) department is observed in Pabal
village; but its strengths are very less (75). It means that, there is lack of technical
education facility. Therefore, the formation of skilled labour force is insignificant. It may
indicate one of the reasons for less development of the region.
3. High dependency ratio:
The present context is the ratio of non workers to main workers. The distribution
of non workers (persons not engaged in economically productive activities) show
variation from 21.10% to 54.40% (Table No. 3.30).
The average dependency ratio in the study region is 42.62%. The maximum
dependant population is observed in K. Bhamburwadi (54.40%); while, minimum in
Wakalwadi (21.10%). The K. Bhamburwadi (54.40%), Gadakwadi (52.21%) and Pabal
(52.02%) show more than 50% dependant population. The Kanhersar, Kendur, Gosasi,
Wafgaon, Davadi, Jaulke Kh and Nimgaon show that, the percentage of dependant
population is in between 40-50%. It means that, high dependency ratio shows the high
economic burden on the region. It affects on the standard of the living of the people.
Therefore, planning strategy is essential to decrease the dependency ratio.
4. Subsistence farming:
The field study reveals that, the farming is taken for the purpose of subsistence.
The subsistence farming is the self-sufficiency farming in which the farmers focus on
growing enough food to feed themselves and their families. The high dependency ratio,
rainfed area, lack of irrigation facility, lack of technical institutes and lack of educational
facility indicates the subsistence farming. It means that, the percentage of cash crops is
very less. Therefore, the per capita income is less; it indicates the low standard of living.
5. Traditional culture:
The study region is famous for annual fairs. There are many villagers are wastage
huge amount of money for the arrangement of annual fairs in our villages. In the
arrangement of annual fairs not only huge amount are wastage but also valuable time. All
fairs are celebrated at the time of examination of students. Therefore; students are attract
towards the fairs and related activities. According to group discussion with students,
some students are having less percentage due to annual fair; while, sometimes students
are absent at the time of examination.
6. Lack of industries based on agricultural sector:
The major economic activity of the study region is agriculture. The study region is
famous for potato and tomato cultivation; but, there is lack of industries based on
agricultural sector. Therefore, the earnings of farmers from raw materials are very less. It
indicates low standard of living of farmers.
5.4 Need of human resource development:
The regional development needs proper use of human resources. The
measurement of human resource development is difficult; because, it is not traded in the
market like physical or capital goods. The regional balance can be achieved only if the
development is inclusive, so that the fruits of development will reach to all the sections of
the society. To achieve this aim, it is necessary to study the various levels of human
development of the region. It is found that the planning for development is generally
done at the macro level; actually, this should be done at the micro level, taking village as
a basic unit of development. In the present study, it is aimed to consider a village as a unit
for human resource development. This will also enable to get a proper village
development plan.
5.5 Human resource development on the basis of regionalization:
The evaluation of the human resource will be helpful to know the problems of the
region and the level of development. Many researchers and scholars have studied this
aspect in geography, economics and other social sciences, e.g. Mishra (1986), Hyman
(2001), Tripathi (2010), etc.
All these researchers and scholars have emphasized that the socio-economic
factors such as the man power resources, rural urban linkage, employment and
government policies should be given a due consideration; while, designing plans for
regional development. A regional structure of development is primary to human resource
development. Human resource development as stated by Dandekar (1957) and Mali
(1999) can be achieved through the educational and health facilities, urbanization and
industrial development. The evaluation of human resource can be possible on the basis of
the parameters related to demography, socio-economic and other amenities like
education, health facility and connectivity. Saptarshi (1993) have used the quantitative
techniques to analyze the human resource development at the regional level. The present
study attempts to assess the level of human resource for each village using multi-variate
approach. The score values of different parameters have been computed for
understanding the level of human resource development.
5.6 Methodology:
It is the significant part of the study to evaluate the human resources which are
always multi-dimensional in nature. For easy understanding, each parameter has been
converted into scores. The score values have been assigned to a village for each
parameter. The score values of the selected variables have been based on the relevance to
the human resources development. The score values of parameters like population
density, population growth, etc. have been computed using the range from mean -3 STD
to +3 STD. This is nothing but the application of Z score method. The difference between
Z score and the score given in the present study is that the score values have been given
signs. Therefore, villages having values less than the mean are positively score. Secondly,
the score values are in the discrete series; while, Z score values are in the continuous
series.
5.7 The parameters for scoring:
The level of human resource development in any area at a point of time can be
computed on the basis of various parameters. For the present study at the micro level, the
villages have been evaluated on the basis of 19 parameters given below and discussed.
The selected parameters in the analysis are:
1) Population density
2) Population growth
3) Sex ratio
4) Irrigated area
5) Proportion of main workers
6) Proportion of other main workers
7) Proportion of marginal workers
8) Proportion of other marginal workers
9) Proportion of main cultivators
10) Proportion of marginal cultivators
11) Proportion of main agricultural population
12) Proportion of marginal agricultural population
13) Proportion of total house holders
14) Medical facilities
15) Drinking water facilities
16) Education facility
17) Accessibility
18) Distance from the market place
19) Banking facility
The details about selected parameters are given below and discussed.
1) Population density:
The density of population can be stated as a measure to understand in a
comprehensive way the distribution of population in a given area at a given period of
time. This is a ratio between the population and the land resources. It may be agreed upon
that the density of population in any area should not be varying too much from the
standard level and should be optimum considering the availability of resources and their
utilization.
Table No. 5.1 SCORE VALUES OF POPULATION DENSITY
Sr. No. Population Density Score Number of Villages 1. < 100 1 01 2. 101 to 150 2 04 3. 151 to 200 3 05 4. 201 to 250 4 06 5. > 251 5 01
Mean= 182.97. SD= 50.92 Min= 83.74. Max= 291.96
It seems that, the score value is one to five (Table No.5.1). The score values
related to the density of population in the villages depicting the level of development
from lower to higher. The highest score is 5 assigned to the villages having the
population density ranging are >251. From this level, the score values are decreased on
the lower side.
