References - Springer978-90-8686-720-2/1.pdf · References Abaase, T.A., A. ... A.W. 1916. Dictionary of the Nupe Language. Niger Press, ... Botanical and Vernacular Names of South

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tongues namelie English Latine Greeke and French Newlie enriched with varietie of wordes phrases prouerbs and diuers lightsome obseruations of grammar By the tables you may contrairwise finde out the most necessarie wordes placed after the alphabet whatsoeuer are to be found in anie other dictionarie which tables also serue for lexicons to lead the learner vnto the English of such hard wordes as are often read in authors being faithfullie examined are truelie numbered Verie profitable for such as be desirous of anie of those languages Excudebat Henricus Denhamus typographus Gulielmi Seresij vnicus assignatus Londini England

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Beever J 1991 Dictionary of Maori Plant Names Auckland Botanical Society Auckland New Zealand

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SJ Kays Cultivated vegetables of the world a multilingual onomasticon DOI 103920978-90-8686-720-2 copy Wageningen Academic Publishers 2011

812 Cultivated vegetables of the world a multilingual onomasticon

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Luomala K 1953 Ethnobotany of the Gilbert Islands Bishop Museum Bul 213 129pMacPhail RM 1984 Campbellrsquos English-Santali Dictionary Eastern Books Calcutta IndiaMalherbe F de 1862 Oeuvres completes de Malherbe recueillies et aannotees par ML Lalanne

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Sahrmuumlller R H-S Banholzer I Galler F Bummeltenberg D Kulewatz I Lepiksarr K Semrau H Voigt and G Voll 1990 Mehrsprachiges Verzeichnis der Gemuumlsenamen Teil 2 100 Gemuumlsearten in 50 Sprachen [Index of Vegetable Names in Several Languages Part 2 100 Vegetable Species 50 Languages] Institut fuumlr Gemuumlseproduktion Grossbeeren Germany

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Appendices

Appendix I DiacriticsEnglish is one of the few languages that utilizes the standard 26 letters of the Latin alphabet Many other Latin alphabet-based languages supplement the sounds that can be represented by the letters using diacritics (eg aacute atilde acirc auml aring ā ă ą ȁ ȧ ạ ả a ǻ ấ ầ ẩ ẫ ậ ắ ằ ẳ ẵ ặ) (Wells 2010) Diacritics used in the text are listed below however their effect on pronunciation is not consistent across languages As a consequence it is best to consult an explanation of the use of diacritics for each language

Acute accents (eg aacute ǽ ć eacute iacute oacute ĺ ń ŕ ś uacute z) have a wide range of applications depending upon the language For example in certain languages (eg Lakota Portuguese Spanish) they represent stressed vowels In certain other languages they indicate a long vowel (eg Czech Hungarian Irish) and in Polish palatalization In some African languages an acute accent over a vowel typically indicates a rising tone while over d k or t in Senegalese languages it hardens and shortens the letter A double acute (eg ő ű) is primarily used in Hungarian and acts as a combination of an acute and a diaeresis giving a longer sound to the respective letters

A grave accent (eg agrave egrave igrave ograve ugrave y) like an acute accent has various effects on pronunciation depending upon the language In French a grave accent indicates a half-open vowel in Italian and Catalan it is a stressed vowel in Scottish Gaelic a long vowel and in Vietnamese it denotes a low tone In a number of the African languages listed a grave accent over a vowel denotes a falling tone

In certain African languages a double grave accent (eg ȁ ȅ ȉ ȍ ȑ ȕ) over a vowel indicates a deeper falling tone when following a syllable already under a falling tone Likewise in Serbian Croatian and Slovenian a double grave accent indicates a falling tone

A circumflex accent (eg acirc ecirc icirc ocirc ucirc ŵ y) in Welsh denotes a long vowel including ŵ and y which are also vowels In Chichewa ŵ is a bilabial fricative while in Portuguese acirc ecirc icirc and ocirc are nasalized vowels In Turkish a circumflex appears over an a or u when a preceding consonant (eg k g l) is pronounced as a palatal plosive while in certain African languages a circumflex accent over a vowel indicates a rising tone In Potawatomi ecirc is pronounced as in the English word bet icirc as in bit and ucirc as in luck (Smith 1933) while in Kiowa the circumflex (icirc t) indicates a combination of an acute and a grave accent