2) Population growth:
The growth of population is a spatio-temporal differential explained by the
interacting processes of birth, death and migration (Siddiqui, 1995). It is experienced that
both, the extreme positive growth of population and extreme negative growth of
population is harmful to the socio-economic development of the region. The extreme
positive growth of population leads to create the problems of over population; while, the
extreme negative growth depicts the scarcity of resources. Therefore, the category
ranging close to the level of the mean has been given the highest score value; while, the
extreme population is given a lower score ranging from 1 to 4. The details score values of
population growth are given in the table no. 5.2.
The score method is used with the mean (17.13) and standard deviation (26.23).
The table no. 5.2 shows the score values related to the population growth in the villages
of the study region. It seems that, the maximum (14) villages show the score value of 2. It
means that, the population growth of these villages is between -2.46 to 23.75% of the
study region.
Table No. 5.2 SCORE VALUES OF POPULATION GROWTH
Sr. No. Population Growth (%) Score Number of Villages 1. < -2.45 1 01 2. -2.46 to 23.75 2 14 3. 23.76 to 50.00 4 00 4. 50.01 to 76.23 3 04 5. 76.24 to 102.46 2 00 6. > 102.47 1 01
Mean=17.13. SD= 26.23 Min= -7.30. Max= 107.75
3) Sex ratio:
The behavior of parameters like sex ratio is indicator of level of human resource
on the both sides. The sex ratio is one of the most significant parameters for studying the
demographic, socio-cultural and economic status of an area. An understanding of the sex
ratio of a population in the spatial context is of fundamental importance for a proper
consideration of the various demographic characteristics of any region. It is the mirror of
the socio-economic condition of an area. The regions where the sex ratio is low, have
pose an unpleasant problem of gender discrimination, resulting low status of human
resource. The very low and very high sex ratio adversely affects the human resource
development.
Table No. 5.3 SCORE VALUES OF SEX RATIO
Sr. No. Sex Ratio Score Number of Villages 1. < 950 1 4 2. 951 to 1000 2 8 3. 1001 to 1050 2 2 4. > 1051 1 3
Mean= 988.12. SD= 50.99 Min= 906. Max= 1086
The highest score value has been assigned to the sex ratio nearer to 1000. The
range of the sex ratio is observed in the study region is from 906 to 1086. The highest
score is 2 assigned to the villages having the sex ratio ranging from 1001 to 1050. From
this level, the score values are decreased on the both side (Table No. 5.3).
4) Irrigated area:
The presence of area under irrigation can be considered as favorable factor
influencing development of human resource. It may be assumed that, the proportion of
the irrigated area in any region directly influences the level of human resource
development. If the proportion of irrigated area is high, it indicates higher the level of
development and vice versa. The table 5.4 represents the score values according to the
area under irrigation in a village. The highest score is 5 assigned to the villages having
the irrigated area ranging greater than 74.45%. From these levels, the score values are
decreased on the lower side (Table No. 5.4).
Table No. 5.4 SCORE VALUES OF IRRIGATED AREA
Sr. No. Irrigated Area Score Number of Villages 1. < 18.61 1 00 2. 18.62 to 37.22 2 11 3. 37.23 to 55.83 3 03 4. 55.84 to 74.44 4 02 5. > 74.45 5 01
Mean= 40.04 SD= 18.61 Min= 19.31. Max= 84.90
5) Proportion of main workers (2001):
It has been observed that, the village wise percentages of the main workers to
total population in the study region are ranges form 36.27 to 65.24 with mean 50.73 and
standard deviation is 7.81. It may be assumed that, the higher the percentage of the main
workers indicates higher is the level of human resource development. The score values
assigned according to this parameter are given in the table (Table No. 5.5). It seems that,
the highest score is 5 assigned to the villages having proportion of main workers is
greater than 62.49. From these levels, the score values are decreased on the lower side.
Table No. 5.5 SCORE VALUES OF MAIN WORKERS
Sr. No. Main Workers (% to total population) Score Number of Villages
1. < 39.05 1 01 2. 39.06 to 46.86 2 05 3. 46.87 to 54.67 3 06 4. 54.68 to 62.48 4 04 5. > 62.49 5 01
Mean= 50.73. SD= 7.81 Min= 36.27. Max= 65.24
6) Proportion of other main workers:
In 2001, the village wise percentage of the other main workers to total population
in the study region has been ranging form 1.91 to 14.10. The higher score values are
given to the higher percentage in the scale of 1 to 5 (Table No.5.6). It seems that, the
highest score is 5 assigned to the villages having proportion of other main workers is
greater than 12.01. From these levels, the score values are decreased on the lower side.
Table No. 5.6 SCORE VALUES OF OTHER MAIN WORKERS
Sr. No. Other Main Workers (% to total population) Score Number of Villages
1. < 3.00 1 04 2. 3.01 to 6.00 2 08 3. 6.01 to 9.00 3 02 4. 9.00 to 12.00 4 02 > 12.01 5 01
Mean=5.47. SD=3.23 Min=1.91. Max=14.10
7) Proportion of marginal workers (2001):
This parameter indicates negative development of human resource. It has been
observed that, the village wise percentages of the marginal workers to total population in
the study region are ranges form 2.37 to 14.76 with mean 7.84 and standard deviation
(SD) is 3.56. It may be assumed that, the higher the percentage of the marginal workers
indicates lower is the level of human resource development. The score values assigned
according to this parameter are given in the table (Table No. 5.7). It seems that, the
highest score is 5 assigned to the villages having proportion of marginal workers is less
than 3.56. From these levels, the score values are decreased on the higher side.
Table No. 5.7 SCORE VALUES OF MARGINAL WORKERS
Sr. No. Marginal Workers (% to total population) Score Number of Villages
1. < 3.56 5 01 2. 3.57 to 7.12 4 07 3. 7.13 to 10.68 3 05 4. 10.69 to 14.24 2 02 5. > 14.25 1 02
Mean=7.84. SD= 3.56 Min=2.37. Max=14.76
8) Proportion of other marginal workers:
This parameter indicates negative development of human resource. In 2001, the
village wise percentages of the other marginal workers to total population in the study
region have been ranging form 0.14 to 3.55. The higher score values are given to the
lower percentage in the scale of 1 to 5 (Table No.5.8). It seems that, the highest score is 5
assigned to the villages having proportion of other marginal workers is less than 0.86.
From these levels, the score values are decreased on the higher side.
Table No. 5.8 OTHER MARGINAL WORKERS
Sr. No. Other Marginal Workers (% to total population) Score Number of Villages
1. < 0.86 5 10 2. 0.87 to 1.72 4 04 3. 1.73 to 2.58 3 02 4. 2.59 to 3.44 2 00 5. > 3.45 1 01
Mean=1.03. SD=0.86 Min=0.14. Max=3.55
9) Proportion of main cultivators (2001):
It has been observed that, the village wise percentages of the main cultivators to
total population in the study region are ranges form 16.57 to 55.41 with mean 38.67 and
standard deviation is 9.62. The score values assigned according to this parameter are
given in the table (Table No. 5.9). It seems that, the highest score is 5 assigned to the
villages having proportion of main cultivators is greater than 51. From these levels, the
score values are decreased on the lower side.
Table No. 5.9 SCORE VALUES OF PROPORTION OF MAIN CULTIVATORS
Sr. No. Main Cultivators (% to total population) Score Number of Villages
1. < 20 1 01 2. 21 – 30 2 02 3. 31 – 40 3 06 4. 41 – 50 4 07 5. > 51 5 01
Mean=38.67. SD= 9.62 Min= 16.57. Max= 55.41
10) Proportion of marginal cultivators:
This parameter also indicates negative development of human resource. In 2001,
the village wise percentages of the other marginal cultivators to total population in the
study region have been ranging form 0.17 to 11.82. The higher score values are given to
the lower percentage in the scale of 1 to 4 (Table No.5.10). It seems that, the highest
score is 4 assigned to the villages having the percentage of marginal cultivators is less
than 3.25.
Table No. 5.10 SCORE VALUES OF PROPORTION OF MARGINAL CULTIVATORS
Sr. No. Marginal Cultivators (% to total population) Score Number of Villages
1. < 3.25 4 09 2. 3.26 – 6.50 3 05 3. 6.51 – 9.75 2 02 4. > 9.76 1 01
Mean=3.81. SD= 3.25 Min= 0.17. Max= 11.82
11) Proportion of main agricultural population (2001):
It has been observed that, the village wise percentages of the main agricultural
population to total population in the study region are ranges form 0.60 to 14.30. It may be
assumed that, the higher the percentage of the main agricultural population indicates
agricultural based economy.
Table No. 5.11 SCORE VALUES OF PROPORTION OF MAIN AGRI. POPULATION
Sr. No. Main Agri. Population (% to total population) Score Number of Villages
1. < 4 1 06 2. 5- 8 2 06 3. 9-12 3 04 4. > 13 4 01
Mean=5.97. SD=4.17 Min= 0.60. Max= 14.30
The score values assigned according to this parameter are given in the table
(Table No. 5.11). It seems that, the highest score is 4 assigned to the villages having the
percentage of main agricultural population is greater than 13.
12) Proportion of marginal agricultural population: This parameter indicates negative development of human resource. In 2001, the
village wise percentages of the marginal agricultural population to total population in the
study region have been ranging form 0.00 to 12.01. The higher score values are given to
the lower percentage in the scale of 1 to 4 (Table No.5.12).
It seems that, the highest score is 5 assigned to the villages having proportion of
marginal agricultural population is greater than 10. The 15 villages are having less than 3
percent marginal agricultural population to total population. It is positive sign for
agricultural development.
Table No. 5.12 SCORE VALUES OF PROPORTION OF MARGINAL AGRI. POPULATION
Sr. No. Marginal Agri. Population (% to total population) Score Number of Villages
1. <3 1 15 2. 4 – 6 2 00 3. 7 – 9 3 01 4. > 10 4 01
Mean=2.58. SD= 2.86 Min= 0.00. Max= 12.01
13) Total house holders (2001):
The higher the percentage house holder indicates richness of the people and it is
positive sign of standard of living for the human resource development in any region.
Therefore, the villages have been assigned the appropriate score values according to their
house holders (Table No. 5.13).
Table No. 5.13 SCORE VALUES OF PROPORTION OF TOTAL HOUSE HOLDERS
Sr. No.
Total Householder Population (% to total population) Score Number of
Villages 1. < 0.39 1 07 2. 0.40 – 0.78 2 05 3. 0.79 – 1.17 3 04 4. > 1.18 4 01
Mean= 0.63. SD= 0.39 Min= 0.13. Max= 1.53
Therefore, the category ranging close to the level of the mean has been given the
highest score value; while, the extreme population is given a lower score ranging from 1
to 4. The score method is used with the mean (0.63) and standard deviation (0.39).
14) Medical facilities: The availability of medical facility is the study region has been classified into
various types and accordingly the score values have been assigned for each village. Also,
one score value has been given to a village where there is no medical facility available.
The villages where only dispensaries and private medical practitioners are available are
given score equal to two, villages where along the above mentioned facility, the sub
primary health centers are located are given the score of three. The villages with the
health centers are given the score at four and the villages where along with these medical
facilities, the hospitals are located are given the highest score of five. The score values
ranging from 1 to 5 have been assigned to each village as given in the following table
(Table No. 5.14).
Table No. 5.14 SCORE VALUES OF MEDICAL FACILITY
Sr. No. Number of Medical Facility in the villages Score Number of Villages
1. No Facility 1 07 2. 1 2 05 3. 2 3 03 4. 3 4 01 5. 4 5 01
15) Drinking water facilities:
This parameter too has many types of the facility of drinking water. It is quite
logical to assign the highest score for the villages having the highest number of the
facility of drinking water and obviously the villages with the lower number of facility of
drinking water are ranked with the lower score values. The classification of the score
values for the drinking water facility in the villages is given in the table no.5.15.
Table No. 5.15 SCORE VALUES OF SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER
Sr. No. Number of Sources Score Number of Villages 1. 1 1 05 2. 2 2 06 3. 3 3 06
16) Education facility:
The score values for the availability of education facility at the different levels in
the study region have been presented in the table no. 5.16. It should be noted that, the one
score value has been assigned to the villages, where only primary schooling (1 to 4)
facility is observed. The two score values have been assigned to the villages, where
secondary education facilities (5 to 10) are available includes primary education (1 to 4).
The three score values have been assigned to the villages, where higher secondary (11 to
12) education facilities are available including primary and secondary education facility.