A inverted circumflex also known as a hachek (eg č ě š ž) is represented by a relatively sharp wedge over the letter In Czech Slovak Croation Slovene and certain other languages š and ž indicate palato-alveolar fricatives In Amharic the grapheme č denotes the voiceless postalveolar affricate consonant similar to ch in the English word chocolate ğ signals [dʒ] and š signals [ʃ] In Czech č is a voiceless affricate while a hachek over an e indicates palatalization of the preceding consonant In several of the African languages listed a hachek over a consonant indicates a hardened aspiration a fricative or sibilant however when over a vowel it denotes a falling tone in the Nigerian languages

The breve (eg ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ) differs from the hachek in that it is more rounded In several languages it denotes the shortness of a vowel For example in Romanian ă indicates a mid central vowel In several of the African languages the presence of a breve over a vowel shortens it

A macron over a vowel (eg ā ē ī ō ū) indicates a long vowel in Maori Hawaiian and Latvian while in Yoruba it indicates a mid tone In certain African languages a macron lengthens a vowel though more commonly the vowel is doubled to show length In Pinyin ā ē ī ō ū ǖ are used to indicate the

Appendices

first tone of Mandarin Chinese In contrast a macron under a vowel (eg a e i o u) in several of the African languages indicates a low level pitch

An overdot (eg ȧ ḃ ċ ḋ ė ḟ ġ ḣ ṁ ṅ ȯ ṗ ṙ ṡ ṫ ẇ ẋ ẏ ż) when used as a diacritic (in contrast to the letters i and j where the dot over the letter is a nondistinctive mark) has several functions In Lithuanian ė stands for a half closed vowel In Maltese ċ is a voiceless postalveolar affricate while in Lakota it is sometimes used to indicate an explosive stop In some of the African languages ṅ indicates ng as in the English sing

A dot under a letter (eg ạ ḅ ḍ ẹ ḥ ḳ ḷ ṃ ṇ ọ ṛ s ṭ ụ ṿ ẉ ẓ) in Vietnamese indicates a low glottal tone when under a vowel In Igbo it indicates a reduction of the height of the vowel while in Yoruba when used under a consonant an underdot indicates a sibilant sound as in s = sh In several of the African languages a dot under a vowel makes it more open

A diaeresis or trema is created using two dots over the letter (eg auml euml iuml ouml uuml) When placed over one of two adjacent vowels a diaeresis indicates the vowels are sounded separately (ie split into two syllables rather than pronounced as a digraph) A variation of this is the German umlaut where auml ouml and uuml represent front vowels This changes the sound as in auml = ae

A tilde is written over a letter (eg atilde ĩ ntilde otilde ũ) to indicate a change in pronunciation In Spanish Basque Filipino Galacian Guarani and certain other languages it represents a palatal nasal consonant In other letters a tilde indicates nasalization of the base vowel in Portuguese and Guarani In Estonian otilde stands for a close-mid back unrounded vowel in Guarani g stands for the nasalized upper central rounded vowel and in Vietnamese a tilde over a vowel represents a dipping tone

A ring over a letter (eg aring ů w y) especially the letter a is a distinctive feature in Danish Norwegian and Swedish The letter ů is used in Czech where it has the same pronunciation as uacute but changes to a short o in declension A ring under a letter (eg ḁ) may also be used in certain Indo-European languages to indicate syllabicity

A hook (eg ả ẻ ỉ ỏ ủ ỷ) appears as a small question mark placed on the top of vowels in the Vietnamese language causing them to be pronounced with a falling then rising tone

A stroke (eg oslash) also called a slash is a diacritic that is placed through the letters o in Danish and Norwegian creating a half-close front rounded vowel A velarized l (eg ł) in Polish is pronounced as w

A bar (eg đ ħ ŧ) is a diacritic the effect of which varies with the language in question The Croatian letter đ represents a palatalized d which can also be written as the digraph dj (Wells 2010) In the Vietnamese alphabet however đ stands for [d] while in Saacutemi đ and ŧ are fricatives In Maltese ħ represents a voiceless pharyngeal fricative

The horn (eg ơ ư) is a Vietnamese diacritic that creates unrounded variants of each vowel and are considered as separate letters from o and u

A cedilla (eg ccedil ş) originated from Spanish and is represented by a miniature curved structure at the base of the letters c and s With ccedil it represents a soft sound s rather than a hard sound k before a o u or at the end of a word in Basque Catalan French and Portuguese However in Albanian Azerbaijani Kurdish Tatar Turkish and Turkmen ccedil represents a voiceless affricate In Azerbaijani Kurdish Tatar Turkish and Turkmen ş represents a voiceless postalveolar fricative ʃ