The four score values have been assigned to the villages, where senior college facilities
are available including above all stages; while, five score values have been assigned to
the villages, where post graduation stages are available above all stages.
Table No. 5.16 SCORE VALUES OF EDUCATION FACILITY
Sr. No. Education Unit Score Number of Villages 1. 1 to 4 1 06 2. 5 to10 2 07 3. 11 to 12 3 02 4. 13 to15 4 01 5. 16 to 17 5 01
17) Accessibility:
The accessibility of specific types of road is quite significant factor for the human
resource development in the any region. Therefore, the villages have been assigned the
appropriate score values according to their accessibility for various type of transport
routes (Table No. 5.17). The score value of one is assigned for no facility, two is assigned
for foot path, three is assigned unmettle road, four is assigned for mettle road and five is
assigned state highway. The maximum percentage of villages is connected through mettle
road.
Table No. 5.17 SCORE VALUES OF TYPES OF ACCESSIBILITY
Sr. No. Accessibility Types Score Number of Villages 1. No Facility 1 00 2. Foot Path 2 00 3. Mettle Road 3 04 4. Unmettle Road 4 11 5. State Highway 5 02
18) Distance from the market place:
This parameter also has been considered as one of the economic factors affecting
the human resource development. The highest score of four has been assigned to the
villages which are the market places and the lowest is given to those which are located at
more than 10 km.
Table No. 5.18 SCORE VALUES OF DISTANCE FROM WEEKLY MARKET PLACE
Sr. No. Distance from Weekly Market (KM) Score Number of Villages
1. Market Place 1 05 2. < 5 2 08 3. 6 to 10 3 01 4. > 10 4 03
19) Banking facility:
One must take the cognizance of argument that availing the banking facility may
not have distance delay. In the study region, the standard of living is not developed
enough to empower a person to avail the facility from the bank located well away from
the native village. Therefore, it is assumed that, the presence of such a facility with in a
village is an important criterion to judge the human resource development. The score
values have been assigned to the villages as given in the table (Table No. 5.19).
Table No. 5.19 SCORE VALUES OF BANKING AND OTHER EQUAL FACILITY
Sr. No. Number of Units Score Number of Villages 1. 0 1 03 2. 1 2 08 3. 2 3 04 4. 3 4 02
5.8 Classification on the basis of score of human resource development:
Using above mentioned method of scoring, all villages in the study region have
been assigned the score values of the above 19 parameters as depicted in the Appendix
5.1. The composite score value of a village is nothing but the total numbers of scores for
the all parameters. The range of such scores has been observed from 41to 63. Using a
simple tabulation method; the villages are classified into five classes as given in the table
no. 5.20.
Table No.5.20 LEVELS OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
Sr. No.
Composite Score
Level of Human Development
Number of Villages Village Name
1. < 20 Very low - - 2. 21 to 40 Low - -
3. 41 to 60 Moderate 16
Gosasi, K. Bhamburwadi, Jaulke Kh, Gulani, Pur, Wakalwadi, Chichbaiwadi, Gadakwadi, Retavadi, Davadi, Kendur, Varude, Kanhersar, Pabal, Wafgaon and Nimgaon,
4. 61 to 80 High 01 Chaudharwadi. 5. > 81 Very high - -
Source: Compiled by the researcher, 2011.
It seems that, except Chaudharwadi village remaining all villages are having
moderate level of human resource development in the study region (Table No.5.20);
while Chaudharwadi village having high level of human resource development. The
reasons for their high level of human resource development are comparatively higher the
main workers, cultivators, and agricultural population; while, lesser the marginal
workers, cultivators, and agricultural population.
Figure No. 5.1
5.9 Possibilities of development of local people:
The 17 villages are proposed for land acquisition in Khed-Shirur special
economic zone. These villages are divided into phase I, phase II and phase III. Nimgaon,
Davadi, Kanhersar and Kendur villages are included in phase I. The Retavadi, Wafgaon,
Chaudharwadi, Pur, Varude, Gosasi and Pabal villages are comes under phase II. The K.
Bhamburwadi, Jaulke Kh, Gulani, Wakalwadi, Chichbaiwadi and Gadakwadi villages are
included in phase III. The 1863.44 hectare land is already acquired for special economic
zone in phase I (section 1.4.4.2). The group discussion and field work was carried out to
understand the possibilities of development of local people in the study region. After the
assessment of socio-economic, demographic, agricultural and human resource
development aspects, the following observations have been noticed with respect to the
phase wise possibilities of development of the local people:
1. Agricultural development:
The net sown area of these three phases is 48.94%, 45.89% and 59.10% of total
geographical area respectively. The agricultural land is remaining constant (30.56%) after
the acquisition of land for special economic zone in phase I. The reason for their constant
agricultural land is acquired land is totally barren land. On an average about 71%
surveyed people are hopeful for the possibilities of development in agricultural
development in phase I, phase II and phase III respectively. The reasons for their increase
development are additional area under irrigation, use of modern techniques, modern
equipments and high yield varieties.
The cultivation practices are important in agriculture; because, the cultivation
practices are affects the agricultural development. The use of modern agricultural
cultivation practices are indicates higher the agricultural development; while, the
traditional cultivation practices indicates lower the agricultural development. About 58%
surveyed peoples are agreeing to possibilities of development in cultivation practices in
the study region. The group discussion with farmers, the modern cultivation practices are
helpful to increased agricultural earnings and good agricultural earnings are helpful to
improve the standard of living of people.
2) Irrigation facility:
The study region has 44.90% net sown area is under irrigation. In phase I, the
57.98% net sown area is under irrigation. The irrigated area is remaining constant in
phase I; because, acquired land is totally unirrigated.
Photo plate: 5.1 Canal of Chaskaman dam
The field study and group discussion with villagers reveals that, there is
possibility to improve irrigation facility in K. Bhamburwadi, Chichbaiwadi and
Gadakwadi. The K. Bhamburwadi may be improve irrigation facility with the help of
canal irrigation; because, ‘Chas Kaman’ left canal passing though K. Bhamburwadi. The
Chichbaiwadi and Gadakwadi may be improving irrigation facility with the help of ‘lift
irrigation’ from ‘Vel River’.