Appendices

A comma at the base of a letter (ķ ļ ņ ŗ ţ) is used as a diacritic in several languages (eg Latvian Romanian) and represents various soft consonants With the letter g the comma is reversed and placed out of necessity over the lower case letter (ģ)

A tail or ogonek (eg ą ę į ų) is used in several eastern European languages In Polish ą and ę denote nasalized vowels In Lithuanian the tail simply means a long vowel In transcriptions of Navajo Kiowa and certain other Amerindian languages the diacritic is used to indicate nasalization (Harrington 1928)

A dot (eg ạ ẹ ị ọ ụ ỵ) in Vietnamese indicates a low tone and glottalized or tense voice while in Yoruba ạ and ẹ denote a half-open vowel A dotted s represents a palatoalveolar fricative ʃ A dot is also sometimes used in Romanization of languages using non-Latin alphabets For example several languages from Southeast Asia use a dot under d n s and t to represent retroflex consonants while under d s or t in the Romanization of Arabic it represents an emphatic consonant

An apostrophe (rsquo) has an exceptionally wide range of uses as a diacritic In Hausa it indicates a glottalisation of the following consonant or when between two vowels a glottal stop In the Romanization of Mandarin Chinese it marks aspiration of the preceding consonant sound as in tsrsquoecirc where tsrsquo is aspirated In English it denotes possessive as in the common name giant elephantrsquos ear (Colocasia gigantea (Blume) Hook f) In Swahili when placed after ng (ngrsquo) the g is silent as in the English word singer while in Italian it is occasionally used for a grave accent after a final vowel In some languages (eg Guarani Hawaiian Samoan Tahitian Tongan) and transliterations the apostrophe is used to indicate a glottal stop Likewise it may indicate the presence or lack of palatalization in Belarusian Russian and Ukrainian depending upon where it is used In Southern Paiute -krsquow indicates the w is unvoiced at the end of the word With -ngrsquow the w at the end of the word is unvoiced (Martineau 1992) In some languages an apostrophe is used to separate the root word from its affixes especially if the root word is foreign and unassimilated

The effect of two diacritics on a single letter (eg ǻ ấ ầ ẩ ẫ ậ ắ ằ ẳ ẵ ặ ế ề ể ễ ệ ǖ ǘ ǚ ǜ) varies with the language in question In Vietnamese one may relate to the vowel quality and the other to the tone

Appendices

Appendix II Unique letterssymbols and alphabetizationUnique letters and symbols

In some instances unique letters are required for representing distinctive sounds that cannot be reproduced using Latin letters and diacritics For example the palatoalveolar fricative (ʃ) may be represented by sh in English or š ŝ or ş depending upon the language In English certain sounds can be represented by combining two letters [sh or ng] called a digraph In other languages however these adjacent letters may sometimes be pronounced separately In other instances it is not possible to accurately represent the required sound with existing letters or diacritics in which case additional letters are required For example in the Khoisan languages clicking sounds are used which cannot be reproduced using the Latin alphabet In addition to new letters ligatures (the fusion of two letters such as aelig) are routinely used in some languages

Several West African languages use additional letters (eg ŋ ɲ ǝ ɛ ɔ) Where possible the pronunciation indicated by the letter is listed below typically by language or language groups In a few instances symbols used from several sources lack descriptions of their pronunciation and an explanation could not be found For more detailed explanation of unique characters one should utilize a dictionary for the language in question

Afro-roman characters used in a number of African languages

ɓ ndash a glottalised bḅ ndash an implosive bɖ ndash a post-alveolar dɗ ndash a glottalised dḍ ndash an implosive dɛ ndash an open eǝ ndash a central vowel (schwa) as at the end of English sodaƒ ndash a bilabial fɣ ndash a voiced velar fricativeƙ ndash a glottalized kɲ ndash a palatal nasal nyŋ ndash a velar nasal as the ng in English singɔ ndash a short back vowel as in English broughtọ ndash a short back vowel in Nigerian languagesʃ ndash shƴ ndash a glottalised y

Amharic (see Kane 1990)

gw ndash the superscript w indicates a voiced labiovelar stopʔ ndash represents a voiceless glottal stop