3) Education facility:
Along with the formal education, the informal and technical education facility
would directly assist the local people development. The field study reveals that, the
education facility of the study region is not satisfied (section 3.14.2).
a) Phase I: The Nimgaon, Kendur and Kanhersar are having education facility upto
secondary school (10th); while, Davadi having upto Junior college facility. About 65%
surveyed people are hopeful for the possibilities of development in education facility;
while, 35% surveyed people are favor to negative. The institution named, Janana
Prabodhini have announced to start school from next academic year with the help of
special economic zone developer. The Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation
already started four trades in Khed ITI (turner, machinist, machinist grinder and
electrician). Therefore, there is a chance to improve in education facility with the help of
establishment of formal and technical education related to special economic zone.
b) Phase II: The Chaudharwadi and Pur are having education facility upto fourth and
seventh standard respectively. The Retavadi, Wafgaon, Varude, Gosasi and Davadi are
having education facility upto secondary school; while, Pabal having college and
technical education facility. It means that, these villages including phase II shows good
education situation compared to other phases; but, about 76% surveyed people are
hopeful to possibilities of development of local peoples in education facility. They
assumed that, the formal and technical institution will establish with the establishment of
special economic zone.
c) Phase III: The field study reveals that, the education facility in this level is not
satisfied than the other phases. In this phase, Chichbaiwadi having primary education
facility upto fourth standard, K. Bhamburwadi, Jaulke Kh, Wakalwadi and Gadakwadi
villages are having education facility upto seventh standard; while, Gulani having
secondary education facility. There is absence of technical education facility. The 76%
surveyed people are hopeful for possibilities of development in education sector.
Therefore; there is a chance to improve in education facility with the help of
establishment of technical college and technical education related to special economic
zone.
4) Employment generation:
In any region, the employment opportunity is the key factor of the development.
The field study and group discussion with locals reveals that, there are hardly some
employment opportunities are available in the other than agriculture sectors in the study
region. It includes small scale industries, service sector, basic needs, related to
agriculture, related to pilgrims, etc. Presently, only 534 workers are working in the other
than agriculture sectors. It is only 1.33% of total population of the study region. There are
196, 245 and 93 workers are working than agricultural sector in phase I, phase II and
phase III respectively. The special economic zone developer is expected to generate
1,20,000 new employment opportunities; but, presently, about 450 workers are working
in construction of road, construction of water tank, construction of wall compound,
construction of industrial shops, security, etc. Therefore, his proportion is very
insignificant.
About 89% surveyed people are hopeful for employment generation in all phases
respectively. They assumed that, once a spread formal and technical education is made,
the employment in the agro-based activities and other than agricultural sectors should be
made available to the villagers. Therefore, there is need to proper utilization of present
resources for employment generation in the study region.
5) Service sector:
In any region, the availability of service sectors are represents the level of
development. In the study region, before the announcement and establishment of special
economic zone the availability of service sector is insignificant. It includes bank facility,
two wheeler and mobile service stations, etc. The 48 persons are engaged in service
sector from the other than agricultural sector; it constitutes 9% of other than agricultural
sector. Therefore, according to about 55% of surveyed people, the study region has a
good potential for promoting the service sector. They suggested that, the possibilities of
establishment of automobile repairing work shops, mobile repairing, recharges and sales
centers and bank facility. Therefore, the establishment of service sectors is not only good
opportunity to develop service sectors but also possibilities of development of local
people.
6) Transport facility:
The transport facilities are known as the lifeline of the any region. The field study
reveals that, the transport facility of the study region is not satisfied compared to develop
region (3.14.6).The group discussion with locals reveals that, the accessibility of the
study region is more towards the tahsil headquarter of Khed and Shirur tahsil, industrial
belt of Sanaswadi than the Pune and Mumbai market centers. About 67% of surveyed
people are hopeful for improvement in transport facility. Therefore, there is a possibility
of improvement in transport network. It may be helpful for development of local people;
because, they are directly connected to the market places, tahsil places and educational
centers.
7) Export market linkages:
The field study and continuous dialogue process with farmers reveals that, the
availability of export market linkages is very limited. The villages includes in the study
are cultivated many export oriented cops (onion, potato, vegetables, etc); but, export is
negligible. The reasons for their negligible export are lack of packaging facility, lack of
advertising, lack of good connectivity, lack of information related to export linkages.
Therefore, there is a chance to improve the export market linkages in the study region.
The good market linkages may be helpful for possibilities of development of local
peoples.
5.10 Impact of rehabilitation package under special economic zone:
The ‘rehabilitation’ means that, the compensation in form of several options. In
Maharashtra, the state government directives are applied for rehabilitation and
resettlement of the project affected peoples. The project affected people are provided
with opportunities that can be considered a boom for their economic and social growth.
The developers will be responsible to provide the opportunities to increase their socio-
economic growth. The without understanding of rehabilitation and resettlement package,
the estimation of impact of rehabilitation is not possible. The government has design
following rehabilitation and resettlement schemes for the project affected peoples for the
betterment of farmers in Khed-Shirur special economic zone.
1) For total land acquired, minimum agriculture daily wage up to 750 days.
2) For part land acquired, minimum agriculture daily wage up to 500 days.
3) Partial land acquired, minimum agriculture daily wage up to 375 days.
4) Landless Labourers and other minimum agricultural wage up to 625 days.
5) Subsistence allowance for all PAF, minimum agriculture daily wage up to 250
days.
6) 12.5 / 15 percent developed land on the price decided by government.
7) For scheduled families additional grant of minimum agriculture wage up to
500 days.
8) Employment-Landless due to an acquisition will get certificate for priority
employment against vacancies.
9) Self employment - 20 percent of targets under various schemes reserved for
project affected peoples (PAP).
10) Guaranteed employment to one person from every project affected family.
11) 375 sq. foot residential house for affected people.
12) Rs.17.5 lakh for per hectare acquired land.
The details about acquisition of land are given in the section no.1.4.4.2. Presently,
land is acquired in Nimgaon, Davadi, Kanhersar and Kendur in phase I. Therefore, the
assessment of impact of rehabilitation package under special economic zone is mainly
related to these four villages. Presently, except compensation of land, remaining all
rehabilitation and resettlement packages are remains on the paper.
If we assess, the role of special economic zone till now only technical education
facility and employment opportunity has given to affected people. The field study and the
group discussion with people reveal that, after the declaration of special economic zone
and acquisition of land following positive and negative impacts have identified as an
impact of rehabilitation package under special economic zone.
5.10.1 Positive impact:
After the acquisition of land in phase I for development, the following positive
impacts are observed on various sectors.
A) Agricultural sector:
The agriculture is the main occupation in the study region. Therefore, there is
essential to study the impact of rehabilitation package under special economic zone on
agriculture. The following positive impacts have been notified.
1. Growth of capital:
Especially, this positive impact is observed in phase I; where, land is already
acquired for the purpose of special economic zone. The developers were distributing `212
crores for the compensation of land to the land owners. Therefore, the capital is available
for the purpose of development of remaining agricultural land. The field study and group
discussion with locals reveals that, there are many farmers are utilizing this compensation
as a capital for agricultural development.
2. Use of modern techniques:
The major positive impact of rehabilitation package under special economic zone
is observed in increased use of modern techniques in agriculture. It includes tractors,
threshers, electric motor pump sets. The group discussion with locals reveals that, the
reasons for their increased used are availability of capital, lack of agricultural labours. In
phase I, after the distribution of compensation, there were increased 14 tractors and 6
threshers.
3. Use of high yield varieties (HYV):
The field study and group discussion reveals that, after the distribution of
compensation of land in phase I, there is increased use of high yield varieties. The
reasons for their increased use of high yield varieties are availability of capital and need
of high yields for subsistence. According to shopkeepers, there is increased about 30%
used of high yield varieties in phase I.
B) Industrial sector:
The following positive impact is observed on industrial sector.
1. Small scale industries:
In phase I, only one industry is started as on 26 November 2012; it is ‘Raj
Process’. The main production of this industry is manufacturing of various types of
boilers. The establishment of this industry is a part of special economic zone. On the
other hand, after the acquisition of land for special economic zone in phase I, there are
established 8 cement block plants.
C) Education sector:
There are two types of education will be providing for affected farmers. One is
vocational and another is non vocational. The following positive impacts of rehabilitation
package under special economic zone on education sector are observed.
1. Priority for affected students in technical education:
The special economic zone developer was started the vocational education
(technical) training courses included in government ITI at Chandoli (Rajgurunagar). It
includes, Turner, Machinist, Machinist Grinder and Electrician. These all trades are only
reserved for special economic zone affected people; but its strengths are less (69). Till the
end of 2013, 138 students are passing out from this institute and 69 students are studying
now. Presently, they are not having any type of employment in the establishment of
special economic zone.
2. Improvement in education facility:
The special economic zone developer is not only aggressive to establishment of
vocational (technical) education but also non-vocational education. In the field of non
vocational education, the institution namely, Janana Prabodhini has announced to start
school from next academic year with the help of developer for project affected people.
The school will be a Marathi medium one and eventually there will be an English
medium school, with adequate focus on sports and technical education.
D) Service sector:
The establishment of special economic zone is just started now; therefore, the
positive impact of rehabilitation and resettlement package under special economic zone
on service sector is observed on limited sectors. It includes bank facility and garage
facility. There are three branches of nationalized and co-operative banks and four garages
are started in the phase I after the distribution of compensation of land.
E) Employment:
The employment generation is one of the significant objectives of the special
economic zone policy. The according to special economic zone developers, this special
economic zone will be generate new 1, 20,000 employment opportunities. In phase I, the
establishment of Khed- Shirur special economic zone generates some new employment
opportunities in the construction of wall compounds, roads, construction of industrial
shops, etc. The following positive impact of rehabilitation package on employment of
special economic zone is notified.
Photo plate 5.2: Raj enterprises work shop
Photo plate 5.3: Increased service sector- Union bank of India
1. Increase of employment opportunities:
In phase I, the construction of wall compound, construction of internal roads,
construction of water tanks, construction of industrial shops, etc. are working in progress.
About 450 skilled and unskilled employees are working in all this activities. It means
that, there are increased employment opportunities to skilled and unskilled labourers.
2. Profit increase of shop keepers:
The distributed compensation of acquired land indirectly influences on small shop
keepers. The some employment opportunities have been generates with increasing flow
of customers; but it is negligible. According to discussion with shop keepers; the profit is
increased about 20% after the distribution of compensation of land in phase I.
F) Social life:
The positive impact of rehabilitation package is notified not only in agriculture
and industrial sectors but also social life. These are:
1. Increase active participation in social activities:
The field study and group discussion with locals reveals that, after the distribution
of compensation of land, there is increase active participation of villagers in social
activities like annual fair, ganesh uttsav, shivjayanti, etc.
2. Increase in standard of living:
According to group discussion with villagers, before the distribution of
compensation of land, the standard of living was lower. The main reason for their lower
standard of living is lack of capital for to fulfillment basic of needs. After the
distributions of compensation of land, people are investing money for to fulfillment of
basic needs and unnecessary needs.
G) Professional:
The group discussion with locals reveals that, after the distributions of
compensation of land, Sarjerao Jadhav selected ‘Tamasha’ as a profession and he always
used to take money to conduct the programmes of tamasha all over the states with great
efficiency. It is a part of entertainment for all the people in the villages or different parts
of the state.
5.10.2 Negative impact:
The following negative impacts of rehabilitation package under special economic
zone have been notified.
A) Agriculture sector:
The declaration of special economic zone and acquisition of land mainly aversely
affects on agricultural sector. These are:
1. Decrease in the percentage of cultivators:
In phase I, after the distribution of compensation of acquired land, the percentage
of cultivators is decreased 8.10% in 2011 (72.45%) than 2001 (64.35%). It is shown in
the table no.5.22.
2. Decrease in net sown area:
In phase I, after the declaration of special economic zone and acquisition of land,
the net sown area was decreased 7.82% in 2011-12 (45.68%) than the agricultural year
2008-09 (53.50%). It is shown in the table no. 5.21.