Azerbaijani Kazakh Kirghiz Tatar

indicates a retracted i sound ndash

Appendices

Herero is a Bantu language and like the Khoisan languages of southern Africa uses clicks as speech sounds The primary sounds are symbolized using ǀ ne (or ǂ) and Many of the Bantu languages (eg Zulu) use the letters c x and q for dental lateral and alveolar clicks

ndash represents an alveolar click which is made using the tip of the tongue which is pulled down abruptly from the roof of the mouth

ne ndash or more correctly ǂ is a palatal click that is made with a flat tongue that is pulled down abruptly from the roof of the mouth It makes a softer sound clicking sound than the

Comanche

ʔ ndash represents a glottal stop

German

szlig ndash the German eszett or scharfes symbol has been replaced in modern German by ss

Khmer Central

ndash when following a vowel it indicates a lengthening of the vowel sound

Kung-Ekoka is synonymous with KUNG a member of the Khoisan language family that uses click sounds The sound is created by sucking on the molars in the back of the mouth to create a sound (tchick) somewhat like that used in English to get a horse moving

fraslfrasl or ǂ ndash a pulmonic click ndash click consonant

Diacritical marks in some versions of Lahu are placed one space after each vowel

˄ ndash represents a rising tone˅ ndash represents a falling toneˉ ndash represents a very low tone

Lakota

η ndash The lower case Greek letter η (eta) is used in popular Lakota orthography to indicate the nasality of a preceding vowel

Appendices

Nama-Damara

ndash represents a post-alveolar click release (sharp click) ndash represents affricated lateral clicks ndash represents affricated dental clicks- ndash represents a stem that occurs with a prefix

Paiute Southern (Martineau 1992)

rsquondash an apostrophe indicates a glottal stopacutendash an accute accent mark is used to distinguish a long vowel from a short one

Potawatomi (Smith 1933)

rsquo ndash an apostrophe indicates a glottal stop

th ndash a superscript h indicates aspiration of the sound

Samoan and Raratongan

lsquo ndash indicates a glottal unaspirated voiceless stop

Somali

ḋ ndash indicates an implosive dental stop

Tibetan

part ndash though not specified in the source it probably represents a low mid-back rounded vowel alternatively a high central unrounded vowel

Vietnamese

[ ] ndash Letters within brackets represent transcriptions of Vietnamese characters (eg [aws] = ắ [oos] = ố [oox] = ỗ [oo] = ocirc etc)

δ ndash indicates the voiced th sound in the English word thus

μ ndash is thought to represent a syllabic nasal sound as in the om of the English word bottomτ ndash though not indicated by the source it probably indicates a partially voiced t sound when adjacent

to an m or r

Appendices

ndash a slash represents a glottal stop in Zuni that is unaspirated and voiceless (Newman 1958)

Italicization

Certain prefixes are italicized in several African languages the use of which varies depending upon the language and source In a number of cases the meaning of italicization in vernacular name lists is not indicated In some instances the use of italics indicates singular versus plural definite for the plant or for the useful part of the plant For example in Themne the prefixes a- am- an- indicate singular while ɛ- indicates plural ka- singular for the useful part of the plant and ta- the plural ma- the fruit (Deighton 1957) In various Niger-Congo languages the vernacular name may begin with an italicized n m g or k followed by a specific letter (eg mb nd ng nj gb or kp) which indicates an altered pronunciation of the second letter When the name is modified with a prefix the initial consonant is commonly altered for euphony (eg t becomes l k becomes g) In some sources prefixes are ignored in alphabetization however herein the prefix is treated as part of the word

Alphabetization

In the Latin alphabet used by the English language individual letters are alphabetized in the following order a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z In some languages certain digraphs (a two letter combinations such as sh ng nh) are treated as distinct letters and their alphabetization varies depending upon the language In addition letters with diacritics over them in some languages may be alphabetized using distinctly different methods as illustrated by Estonian vowels with diacritics which are found in the following order at the end of the alphabet p r s š z ž t u v otilde auml ouml uuml The Kiowa alphabet exhibits the following order a au e i o u ai aui oi ui b f p v g c k q d j t th ch x s z l w y h m n while the Zuni alphabet comprised of only 18 letters is ordered as follows a b d ch e h i k l ł m n o p s t u w y

In the text diacritics are ignored with regard to alphabetization The following alphabetical sequence is used aα aeligae bɓ cɔ dɗɖ eɛʃǝ f ƒ g hɣ iı j kƙ l m nɲŋ o p q r s szlig t u v w x yƴ z δ η where slashes () indicate the letters are handled alphabetically as equals

References

Appendix I Diacritics

Appendix II Unique letterssymbols and alphabetization