Table No. 5.21 IMPACT OF REHABILITATION PACKAGE UNDER SEZ IN PHASE I
Sr. No
Village Name
NSA% (2008)
NSA% (2011)
Cultivators (2001)
Cultivators (2011)
Agri. Labour (2001)
Agri. Labour (2011)
1. Nimgaon 68.08 65.60 71.91 64.72 19.61 20.00 2. Davadi 44.66 40.91 85.65 72.50 4.67 4.06 3. Kanhersar 60.21 57.71 64.50 59.45 17.33 9.59 4. Kendur 41.07 37.54 67.72 60.72 14.81 12.29
Average 53.51 45.68 72.45 64.35 12.84 10.43 Source: Based on tahsil office record, 2011.
3) Scarcity of agricultural labourers:
In phase I, the percentage of agricultural workers is 12.84% (2001); it is decreased
2.41% in 2011 (Table No. 5.21). According to field survey and group discussion with
peoples, after the declaration of special economic zone and distribution of compensation
of land the percentage of agricultural workers is decreased. The reason for their decreased
agricultural labourers is special economic zone developer has announced agricultural
wage up to 625 days for landless labourers; but it is remains constant on paper.
4. Negative impact on workers: In 2001, the percentage of total working population is 57.38%; it is decreased
after the declaration of special economic zone. According to field survey and group
discussion with people, the declaration of special economic zone is adversely affected on
workers. The reasons for their negative impact are some workers are land owners,
therefore they are having compensation and some are demanded more agricultural
charges.
5) Decrease of agricultural development:
According to group discussion with locals, after 2006, the agricultural
development like leveling, digging of wells, etc are partially stopped in the proposed
region. Therefore, the income of agriculture is decreased day by day. Some peoples are
given the soils for the purpose of bricks.
B) Education sector:
The rehabilitation package is partially adversely affected on educational
development within the special economic zone area. According to field work, after the
declaration of special economic zone and compensation distributed in phase I, there are
43 students leaved out secondary school in four villages.
C) Family life:
The field study and group discussion with locals reveals that, after the distribution
of compensation there are increased conflicts in family members. Before the declaration
of special economic zone, the percentage of joint family is high; but, after the distribution
of compensation of land, the conflicts are increased in joint families due to distribution of
money.
D) Wastage of money: The field study and group discussion with locals reveals that, after the distribution
of compensation of land, there are many people investing the money on unnecessary
needs like two wheeler, four wheeler, etc.
5.11 Planning strategy for sustainable regional development:
The villages comes under the special economic zone almost have similarity in
physical resources and socio-economic condition. On the basis of these parameters
regionalization is meaningless. Therefore, the effective development of the study region
could be planned on experience of existing condition and future plan of execution. The
special economic zone authority has decided to acquire and implemented development
activity phase wise. There are three phases decided for the execution. Presently, one
phase is already completed. The planning strategy for sustainable regional development is
discussed below.
1) Management of land resources:
The total geographical area of the study region is 24663.52 hectare. Out of this
total geographical area, the state government was proposed 7236.03 hectare land for
acquisition for the purpose of special economic zone. Out of this proposed land for
acquisition, the special economic zone developers will be requiring 5000 hectare land.
Presently, 1863.44 hectare land is already acquired in phase I for special economic zone
development.
a) Agriculture development:
The agriculture is the main occupation in the study region. The area under
agricultural land is 16829.73 hectare; it is 68.24% of the total geographical area. Even
after implementation of phase I, the agricultural land is remained same; because, the
agricultural land is not acquired for the purpose of special economic zone in phase I. But,
in further phases, proposed land for acquisition of agricultural land is also not significant
i.e.1201 hectare (4.87% of TGA). After the implementation of complete acquisition of
land expected for special economic zone, the area under agricultural land use will be
available 15628.73 hectare (63.37% of TGA). It means that even after the
implementation of complete special economic zone, maximum area under agricultural
land will be available for cultivation. After the acquisition of land, the capital will be
available through compensation of land for agricultural development. It may have impact
as modernization of agriculture and change in cropping pattern. Consequently, agriculture
will also be profitable economic activity. Therefore, there is need to prepare proper
planning strategy for agricultural development in the study region.
b) Increase net sown area:
The total net sown area of the study region is 49.38% of total geographical area
(12179.6 hect.). The proportion of net sown area for proposed acquisition is about 3.20%
of total geographical area. After the implementation of special economic zone, the area
under net sown area will be available 11391.60 hectare (46.19%) of total geographical
area. Out of total agricultural land (63.37%), there will be 4273.13 hectare (17.18%)
agriculture land is not cultivated regularly. This land may be possible to convert in net
sown area. After the development of agriculture, the net sown area could be increased.
The culturable waste land may be brought under cultivation by taking appropriate efforts
and in addition to this, the capital availability after compensation. Therefore; there is
need to make available capital on low interest for the purpose of to use modern
techniques and irrigation facility.
c) Increased of irrigation facility:
In the study region, out of total net sown area, there is 44.90% of net sown area is
under irrigation (5469 hect.). The proportion of proposed for acquisition of irrigated area
is just 4.60% of net sown area in the study region (561 hect.). After the implementation
of complete special economic zone, the area under irrigation will be available 40.30%
(4908 hect.) of the total net sown area.
There is also possibility of irrigation source from Bhima river, Vel river, left canal
of Chaskaman dam, Wafgaon dam and water supply for irrigation from Thitewadi dam.
It will increase the area under irrigation for agricultural development. It will be optimum
use of available land. Therefore, there is need to give permission of applicant for lift
irrigation from these water resources and availability of capital on low interest for the
purpose of irrigation.
d) Use of culturable waste land:
In the study region, out of the total geographical area, the area under culturable
waste land is 2577.52 hectare; it is 10.45% of total geographical area. The agricultural
development is possible if developers will acquire maximum culturable waste land for the
purpose of special economic zone.
The acquisition of culturable waste land is not only helpful for agricultural
development and industrial development but also instrument utility and services. The
industrial development will be possible utilizing maximum culturable waste land and area
not available for cultivation. These types of land will be utilized for instrument utility and
services. Therefore, there is need to prepare proper planning strategy about culturable
waste land and area not available for cultivation in the study region.
e) Forestry: In the study region, the area under reserve forest is 5.29% of total
geographical area. Already it is less than the government decided area under forest cover
(33%). After the implementation of complete special economic zone there is need to
increase greenery for environmental balance. Therefore, there is essential of culturable
waste land and area not available for cultivation brought under forest cover.
2) Small scale industries:
The central government tries regional development through establishment of
special economic zone in the country. The establishment of Khed-Shirur special
economic zone is one of them. In the special economic zone not only large industries will
establish but also small scale industries in the study region. Presently, in the study region,
the establishment of small scale industries is insignificant. The following are the
possibilities of small scale industries in the study region.
a) Farm implements: After the implementation of complete special economic zone, the
area under agricultural land use will be available 92.86%. The capital required in the
form of compensation will enhance the capital invest of the local people in agriculture.
Therefore, there is scope for manufacturing and repairing of farm implements with
simple technology like welding, carpentry, iron smith, etc.
b) Pipes and bricks: There is enormous demand for cement pipes and bricks for
establishment of special economic zone in this region; consequently, there is possibility
of expansion this type of industry.
c) Ancillary products: The special economic zone developers was decided to the
establishment of industries related to automotive, machinery and equipment, machine
building and general engineering. Along with these main industries there are possibilities
of emerging ancillary products related to main products. This industry will be helpful to
crate for employment opportunities and will maintain and the secure the life style of
people.
d) Agro based industries: The study region is famous for cultivation of potato and
tomato farming; but, there is lack of agro based industries. Therefore, agro based
industries like potato chips and tomato sauce industry, etc. will be helpful to the regional
development.
e) Proper strategy for dairy farming: The potential of agricultural development in the study region is quite higher.
Besides farming activity, it has been observed that the majority of the farmers in these
villages are engaged in the dairy activities. The total collection of the milk in the study
region is 8120 liter. It is indeed a good sign from the view point of economic
development. It has also been observed that the dairy activity of these farmers is not well
organized and is mainly carried on the basis of labour of family members which is not
valued properly. Moreover, the dairy farmers have no control on the marketing activity of
milk and milk products. This is obviously results in the low profit level of the business.
Hence, it is suggested that these farmers should collectively start their own chilling
plants, pasteurization and packaging of milk, so that they would get some control over the
marketing of milk and milk products. Further, it is suggested to minimize the risk at the
farmers end in the activity by employing insurance scheme in a true sense of the term.
3) Education facility: The Khed-Shirur special economic zone developers are expected 1, 20,000 skilled
and unskilled labour force. Therefore; the role of educational institution is significant in
the study region. The study region has lack of higher and technical education facility.
Therefore, there is possibility of improvement in higher and technical education in
the study region. It can be suggested that, the literacy mission and the spread of technical
education in this phase should be rooted deep into their system. The special economic
zone based technical education not only helpful for human resource development but also
regional development.
4) Provision of employment generation:
The employment generation is one of the significant objectives of special
economic zone with in the country. The central government was decided some directives
related to employment. The details about directives are given in the section no. 1.7.2. The
guaranteed employment to one person from every project affected family is one of the
important directives. Therefore; there is needed to create employment opportunity for
every project affected person. The following planning strategy has designed for project
affected people.
a) The technical education related to employment should be made available to the project
affected people.
b) The skilled based education should be made available for remaining family members.
c) The priority for every project affected person for employment against vacancies.
d) The guaranteed employment to one person in skilled based industry from every project
affected family.
5) Productive use of available forest resources: The availability of green belt in the industrial zone is essential of environmental
point of view. The study region has 5.29% area under forest resources, but there is lack of
forest based activity. If some forest resources are properly developed, the villagers can
get employment within the region. The field observation has reveals that, the deciduous
forest has good potential for the grass, firewood and minor forest products like non edible
oilseeds and gum.
6) Tribal development: In 2001, the study region has 9.49% tribal population; but, they are socio-
economically backward. In this study region, without incorporating of tribal population in
the development process, regional development will be incomplete. Presently, only 53
tribal people have employed in phase I of the special economic zone. The nature of
employment is unskilled labour work in construction of wall compound, security,
leveling, and construction of road. Therefore; It is further suggested that, to give the
preference for tribal people in technical education and to ensure the employment to the
minimum two persons per family in special economic zone.
7) Improvement in market linkages:
The implementation of special economic zone directly affects on industrial
development; while, indirectly affects on agricultural development. There are many
agricultural products are taken on the basis of export (onion, potato, vegetables, etc.). The
Mumbai, Pune and other states (Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and
West Bengal) are connected to region by roadways. It is possibility of development in the
export market linkages. This would improve the quality of labourers engaged in sorting,
packaging and labeling.
8) Pilgrims development:
The Nimgaon, Kanhersar and Gulani are the famous for pilgrim centers; while,
many places are full of scene view of landscapes. If, the transportation and
communication will improved, these places can be established as popular place of
pilgrims.
Photo Plate 5.4: Yamai temple
Photo Plate 5.5: Shri. Satwaji baba temple
Finally we concluded that, the regional development of the study region is
possible through well planning strategy. The special economic zone developers will be
required maximum 5000 hectare land. In the study region, the area under culturable waste
land is 2577.52 hectare of total geographical area. If, the developers will be acquired
maximum culturable waste land for special economic zone there will be available
maximum agricultural land for the purpose of agriculture. Therefore; there is needed to
give priority to acquire culturable waste land for the purpose of establishment of special
economic zone and after the acquisition of this types of land there is need to provide
above suggest strategy. On the other hand, there is need to opportunity for local people in
technical education facility shall be given in skilled job. Wherever, the possible small
scale industries development priority and encouragement should be given to the local
people. The applicability of these types of planning strategy is not only helpful for
industrial development but also agricultural and human resource development in the
study region.
5.12 Resume: The study is at concluding stage. This part of the study has been devoted to
discussed regionalization and planning. The strengths and weaknesses have studied to
understand the actual position of the study region. For the identification of
regionalization, village level human resource development has been taken into account.
The all villages in the study region show moderate level of human resource development.
Considering the problems in the each phase a strategy for development has been
suggested. The village wise change in levels of human resource development is shows
significant relationship between with the parameters like irrigated area, banking
accessibility, etc. The possibilities of development of local peoples are taken into account
with phase wise in the study region. The impact of rehabilitation package under special
economic zone has been taken into account for planning strategy. This existence can be
useful to decide the priorities of the villagers of the programs for the action plan aiming
at achieving development of the people. The next chapter tries to understand the present
situation of the selected villages.
